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solve a novel problem presented in a different context. Furthermore, Perkins and
Salomon (1992) suggest that positive transfer in cases when learning supports novel problem solving, and negative transfer occurs when prior learning inhibits performance on highly correlated tasks, such as second or third-language learning. Concepts of positive and negative transfer have a long history; researchers in the early 20th century described the possibility that "...habits or mental acts developed by a particular kind of training may inhibit rather than facilitate other mental activities". Finally, Schwarz, Bransford and Sears (2005) have proposed that transferring knowledge into a situation may differ from transferring knowledge out to a situation as a means to reconcile findings that transfer may both be frequent and challenging to promote.
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appropriate way to increase wanted behavior for animals or humans. Punishment can be divided into two subcategories, positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive punishment is when an aversive aspect of life or thing is added to the subject, for this reason it is called positive punishment. For example, the parent spanking their child would be considered a positive punishment, because a spanking was added to the child. Negative punishment is considered the removal of something loved or desirable from the subject. For example, when a parent puts his child in time out, in reality, the child is losing the opportunity to be with friends, or to enjoy the freedom to do as he pleases. In this example, negative punishment is the removal of the child's desired rights to play with his friends etc.
1347:. Size, configuration, comfort—fresh air, temperature, light, acoustics, furniture—can all affect a student's learning. The tools used by both instructors and students directly affect how information is conveyed, from the display and writing surfaces (blackboards, markerboards, tack surfaces) to digital technologies. For example, if a room is too crowded, stress levels rise, student attention is reduced, and furniture arrangement is restricted. If furniture is incorrectly arranged, sightlines to the instructor or instructional material are limited and the ability to suit the learning or lesson style is restricted. Aesthetics can also play a role, for if student morale suffers, so does motivation to attend school.
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the previous day. The majority of plants in both experimental conditions grew in a direction consistent with the predicted location of light based on the position of the fan the previous day. For example, if the seedling was trained with the fan and light coming down the same arm of the Y-pipe, the following day the seedling grew towards the fan in the absence of light cues despite the fan being placed in the opposite side of the Y-arm. Plants in the control group showed no preference to a particular arm of the Y-pipe. The percentage difference in population behavior observed between the control and experimental groups is meant to distinguish innate phototropism behavior from active associative learning.
508:) is put into the cage, the birds initially react to it as though it were a real predator. Soon the birds react less, showing habituation. If another stuffed owl is introduced (or the same one removed and re-introduced), the birds react to it again as though it were a predator, demonstrating that it is only a very specific stimulus that is habituated to (namely, one particular unmoving owl in one place). The habituation process is faster for stimuli that occur at a high rather than for stimuli that occur at a low rate as well as for the weak and strong stimuli, respectively. Habituation has been shown in essentially every species of animal, as well as the sensitive plant
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stronger support than subjects with formal learning in the topic of mathematics. Daily life experiences take place in the workforce, family life, and any other situation that may arise during one's lifetime. Informal learning is voluntary from the learner's viewpoint, and may require making mistakes and learning from them. Informal learning allows the individual to discover coping strategies for difficult emotions that may arise while learning. From the learner's perspective, informal learning can become purposeful, because the learner chooses which rate is appropriate to learn and because this type of learning tends to take place within smaller groups or by oneself.
541:. This is based on the notion that a defensive reflex to a stimulus such as withdrawal or escape becomes stronger after the exposure to a different harmful or threatening stimulus. An everyday example of this mechanism is the repeated tonic stimulation of peripheral nerves that occurs if a person rubs their arm continuously. After a while, this stimulation creates a warm sensation that can eventually turn painful. This pain results from a progressively amplified synaptic response of the peripheral nerves. This sends a warning that the stimulation is harmful. Sensitization is thought to underlie both adaptive as well as maladaptive learning processes in the organism.
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innate knowledge. Essentially, the cost of obtaining certain knowledge versus the benefit of already having it determines whether an animal evolved to learn in a given situation, or whether it innately knew the information. If the cost of gaining the knowledge outweighs the benefit of having it, then the animal does not evolve to learn in this scenario—but instead, non-learning evolves. However, if the benefit of having certain information outweighs the cost of obtaining it, then the animal is far more likely to evolve to have to learn this information.
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first time Pavlov rang the bell, the neutral stimulus, the dogs did not salivate, but once he put the meat powder in their mouths they began to salivate. After numerous pairings of bell and food, the dogs learned that the bell signaled that food was about to come, and began to salivate when they heard the bell. Once this occurred, the bell became the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the salivation to the bell became the conditioned response (CR). Classical conditioning has been demonstrated in many species. For example, it is seen in honeybees, in the
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672:'s radical behaviorism. Watson's behaviorism (and philosophy of science) stood in direct contrast to Freud and other accounts based largely on introspection. Watson's view was that the introspective method was too subjective and that we should limit the study of human development to directly observable behaviors. In 1913, Watson published the article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views", in which he argued that laboratory studies should serve psychology best as a science. Watson's most famous, and controversial, experiment was "
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Mechanosensory proteins in cell lipid bilayers, known as MS ion channels, are activated once they are physically deformed in response to pressure or tension. Ca2+ permeable ion channels are "stretch-gated" and allow for the influx of osmolytes and calcium, a well-known second messenger, into the cell. This ion influx triggers a passive flow of water into the cell down its osmotic gradient, effectively increasing turgor pressure and causing the cell to depolarize. Gagliano hypothesizes that the basis of associative learning in
1758:. The garden pea is not specific to a region, but rather grows in cooler, higher altitude climates. Gagliano and colleagues' 2016 paper aims to differentiate between innate phototropism behavior and learned behaviors. Plants use light cues in various ways, such as to sustain their metabolic needs and to maintain their internal circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms in plants are modulated by endogenous bioactive substances that encourage leaf-opening and leaf-closing and are the basis of nyctinastic behaviors.
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1063:, and while exploring etc.. For the learner, informal learning is most often an experience of happenstance, and not a deliberately planned experience. Thus this does not require enrollment into any class. Unlike formal learning, informal learning typically does not lead to accreditation. Informal learning begins to unfold as the learner ponders his or her situation. This type of learning does not require a professor of any kind, and learning outcomes are unforeseen following the learning experience.
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implies that some un-assessed aspects of onsite and online learning challenge the equivalency of education between the two modalities. Both onsite and online learning have distinct advantages with traditional on-campus students experiencing higher degrees of incidental learning in three times as many areas as online students. Additional research is called for to investigate the implications of these findings both conceptually and pedagogically.
