1659:
73:
100:
through the pores of substance A in order to continue targeting substance B. This penetration can often lead to dissolution of substance A, or the product of more than one solute, both unsatisfactory if specific leaching is desired. The physiochemical and biological properties of the carrier and solute should be considered when observing the
413:
Due to the assortment of leaching processes there are many variations in the data to be collected through laboratory methods and modeling, making it hard to interpret the data itself. Not only is the specified leaching process important, but also the focus of the experimentation itself. For instance,
99:
Substance A and B are somewhat homogenous in a system prior to the introduction of substance C. At the beginning of the leaching process, substance C will work at dissolving the surficial substance B at a fairly high rate. The rate of dissolution will decrease substantially once it needs to penetrate
357:
is highly dependent on the characteristics of the soil, which makes modeling efforts difficult. Most leaching comes from infiltration of water, a washing effect much like that described for the leaching process of biological substances. The leaching is typically described by solute transport models,
226:. This can in turn lead to more diversity in plant species that may experience a more direct access to water. This type of leaching can often lead to the removal of an undesirable component from the solid by water, this process is called washing. A major concern for leaching of plants, is if
68:
In an ideal leaching equilibrium stage, all the solute is dissolved by the solvent, leaving the carrier of the solute unchanged. The process of leaching however is not always ideal, and can be quite complex to understand and replicate, and often different methodologies will produce different
404:
such as vanadium, Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, Iron etc. from raw materials/ reused materials. In recent years, there has been more attention given to metal leaching to recover precious metals from waste materials. For example, the extraction of valuable metals from wastewater.
308:
Coal fly ash is a product that experiences heavy amounts of leaching during disposal. Though the re-use of fly ash in other materials such as concrete and bricks is encouraged, still much of it in the United States is disposed of in holding ponds,
40:
Leaching is a naturally occurring process which scientists have adapted for a variety of applications with a variety of methods. Specific extraction methods depend on the soluble characteristics relative to the
45:
material such as concentration, distribution, nature, and size. Leaching can occur naturally seen from plant substances (inorganic and organic), solute leaching in soil, and in the decomposition of
321:, depending on the type of fly ash and the location where it originated. The leaching of fly ash is only concerning if the fly ash has not been disposed of properly, such as in the case of the
896:
Rohwerder, T.; Gehrke, T.; Kinzler, K.; Sand, W. (2003). "Bioleaching review part A: Progress in bioleaching: Fundamentals and mechanisms of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation".
517:
show that the optimal conditions are 2.0 m/L of organic acid at a temperature of 90 °C. The reaction had an overall efficiency exceeding 90% with no harmful byproducts.
104:, and certain properties may be more important depending on the material, the solvent, and their availability. These specific properties can include, but are not limited to:
1414:
Li, Li; Jing Ge; Feng Wu; Renjie Chen; Shi Chen; Borong Wu (2010). "Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant".
65:(REEs). Understanding leaching characteristics is important in preventing or encouraging the leaching process and preparing for it in the case where it is inevitable.
400:
Leaching can sometimes be used to extract valuable materials from a wastewater product/ raw materials. In the field of mineralogy, acid leaching is common to extract
1279:"Extraction of pure Co, Ni, Mn, and Fe compounds from spent Li-ion batteries by reductive leaching and combined oxidative precipitation in chloride media"
422:, heat, or simply washing with water. A summary of various leaching processes and their respective laboratory tests can be viewed in the following table:
85:
There are many types of leaching scenarios; therefore, the extent of this topic is vast. In general, however, the three substances can be described as:
1059:
Perket, C.L.; Webster, W.C. (1981). "Literature Review of Batch
Laboratory Leaching and Extraction Procedures". In Conway, R.; Malloy, B. (eds.).
322:
1475:
1323:"Comprehensive extraction of valuable metals from waste ternary lithium batteries via roasting and leaching: Thermodynamic and kinetic studies"
759:
Dubus, I.G.; Beulke, S.; Brown, C.D. (2002). "Calibration of pesticide leaching models: critical review and guidance for reporting".
382:
that the soil has been consolidated to via stress. Diffusion is controlled by other factors such as pore size and soil skeleton,
1232:"Optimization and kinetic analysis of direct acid leaching of vanadium from converter vanadium slag under atmospheric pressure"
1230:
Xiong, Yuting; Wang, Ling; Wang, Long; Li, Shen; Yang, Guohua; Cao, Chong; Liu, Shuxian; Nie, Yimiao; Jia, Lanbo (2023-07-01).
1206:
1187:
1076:
182:
substances can experience leaching themselves, as well as be used for leaching as part of the solvent substance to recover
581:
showed similar results with an optimal temperature and concentration of 90 °C and 1.5 molar solution of citric acid.
