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658:' is to be taken seriously, it is anarchy and rebellion against the nation which must remain 'indivisible under God' if it is to survive. Not only will I not condone 'interposition' as so many have sought me to do, I decry it as an evil thing, whipped up by the demagogues and carried on the hot and erratic winds of passion, prejudice, and hysteria. If history judges me right this day, I want it known that I did my best to avert this blot. If I am judged wrong, then here in my own handwriting and over my signature is the proof of guilt to support my conviction.
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719:, Collins in his campaign for Florida's governorship had identified as a staunch segregationist who regarded the practice as "part and parcel of our way of life." Yet biographer Martin Dyckman argues that, in his speeches and statements, Collins never extolled segregation as a virtue, but defended it legalistically. For instance, although he took issue with the Supreme Court's ruling in
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people of
Florida, "whether that person is black or white, whether that person is rich or poor, or whether that person is influential or not influential." He was the first southern governor to speak so frankly in support of the moral necessity of the end of segregation. His speech generated hundreds of responses, mostly positive, from citizens across the state.
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Florida expressed open and vigorous opposition thereto. I feel that the U. S. Supreme Court has improperly usurped powers reserved to the states under the constitution. I have joined in protesting such and in seeking legal means of avoidance. But if this resolution declaring the decisions of the court to be '
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was sentenced to death for a rape where there was little to no evidence against him. Collins decided to commute Irvin's sentence to life in prison, explaining: "My conscience told me it was a bad case, badly handled, badly tried ... I was asked to take a man's life. My conscience would not let me do
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Prior to winning election as governor, Collins served several terms in the
Florida House of Representatives and Senate. He was the first governor from the South to promote ending segregation. Counseling "progress under law," he took a moderate course in favor of incremental improvements during the
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This concurrent resolution of 'Interposition' crosses the
Governor's desk as a matter of routine. I have no authority to veto it. I take this means however to advise the student of government, who may examine this document in the archives of the state in the years to come, that the Governor of
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Tensions were mounting in
Tallahassee as 1960 neared. Bus boycotts and lunch counter sit-ins were taking place in Tallahassee and across Florida. On March 20, 1960, against the advice of his friends, Collins gave an impassioned speech about his conviction that as governor he represented all the
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Collins used the little-known provision in
Section 10 of Article Four of the state constitution by unilaterally adjourning the legislature to prevent it from passing the resolution the first time. After the legislature returned and passed the resolution, he had no power to
777:, Collins was seriously considered as a possible candidate because of his popularity as a Southern governor. He was also acceptable to Northern liberals because of his support for civil rights. But he did not seek the nomination, even in the Florida primary, which went to
600:, he made history by becoming the first governor to win election in the first primary election, defeating five other Democratic candidates. During his term, Collins focused on education, working to strengthen the state's school system. In the racial unrest caused by the
634:. This indicated the intent of the legislature to "interpose" itself between the citizens of Florida and the United States government to prevent what the legislature contended was an illegal intrusion upon the right of the state by imposing
889:. In fact, Collins had not participated in the march, but had shuttled back and forth between the marchers and the Alabama authorities to pursue a compromise to avoid a repeat of the violence perpetrated two days earlier, by
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in the state. He later recalled that he worked for the amendment because every time an execution was carried out under his order, it left him feeling nearly as guilty as the murderers. His two immediate successors,
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seeking enforcement of constitutional rights, he took a moderate course, counseling obedience to the law, though gradually, to avoid disruption. The state had minimal disorder compared to other states in the
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After the war, in 1946 he was elected again to the
Florida Senate. He was re-elected in 1950, serving until 1954. That year a special election was held to fill the remaining two years in the term of Governor
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and a primary win nearly guaranteed victory in the general election. Collins was sworn in as governor on
January 4, 1955. In 1956, he was reelected to serve a regular four-year term, defeating
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510:. Originally slated for assignment to a unit that would oversee post-war rebuilding of countries previously held by the Japanese, he began training in the Chinese language in
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Governor McCarty died on
September 28, 1953, just nine months after assuming office, having suffered a debilitating heart attack on February 25. At that time, Florida had no
723:, he acknowledged the court's authority. By 1957 Collins was expressing doubts that whites would universally react negatively to integration (though he still criticized the
585:, who ran a one-issue campaign focused on opposition to the integration of Florida schools. Collins was the first governor of Florida to serve two consecutive terms.