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blowing lightly down the tube in either the same or opposite arm as the light. The unconditioned stimulus (US) was the predicted occurrence of light and the conditioned stimulus (CS) was the wind blowing by the fan. Previous experimentation shows that plants respond to light by bending and growing towards it through differential cell growth and division on one side of the plant stem mediated by auxin signaling pathways.
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information—non-learning evolves. Similarly, if an environment is in a constant state of change, learning is also disadvantageous, as anything learned is immediately irrelevant because of the changing environment. The learned information no longer applies. Essentially, the animal would be just as successful if it took a guess as if it learned. In this situation, non-learning evolves. In fact, a study of
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of view", a "careful testing of hypothesis" and "generalization" were all valuable approaches for promoting transfer. To encourage transfer through teaching, Perkins and
Salomon recommend aligning ("hugging") instruction with practice and assessment, and "bridging", or encouraging learners to reflect on past experiences or make connections between prior knowledge and current content.
1853:, concerns the construction and study of systems that can learn from data. For example, a machine learning system could be trained on email messages to learn to distinguish between spam and non-spam messages. Most of the Machine Learning models are based on probabilistic theories where each input (e.g. an image ) is associated with a probability to become the desired output.
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901:. By adapting to the needs of individuals, the context-driven instruction can be dynamically tailored to the learner's natural environment. Augmented digital content may include text, images, video, audio (music and voice). By personalizing instruction, augmented learning has been shown to improve learning performance for a lifetime. See also
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everyday activities, they learned the cultural significance of these interactions. The collaborative and helpful behaviors exhibited by
Mexican and Mexican-heritage children is a cultural practice known as being "acomedido". Chillihuani girls in Peru described themselves as weaving constantly, following behavior shown by the other adults.
599:, a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a reflex-eliciting stimulus until eventually the neutral stimulus elicits a response on its own. In operant conditioning, a behavior that is reinforced or punished in the presence of a stimulus becomes more or less likely to occur in the presence of that stimulus.
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instructor's plans and the student's expectations. An example of incidental teaching is when the instructor places a train set on top of a cabinet. If the child points or walks towards the cabinet, the instructor prompts the student to say "train". Once the student says "train", he gets access to the train set.
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time called trace conditioning. Trace conditioning is the small and ideal period of time between the subject performing the desired behavior, and receiving the positive reinforcement as a result of their performance. The reward needs to be given immediately after the completion of the wanted behavior.
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Gagliano and colleagues constructed a classical conditioning test in which pea seedlings were divided into two experimental categories and placed in Y-shaped tubes. In a series of training sessions, the plants were exposed to light coming down different arms of the tube. In each case, there was a fan
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Animals gain knowledge in two ways. First is learning—in which an animal gathers information about its environment and uses this information. For example, if an animal eats something that hurts its stomach, it learns not to eat that again. The second is innate knowledge that is genetically inherited.
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of the students. Students who answer a question properly or give good results should be praised. This encouragement increases their ability and helps them produce better results. Certain attitudes, such as always finding fault in a student's answer or provoking or embarrassing the student in front of
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is the application of skill, knowledge or understanding to resolve a novel problem or situation that happens when certain conditions are fulfilled. Research indicates that learning transfer is infrequent; most common when "... cued, primed, and guided..." and has sought to clarify what it is, and how
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is less structured than "non-formal learning". It may occur through the experience of day-to-day situations (for example, one would learn to look ahead while walking because of the possible dangers inherent in not paying attention to where one is going). It is learning from life, during a meal at the
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from a recent visit, it is an episodic memory. He would use semantic memory to answer someone who would ask him information such as where the Grand Canyon is. A study revealed that humans are very accurate in the recognition of episodic memory even without deliberate intention to memorize it. This is
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Play, as it pertains to humans as a form of learning is central to a child's learning and development. Through play, children learn social skills such as sharing and collaboration. Children develop emotional skills such as learning to deal with the emotion of anger, through play activities. As a form
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There are various functional categorizations of memory which have developed. Some memory researchers distinguish memory based on the relationship between the stimuli involved (associative vs non-associative) or based to whether the content can be communicated through language (declarative/explicit vs
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A significant and long research history has also attempted to explicate the conditions under which transfer of learning might occur. Early research by Ruger, for example, found that the "level of attention", "attitudes", "method of attack" (or method for tackling a problem), a "search for new points
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The educational system may use a combination of formal, informal, and nonformal learning methods. The UN and EU recognize these different forms of learning (cf. links below). In some schools, students can get points that count in the formal-learning systems if they get work done in informal-learning
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Informal learning is self-directed and because it focuses on day-to-day situations, the value of informal learning can be considered high. As a result, information retrieved from informal learning experiences will likely be applicable to daily life. Children with informal learning can at times yield
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is a kind of learning occurring at a particular life stage that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior. In filial imprinting, young animals, particularly birds, form an association with another individual or in some cases, an object, that they respond to as they would to
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and his dogs. Pavlov fed his dogs meat powder, which naturally made the dogs salivate—salivating is a reflexive response to the meat powder. Meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the salivation is the unconditioned response (UR). Pavlov rang a bell before presenting the meat powder. The
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Reinforcement on the other hand is used to increase a wanted behavior either through negative reinforcement or positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is defined by removing an undesirable aspect of life, or thing. For example, a dog might learn to sit as the trainer scratches his ears, which
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Punishment and reinforcement are the two principal ways in which operant conditioning occurs. Punishment is used to reduce unwanted behavior, and ultimately (from the learner's perspective) leads to avoidance of the punishment, not necessarily avoidance of the unwanted behavior. Punishment is not an
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During the testing phase of
Gagliano's experiment, the pea seedlings were placed in different Y-pipes and exposed to the fan alone. Their direction of growth was subsequently recorded. The 'correct' response by the seedlings was deemed to be growing into the arm where the light was "predicted" from
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Non-learning is more likely to evolve in two scenarios. If an environment is static and change does not or rarely occurs, then learning is simply unnecessary. Because there is no need for learning in this scenario—and because learning could prove disadvantageous due to the time it took to learn the
1271:, the person must learn the rules (cognitive domain)—but must also learn how to set up the chess pieces and how to properly hold and move a chess piece (psychomotor). Furthermore, later in the game the person may even learn to love the game itself, value its applications in life, and appreciate its