317:, and slag heaps. These disposal sites all contain water where washing effects can cause leaching of many different major
1468:
670:
Richardson, J. F.; Harker, J. H.; Backhurst, J. R. (2002), Richardson, J. F.; Harker, J. H.; Backhurst, J. R. (eds.),
418:
as a group or individually, or the solvent that causes leaching. Most tests are done by evaluating mass loss due to a
210:. These sources of water would be considered the solvent in the leaching process and can also lead to the leaching of
1025:
870:
691:
813:
Addiscott, T. M.; Wagenet, R. J. (1985). "Concepts of solute leaching in soils: a review of modelling approaches".
1828:
1633:
1643:
333:
Kingston Fossil Plant structural failure lead to massive destruction throughout the area and serious levels of
1823:
1623:
1461:
131:
1598:
1113:
1658:
1673:
1005:
853:
Bärlocher, Felix (2005), Graça, M.A.S.; Bärlocher, Felix; Gessner, M.O. (eds.), "CHAPTER 5 - Leaching",
671:
234:,; this is not only necessary to plant health, but it is important to control because pesticides can be
1693:
330:
1322:
1231:
1733:
1618:
1140:
Prosser, A.P. (1996). "Review of uncertainty in the collection and interpretation of leaching data".
363:
20:
1106:
1776:
1503:
1543:
1369:
326:
194:, and can experience as much as 30% mass loss from leaching, just from sources of water such as
1638:
1568:
590:
371:
1758:
1753:
1558:
1518:
510:
395:
1708:
1538:
8:
1528:
605:
513:
with some success. Experiments performed with varying temperatures and concentrations of
730:
1588:
1484:
1439:
1350:
1259:
1094:
1017:
1006:"CHAPTER 21 - Leaching of Rare Earth Elements: Review of Past and Present Technologies"
929:
826:
683:
62:
971:
1728:
1603:
1563:
1431:
1389:
1354:
1342:
1300:
1263:
1251:
1183:
1157:
1153:
1082:
1072:
1021:
983:
975:
921:
913:
866:
830:
784:
776:
734:
687:
231:
151:
1443:
933:
1423:
1381:
1334:
1321:
Gu, Kunhong; Zheng, Weipeng; Ding, Bodong; Han, Junwei; Qin, Wenqing (2022-08-01).
1290:
1243:
1149:
1064:
1013:
967:
905:
858:
822:
768:
726:
679:
379:
318:
211:
1427:
1786:
1723:
1648:
1628:
1608:
1583:
1523:
1385:
1338:
1295:
1278:
1247:
54:
1802:
1513:
359:
46:
909:
474:
Light
Petroleum Fractions, Trichlorethylene Solvent, or Acetone/Ether Solvent
1817:
1743:
1718:
1346:
1304:
1255:
1161:
1086:
979:
917:
834:
780:
738:
375:
334:
297:
223:
137:
108:
50:
1374:
International
Journal of Integrated Waste Management, Science and Technology
862:
501:
Some recent work has been done to see if organic acids can be used to leach
157:
The general process is typically broken up and summarized into three parts:
1703:
1688:
1578:
1548:
1435:
1393:
1063:. (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International 1981): ASTM. pp. 7–7–21.
987:
925:
788:
342:
257:
187:
183:
126:
1678:
1533:
1370:"Environmental friendly leaching reagent for cobalt and lithium recovery"
578:
338:
241:
219:
215:
118:
72:
16:
Extraction of some soluble substances from a solid material into a liquid
1368:
Li, Li; Jing Ge; Renjie Chen; Feng Wu; Shi Chen; Xiaoxiao Zhang (2010).
678:, Chemical Engineering Series, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 502–541,
1698:
1683:
1573:
1508:
1453:
615:
600:
514:
415:
383:
191:
143:
1068:
33:
becoming detached or extracted from its carrier substance by way of a
1781:
367:
293:
253:
227:
167:
of inner-solute through the pores of the carrier to reach the solvent
164:
76:
Leaching occurring in a cement wall due to natural weathering events.
1738:
1713:
1498:
958:
Iyer, R. (2002). "The surface chemistry of leaching coal fly ash".
772:
610:
595:
386:
of flow path, and distribution of the solvent (water) and solutes.
314:
235:
370:-dispersion understandings. Leaching is controlled largely by the
1613:
502:
419:
289:
281:
277:
179:
113:
58:
42:
34:
414:
the focus could be directed toward mechanisms causing leaching,
1553:
1089:– via in Hazardous Solid Waste Testing: First Conference.
506:
310:
269:
265:
261:
174:
30:
717:
Tukey, H.B. (1970). "The
Leaching of Substances from Plants".
