234:, and moves an aperture across the film until the full frame has been exposed. Focal-plane shutters are usually implemented as a pair of light-tight cloth, metal, or plastic curtains. For shutter speeds slower than a certain point (known as the X-sync speed of the shutter), which depends on the camera, one curtain of the shutter opens, and the other closes after the correct exposure time. At shutter speeds faster than the X-sync speed, the top curtain of the shutter travels across the focal plane, with the second curtain following behind, effectively moving a slit across the focal plane until each part of the film or sensor has been exposed for the correct time. The effective exposure time can be much shorter than for central shutters, at the cost of some distortion of fast-moving subjects.
31:
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65:. A shutter of variable speed is used to control exposure time of the film. The shutter is constructed so that it automatically closes after a certain required time interval. The speed of the shutter is controlled either automatically by the camera based on the overall settings of the camera, manually through digital settings, or manually by a ring outside the camera on which various timings are marked.
463:, by Klaus-Eckard Riess, translated by Robert "The Professor" Stoddard gives a detailed history and technical description of leaf shutters. The company Compur Monitor was still in business as of 2012, but made only gas detection systems. Leaf shutters under the Compur, Copal, and Seiko names are no longer manufactured.
267:" where the image from the main imaging sensor is displayed directly on an LCD display, so it is still possible to focus (manually or in newer models by contrast detection) and frame. This prevents most camera shake from the focal-plane shutter, as instead of a first curtain an electronic shutter is used.
641:
A shutter cycle is the process of the shutter opening, closing, and resetting to where it is ready to open again. The life-expectancy of a mechanical shutter is often expressed as a number of shutter cycles. Most digital cameras save the shutter cycle information along with the photos, which contains
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Interchangeable-lens cameras with a central shutter within the lens body require that each lens has a shutter built into it. In practice most cameras with interchangeable lenses use a single focal plane shutter in the camera body for all lenses, while cameras with a fixed lens use a central shutter.
431:
Ideally the shutter opens instantaneously, remains open as long as required, and closes instantaneously. This is essentially the case at slower speeds, but as speeds approach their maximum the shutter is far from fully open for a significant part of the exposure time. Effectively the shutter acts as
321:
In the simplest version of
Guillotine shutter a plate with an aperture slides across the lens opening. Simple versions from the 1880s and 1890s were often known as Drop shutters. They worked vertically and were usually powered by a rubber band, a spring or just gravity. Later they were fitted to run
632:
to determine focus; in situations where contrast is low, the speed at which the camera can determine the best focus can be quite noticeable. Since most modern cameras will not activate the shutter until autofocus is complete, the result is shutter lag. In these cases, the photographer can switch to
300:
is a type of camera shutter consisting of a mechanism with one or more pivoting metal leaves which normally does not allow light through the lens onto the film, but which when triggered opens the shutter by moving the leaves to uncover the lens for the required time to make an exposure, then shuts.
262:
feature in some cameras. This removes the camera-shake from the large slapping mirror inside the camera, but does not prevent camera-shake caused by the shutter mechanism itself. Mirror-lock-up introduces yet another problem: with the mirror locked-up out of the way the optical viewfinder cannot be
145:
nstantaneous exposure, with settings ranging from 30" to 1/4000" for the best leaf shutters, faster for focal-plane shutters, and more restricted for basic types. The reciprocal of exposure time in seconds is often used for engraving shutter settings. For example, a marking of "250" denotes 1/250".