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is a deliberate way attaining of knowledge, which takes place within a teacher-student environment, such as in a school system or work environment. The term formal learning has nothing to do with the formality of the learning, but rather the way it is directed and organized. In formal learning, the
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is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes. In humans, this form of learning seems to not need reinforcement to occur, but instead, requires a social model such as a parent, sibling, friend,
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agrees that play is pivotal for children's development, since they make meaning of their environment through playing educational games. For
Vygotsky, however, play is the first form of learning language and communication, and the stage where a child begins to understand rules and symbols. This has
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Over the history of its discourse, various hypotheses and definitions have been advanced. First, it is speculated that different types of transfer exist, including: near transfer, the application of skill to solve a novel problem in a similar context; and far transfer, the application of skill to
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learning is not planned by the instructor or the student, it occurs as a byproduct of another activity — an experience, observation, self-reflection, interaction, unique event (e.g. in response to incidents/accidents), or common routine task. This learning happens in addition to or apart from the
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is organized learning outside the formal learning system. For example, learning by coming together with people with similar interests and exchanging viewpoints, in clubs or in (international) youth organizations, and workshops. From the organizer's point of reference, non-formal learning does not
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is a way in which behavior can be shaped or modified according to the desires of the trainer or head individual. Operant conditioning uses the thought that living things seek pleasure and avoid pain, and that an animal or human can learn through receiving either reward or punishment at a specific
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to the new situation, but can still apply the knowledge that it learns for a somewhat extended period of time. Therefore, learning increases the chances of success as opposed to guessing. An example of this is seen in aquatic environments with landscapes subject to change. In these environments,
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In a changing environment, an animal must constantly gain new information to survive. However, in a stable environment, this same individual needs to gather the information it needs once, and then rely on it for the rest of its life. Therefore, different scenarios better suit either learning or
1695:, instead of being able to choose specific topics/skills or jobs to learn and the styles of learning. For instance, children may not have developed consolidated interests, ethics, interest in purpose and meaningful activities, knowledge about real-world requirements and demands, and priorities.
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Multiple examples of enculturation can be found cross-culturally. Collaborative practices in the
Mazahua people have shown that participation in everyday interaction and later learning activities contributed to enculturation rooted in nonverbal social experience. As the children participated in
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involves repeatedly pairing an unconditioned stimulus (which unfailingly evokes a reflexive response) with another previously neutral stimulus (which does not normally evoke the response). Following conditioning, the response occurs both to the unconditioned stimulus and to the other, unrelated
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Incidental learning is an occurrence that is not generally accounted for using the traditional methods of instructional objectives and outcomes assessment. This type of learning occurs in part as a product of social interaction and active involvement in both online and onsite courses. Research
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if a topic is exposed to them in a context that they already enjoy. For example, after playing a music-based video game, some people may be motivated to learn how to play a real instrument, or after watching a TV show that references Faust and
Lovecraft, some people may be inspired to read the
843:. Episodic memory remembers events and history that are embedded in experience and this is distinguished from semantic memory, which attempts to extract facts out of their experiential context or – as some describe – a timeless organization of knowledge. For instance, if a person remembers the
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plant whereby the innate behavior of the plant was diminished by repeated exposure to a stimulus. There has been controversy around this paper and more generally around the topic of plant cognition. Charles
Abrahmson, a psychologist and behavioral biologist, says that part of the issue of why
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that researchers do not doubt
Gagliano's data but rather her language, specifically her use of the term "learning" and "cognition" with respect to plants. A direction for future research is testing whether circadian rhythms in plants modulate learning and behavior and surveying researchers'
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While the physiological mechanism of associative learning in plants is not known, Telewski et al. describes a hypothesis that describes photoreception as the basis of mechano-perception in plants. One mechanism for mechano-perception in plants relies on MS ion channels and calcium channels.
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occurs when a person takes control of his/her learning experience. Since understanding information is the key aspect of learning, it is important for learners to recognize what they understand and what they do not. By doing so, they can monitor their own mastery of subjects. Active learning
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have proven the value in active learning, claiming that the learning is usually at a stronger level as a result. In addition, learners have more incentive to learn when they have control over not only how they learn but also what they learn. Active learning is a key characteristic of
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Operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning in that it shapes behavior not solely on bodily reflexes that occur naturally to a specific stimulus, but rather focuses on the shaping of wanted behavior that requires conscious thought, and ultimately requires learning.
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skills in children. Children learn to think creatively when they learn through play. Specific activities involved in each type of play change over time as humans progress through the lifespan. Play as a form of learning, can occur solitarily, or involve interacting with others.
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games are presented as an example – by using these modules gamers can dig deeper for knowledge about historical events in the gameplay. The importance of rules that regulate learning modules and game experience is discussed by Moreno, C., in a case study about the mobile game
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Wollman, Scott C.; Alhassoon, Omar M.; Hall, Matthew G.; Stern, Mark J.; Connors, Eric J.; Kimmel, Christine L.; Allen, Kenneth E.; Stephan, Rick A.; Radua, Joaquim (September 2017). "Gray matter abnormalities in opioid-dependent patients: A neuroimaging meta-analysis".
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circuits. They may be given time to assist international youth workshops and training courses, on the condition they prepare, contribute, share, and can prove this offered valuable new insight, helped to acquire new skills, a place to get experience in organizing,
758:, so there must be significant benefits associated with play for it to have evolved. Play is generally seen in younger animals, suggesting a link with learning. However, it may also have other benefits not associated directly with learning, for example improving
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Human learning starts at birth (it might even start before) and continues until death as a consequence of ongoing interactions between people and their environment. The nature and processes involved in learning are studied in many established fields (including
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showed that learning can actually lead to a decrease in productivity, possibly because egg-laying behaviors and decisions were impaired by interference from the memories gained from the newly learned materials or because of the cost of energy in learning.
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What humans learn at the early stages, and what they learn to apply, sets humans on course for life or has a disproportional impact. Adults usually have a higher capacity to select what they learn, to what extent and how. For example, children may learn
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ultimately is removing his itches (undesirable aspect). Positive reinforcement is defined by adding a desirable aspect of life or thing. For example, a dog might learn to sit if he receives a treat. In this example the treat was added to the dog's life.
