71:
261:
1937:
755:
51:
253:
1122:
673:, to replace the extinct Laysan millerbirds that were closely related. These transfers would accomplish a two-fold goal: to restore Laysan to an ecology similar to its pre-industrial one, and to protect those two species from extinction by maintaining a second population on Laysan. That way, if diseases, fires, or hurricanes obliterate the Nihoa population, the population can be revived by transplanting some from Laysan.
231:
39:
763:
242:
78:
445:, making the waters around the Northwest Hawaiian archipelago an increasingly popular commercial route. A United States government survey of Pacific Ocean geography in 1828 included the earlier whalers' reports and an additional sighting of an island fitting Laysan's description by Capt. "Brigs." This may refer to Capt. John Briggs of
651:, which is habitat for the birds. Sandbur was first introduced in the 1960s by US Armed Forces personnel. Costing almost one million dollars, the project ended in 2000 when the sandbur was completely removed. With this threat gone, the USFWS hopes to restore Laysan to how it was before it was discovered. To replace the native
623:, which remains undigested and crowds the stomach, leaving no room for actual food. According to observations in her 2006 mission log, Patricia Greene, a NOAA Teacher-at-Sea, found that most of the plastic is Japanese in origin. Additionally, in the 1990s, biologists found that a container of poisonous
736:
pollen is imprecise, but appears to be somewhere between 5,500 years ago, and the arrival of
Europeans in Hawaiian waters in the late 18th century. The full length of the core was 70 feet (21 m) and is thought to represent a record spanning 7,000 years. Coconut pollen was not found in the deeper
479:
there, but "not of sufficient quantity to warrant any attempts to get it." Despite this estimate, in 1890 George D. Freeth and
Charles N. Spencer successfully petitioned the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi for permission to mine guano on Laysan and agreed to make royalty payments to the Kingdom. Around 100 short
745:
show the presence of coconut trees there as early as 9,000 years ago, well before human habitation. Hawaiian traditions suggest that the
Hawaiians were aware that islands existed to the northwest, and the pollen evidence could be interpreted as proof of early Hawaiian visitation to Laysan. Clearly,
568:
to declare the
Northwestern Hawaiian chain a bird sanctuary in 1909. Schlemmer continued to allow the Japanese to export bird wings illegally and so was removed from the island. But without plant cover, much of the soil and sand became loose and blew about in dust storms. By 1918, the rabbits had
681:
In 1991, several workers on Laysan contracted a feverish illness previously unknown there or anywhere else. It affected workers on Laysan in varying levels of severity: one woman was evacuated for persistent fever, but others exhibited very mild symptoms. Cedric
Yoshimoto, of the
396:
lake in the island's interior, has varied in depth over the decades. In the 1860s, the lake was at most 30 feet (9.1 m) deep, but by the 1920s it averaged 3–5 feet (0.91–1.52 m) deep, because of the buildup of sand that had been blown away in
498:
This newfound attention to Laysan attracted scientists, and in the next decade, many of Laysan's unique species were scientifically examined for the first time. However, guano digging affected the island's ecosystem dramatically. Professor
405:
are drinking; the fresh water floats on the saltier water and accumulates around the shore. The tallest point on the island is at 50 feet (15 m) above sea level, on a large dune that covers much of the northern portion of the island.
786:, an opportunistic hunter. Eighteen other bird species nest here and use Lake Laysan, the only lake in the NWHI, as a rest stop or breeding ground. Laysan also has its share of native plants, many of which, such as
1262:"Forecasting the Impact of Storm Waves and SeaLevel Rise on Midway Atoll and Laysan Island within the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument—A Comparison of Passive Versus Dynamic Inundation Models"
441:
reported a sighting in 1825. There one finds probably the first reference to the name Laysan in print. They were among many who took advantage of the newly discovered whaling grounds off the coast of
1236:
609:
792:, were extirpated from Laysan during its extinction period and then reintroduced by scientists afterwards, from other leeward islands. Like most other of the NWHI, Laysan is home to
429:
may have known about Kauō before
Americans and Europeans sailed their ships into the region in the early 19th century (see below). The first reported sightings of the island were by
545:
on the island, expecting them to multiply and provide supplies for a future meat-canning business. This proved to be crucial in the decline of Laysan's indigenous flora and fauna.