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A scan and transcript of the
Interposition Resolution in Response to Brown v. Board of Education, made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida.
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After
Collins' defeat in the Senate race, he left his law firm in Tampa and returned to "The Grove" in Tallahassee, where he lived until his death from
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will be a public park devoted to agricultural education and open space. It will provide opportunities for experimental learning about agriculture
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Collins twice received the title of "Most Valuable Senator" (the first time in 1947 by the Capital Press Corps and in 1953 by fellow lawmakers).
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from 1955 to 1961. Collins began his governorship after winning a special election in 1954, and was elected to a four-year term in 1956.
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Collins fell just a few votes short of persuading the first Constitution Revision Commission to send an amendment to voters to abolish
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on July 7, 1965. He resigned this position effective October 1, 1966 to return to Florida to become a partner in a
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When the interposition resolution reached his office, Collins noted on it the following, in his own handwriting:
522:, where he was assigned as an attorney for Navy boards and courts. Collins was discharged from active duty as a
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Opening in 2017, the Governor LeRoy Collins Farm Park, situated on 84 acres of now undeveloped land in western
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Transcript of statewide TV-radio talk to the people of Florida on race relations by Governor LeRoy Collins.
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involuntary execution in the U.S. and the first in Florida since 1964. The protest was held outside the
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in 1991. He was called "the greatest Governor of Florida" by such politicians as Florida governors
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398:(March 10, 1909 – March 12, 1991) was an American politician who served as the 33rd
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Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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873:. Gurney partisans distributed a photograph of Collins walking alongside the Reverend
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A death penalty opponent, Collins participated in a protest against execution of
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it, as it was not a law but a resolution expressing the will of the legislature.
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in March 1946, and returned to Florida to resume his legal and political career.
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This article is about the Floridian governor. For his son, the USN admiral, see
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because of his age. In 1944, he was accepted and received his commission as a
478:, the house built by Richard K. Call in Tallahassee across the street from the
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The Segregation Factor in the Florida Democratic Gubernatorial Primary of 1956
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482:. Re-elected to the Senate in 1942, Collins resigned to join the military for
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467:. He continued to serve in the House until 1940, when he was elected to the
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622:(1954), as did almost all Southern elected officials, he fought with the
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Billy Hathorn, "Cramer v. Kirk: The Florida Republican Schism of 1970,"
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Collins, "an example of the poor boy made good," was born and raised in
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On March 19, 1991, a tribute was entered in the official record of the
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901:. He conducted these negotiations as a part of his job as head of the
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Collins' reputation as a moderate secured him the chairmanship of the
514:. When the unit was disbanded, Collins was transferred to the Navy's
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Upon completion of six years as governor, he became president of the
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1950s and 60s and is remembered as a voice in favor of civil rights.
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Official Governor's portrait and biography from the State of Florida
1395:
Our Campaigns - US Vice President - D Convention Race - Aug 13, 1956
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951:, who was a child in Texas at the time of Collins' governorship.
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Democratic Party members of the Florida House of Representatives
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Among the Lowest of the Dead: The Culture of Capital Punishment
1417:
Our Campaigns - FL US President - D Primary Race - May 24, 1960
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Governor LeRoy Collins of Florida: Spokesman of the New South
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Collins attempted to enlist in 1943, but was rejected by the
518:. He was posted to the 13th Naval District headquarters in
1199:. Vol. 18. New York, NY: F. Kugel Company. p. 68.
1146:. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. p. 30.