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is an example of non-associative learning in which one or more components of an innate response (e.g., response probability, response duration) to a stimulus diminishes when the stimulus is repeated. Thus, habituation must be distinguished from
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original work. Self-education can be improved with systematization. According to experts in natural learning, self-oriented learning training has proven an effective tool for assisting independent learners with the natural phases of learning.
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In recent years, plant physiologists have examined the physiology of plant behavior and cognition. The concepts of learning and memory are relevant in identifying how plants respond to external cues, a behavior necessary for survival.
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In his theory of transactional distance, Moore (1993) contented that structure and interaction or dialogue bridge the gap in understanding and communication that is created by geographical distances (known as transactional distance).
329:), but much skill and knowledge accumulate from repeated experiences. The changes induced by learning often last a lifetime, and it is hard to distinguish learned material that seems to be "lost" from that which cannot be retrieved.
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scientists disagree about whether plants have the ability to learn is that researchers do not use a consistent definition of "learning" and "cognition". Similarly, Michael Pollan, an author, and journalist, says in his piece
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is more beneficial than learned knowledge. However, in other scenarios the opposite is true—animals must learn certain behaviors when it is disadvantageous to have a specific innate behavior. In these situations, learning
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points out that intrinsic integration of learning content seems to be a crucial design factor, and that games that include modules for further self-studies tend to present good results. The built-in encyclopedias in the
738:. Cats are known to play with a ball of string when young, which gives them experience with catching prey. Besides inanimate objects, animals may play with other members of their own species or other animals, such as
815:. Parents, other adults, and peers shape the individual's understanding of these values. If successful, enculturation results in competence in the language, values, and rituals of the culture. This is different from
4394:"The DNA Repair-Associated Protein Gadd45Îł Regulates the Temporal Coding of Immediate Early Gene Expression within the Prelimbic Prefrontal Cortex and Is Required for the Consolidation of Associative Fear Memory"
4352:"The DNA Repair-Associated Protein Gadd45Îł Regulates the Temporal Coding of Immediate Early Gene Expression within the Prelimbic Prefrontal Cortex and Is Required for the Consolidation of Associative Fear Memory"
952:, based on the idea that a learner can recall the material exactly (but not its meaning) if the information is repeatedly processed. Rote learning is used in diverse areas, from mathematics to music to religion.
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generally describes behavior with no particular end in itself, but that improves performance in similar future situations. This is seen in a wide variety of vertebrates besides humans, but is mostly limited to
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is a change in behavior that occurs as a result of an event. For example, a fear of dogs that follows being bitten by a dog is episodic learning. Episodic learning is so named because events are recorded into
500:, which is an associative process. In operant extinction, for example, a response declines because it is no longer followed by a reward. An example of habituation can be seen in small song birds—if a stuffed
1358:, such as a student's own intellectual curiosity or desire to experiment or explore, has been found to sustain learning more effectively than extrinsic motivations such as grades or parental requirements.
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Ruger, Henry Alfred (1910). "The psychology of efficiency: an experimental study of the processes involved in the solution of mechanical puzzles and in the acquisition of skill in their manipulation".
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An instructor will arrange the learning environment so that necessary materials are within the student's sight, but not within his reach, thus impacting his motivation to seek out those materials.
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Frank, Sebastian M.; Becker, Markus; Qi, Andrea; Geiger, Patricia; Frank, Ulrike I.; Rosedahl, Luke A.; Malloni, Wilhelm M.; Sasaki, Yuka; Greenlee, Mark W.; Watanabe, Takeo (5 December 2022).
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However, in environments where change occurs within an animal's lifetime but is not constant, learning is more likely to evolve. Learning is beneficial in these scenarios because an animal can
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always need a main objective or learning outcome. From the learner's point of view, non-formal learning, although not focused on outcomes, often results in an intentional learning opportunity.
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in which information is acquired without regard to understanding. Meaningful learning, on the other hand, implies there is a comprehensive knowledge of the context of the facts learned.
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is the coupling of mechanosensory and photosensory pathways and is mediated by auxin signaling pathways. The result is directional growth to maximize a plant's capture of sunlight.
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encourages learners to have an internal dialogue in which they verbalize understandings. This and other meta-cognitive strategies can be taught to a child over time. Studies within
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refers to "a relatively permanent change in the strength of response to a single stimulus due to repeated exposure to that stimulus." This definition exempts the changes caused by
357:, or in collaborative learning health systems). Research in such fields has led to the identification of various sorts of learning. For example, learning may occur as a result of
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learning or training departments set out the goals and objectives of the learning and oftentimes learners will be awarded with a diploma, or a type of formal recognition.
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is the concept that learned knowledge (e.g., a fact) is fully understood to the extent that it relates to other knowledge. To this end, meaningful learning contrasts with
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Some aspects of intelligence are inherited genetically, so different learners to some degree have different abilities with regard to learning and speed of learning.
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Moore, M.G. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education (pp. 22–38). London and New York: Routledge
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Lillemyr, O.F. (2009). Taking play seriously. Children and play in early childhood education: an exciting challenge. Charlotte, NC: Information Age
Publishing.
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An example of this is when a horse is born and can immediately walk. The horse has not learned this behavior; it simply knows how to do it. In some scenarios,
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Play has been approached by several theorists as a form of learning. Children experiment with the world, learn the rules, and learn to interact through play.
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Learner–content (i.e. intellectually interacting with content that results in changes in learners' understanding, perceptions, and cognitive structures).
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Evidence-based learning is the use of evidence from well designed scientific studies to accelerate learning. Evidence-based learning methods such as
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Ismail, Fatima Yousif; Fatemi, Ali; Johnston, Michael V. (1 January 2017). "Cerebral plasticity: Windows of opportunity in the developing brain".
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proteins. These chemical modifications can cause long-lasting changes in gene expression. Epigenetic mechanisms involved in learning include the
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2678:"Adaptive and maladaptive psychobiological responses to severe psychological stress: implications for the discovery of novel pharmacotherapy"
2004:
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Dunst, Carl J.; Hamby, Deborah W.; Wilkie, Helen; Dunst, Kerran Scott (2017), Phillipson, Sivanes; Gervasoni, Ann; Sullivan, Peter (eds.),
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a parent. In 1935, the Austrian Zoologist Konrad Lorenz discovered that certain birds follow and form a bond if the object makes sounds.
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1683:. Neuroplasticity is heightened during critical or sensitive periods of brain development, mainly referring to brain development during
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Baars, B.J. & Gage, N.M. (2007). Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness: Introduction to cognitive neuroscience. London: Elsevier Ltd.