589:
Today, most digital cameras use combination of mechanical shutter and electronic shutter or mechanical shutter solely. Mechanical shutter can accommodate up to 1/16000 seconds (for example the
Minolta Dynax/Maxxum/α-9 film camera had a maximum of 1/12000, a record in its era, and the later digital
245:
Distortion of fast-moving subjects: although no part of the film is exposed for longer than the time set on the dial, one edge of the film is exposed an appreciable time after the other, so that a horizontally moving shutter will, for example, elongate or shorten the image of a car speeding in the
423:
shutter (as distinct from the simple leaf shutter above) consists of a number of thin blades which briefly uncover the camera aperture to make the exposure. The blades slide over each other in a way which creates a circular aperture which enlarges as quickly as possible to uncover the whole lens,
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had a shutter consisting of a round metal disk with a hole punched in it along with a spring-loaded release lever, with the solid disk blocking light from entering the camera. When the shutter release lever is actuated, the spring causes the disk to quickly rotate once so that the hole passes the
173:
which took an appreciable time to reach full brightness, focal-plane shutters making this even more difficult. Special flashbulbs were designed which had a prolonged burn, illuminating the scene for the whole time taken by a focal plane shutter slit to move across the film. These problems were
185:
speed or slower the whole frame will be exposed when the flash fires (otherwise only a band of the film will be exposed). Some electronic flashes can produce a longer pulse compatible with a focal-plane shutter operated at much higher shutter speeds. The focal-plane shutter will still impart
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Shutter lag is the time between the shutter release being pressed and the exposure starting. While this delay was insignificant on most film and some digital cameras, many digital cameras have significant delay, which can be a problem with fast-moving subjects as in sports and other action
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Stacked CMOS sensors combine the image sensor itself with ADCs and digital memory in the same package. The readout of these sensors is faster than traditional sensors, because the digitized image is transferred into the digital memory in the sensor itself during readout and only afterwards
74:
654:, the shutter admits light from the lamphouse to illuminate the film across to the projection screen. To avoid brightness flicker, a double-bladed rotary disc shutter admits light two times per frame of film in 24 fps projection, resulting in 24 * 2 = 48 Hz, which is the lower
153:
of the lens must together be such as to allow the right amount of light to reach the film or sensor. Additionally, the exposure time must be suitable to handle any motion of the subject. Usually it must be fast enough to "freeze" rapid motion, unless a controlled degree of
483:), and located within the lens assembly where a relatively small opening allows light to cover the entire image. Leaf shutters can also be located behind, but near, the lens, allowing lens interchangeability. The alternative to a central or behind-the-lens shutter is a
118:
that is removed and replaced for the long exposures required, were used in the early days of photography. Other mechanisms than the dilating aperture and the sliding curtains have been used; anything which exposes the film to light for a specified time will suffice.
586:. A rolling shutter scans the image in a line-by-line fashion, so that different lines are exposed at different instants, as in a mechanical focal-plane shutter, so that motion of either camera or subject will cause geometric distortions, such as skew or wobble.
367:
570:
shutter. If the full-frame is transferred at one time, it is a global shutter. Often the shaded cells can independently be read, while the others are again collecting light. Extremely fast shutter operation is possible as there are no moving parts or any
237:
Focal plane shutters have the advantage over central leaf shutters of allowing the use of interchangeable lenses without requiring a separate shutter for each lens. (Leaf shutters behind the lens also allow interchanging the lens using a single shutter.)
512:
Many versions have no connection between the cocking mechanism and the film advance mechanism, making multiple exposures possible (this can be a disadvantage, as multiple exposures can be produced accidentally if the photographer forgets to advance the
450:
had a pneumatic mechanism, with a piston sliding against air resistance in a cylinder. They were quieter at slow speeds than clockwork, but potentially very inaccurate. More accurate clockwork mechanisms then replaced the airbrake, and the German
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Simple leaf shutters have a single leaf, or two leaves, which pivot so as to allow light through to the lens when triggered. If two leaves are used they have curved edges to create a roughly circular aperture. They typically have only one
540:
Some versions may have no connection between the cocking mechanism and the film advance mechanism, making accidental multiple exposures a common problem, although this is a feature of camera manufacture rather than the shutter
628:(AF) lag is the root cause of shutter lag. Lower-cost cameras and low-light or low-contrast situations will make the effect more pronounced and it is in these cases that AF lag is more noticed. Most AF systems use
498:
Film cameras, but not digital cameras, with a central shutter and interchangeable lenses often have a secondary shutter or darkslide to cover the film and allow changing lens in mid-roll without fogging the film.
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Many medium-format and most large-format cameras, however, have interchangeable lenses each fitted with a central shutter. A few interchangeable-lens cameras have a behind-the-lens leaf shutter. Large-format
394:
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All leaf shutter speeds are limited by the speed at which the leaves can move: typically 1/500th of a second for a high-specification diaphragm shutter and 1/125th of a second for a simple leaf shutter.
495:
often had a focal-plane shutter. Some had both a focal-plane shutter (for lens interchangeability) and a lens with central shutter (for flash synchronisation); one shutter would be locked open.