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Governor LeRoy Collins on Civil Rights (1980)- Full-length
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LEON COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY - Governor Thomas LeRoy Collins
1222:. Tallahassee, FL. April 14, 1946. p. 17 – via
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In 1968, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for the
1176:. Tallahassee, FL. July 24, 1944. p. 1 – via
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and a deputized county posse, on the county side of the
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in order to win Texas voters to support the ticket with
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Governor LeRoy Collins surrounded by his family at the
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Collins was first elected to public office in 1934, as
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THE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNORS In 1960 Their Big Year - TIME
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His papers are held by the University of South Florida
866:. However, he lost the general election to Republican
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to fill an unexpired term of the late William Hodges.
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Permanent Chair of the Democratic National Convention
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1271:
Museum - Office of Cultural & Historical Programs
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Museum - Office of Cultural & Historical Programs
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In 1955, Collins personally reviewed the case of the
438:, where he earned a law degree. In 1932, he married
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Forerunners Courageous: Stories of Frontier Florida
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Chairman of the 1960 Democratic National Convention
1532:Governor Leroy Collins Inauguration (January 1955)
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1064:The Leon County Public Library is named after him.
800:Collins with Lyndon B. Johnson on October 13, 1960
1363:"LeRoy Collins, Trent Lott: a study in contrasts"
770:. Collins received 29 votes on the first ballot.
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750:Presidential and vice-presidential possibilities
579:the Democratic Party dominated regional politics
569:Collins challenged Johns in the 1954 Democratic
3304:1956 United States vice-presidential candidates
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1474:Text of Gov. Jeb Bush's 2003 inaugural address
847:. Also by presidential appointment, he became
418:, son of a "neighborhood grocer". He attended
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3259:United States Navy personnel of World War II
3299:United States Under Secretaries of Commerce
592:Painted portrait of Governor LeRoy Collins.
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62:January 4, 1955 – January 3, 1961
35:
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849:United States Under Secretary of Commerce
502:. He attended officer training first in
446:, twice territorial governor of Florida.
2715:1956 United States presidential election
1760:
1449:. University of Michigan Press. p.
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795:
711:Speech on race relations, March 20, 1960
626:to try to prevent them from passing an "
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3269:Democratic Party Florida state senators
1384:http://ufdc.ufl.edu/NF00000161/00001/2j
1351:
1333:, University of Minnesota Press, 2002,
758:, Collins was among contenders for the
663:"LeRoy Collins, Governor." May 2, 1957.
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1049:United States House of Representatives
990:from Florida, losing to Congresswoman
877:, during the second of the March 1965
762:nomination, when presidential nominee
3289:Politicians from Tallahassee, Florida
3274:Democratic Party governors of Florida
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928:he had once occupied. (Then-Governor
766:allowed the convention to choose his
715:Though now remembered as a voice for
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105:May 18, 1958 – June 25, 1959
1319:death penalty news-FLORIDA (2), OHIO
1293:
1139:
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837:National Association of Broadcasters
830:
612:Although he initially condemned the
1431:, LXVII, No. 4 (April 1990), p. 410
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806:1960 Democratic National Convention
756:1956 Democratic National Convention
736:1960 Democratic National Convention
573:and won the nomination. Due to the
566:to serve until a special election.
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13:
1331:Deathwork: Defending the Condemned
1282:"The Florida Constitution of 1885"
804:Collins served as chairman of the
707:, also opposed the death penalty.
539:, who had died in office in 1953.
454:
449:
14:
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3329:20th-century American politicians
1496:
1214:"Lt LeRoy Collins Back from Navy"
1168:"Senator Collins is Commissioned"
982:, unsuccessfully sought the 2006
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1789:
1429:The Florida Historical Quarterly
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862:seat vacated by fellow Democrat
465:Florida House of Representatives
336:
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166:Florida House of Representatives
3279:Military personnel from Florida
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1193:"Closeup: Thomas LeRoy Collins"
689:Southern Governors' Association
687:Collins became Chairman of the
545:
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16:American politician (1909–1991)
2127:National Governors Association
1713:National Governors Association
1275:
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1184:
1160:
1084:Colcade, Tallahassee, FL, 1971
93:National Governors Association
1:
3324:20th-century American writers
1102:Jacobstein, Helen L. (1972).