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Sandman, Wadhwa; Hetrick, Porto; Peeke (1997). "Human fetal heart rate dishabituation between thirty and thirty-two weeks gestation".
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Sujan, M. A., Huang, H., & Braithwaite, J. (2017). Learning from incidents in health care: critique from a Safety-II perspective.
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is an example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a
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For example, several genes have been identified as being associated with changes in brain structure over lifetime and are potential
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Lopez, Angelica; Najafi, Behnosh; Rogoff, Barbara; Mejia-Arauz, Rebeca (2012). "Collaboration and helping as cultural practices".
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Gagliano, M.; et al. (2014). "Experience teaches plants to learn faster and forget slower in environments where it matters".
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1336:, and poor physical health can slow learning, as can bad ventilation or poor lighting at home, and unhygienic living conditions.
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Learn Better: Mastering the Skills for Success in Life, Business, and School, or How to Become an Expert in Just About Anything
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Paradise, Ruth (1994). "Interactional Style and Nonverbal Meaning: Mazahua Children Learning How to Be Separate-But-Together".
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writer and game designer James Portnow was the first to suggest games as a potential venue for "tangential learning". Mozelius
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Committee on Developments in the Science of Learning with additional material from the Committee on Learning Research (2000).
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676:", where he demonstrated how psychologists can account for the learning of emotion through classical conditioning principles.
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or without conscious awareness. Learning that an aversive event cannot be avoided or escaped may result in a condition called
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3537:
Department for Education and Employment Research Report No. 134. London, England: Department for Education and Employment
258:
4758:
2975:
Gagliano, Monica; Vyazovskiy, Vladyslav V.; Borbély, Alexander A.; Grimonprez, Mavra; Depczynski, Martial (2016-12-02).
6323:
5980:
5543:
5503:
5469:
1559:
1430:
6792:
6050:
4669:
4664:
3191:
Terry, W.S. (2006). Learning and Memory: Basic principles, processes, and procedures. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
3100:
742:
playing with seals they have caught. Play involves a significant cost to animals, such as increased vulnerability to
4258:
3678:"Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Home and Family Experiences and Young Children's Early Numeracy Learning"
6248:
6205:
6190:
6040:
4937:
3973:
4851:
908:
Moore (1989) purported that three core types of interaction are necessary for quality, effective online learning:
6268:
6221:
5435:
5177:
5051:
3918:
1754:, an Australian professor of evolutionary ecology, makes an argument for associative learning in the garden pea,
811:
is the process by which people learn values and behaviors that are appropriate or necessary in their surrounding
6440:
5601:
4547:
Spindler, Carolin; Mallien, Louisa; Trautmann, Sebastian; Alexander, Nina; Muehlhan, Markus (27 January 2022).
4392:
Li, X; Marshall, PR; Leighton, LJ; Zajaczkowski, EL; Wang, Z; Madugalle, SU; Yin, J; Bredy, TW; Wei, W (2019).
4350:
Li, X; Marshall, PR; Leighton, LJ; Zajaczkowski, EL; Wang, Z; Madugalle, SU; Yin, J; Bredy, TW; Wei, W (2019).
3832:
1944:
648:
stimulus (now referred to as the "conditioned stimulus"). The response to the conditioned stimulus is termed a
430:
865:
is where a person uses both auditory and visual stimuli to learn information. This type of learning relies on
6286:
6256:
6054:
6006:
1157:
291:
232:
6547:
4665:"Genetic 'hotspots' that speed up and slow down brain aging could provide new targets for Alzheimer's drugs"
2676:
Bonne, Omer; Grillon, Christian; Vythilingam, Meena; Neumeister, Alexander; Charney, Dennis S (March 2004).
1535:, recreational drugs and medications may possibly also have effects on the development of the nervous system
6260:
6236:
5935:
5631:
3095:
Grusec, Joan E.; Hastings, Paul D. "Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research", 2007, Guilford Press;
902:
222:
6542:
6195:
5713:
4060:
Chapter 3. Learning and Transfer. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition
1965:
1741:
learning is favored because the fish are predisposed to learn the specific spatial cues where they live.
6787:
6240:
5914:
5663:
4153:
Schwartz, Daniel L.; Bransford, John D.; Sears, David (2005). "Efficiency and innovation in transfer".
3054:"Play, cognition and self-regulation: What exactly are children learning when they learn through play?"
2249:
1986:
1879:
1486:
1450:
mechanisms. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression involves, most notably, chemical modification of
1362:
involves repetition in order to reinforce facts in memory, but has been criticized as ineffective and "
844:
839:, which is one of the three forms of explicit learning and retrieval, along with perceptual memory and
658:
5806:
5347:
2297:
6433:
5658:
2399:
Hutchins, E., 2014. The cultural ecosystem of human cognition. Philosophical Psychology 27(1), 34–49.
848:
said to indicate a very large storage capacity of the brain for things that people pay attention to.
565:
436:
procedural/implicit). Some of these categories can, in turn, be parsed into sub-types. For instance,
227:
95:
5008:
4691:
Brouwer, Rachel M.; Klein, Marieke; Grasby, Katrina L.; Schnack, Hugo G.; et al. (April 2022).
4549:"A coordinate-based meta-analysis of white matter alterations in patients with alcohol use disorder"
4441:
Brito, David V.C.; Kupke, Janina; Gulmez Karaca, Kubra; Zeuch, Benjamin; Oliveira, Ana M.M. (2020).
3347:
1693:
the given subjects and topics of school curricula via classroom blackboard-transcription handwriting
819:, where a person adopts the values and societal rules of a culture different from their native one.
6807:
6609:
6470:
6101:
5928:
5611:
5492:
3997:
948:
by the learner exactly the way it was read or heard. The major technique used for rote learning is
592:
402:
45:
4443:"Mimicking Age-Associated Gadd45Îł Dysregulation Results in Memory Impairments in Young Adult Mice"
1210:
An instructor allows access to an item/activity contingent on a correct response from the student.
6730:
6376:
6244:
6035:
6030:
6020:
5586:
1950:
1850:
1728:
1524:
1386:
1304:
984:
912:
Learner–learner (i.e. communication between and among peers with or without the teacher present),
703:
497:
342:
251:
766:
of learning, play also facilitates the development of thinking and language skills in children.