686:
School of Public Health, wrote that "surveillance has identified a newly-described illness of humans termed 'Laysan fever (LF)' It is associated with bites of the seabird tick
1313:
Address on the subject of a surveying and exploring expedition to the
Pacific Ocean and South Seas: Delivered in the Hall of Representatives on the evening of April 3, 1836
1750:
716:
palms deep below the bottom of the central lagoon. This unexpected find raises several issues. Heretofore, no evidence existed that the coconut ever reached any of the
487:
The working condition at the guano mine was grueling. In August 1900, Japanese workers mutinied against
American management. At first the workers refused to work. That
507:
estimated that there were 10 million seabirds on Laysan in 1903, but eight years later the estimation was at little more than a million. In those eight years, the
457:
as the discoverer of Laysan. Although he mapped the island in 1828 and attempted to name it for his ship, he clearly was there after the New
Englanders, at least.
1619:
1243:: Atolls and other low-lying islands in the Pacific Ocean may not slip under the waves but they will likely become uninhabitable due to overwashing waves"
1231:
1369:"Report of an expedition to Laysan Island in 1911: under the joint auspices of the United States Department of Agriculture and University of Iowa"
724:
voyagers. Further, there has never been any physical evidence that the ancient
Hawaiians extended their explorations of the Hawaiian chain beyond
1696:
1522:
1531:
Liittschwager, David & Middleton, Susan (2005), Archipelago: Portraits of Life in the World's Most Remote Sanctuary, National Geographic,
729:
361:
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1737:
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eaten so much that the remaining vegetation was only enough to sustain 100 rabbits. Twenty-six plant species had been eradicated, and the
413:
study found that Laysan, Midway Atoll, and Pacific islands like them could become inundated and unfit to live on during the 21st century.
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1612:
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arrived, and the rabbits were exterminated at long last. The bird population had been reduced to about a tenth of its former size. Three
114:
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did reproduce rapidly. Soon, their appetite far exceeded the available vegetation on Laysan island. Complaints about this and about
2338:
1372:
640:
613:
1510:
Rauzon, Mark J. (2001), Isles of Refuge: Wildlife and History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, University of Hawaii Press,
1272:
616:, who have had success in eliminating pests, restoring the island's vegetation, and restoring the numbers of imperiled species.
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2012:
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overlap significantly with those of Laysan fever, and scientists have speculated as to their possible common causes.
2110:
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towards the end of the guano mining era had a capacity of 5,000 tons, Laysan produced a shipload every two months.
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1084:
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Garbage from passing ships often washes ashore on Laysan. This poses a danger to birds because they can swallow
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surrounding the island cover about 735 acres (2.97 km). Lake Laysan, the 100-acre (0.40 km), brown,
1947:
1628:
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775:
683:
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449:, who may have come across the island as early as 1822. Various publications name Capt. Stanyukovich of the
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Like most of the Northwestern Hawaiian islands, Laysan is currently uninhabited. It is protected by the
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Laysan is the second largest single landmass in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, after Sand Island at
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692:... joins a short list of human illnesses associated with seabird colonies..." The symptoms of
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more precise dating of the sediment layers will be crucial to better interpreting this find.
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The island held an economic value in guano. In 1859, Capt. Brooks of the ship
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on the beach at Laysan Island. Note ripple pattern in coral sand (June 1969).
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782:, the rarest duck in the world. The other native land bird of Laysan is the
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line, creating a "dead zone" which killed anything alive that went near it.
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approximately three times greater than the ocean. Laysan's Hawaiian name,
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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Information Management System
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showing the location of Laysan, in the middle of the northwestern chain
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and the stumps of others. Photographed sometime between 1891 and 1896.
588:, as had numerous other plant species. Two other endemic species, the
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The interior of Laysan, showing its lake and the birds that nest there
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1982:
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1821:
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1805:
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401:. The best way to find fresh water on Laysan is to observe where the
353:
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Storm Surges, Rising Seas Could Doom Pacific Islands This Century
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traveled to the island, and in his ship log wrote that there was
434:
335:. It has one land mass of 1,016 acres (4.11 km), about 1 by
230:
762:
38:
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1565:
Quick Facts on Laysan Island from the PBS Ocean Adventures site
1196:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 1–6, December 31, 2017,
554:
525:
1894 marked the arrival of Laysan's most notorious inhabitant,
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that were unique to Laysan, and the island's sandalwood trees (
450:
388:. Laysan was created by coral growth and geologic upshift. The
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1527:"Mission Log: July 6, 2006: Death of a Laysan Albatross Chick"
1997:
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palms that became extinct, the FWS wants to bring in
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tons (91 t) were extracted per day. Given that
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421:
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1580:Laysan Island Cyclorama at the University of Iowa
1353:
1351:
1189:"Introduction: The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands"
774:Laysan is generally regarded as the "gem" of the
360:of sorts, although the land completely surrounds
2285:
778:, with the most biodiversity. It is home to the
749:
1367:Dill, Homer Ray; William Alanson Bryan (1912).