1088:
905:, at the behest of President
577:of most blacks in the South,
409:
1486:"Leon County Public Library"
932:let the execution proceed.)
920:in 1979. This was the first
668:The document is held by the
516:judge advocate general corps
7:
3294:United States Navy officers
1517:University of South Florida
1298:. New York: HarperCollins.
1110:University of Florida Press
1051:by Florida Representatives
903:Community Relations Service
879:Selma to Montgomery marches
841:Community Relations Service
721:Brown v. Board of Education
619:Brown v. Board of Education
554:, and the president of the
10:
3350:
3254:Episcopalians from Florida
1441:Von Drehle, David (2006).
911:"Turnaround Tuesday" march
808:, which nominated Senator
775:1960 presidential election
727:for "forcing the issue").
225:Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.
18:
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2902:American Vegetarian Party
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2870:George Bell Timmerman Jr.
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1023:This section needs to be
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670:State Archives of Florida
442:, great-granddaughter of
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1556:Party political offices
1513:LeRoy Collins Collection
1191:James, Edwin H. (1961).
1075:
583:Sumter de Leon Lowry Jr.
432:Cumberland School of Law
424:Eastman Business College
273:Eastman Business College
3334:Leon High School alumni
3018:Socialist Workers Party
500:lieutenant junior grade
422:. He went on to attend
2769:Incumbent VP nominee:
1294:King, Gilbert (2012).
1284:, Retrieved 2011-06-24
994:. She was defeated by
968:
875:Martin Luther King Jr.
818:Senate Majority Leader
801:
666:
593:
474:In 1941, he purchased
463:representative to the
428:Poughkeepsie, New York
2960:Socialist Labor Party
962:
926:gubernatorial mansion
899:"Bloody Sunday" march
845:1964 Civil Rights Act
799:
651:
602:Civil Rights Movement
591:
508:Princeton, New Jersey
371:13th Naval District (
350:Years of service
284:Cumberland University
3309:Writers from Florida
3082:Other 1956 elections
3049:and other candidates
2949:Herbert C. Holdridge
2763:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1762:Governors of Florida
1678:Charley Eugene Johns
988:United States Senate
895:Edmund Pettus Bridge
860:United States Senate
827:for Vice President.
560:Charley Eugene Johns
512:Monterey, California
476:The Grove Plantation
416:Tallahassee, Florida
396:Thomas LeRoy Collins
209:Tallahassee, Florida
196:Thomas LeRoy Collins
73:Charley Eugene Johns
3137:governor of Florida
2855:W. Averell Harriman
2761:Incumbent nominee:
1685:Governor of Florida
1575:Governor of Florida
986:nomination for the
868:U.S. Representative
624:Florida Legislature
552:lieutenant governor
520:Seattle, Washington
400:governor of Florida
373:Seattle, Washington
50:Governor of Florida
3064:Gerald L. K. Smith
3057:T. Coleman Andrews
3007:Samuel H. Friedman
2941:Enoch A. Holtwick
2912:Herbert M. Shelton
2821:Adlai Stevenson II
1670:Political offices
1258:2004-10-12 at the
1219:The Daily Democrat
1173:The Daily Democrat
1140:Wagy, Tom (1985).
1057:Charles E. Bennett
977:United States Navy
973:LeRoy Collins, Jr.
969:
965:Governor's Mansion
816:for President and
802:
764:Adlai Stevenson II
696:capital punishment
594:
575:disenfranchisement
530:Return to politics
504:Hollywood, Florida
496:United States Navy
480:Governor's Mansion
436:Lebanon, Tennessee
434:, at that time in
344:United States Navy
3241:
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3099:
3098:
3073:
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3036:Myra Tanner Weiss
2999:Darlington Hoopes
2931:Prohibition Party
2878:
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2860:Lyndon B. Johnson
2837:Other candidates:
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1803:(1822–1845)
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1729:
1728:
1720:Succeeded by
1692:Succeeded by
1660:Succeeded by
1620:John W. McCormack
1617:Succeeded by
1588:Succeeded by
1564:Daniel T. McCarty
1361:Dyckman, Martin.