6700:
6502:
6381:
6371:
6316:
6252:
6025:
5745:
5708:
5698:
5643:
5591:
5536:
4118:
Rogers, Agnes L. (1916). "The Bearing of the New Psychology upon the Teaching of Mathematics".
3684:, Early Mathematics Learning and Development, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 105–125,
3501:
3342:
2441:
1992:
1811:
1622:
1546:
886:
or e-learning is computer-enhanced learning. A specific and always more diffused e-learning is
685:
638:
596:
394:
362:
334:
41:
4694:"Genetic variants associated with longitudinal changes in brain structure across the lifespan"
2057:
6797:
6782:
6750:
6715:
6495:
6480:
6264:
6114:
5499:
Applying Science of Learning in Education: Infusing Psychological Science into the Curriculum
4330:
3965:
1974:
1485:
processes that introduce epigenetic alterations. In particular, the DNA repair processes of
1382:
1139:
1012:
577:
295:
17:
2925:
Bitterman; et al. (1983). "Classical Conditioning of Proboscis Extension in Honeybees (
2639:"Pain amplification-A perspective on the how, why, when, and where of central sensitization"
6664:
6386:
6200:
5851:
5616:
5576:
5571:
4891:
4796:
3807:"Motivating Factors and Tangential Learning for Knowledge Acquisition in Educational Games"
3719:
3578:
3429:
2988:
2599:
Shettleworth, S. J. (2010). Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford.
2505:
2386:
1903: – Theory that offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop
1900:
1555:
1490:
1406:
1355:
1344:
1283:
1254:
1213:
The instructor fades out the prompting process over a period of time and subsequent trials.
608:
378:
366:
65:
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2128:
2122:
8:
6745:
6414:
6409:
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6045:
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5723:
5077:
3894:
2788:
Bangasser, Debra A.; Waxler, David E.; Santollo, Jessica; Shors, Tracey J. (2006-08-23).
1873:
1575:
other activities may also have effects on the development of the nervous system, such as
1467:
1371:
1241:
967:
878:
857:
789:
These five types of play are often intersecting. All types of play generate thinking and
213:
105:
5485:
4895:
4727:
3433:
2992:
2509:
353:), as well as emerging fields of knowledge (e.g. with a shared interest in the topic of
6290:
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5856:
5648:
5626:
5606:
5386:
5323:
5288:
5220:
5195:
5169:
5118:
Odling-Smee, L.; Braithwaite, V.A. (2003). "The role of learning in fish orientation".
5100:
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1980:
1959:
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1315:
1032:
898:
866:
573:
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437:
244:
135:
3525:
3323:, Augmented Learning: Context-Aware Mobile Augmented Reality Architecture for Learning
6777:
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6614:
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3693:
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3650:
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3598:
3579:"Antecedents of Employees' Involvement in Work-Related Learning: A Systematic Review"
3455:
3268:
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3215:
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3096:
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2414:
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2292:
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2159:
2132:
2068:
1912:
1906:
1891:
1882: – Process in which people take on the values of groups that they aspire to join
1684:
1576:
1463:
1402:
1173:
1050:
990:
773:
Sensorimotor play aka functional play, characterized by the repetition of an activity
516:
464:
346:
90:
51:
5498:
5173:
5104:
4533:
4043:
2717:
2693:
6735:
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5921:
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5318:
5300:
5259:
5215:
5207:
5161:
5127:
5092:
4973:
4899:
4806:
4785:"Efficient learning in children with rapid GABA boosting during and after training"
4722:
4706:
4650:
4622:
4576:
4560:
4503:
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4413:
4409:
4405:
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2689:
2650:
2572:
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2513:
2319:
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2209:
2120:
1998:
1953: – mathematical method of assigning a prior probability to a given observation
1929:
1923:
1844:
1658:
1272:
1161:
1101:
Thinking critically about moves helps find shortcuts, which speeds future attempts.
759:
569:
311:
145:
130:
31:
5147:"Endogenous factors involved in the regulation of movement and "memory" in plants"
5096:
4626:
4022:
Perkins, D.N.; Salomon, G. (Jan–Feb 1989). "Are Cognitive Skills Context-Bound?".
6679:
6624:
6594:
6582:
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6522:
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Learning and knowing as semiosis: Extending the conceptual apparatus of semiotics
2095:
2089:
2064:
2024:
1751:
1692:
1676:
1459:
1436:
1367:
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Reading directions helps a player learn the patterns that solve the Rubik's Cube.
1084:
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887:
840:
836:
790:
721:
550:
445:
441:
426:
370:
338:
204:
199:
100:
4490:
Dye, Louise; Boyle, Neil Bernard; Champ, Claire; Lawton, Clare (November 2017).
3969:
3951:
The Effects of Distance Education and Student Involvement on Incidental Learning
3689:
3313:
2263:
1414:"Self-explaining" (paraphrasing material to oneself) rather than passive reading
1226:
5841:
5796:
5791:
5673:
5581:
5449:
4977:
4903:
4710:
4564:
4131:
3784:
3773:"Game Criticism as Tangential Learning Facilitator: The Case of Critical Intel"
2942:
2845:
1668:
1398:
1363:
1340:
1237:
1120:
891:
890:(m-learning), which uses different mobile telecommunication equipment, such as
665:
4811:
4801:
4784:
4508:
4491:
4035:
3356:
2517:
1366:" since it kills intrinsic motivation. Alternatives to rote learning include
1007:
73:
6771:
6634:
6512:
6507:
6353:
6231:
6164:
6159:
6086:
5846:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5755:
5688:
5596:
5359:
5314:
5305:
4985:
4911:
4879:"Filopodia are a structural substrate for silent synapses in adult neocortex"
4820:
4718:
4634:
4572:
4517:
3654:
3602:
3594:
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2813:
2701:
2662:
1569:
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816:
803:
673:
560:
529:
510:
475:
275:
154:
5972:
5508:
5165:
1435:
The underlying molecular basis of learning appears to be dynamic changes in
6577:
5871:
5821:
5781:
5750:
5703:
5332:
5273:
5264:
5247:
5229:
5211:
4993:
4919:
4828:
4736:
4642:
4590:
4525:
4476:
4427:
4385:
3459:
3210:
Lovett, Marsha; Schunn, Christian; Lebiere, Christian; Munro, Paul (2004).