1348:
737:(older) part of the core. However, cores from
627:had floated to shore and burst open above the
1731:
1613:
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732:(Necker). Dating the sediment containing the
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1724:
1697:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
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1373:United States Department of Agriculture
641:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
548:
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758:A Laysan duck mother and her ducklings
634:
310:
1719:
1601:
1588:
647:, a grass that crowds out the native
643:started an effort to eradicate alien
564:of the bird population led President
1523:"Death of a Laysan Albatross Chick."
1328:, February 21, 1823, p. 3, the ship
43:Aerial view of Laysan from the north
1315:(New York:1836), pp. 201 & 223.
13:
2319:Former populated places in Oceania
1935:
1039:Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris
700:Possible ancient Hawaiian presence
14:
2355:
1543:
1334:Wilmington & Liverpool Packet
610:Hawaiian Natural Life Act of 1961
603:
2111:1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption
1555:Ecological description of Laysan
1507:, Monday, May 23, 2005, p. B1-2.
1501:"Coconut pollen found on Laysan"
1120:
665:, a similar species to Laysan's
491:turned to violence because of a
460:In 1857, Capt. John Paty of the
273:
76:
69:
37:
2304:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
2207:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
2202:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
2192:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
1704:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
1550:Laysan Island: Confused History
1481:
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1436:
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1278:from the original on 2017-11-15
1085:Procellaris grotis noctuid moth
943:Phaethon rubricauda rothschildi
596:, survive to this day, but are
422:Discovery and early expeditions
2339:Important Bird Areas of Hawaii
1339:
1332:reports sighting Briggs' ship
1318:
1305:
1289:
1254:
1224:
1180:
1165:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1152:
684:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
614:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
364:some 2.4 m (7.9 ft)
77:
1:
2294:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
1629:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
1493:
750:Distinctive species of Laysan
317:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
150:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
2217:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
1575:Google Street View July 2013
1059:Laysan dropseed noctuid moth
7:
1336:northwest of Midway Island.
1113:
10:
2360:
2131:2022 eruption of Mauna Loa
2121:1984 eruption of Mauna Loa
2116:1975 eruption of Mauna Loa
1487:Liittschwager 2005, p.128.
1478:Liittschwager 2005, p.131.
1302:), issue of March 7, 1825.
1296:The Daily National Journal
1269:Open-File Report 2013–1069
1052:
961:Anous minutus melangogenys
720:before the arrival of the
416:
379:
305:
2179:
2101:
2011:
1946:
1933:
1922:North Arch volcanic field
1770:South Arch volcanic field
1758:
1693:
1635:
1595:
1590:Links to related articles
1521:Greene, Patricia (2006).
1499:TenBruggencate, J. 2005.
1202:10.1515/9780824846268-003
482:iron-hulled sailing ships
220:
215:
205:
195:
184:
179:
171:
167:1.5 mi (2.4 km)
163:
159:1,016 acres (411 ha)
155:
145:
108:
100:
95:
64:
48:
36:
24:
2126:2018 lower Puna eruption
1146:
803:
712:cores found pollen from
505:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
264:The shore of Lake Laysan
2262:Puna Geothermal Venture
2197:Haleakalā National Park
1424:Rauzon 2001, p.126-127.
1326:The New Bedford Mercury
1103:Oedemasylus laysanensis
840:Phoebastria immutabilis
522:) both became extinct.
2003:Pearl and Hermes Atoll
1940:
1675:Pearl and Hermes Atoll
1388:Cite journal requires
1311:Jeremiah N. Reynolds,
1300:The Nantucket Enquirer
1298:(citing an article in
912:Bristle-thighed curlew
858:Short-tailed albatross
849:Black-footed albatross
771:
759:
464:annexed Laysan to the
439:The Nantucket Enquirer
411:U.S. Geological Survey
265:
257:
249:
238:
130:25.77000°N 171.73750°W
1958:French Frigate Shoals
1939:
1650:French Frigate Shoals
939:Red-tailed tropicbird
921:Pacific golden plover
789:Eragrostis variabilis
765:
757:
689:Ornithodoros capensis
612:and stewarded by the
533:. Schlemmer released
501:William Alanson Bryan
263:
255:
244:
233:
175:1 mi (2 km)
1890:East Molokai Volcano
1885:West Molokai Volcano
1525:. Also available at
1345:Rauzon 2001, pg.101.