506:
Flash synchronization is possible at all speeds because the shutter opens fully, unlike a focal-plane shutter sliding a slit relatively slowly across the film for a short effective exposure.
436:, undesirable if shallow focus is being used creatively. Or it may cause mechanical vignetting if the diaphragm is outside of the lens (like a focal plane shutter or apodization filter).
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If a focal-plane shutter camera is left with sunlight falling on the lens (and the mirror up for an SLR), it is possible to burn a hole in the closed curtain of a non-metal shutter.
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The time for which a shutter remains open (exposure time, often called "shutter speed") is determined by a timing mechanism. These were originally pneumatic (Compound shutter) or
598:
transferred out of the sensor. This results in an electronic shutter which is as fast as a mechanical focal-plane shutter. Some cameras using stacked sensors, like the
856:
340:
camera aperture and allows light through for a brief moment. Rotary shutters typically only had one fixed, imprecise shutter speed, although most cameras had a
258:
Camera shake due to the impact of the larger curtains starting and stopping rapidly. Camera designers have learned to overcome SLR mirror-slap by including a
602:, completely removed the mechanical shutter. Dynamic range and noise performance are not compromised, because these sensors do not utilize a global shutter.
352:
The shutter plate consisted of a part of a sphere integrated to rotate behind the lens. It was a type of shutter found on the
Photosphere and other cameras.
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378:
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valuable information such as shutter speed, aperture, and shutter count. There are multiple websites and applications to access the EXIF data.
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stays open for the required time, then closes in the same way. The larger the number of blades, the more accurately circular is the aperture.
57:
to light in order to capture a permanent image of a scene. A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as seen in a
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Behind-the-lens shutters were used in some cameras with limited lens interchangeability. Shutters in front of the lens, sometimes simply a
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2263:
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such as the 2010 Pentax X90 is a relatively short 1/50 s, or 21 milliseconds (ms). The Canon 50d dSLR is specified at 131 ms lag.
887:"Pentax unveils X90 Megazoom digital camera - Expert photography blogs, tip, techniques, camera reviews - Adorama Learning Center"
1133:
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where the shutter remained open as long as the button was pressed (originally actuated by squeezing an actual rubber bulb), and
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Nikon D1 series were capable of 1/16000), while electronic shutter can accommodate at least 1/32000 seconds, used for many
204:
between frame exposure. The disc then spins to an open section that exposes the next frame of film while it is held by the
81:
divides shutters into "roller-blind" and "diaphragm" types, corresponding roughly to the modern focal-plane and leaf types.
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Small size is possible as the shutter is placed where the bundle of rays is narrow, either inside or just behind the lens.
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has also been used to describe an optical stop with a slit, near the focal plane of a moving-film high-speed camera.
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was widely adopted in quality equipment. The German
Prontor and Japanese Seikosha shutters were also widely used.
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1987:
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Image sensors without a shaded full-frame double must use serialized data transfer of illuminated pixels called
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ime setting, where the shutter opened when the button was pressed and remained open until it was pressed again,
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horizontally in hand cameras where they were spring powered with spring tension or pneumatic regulation.
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image sensors) can be constructed to give a shutter equivalent function by transferring many pixel cell
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The main advantages of central and behind-the-lens leaf shutters compared to a focal-plane shutter are:
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setting that would lock the shutter open when the release is actuated, allowing for longer exposures.
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is not a type of shutter as such, but describes the position of the shutter: it is typically a
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Their more complex mechanical structure causes a shorter life-span than other shutter designs.
100:) or, even more rarely, in front of a lens, and shut off the beam of light where it is narrow.
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Shutters are also used simply to regulate pulses of light, with no film being used, as in a
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761:"Up and Down with Compur - The development and photo-historical meaning of leaf shutters"
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Up and Down with Compur: The development and photo-historical meaning of leaf shutters
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is easily achieved with a pair of contacts that close when the shutter is fully open.
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cameras and currently many
Fujifilm APS-C cameras (X-Pro2, X-T1, X100T and others).
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666:), a triple-bladed shutter is used instead, as 16 * 3 = 48 Hz and 18 * 3 = 54 Hz.
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For an interchangeable lens system, each lens has to have a shutter built into it.
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523:—lateral focal plane shutters compress or elongate the image in such cases.