3026:
2831:
2709:
2525:
2370:
2231:
1885:
1876: – Skills identified as being required for success in the 21st century
1654:
1477:
During learning, information processing in the brain involves induction of
1329:
1267:
These domains are not mutually exclusive. For example, in learning to play
1263:: To like something or someone, love, appreciate, fear, hate, worship, etc.
1160:, progress is rewarded with educational content, as opposed to traditional
945:
779:
Rule-based play where authoritative prescribed codes of conduct are primary
669:
409:
168:
2950:
2586:
2331:
1343:, such as a school or classroom, can each be critical to the success of a
1104:
Observing the Rubik's Cube's six colors help anchor solutions in the mind.
6554:
6527:
6490:
6348:
6153:
5811:
5776:
3408:"The right time to learn: mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning"
1977: – Determining the probability of future events based on past events
1601:
1587:
1511:
653:
538:
487:
471:
386:
358:
6725:
3441:
2638:
1799:
1777:
Gagliano et al. published another paper on habituation behaviors in the
1610:
1011:
A depiction of the world's oldest continually operating university, the
6564:
6091:
4876:
Vardalaki, Dimitra; Chung, Kwanghun; Harnett, Mark T. (December 2022).
3645:
3628:
2654:
2213:
1737:
1672:
1580:
1528:
1482:
1447:
941:
897:
When a learner interacts with the e-learning environment, it is called
299:
81:
3629:"Informal workplace learning: Development and validation of a measure"
3553:"What is the difference between "informal" and "non formal" learning?"
3477:"What is the difference between "informal" and "non formal" learning?"
3000:
2790:"Trace Conditioning and the Hippocampus: The Importance of Contiguity"
1504:
Development of the nervous system in humans § Adult neural development
6710:
6695:
6532:
6475:
6462:
6119:
6109:
6076:
6065:
3957:(PhD dissertation). Indiana University of Pennsylvania. p. 115.
2197:
2030:
1716:
1710:
1664:
boosting as a major potential explanation-component for why that is.
1260:
1248:
1002:
751:
664:
Another influential person in the world of classical conditioning is
390:
374:
279:
184:
114:
318:. Some learning is immediate, induced by a single event (e.g. being
6629:
6425:
5678:
5653:
5552:
4492:"The relationship between obesity and cognitive health and decline"
3962:
3627:
Decius, Julian; Schaper, Niclas; Seifert, Andreas (December 2019).
3424:
3214:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. p. 220.
2974:
2036:
1915: – Ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge
1705:
1646:
1418:
1378:
1077:
743:
505:
414:
382:
350:
283:
161:
5196:"Phototropism: Growing towards an Understanding of Plant Movement"
4068:
2088:. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 31–44,
2013: – Mathematical formalism for artificial general intelligence
661:
paradigm. It was recently also demonstrated in garden pea plants.
417:, and is often associated with representational systems/activity.
373:, seen only in relatively intelligent animals. Learning may occur
6740:
6149:
5718:
4546:
3212:
Sixth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling: ICCM – 2004
3169:
Growing Up in a Culture of Respect: Childrearing in highland Peru
2675:
2121:
Daniel L. Schacter; Daniel T. Gilbert; Daniel M. Wegner (2011) .
1572:
may have effects on the further development of the nervous system
1455:
1333:
812:
189:
175:
4216:(Second ed.). Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. p. 596.
4155:
Transfer of Learning from a Modern Multidisciplinary Perspective
6656:
6139:
6129:
1680:
1510:
The nervous system continues to develop during adulthood until
1443:
1197:
Here are some steps most commonly used in incidental teaching:
1149:
1145:
755:
747:
731:
398:
354:
307:
194:
121:
5044:
Change and Reliability in the Evolution of Learning and Memory
4391:
4349:
3051:
2027: – Independent education without the guidance of teachers
1995: – Formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor
413:
led to a view that learning in organisms is always related to
314:; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain
6603:
6144:
5621:
4759:"Brain scans shed light on how kids learn faster than adults"
3406:
Smolen, Paul; Zhang, Yili; Byrne, John H. (25 January 2016).
3052:
Whitebread, D.; Coltman, P.; Jameson, H.; Lander, R. (2009).
2198:"Collaborative learning health systems: Science and practice"
1650:
1440:
1268:
1251:: To recall, calculate, discuss, analyze, problem solve, etc.
1070:
326:
315:
303:
287:
56:
4440:
4260:
A Place for Learning: The Physical Environment of Classrooms
3151:
2787:
915:
Learner–instructor (i.e. student-teacher communication), and
6301:
5728:
5521:
4942:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology via medicalxpress.com
4099:
Perkins, D.N.; Salomon, G. (1992). "Transfer of Learning".
3682:
Engaging Families as Children's First Mathematics Educators
3171:(2 ed.). Austin: University of Texas. pp. 90–99.
2411:
The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, 3 Volume Set
2010:
1947: – Subfield of information theory and computer science
1661:
1350:
1257:: To dance, swim, ski, dive, drive a car, ride a bike, etc.
1204:
An instructor waits for the student to initiate engagement.
739:
735:
668:. Watson's work was very influential and paved the way for
520:. This concept acts in direct opposition to sensitization.
323:
319:
5287:
Abramson, Charles I.; Chicas-Mosier, Ana M. (2016-03-31).
5078:"An operating cost of learning in Drosophila melanogaster"
3265:
Fundamentals of Cognitive Neuroscience: A Beginner's Guide
1472:
acetylation and deacetylation of neuronal histone proteins
4690:
4611:
3856:
2874:
Don't Shoot the Dog: The New Art of Teaching and Training
2846:"Reflex Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary"
1451:
1153:
501:
40:"Learn" and "Learned" redirect here. For other uses, see
3209:
2767:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 208.
2345:
Sheridan, Mary; Howard, Justine; Alderson, Dawn (2010).
2155:
Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science
1595:
1542:, have effects on the development of the nervous system
1323:
1107:
Revisiting the cube occasionally helps retain the skill.
4852:"Adult mouse brains are teeming with 'silent synapses'"
4285:(Second ed.). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 536.
1207:
An instructor prompts the student to respond if needed.
782:
Construction play involves experimentation and building
355:
learning from safety events such as incidents/accidents
5117:
4340:– April 11, 2017 (podcast interview with Ulrich Boser)
4152:
3547:
3545:
3038:
3036:
2344:
1164:
where learning activities are rewarded with gameplay.