997:Pterodroma hypoleuca
934:Puffinus nativitatis
930:Christmas shearwater
916:Numenius tahitiensis
898:Onychoprion fuscatus
862:Phoebastria albatrus
853:Phoebastria nigripes
549:Period of extinction
541:, English hares and
356:) in size. It is an
135:25.77000; -171.73750
2237:Mauna Loa eruptions
2136:Keanakakoi eruption
1505:Honolulu Advertiser
1469:TenBruggencate 2005
1460:Rauzon 2001, p.125.
1451:Rauzon 2001, p.123.
1442:Rauzon 2001, p.122.
1433:Rauzon 2001, p.120.
1357:Rauzon 2001, p.104.
1249:Scientific American
1089:Agrotis procellaris
1076:Agrotis laysanensis
1072:Laysan noctuid moth
1019:Laysan honeycreeper
887:(or "fairy tern"),
794:Hawaiian monk seals
635:Sandbur eradication
519:Santalum ellipticum
126: /
21:
2344:Endemic Bird Areas
2314:Island restoration
1941:
1747:Hawaiian volcanism
1406:Rauzon 2001, p.110
1239:2013-04-14 at the
1063:Hypena laysanensis
1022:Himatione fraithii
988:Sula sula rubripes
907:Onychoprion lunata
876:Lesser frigatebird
772:
760:
658:Pritchardia remota
578:Tanager Expedition
573:had gone extinct.
566:Theodore Roosevelt
466:Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
266:
258:
250:
239:
19:
2329:Paleogene Oceania
2324:Miocene volcanoes
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2222:Kīlauea eruptions
2212:Hawaiian eruption
2141:ʻAilāʻau eruption
2102:Notable eruptions
1963:Gardner Pinnacles
1713:
1712:
1655:Gardner Pinnacles
1560:History of Laysan
1211:978-0-8248-4626-8
1168:. Merriam-Webster
1035:Laysan millerbird
867:Great frigatebird
814:Telespiza cantans
798:green sea turtles
671:Nihoa millerbirds
571:Laysan millerbird
352:(1.6 by 2.4
228:
227:
2351:
2309:Seabird colonies
2299:Atolls of Hawaii
1978:Lisianski Island
1938:
1775:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
1740:
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1670:Lisianski Island
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984:Red-footed booby
979:Sula leucogaster
836:Laysan albatross
827:Anas laysanensis
768:Laysan fan palms
718:Hawaiian Islands
584:taxa had become
535:domestic rabbits
493:language barrier
427:Native Hawaiians
348:
347:
343:
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315:) is one of the
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312:[kɐwˈoː]
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57:Hawaiian Islands
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2334:Cenozoic Hawaii
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2242:Pāhoehoe (lava)
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2151:Kīlauea Caldera
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2014:
2007:
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1241:Wayback Machine
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1194:Isles of Refuge
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1153:
1149:
1141:List of islands
1126:
1119:
1116:
1055:
1006:Porzana palmeri
970:Sula dactylatra
925:Pluvialis fulva
903:Spectacled tern
806:
752:
741:in the western
702:
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637:
606:
551:
424:
419:
382:
376:, means 'egg'.
366:above sea level
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331:) northwest of
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235:Bathymetric map
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16:Atoll of Hawaii
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677:"Laysan fever"
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669:. Next may be
636:
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604:Recent history
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531:Max Schlemmer
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26:Native name:
23:
2257:Pele's tears
2247:Pele (deity)
2146:Halemaʻumaʻu
1988:Midway Atoll
1972:
1894:
1880:Penguin Bank
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1702:
1695:
1680:Midway Atoll
1664:
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1415:Greene 2006.