1347:978-0-8166-4088-1
1305:978-0-06-209771-2
1153:978-0-8173-0222-1
1119:978-0-8130-0359-7
1044:
1043:
1006:Legacy and honors
998:, the Democratic
907:Lyndon B. Johnson
831:Post-governorship
821:Lyndon B. Johnson
760:vice presidential
537:Daniel T. McCarty
393:
392:
21:LeRoy Collins Jr.
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1053:James Bacchus
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46:
42:
38:
33:
29:LeRoy Collins
26:
22:
3153:
3081:
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3055:
3047:Independents
3034:VP nominee:
3033:
3025:
3005:VP nominee:
3004:
2996:
2976:VP nominee:
2975:
2967:
2947:VP nominee:
2946:
2938:
2918:VP nominee:
2917:
2909:
2836:
2827:VP nominee:
2826:
2818:
2768:
2760:
2623:Hickenlooper
2332:
2018:
1850:(since 1845)
1800:Territorial
1710:
1683:
1641:U.S. Senator
1639:nominee for
1635:
1606:
1573:nominee for
1569:
1526:Find a Grave
1480:
1469:
1444:
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1428:
1423:
1412:
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1390:
1378:
1368:10 September
1366:. Retrieved
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980:rear admiral
975:, a retired
970:
941:Reubin Askew
934:
915:
857:
834:
803:
779:favorite son
772:
768:running-mate
753:
733:
729:
720:
717:civil rights
714:
705:Haydon Burns
693:
686:
681:Walter Irvin
674:
667:
652:
648:
640:
617:
616:decision in
611:
595:
568:
549:
546:Governorship
541:
533:
493:
484:World War II
473:
458:
413:
404:
395:
394:
384:World War II
380:Battles/wars
221:(1991-03-12)
173:
154:
143:
123:Succeeded by
100:
80:Succeeded by
57:
3319:1991 deaths
3314:1909 births
2920:Symon Gould
2893:independent
2889:Third-party
2523:T. Thompson
2463:J. Thompson
2253:Saltonstall
1601:Sam Rayburn
996:Bill Nelson
922:post-Furman
897:during the
773:Before the
754:During the
636:integration
111:Preceded by
68:Preceded by
3248:Categories
2895:candidates
2812:Candidates
2798:Convention
2754:Candidates
2740:Convention
2658:Hutchinson
2578:Napolitano
2563:Kempthorne
2548:Glendening
2238:Vanderbilt
2163:Harrington
1717:1958–1959
1689:1955–1961
1637:Democratic
1571:Democratic
1197:Television
1089:References
984:Republican
967:, in 1960.
945:Bob Graham
930:Bob Graham
855:law firm.
843:under the
781:candidate
632:resolution
607:Deep South
524:lieutenant
410:Early life
362:Lieutenant
314:Allegiance
234:Democratic
202:1909-03-10
3026:Nominee:
2997:Nominee:
2970:Eric Hass
2968:Nominee:
2939:Nominee:
2910:Nominee:
2819:Nominee:
2803:Primaries
2745:Primaries
2633:McAuliffe
2533:Voinovich
2473:Alexander
2383:Ellington
2353:Rosellini
2343:McNichols
1954:Gilchrist
1769:Military
1000:incumbent
971:His son,
691:in 1957.