49:
materials. Leaching can also be applied affectedly to enhance
1748:
401:
285:
1413:
1367:
354:
273:
203:
195:
895:
288:. Bioleaching processes can also be used in the re-use of
669:
426:
Table 1: Laboratory Tests for
Various Leaching Processes
249:
245:
207:
199:
1004:
Peelman, S.; Sun, Z.H.I.; Sietsma, J.; Yang, Y. (2016),
855:
260:
processes. This process is done in most part to extract
1003:
496:
53:
and contaminant removal, as well as for disposal of
1277:Balázs Illés, István; Kékesi, Tamás (2023-10-01).
1276:
490:Agitation by Mechanical Stirrer or Compressed Air
389:
1207:"Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill"
303:
1815:
812:
758:
186:. Many plants experience leaching of phenolics,
1229:
1061:Hazardous Solid Waste Testing: First Conference
1320:
1173:
1171:
244:is a term that describes the removal of metal
170:Transfer of dissolved solute out of the system
1469:
1058:
348:
1316:
1314:
175:Leaching processes for biological substances
1180:Transport Process and Separation Principles
1168:
1476:
1462:
1177:
161:Dissolution of surficial solute by solvent
1311:
1294:
852:
1483:
857:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 33–36,
71:
1182:. NJ: Pretence Hall. pp. 802–817.
1139:
1816:
898:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
408:
1457:
1201:
1199:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
999:
997:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
848:
846:
844:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
716:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
80:
957:
754:
752:
750:
748:
676:Chemical Engineering (Fifth Edition)
731:10.1146/annurev.pp.21.060170.001513
374:of the soil, which is dependent on
13:
1196:
1120:
1039:
1018:10.1016/b978-0-12-802328-0.00021-8
994:
940:
878:
841:
827:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1985.tb00347.x
795:
699:
684:10.1016/b978-0-08-049064-9.50021-7
628:
14:
1840:
745:
719:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
497:Environmentally friendly leaching
1657:
230:are leached and carried through
1407:
1361:
1270:
1223:
466:Evaporation from Disposal Pond
390:Leaching for mineral extraction
1416:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1012:, Elsevier, pp. 319–334,
960:Journal of Hazardous Materials
455:Mobilization of Metal Cations
304:Leaching processes for fly ash
214:nutrients from plants such as
1:
1428:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.026
1178:Geankoplis, Christie (2004).
972:10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00049-3
621:
1386:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.08.008
1339:10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107736
1296:10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108169
1248:10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108091
1154:10.1016/0304-386X(95)00071-N
238:to human and animal health.
7:
584:
450:t-test or permutation test
95:and a solvent, substance C.
10:
1845:
1694:Electrostatic precipitator
442:Batch Test or Column Test
393:
349:Leaching processes in soil
331:Tennessee Valley Authority
18:
1795:
1767:
1734:Rotary vacuum-drum filter
1666:
1655:
1491:
910:10.1007/s00253-003-1448-7
134:of the carrier and solute
1777:Aqueous two-phase system
1599:Liquid–liquid extraction
1674:API oil–water separator
1544:Dissolved air flotation
863:10.1007/1-4020-3466-0_5
815:Journal of Soil Science
761:Pest Management Science
672:"CHAPTER 10 - Leaching"
577:The same analysis with
479:Coarse Solids Leaching
439:Waste Leachate Removal
89:a carrier, substance A;
1829:Solid-solid separation
1639:Solid-phase extraction
372:hydraulic conductivity
92:a solute, substance B;
77:
1759:Vacuum ceramic filter
1754:Sublimation apparatus
1559:Electrochromatography
1519:Cross-flow filtration
1112:CS1 maint: location (
487:Fine Solids Leaching
447:Leaching from Plants
396:Leaching (metallurgy)
323:Kingston Fossil Plant
148:Intermediate products
75:
1824:Industrial processes
1709:Fractionating column
1504:Acid–base extraction
1485:Separation processes
1376:. Waste Management.
1327:Minerals Engineering
1283:Minerals Engineering
1236:Minerals Engineering
1010:Rare Earths Industry
471:Cellular Extraction
29:is the process of a
19:For other uses, see
1529:Cyclonic separation
606:Surfactant leaching
427:
409:Leaching mechanisms
337:downstream to both
63:rare earth elements
1589:Gravity separation
425:
81:Leaching processes
78:
1811:
1810:
1729:Rapid sand filter
1624:Recrystallization
1604:Electroextraction
1564:Electrofiltration
1380:(12): 2615–2621.
1189:978-0-13-101367-4
1078:978-0-8031-0795-3
1069:10.1520/stp28826s
549:(liquid) + 4 Co(C
494:
493:
463:Leaching Fly Ash
434:Laboratory Tests
431:Leaching Process
366:expressions, and
329:, Tennessee. The
232:stormwater runoff
152:Crystal structure
57:products such as
1836:
1661:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1422:(1–3): 288–293.