1411:
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1381:cite journal
1362:
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1280:. Retrieved
1268:
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1226:
1215:, retrieved
1193:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1163:
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1038:
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966:Masked booby
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839:
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826:
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810:Laysan finch
787:
784:Laysan finch
773:
733:
730:Mokumanamana
704:In 2003, an
703:
687:
680:
656:
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638:
618:
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594:Laysan finch
575:
552:
524:
517:
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459:
454:
438:
425:
408:
386:Midway Atoll
383:
373:
306:
268:
267:
216:Demographics
186:
28:
2252:Pele's hair
2232:Limu o Pele
2187:ʻAʻā (lava)
2156:Kīlauea Iki
1794:Kīlauea Iki
1245:ClimateWire
1217:December 2,
1002:Laysan rail
975:Brown booby
957:Black noddy
948:Brown noddy
823:Laysan duck
780:Laysan duck
766:Two living
653:Pritchardia
590:Laysan duck
543:guinea pigs
510:Pritchardia
447:New Bedford
394:hypersaline
368:that has a
362:Laysen Lake
146:Archipelago
133: /
121:171°44′15″W
109:Coordinates
55:Map of the
2288:Categories
1968:Kure Atoll
1833:Kahoʻolawe
1685:Kure Atoll
1494:References
1282:2020-02-24
894:Sooty tern
889:Gygis alba
885:White tern
722:Polynesian
708:examining
649:bunchgrass
625:carbofuran
598:endangered
529:immigrant
462:Manuokawai
399:sandstorms
323:(930
221:Population
118:25°46′12″N
2171:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
2161:Mauna Ulu
2104:and vents
2033:Daikakuji
2015:Seamounts
1983:Maro Reef
1870:West Maui
1865:Haleakalā
1822:Mauna Kea
1812:Mauna Loa
1806:Mauna Ulu
1802:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
1660:Maro Reef
1172:March 23,
629:high tide
246:Monk seal
237:of Laysan
96:Geography
1927:Waiʻanae
1907:Honolulu
1875:Molokaʻi
1817:Hualālai
1780:Māhukona
1760:Windward
1749:topics (
1273:Archived
1237:Archived
1160:"Laysan"
1114:See also
710:sediment
592:and the
562:poachers
559:Japanese
370:salinity
333:Honolulu
302:Hawaiian
210:Honolulu
101:Location
2093:Yuryaku
2073:Nintoku
2043:Hancock
2038:Detroit
2028:Colahan
2013:Emperor
1948:Leeward
1917:Koʻolau
1896:Niʻihau
1790:Kīlauea
1785:Hawaiʻi
1108:extinct
1093:endemic
1080:endemic
1067:extinct
1053:Insects
1047:endemic
1043:extinct
1030:endemic
1026:extinct
1014:endemic
1010:extinct
831:endemic
818:endemic
743:Pacific
714:coconut
694:Q fever
645:sandbur
586:extinct
582:endemic
555:rabbits
503:of the
451:Russian
435:whalers
433:-based
417:History
403:finches
380:Geology
344:⁄
2180:Topics
2058:Kimmei
2023:Abbott
1973:Laysan
1912:Kaʻena
1854:Lānaʻi
1847:Kaʻula
1840:Kauaʻi
1827:Kohala
1665:Laysan
1535:
1514:
1330:Persia
1208:
527:German
473:Gambia
455:Moller
269:Laysan
206:County
200:Hawaii
164:Length
84:Laysan
20:Laysan
2088:Yomei
2083:Suiko
2068:Meiji
2053:Kammu
2048:Jingū
1998:Nihoa
1950:Isles
1902:Oʻahu
1762:Isles
1640:Nihoa
1276:(PDF)
1265:(PDF)
1147:Notes
804:Birds
734:Cocos
726:Nihoa
663:Nihoa
661:from
514:palms
477:guano
453:ship
443:Japan
358:atoll
350:miles
196:State
172:Width
2078:Ojin
2063:Koko
1860:Maui
1751:list
1533:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1394:help
1375:: 9.
1247:and
1219:2020
1206:ISBN
1174:2019
1106:) –
1091:) –
1078:) –
1065:) –
796:and
776:NWHI
739:Guam
728:and
553:The
374:Kauō
307:Kauō
156:Area
29:Kauō
1324:In
1198:doi
1100:, (
1087:, (
1074:, (
1061:, (
2290::
1804:,
1800:,
1796:,
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1383:}}
1379:{{
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1350:^
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842:–
838:,
829:–
825:,
816:–
812:,
800:.
600:.
537:,
468:.
409:A
354:km
329:km
325:mi
304::
300:;
290:ɑː
284:aɪ
1808:)
1792:(
1753:)
1739:e
1732:t
1725:v
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1392:(
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346:2
342:1
339:+
337:1
296:/
293:n
287:s
281:l
278:ˈ
275:/
271:(
224:0
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