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used for focussing, framing, or exposure metering. Newer DSLR cameras include a "
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When using a focal-plane shutter with a flash, if the shutter is set at its
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transfers. Global shutter can also be used for videos as a replacement for
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A few types and makers of leaf shutters became very well known. The early
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manual focus to avoid the delay that is attributable to the AF function.
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They are noisier, which is a detriment to candid and nature photography.
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units which fire virtually instantaneously and emit a very short flash.
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is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period, exposing
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A focal-plane shutter is positioned just in front of the film, in the
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essentially solved for non-focal-plane shutters with the advent of
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One diaphragm shutter opening over another in an Akarex camera
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A focal-plane shutter. The plastic curtains travel vertically.
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An early (1875) rapid acting shutter by A. A. Pearson of Leeds
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1725:
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focal-plane shutter distortions to a rapidly moving subject.
830:"Compur Monitor website (no longer a shutter manufacturer)"
936:
What is a Low
Shutter Count: Understanding Camera Lifespan
158:
is desired, for example to give a sensation of movement.
246:
same or the opposite direction to the shutter movement.
85:
Camera shutters can be fitted in several positions:
432:an additional aperture, and may cause an increased
309:and are commonly found in basic cameras, including
126:, but since the late twentieth century are mostly
873:Shutter Operations for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors
809:
2606:
912:"Compare the Canon EOS 50D vs the Canon EOS 60D"
854:Electronic shuttering: Rolling vs Global shutter
530:Some disadvantages of the central shutter are:
758:
985:
713:"Shutter Types - Antique and Vintage Cameras"
566:at one time to a paired shaded double called
2537:Conservation and restoration of photographs
146:This does not cause confusion in practice.
92:are usually fitted within a lens assembly (
2264:Comparison of digital and film photography
992:
978:
783:Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging
2489:Photographs considered the most important
885:Writer, Adorama News (25 February 2010).
812:"Leaf shutters in Rolleiflex TLR cameras"
519:More realistic photographs in high speed
241:They have several disadvantages as well:
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110:and move to uncover the film or sensor.
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771:from the original on 3 September 2019.
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130:. Mechanical shutters typically had a
96:), or more rarely immediately behind (
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800:
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810:Ferdi Stutterheim (1 January 2021).
645:
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149:The exposure time and the effective
2484:Museums devoted to one photographer
658:. For 16fps (most silent films and
656:brightness flicker fusion threshold
402:Cassell's Cyclopedia of Photography
325:
284:2. Aperture covered by leaf shutter
24:
2026:Timeline of photography technology
466:
313:. Some have more than one speed.
27:Component of a photographic camera
25:
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944:
795:Focal Encyclopedia of Photography
408:has since fallen from common use.
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617:photography. Release lag of a
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1:
2076:Painted photography backdrops
2008:Golden triangle (composition)
1288:35 mm equivalent focal length
952:"Early Photography: Shutters"
698:
7:
1786:Intentional camera movement
785:, Oxford: Focal Press, 1999
676:
286:3. Aperture during exposure
10:
2631:
2479:Most expensive photographs
1831:Multi-exposure HDR capture
956:www.earlyphotography.co.uk
717:www.earlyphotography.co.uk
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361:Diaphragm or leaf shutters
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79:Cyclopedia of Photography
2413:Digital image processing
693:Active shutter 3D system
404:, 1911. The terminology
388:shutter, partially open.
2521:Photography periodicals
2081:Photography and the law
98:behind-the-lens shutter
2433:Gelatin silver process
1457:Science of photography
1442:Photographic processes
1420:Perspective distortion
293:
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82:
35:
2615:Photographic shutters
1886:Schlieren photography
1430:Photographic printing
1353:Exposure compensation
516:Usually much quieter.
426:Flash synchronization
331:Simple rotary shutter
279:
219:
163:flash synchronization
161:Most shutters have a
106:are mounted near the
76:
33:
1675:Straight photography
1313:Chromatic aberration
759:Klaus-Eckard Riess.
577:rotary disc shutters
526:Longer shutter life.