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1137:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1056:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1001:
992:
991:
955:
938:
937:
893:
876:
875:
850:
839:
838:
810:
793:
792:
756:
743:
742:
714:
697:
696:
667:
537:(liquid) → 4 LiC
428:
424:
380:relative density
222:substances, and
102:leaching process
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1791:
1769:
1763:
1724:Protein skimmer
1662:
1653:
1649:Ultrafiltration
1629:Reverse osmosis
1609:Microfiltration
1584:Froth flotation
1524:Crystallization
1487:
1482:
1452:
1451:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
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1319:
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1275:
1271:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1176:
1169:
1142:Hydrometallurgy
1138:
1121:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1079:
1057:
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1002:
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941:
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811:
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629:
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548:
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536:
532:
528:
524:
499:
411:
398:
392:
351:
306:
280:from insoluble
248:from insoluble
177:
83:
55:hazardous waste
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1803:Unit operation
1799:
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1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1514:Chromatography
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1406:
1360:
1310:
1269:
1222:
1195:
1188:
1167:
1148:(2): 119–153.
1119:
1103:|journal=
1077:
1038:
1026:
993:
966:(3): 321–329.
939:
904:(3): 239–248.
877:
871:
840:
821:(3): 411–424.
794:
773:10.1002/ps.526
767:(8): 745–758.
744:
725:(1): 305–324.
698:
692:
626:
625:
623:
620:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
586:
583:
575:
574:
570:
566:
565:(liquid) + 6 H
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:(solid) + 12 C
522:
498:
495:
492:
491:
488:
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483:
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476:
475:
472:
468:
467:
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440:
436:
435:
432:
410:
407:
394:Main article:
391:
388:
350:
347:
305:
302:
292:by recovering
252:by biological
224:sugar alcohols
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
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155:
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149:
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135:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1775:
1774:
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1766:
1760:
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1747:
1745:
1744:Spinning cone
1742:
1740:
1737:
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1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Mixer-settler
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1637:
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1634:Sedimentation
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Precipitation
1617:
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1397:. Retrieved
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327:Roane County
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258:complexation
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184:heavy metals
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127:Surface area
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1679:Belt filter
1644:Sublimation
1534:Decantation
579:citric acid
509:from spent
360:Darcy's Law
339:Emory River
242:Bioleaching
216:free sugars
192:amino acids
132:Homogeneity
119:Temperature
1818:Categories
1768:Multiphase
1699:Evaporator
1684:Centrifuge
1574:Filtration
1569:Extraction
1509:Adsorption
1499:Absorption
1333:: 107736.
1289:: 108169.
1242:: 108091.
1217:2019-11-21
1033:2019-10-17
622:References
616:Weathering
601:Parboiling
591:Extraction
515:malic acid
416:mineralogy
384:tortuosity
228:pesticides
180:Biological
144:Mineralogy
1782:Azeotrope
1492:Processes
1355:250639975
1347:0892-6875
1305:0892-6875
1264:258423709
1256:0892-6875
1211:Knowledge
1162:0304-386X
1105:ignored (
1095:cite book
1087:1040-3094
980:0304-3894
918:1432-0614
835:1365-2389
781:1526-4998
739:0066-4294
511:batteries
368:diffusion
364:mass flow
315:landfills
254:oxidation
165:Diffusion
123:Agitation
1796:Concepts
1787:Eutectic
1739:Scrubber
1714:Leachate
1594:Leaching
1539:Dialysis
1444:17075350
1436:19954882
1394:20817431
988:12137992
934:25547087
926:14566432
789:12192898
611:Sorption
596:Leachate
585:See also
358:such as
319:elements
294:aluminum
282:sulfides
140:activity
69:results.
27:Leaching
21:Leaching
1770:systems
1667:Devices
1614:Osmosis
521:4 LiCoO
503:lithium
420:reagent
311:lagoons
290:fly ash
278:uranium
246:cations
212:organic
114:Solvent
59:fly ash
47:organic
43:sorbent
35:solvent
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507:cobalt
402:Metals
296:using
286:oxides
276:, and
270:nickel
266:cobalt
262:copper
220:pectic
206:, and
190:, and
31:solute
1749:Still
1440:S2CID
1351:S2CID
1260:S2CID
930:S2CID
573:(gas)
236:toxic
61:, or
1432:PMID
1401:2011
1390:PMID
1343:ISSN
1301:ISSN
1252:ISSN
1184:ISBN
1158:ISSN
1114:link
1107:help
1083:ISSN
1073:ISBN
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688:ISBN
505:and
378:and
355:soil
341:and
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256:and
250:ores
204:mist
196:rain
1424:doi
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