562:, became
353:1944–1946
297:Signature
269:Education
178:1934–1940
174:In office
159:1940–1943
155:In office
148:1946–1954
144:In office
101:In office
58:In office
2638:Sandoval
2608:Heineman
2603:Gregoire
2583:Pawlenty
2573:Huckabee
2513:Campbell
2503:Ashcroft
2493:Branstad
2458:Matheson
2453:Snelling
2433:Milliken
2358:Anderson
2328:Stratton
2308:Thornton
2298:Peterson
2273:Hildreth
2268:Caldwell
2193:McMullen
2188:Brewster
2143:McGovern
2084:DeSantis
2054:Martinez
1999:Caldwell
1959:Trammell
1944:Jennings
1934:Mitchell
1256:Archived
949:Jeb Bush
661:—
3199:McBride
3154:Collins
3149:McCarty
3139:(1953–)
2643:Bullock
2628:Herbert
2613:Markell
2598:Manchin
2593:Douglas
2588:Rendell
2543:Leavitt
2498:Gardner
2488:Baliles
2478:Clinton
2438:Carroll
2413:Rampton
2393:Hearnes
2333:Collins
2323:Stanley
2318:Langlie
2303:Shivers
2293:Lausche
2288:Carlson
2248:O'Conor
2243:Stassen
2228:Cochran
2208:Pollard
2183:Trinkle
2138:Willson
2019:Collins
2009:McCarty
1994:Holland
1979:Carlton
1949:Broward
1939:Bloxham
1929:Fleming
1919:Bloxham
1909:Stearns
1884:Allison
1859:Moseley
1781:Jackson
1650:Class 3
1645:Florida
1548:YouTube
1537:YouTube
1515:at the
1025:updated
883:Alabama
783:Senator
596:In the
263:
251:
3219:Gillum
3194:MacKay
3189:Chiles
3184:Pajcic
3179:Graham
3159:Bryant
3091:Senate
2719:→ 1960
2711:← 1952
2663:Murphy
2618:Fallin
2568:Warner
2558:Patton
2553:Engler
2538:Carper
2528:Miller
2483:Sununu
2468:Carlin
2448:Busbee
2423:Andrus
2403:Mandel
2363:Sawyer
2348:Powell
2313:Kennon
2263:Martin
2218:McNutt
2173:Sproul
2158:Capper
2064:MacKay
2059:Chiles
2049:Mixson
2044:Graham
2024:Bryant
2004:Warren
1984:Sholtz
1974:Martin
1969:Hardee
1894:Walker
1889:Marvin
1879:Milton
1869:Broome
1847:State
1838:Branch
1772:(1821)
1457:
1345:
1337:
1302:
1150:
1116:
955:Family
947:, and
937:cancer
341:
323:
257:
240:Spouse
211:, U.S.
3224:Crist
3214:Crist
3204:Davis
3174:Askew
3164:Burns
3086:House
2653:Cuomo
2648:Hogan
2508:Romer
2443:Bowen
2428:Askew
2408:Evans
2398:Moore
2378:Volpe
2338:Boggs
2233:Stark
2223:Peery
2213:Rolph
2168:Allen
2148:Walsh
2079:Scott
2074:Crist
2039:Askew
2029:Burns
2014:Johns
1964:Catts
1924:Perry
1874:Perry
1864:Brown
1818:Eaton
1813:Duval
1643:from
1076:Works
887:Selma
853:Tampa
825:Texas
725:NAACP
684:it."
261:)
253:(
249:
48:33rd
3209:Sink
3169:High
2891:and
2713:)
2518:Dean
2388:Love
2368:Reed
2283:Lane
2278:Hunt
2203:Case
2198:Dern
2153:Spry
2069:Bush
2034:Kirk
1989:Cone
1914:Drew
1904:Hart
1899:Reed
1833:Call
1828:Reid
1823:Call
1656:1968
1613:1960
1584:1956
1580:1954
1455:ISBN
1370:2013
1343:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1055:and
703:and
644:veto
368:Unit
358:Rank
259:1932
216:Died
192:Born
2668:Cox
2418:Ray
2373:Guy
2258:Maw
2178:Cox
1546:on
1535:on
1524:at
881:in
823:of
812:of
426:in
289:LLB
3250::
3084::
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1453:.
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1232:^
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