384:Dial-set three-leaf
280:Simple leaf shutter
165:switch to trigger a
104:Focal-plane shutters
2547:photographic plates
2222:Digital photography
1405:Hyperfocal distance
1318:Circle of confusion
863:Motionvideoproducts
485:focal-plane shutter
481:simple leaf shutter
298:simple leaf shutter
292:6. Butterfly spring
272:Simple leaf shutter
226:Focal-plane shutter
212:Focal-plane shutter
202:intermittent motion
194:rotary disc shutter
2041:Autochrome Lumière
2036:Analog photography
1861:Pigeon photography
1655:Social documentary
1134:discontinued films
859:2012-02-15 at the
546:Electronic shutter
317:Guillotine shutter
311:disposable cameras
294:
290:5. Catch mechanism
222:
83:
36:
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2393:Collodion process
2329:Chromogenic print
2316:Color photography
1826:Multiple exposure
1801:Lo-fi photography
1333:Color temperature
797:, Macmillan, 1957
741:Early Photography
688:Kerr cell shutter
683:Photographic lens
646:Projector shutter
441:diaphragm shutter
406:diaphragm shutter
356:Diaphragm shutter
335:Many inexpensive
48:photographic film
16:(Redirected from
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2453:Print permanence
2398:Cross processing
2356:CMYK color model
2341:Color management
2294:Foveon X3 sensor
2289:Three-CCD camera
1933:Miniature faking
1891:Sabattier effect
1508:Astrophotography
1363:Zebra patterning
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448:Compound shutter
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326:Rotating shutter
282:1. Shutter plate
206:registration pin
176:electronic flash
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1978:Diagonal method
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737:"Shutter Types"
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665:
662:) and 18fps (
661:
657:
653:
643:
637:Shutter cycle
634:
631:
627:
622:
620:
619:bridge camera
613:
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595:
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587:
585:
580:
578:
574:
569:
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553:
552:image sensors
539:
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532:
531:
525:
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505:
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503:
500:
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494:
493:press cameras
488:
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482:
478:
474:
464:
462:
458:
457:Copal shutter
454:
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442:
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435:
429:
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353:
345:
343:
338:
323:
314:
312:
308:
307:shutter speed
302:
299:
288:4. Leaf blade
278:
266:
261:
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251:
248:
244:
243:
242:
239:
235:
233:
227:
218:
209:
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199:
198:movie cameras
195:
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159:
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147:
144:
140:
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125:
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105:
102:
99:
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91:
90:Leaf shutters
88:
87:
86:
80:
75:
66:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2559:Polaroid art
2448:K-14 process
2443:Instant film
2438:Gum printing
2388:C-41 process
2373:Photographic
2274:Image sensor
2269:Film scanner
1923:Sun printing
1856:Print toning
1648:space selfie
1618:Pictorialism
1548:Ethnographic
1528:Conservation
1400:Guide number
1395:Focal length
959:. Retrieved
955:
931:
919:. Retrieved
915:
906:
894:. Retrieved
890:
880:
868:
849:
837:. Retrieved
833:
824:
815:
794:
790:
782:
781:Sidney Ray,
777:
764:
740:
731:
720:. Retrieved
716:
707:
668:
649:
640:
623:
615:
596:
588:
581:
549:
529:
501:
497:
489:
477:leaf shutter
472:
470:
460:
445:
440:
438:
430:
420:
415:
412:
405:
401:
385:
351:
334:
320:
303:
297:
295:
265:live preview
240:
236:
229:
188:
180:
160:
148:
142:
136:
131:
121:
113:
97:
93:
84:
78:
43:
37:
18:Leaf shutter
2564:Stereoscopy
2423:E-6 process
2418:Dye coupler
2346:color space
2259:Digiscoping
2252:camera back
2167:Philippines
2096:Visual arts
2086:Glass plate
2071:Heliography
1970:Composition
1945:Ultraviolet
1901:Stereoscopy
1896:Slow motion
1881:Scanography
1796:Kite aerial
1741:Contre-jour
1633:Post-mortem
1623:Pornography
1603:Neues Sehen
1538:Documentary
1472:Zone System
1447:Reciprocity
1373:Film format
1303:Backscatter
1281:Terminology
1151:beauty dish
1055:rangefinder
1020:light-field
1001:Photography
891:adorama.com
875:Kodak (PDF)
671:signal lamp
660:Regular 8mm
612:Shutter lag
606:Shutter lag
400:Entries in
348:Hemispheric
337:box cameras
232:focal plane
156:motion blur
108:focal plane
63:signal lamp
40:photography
2554:Lomography
2375:processing
2324:Print film
2240:comparison
2207:Uzbekistan
2157:Luxembourg
2117:Bangladesh
2066:Dufaycolor
2046:Box camera
2003:Simplicity
1960:Zoom burst
1955:Xerography
1950:Vignetting
1940:Time-lapse
1928:Tilt–shift
1821:Mordançage
1811:Luminogram
1776:Holography
1771:High-speed
1751:Fill flash
1736:Burst mode
1714:Techniques
1695:Vernacular
1690:Underwater
1685:Toy camera
1665:Still life
1593:Monochrome
1583:High-speed
1533:Cloudscape
1523:Conceptual
1425:Photograph
1410:Lens flare
1390:Film speed
1272:Zone plate
1218:wide-angle
1203:long-focus
834:compur.com
722:2022-07-15
699:References
171:flashbulbs
128:electronic
2499:Norwegian
2463:Stop bath
2408:Developer
2403:Cyanotype
2031:Ambrotype
1993:Lead room
1916:Slit-scan
1851:Photogram
1846:Panoramic
1756:Fireworks
1588:Landscape
1233:telephoto
1181:reflector
1176:monolight
1171:lens hood
1156:cucoloris
1097:safelight
1008:Equipment
626:autofocus
600:Nikon Z 9
592:superzoom
439:The term
416:diaphragm
124:clockwork
77:The 1911
2609:Category
2583:Category
2279:CMOS APS
2177:Slovenia
2105:Regional
2051:Calotype
1988:Headroom
1866:Redscale
1781:Infrared
1731:Brenizer
1705:Wildlife
1628:Portrait
1573:Forensic
1563:Fine-art
1498:Aircraft
1488:Abstract
1368:F-number
1348:Exposure
1323:Clipping
1298:Aperture
1166:hot shoe
1092:enlarger
1087:Darkroom
916:Snapsort
857:Archived
769:Archived
677:See also
630:contrast
550:Digital
151:aperture
116:lens cap
2594:Outline
2530:Related
2212:Vietnam
2197:Ukraine
2132:Denmark
2112:Albania
2091:Tintype
2018:History
1983:Framing
1876:Rollout
1841:Panning
1791:Kirlian
1700:Wedding
1578:Glamour
1558:Fashion
1543:Eclipse
1513:Banquet
1435:Albumen
1245:Monopod
1223:fisheye
1191:softbox
1045:pinhole
1035:instant
1025:digital
961:14 June
921:5 April
896:5 April
839:5 April
664:Super 8
564:charges
541:itself.
521:panning
192:uses a
44:shutter
2592:
2581:
2509:street
2504:Polish
2192:Turkey
2187:Taiwan
2172:Serbia
2162:Norway
2137:Greece
2122:Canada
1721:Afocal
1680:Street
1660:Sports
1643:Selfie
1598:Nature
1553:Erotic
1518:Candid
1493:Aerial
1481:Genres
1383:medium
1260:Tripod
1228:swivel
1141:Filter
1119:holder
1114:format
1015:Camera
554:(both
513:film).
453:Compur
386:Compur
183:X-sync
2514:women
2472:Lists
2428:Fixer
2306:Pixel
2235:D-SLR
2182:Sudan
2152:Korea
2147:Japan
2142:India
2127:China
1911:Strip
1836:Night
1816:Macro
1726:Bokeh
1670:Stock
1638:Ruins
1378:large
1208:prime
1186:snoot
1146:Flash
1124:stock
1065:still
1050:press
1040:phone
1030:field
167:flash
61:or a
50:or a
2542:film
2247:MILC
1746:ETTR
1608:Nude
1568:Fire
1467:Sync
1265:head
1213:zoom
1198:Lens
1161:gobo
1109:base
1104:Film
1080:view
963:2018
923:2018
898:2018
841:2018
558:and
556:CMOS
479:(or
421:leaf
342:Time
42:, a
2284:CCD
1075:toy
1070:TLR
1060:SLR
650:In
560:CCD
419:or
196:in
139:ulb
38:In
2611::
954:.
914:.
889:.
832:.
814:.
802:^
767:.
763:.
749:^
739:.
715:.
673:.
579:.
487:.
471:A
413:A
296:A
208:.
993:e
986:t
979:v
965:.
925:.
900:.
843:.
818:.
743:.
725:.
143:I
137:B
132:T
20:)
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