397:
is sufficiently developed and primed for learning and
5487:
How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School
5286:
4875:
3675:
1401:
means that lessons or studying spaced out over time (
1393:
Certain techniques can increase long-term retention:
591:
is the process by which a person or animal learns an
576:
are characteristics of teacher-centered learning (or
5248:"A unified hypothesis of mechanoreception in plants"
5040:
4963:
3626:
3237:
Artificial Intelligence: Critical Concepts, Volume 1
1970:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1955:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1896:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1496:
872:
4782:
4489:
3542:
3033:
2309:
431:
Machine learning § Types of problems and tasks
5385:
4877:
4692:
4098:
4021:
3743:
3307:
2762:
2739:
2084:Karban, R. (2015). Plant Learning and Memory. In:
1717:Costs and benefits of learned and innate knowledge
381:. There is evidence for human behavioral learning
369:or as a result of more complex activities such as
4938:"Silent synapses are abundant in the adult brain"
3091:
3089:
3087:
2553:produced by mechanoreceptor channel modification"
2033: – Methods and principles in adult education
1087:quickly, several factors come into play at once:
993:can increase the rate at which a student learns.
6769:
5289:"Learning in Plants: Lessons from Mimosa pudica"
5009:"What Happens in the Brain When Children Learn?"
3405:
2347:Play in Early Childhood: From Birth to Six Years
1377:The speed, accuracy, and retention, depend upon
55:American students learning how to make and roll
3891:landka.com/documents/10/Kiwaka-PressRelease.pdf
3750:Journal of Experiential Learning and Simulation
3333:Moore, M (1989). "Three types of interaction".
2612:Galizia, Giovanni; Lledo, Pierre-Marie (2013).
2491:
2489:
2001: – Philosophical problem-solving principle
1983: – Scientific study of digital information
1493:are employed in learning and memory formation.
5050:(PhD). University of Minnesota. Archived from
4615:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
3234:
3084:
2904:(8th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
2902:Learning and Behavior: Active Learning Edition
2616:. Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum. p. 578.
6441:
6340:
6317:
6002:
5988:
5893:Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
5537:
5513:
4238:New Teachers: Designing Learning Environments
3154:The Oxford Handbook of Culture and Psychology
2899:
2058:Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour
1583:, and types of media- and economic activities
1519:physical exercise has neurobiological effects
1298:
1094:Practicing the moves repeatedly helps build "
470:Non-associative learning can be divided into
252:
5459:
5076:Mery, Frederic; Kawecki, Tadeusz J. (2004).
3110:
2765:Discovery Series: Introduction to Psychology
2611:
2486:
2413:. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. p. 712.
776:Roleplay occurs starting at the age of three
389:has been observed as early as 32 weeks into
5183:on 2019-06-06 – via Semantic Scholar.
5075:
4850:Lloreda, Claudia LĂłpez (16 December 2022).
3720:"Penny Arcade – PATV – Tangential Learning"
2900:Chance, Paul; Furlong, Ellen (2022-03-16).
2264:"What behavior can we expect of octopuses?"
2246:"Jungle Gyms: The Evolution of Animal Play"
2195:
1787:definitions of "cognition" and "learning".
1649:and takes longer or is more difficult with
1240:has suggested three domains of learning in
451:
6448:
6434:
6324:
6310:
5995:
5981:
5898:International Society for Applied Ethology
5544:
5530:
4094:
4092:
3576:
2005:Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference
1287:it might be promoted through instruction.
1071:Nonformal learning and combined approaches
978:
259:
245:
6363:
5413:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
5322:
5304:
5263:
5219:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
4810:
4800:
4726:
4580:
4507:
4466:
4417:
4375:
3644:
3449:
3423:
3346:
3262:
3235:Chrisley, Ronald; Begeer, Sander (2000).
3145:
3016:
2924:
2918:
2821:
2643:Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research
2614:Neurosciences – From Molecule to Behavior
2576:
2221:
2196:Hartley, David M.; Seid, Michael (2021).
1968: – learning logic programs from data
1385:, interest, attention, energy level, and
1181:is a type of learning based on dialogue.
679:
632:
5392:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5245:
4966:European Journal of Paediatric Neurology
4496:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
4211:
3947:
3116:
2763:Plotnik, Rod; Kouyomdijan, Haig (2012).
2746:Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning
2682:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
2540:
2495:
2472:. London: Psychology Press. p. 15.
2039: – Theory and practice of education
1888: – Philosophical study of knowledge
1829:
1564:exposure to environmental pollution and
1351:Psychological factors and teaching style
1225:
1006:
50:
4849:
4101:International Encyclopedia of Education
4089:
3923:North Shore Pediatric Therapy, Illinois
3577:Kyndt, Eva; Baert, Herman (June 2013).
3267:. London: Academic Press. p. 219.
2408:
2114:
1962: – Method of statistical inference
602:
583:
302:. The ability to learn is possessed by
14:
6770:
5406:
5345:
5193:
5026:
5006:
4305:
4280:
4191:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 736.
4186:
4117:
3881:
3859:"New App Kiwaka Features ESO Material"
3830:
3770:
3335:American Journal of Distance Education
3301:
3119:Anthropology & Education Quarterly
2876:(Revised ed.). New York: Bantam.
2742:"Natural Learning in Higher Education"
2107:Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008).
1698:
1479:oxidative modification in neuronal DNA
1339:The design, quality, and setting of a
1184:
1111:
1026:
955:
851:
6429:
6305:
5976:
5525:
5512:
5383:
5241:
5239:
4299:
4274:
4205:
4180:
4167:
3833:"Kiwaka | Kiwaka Story (by LANDKA ®)"
3622:
3620:
3526:" Informal Learning in the Workplace"
3471:
3469:
3381:"Backup of Meaningful Learning Model"
3332:
3288:
3263:Gage, Nicole; Baars, Bernard (2018).
3258:
3256:
3166:
3160:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2895:
2893:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2636:
2607:
2605:
2463:
2461:
2018:
1937:
1596:Adult learning vs children's learning
1424:
1324:Socioeconomic and physical conditions
30:For the album by Perfume Genius, see
6455:
5144:
4214:Essentials Of Educational Psychology
4189:Essentials of Educational Psychology
3929:from the original on August 29, 2017
3814:The Electronic Journal of e-Learning
3804:
3633:Human Resource Development Quarterly
3387:from the original on 29 October 2011
2546:
2467:
2151:
1794:
1605:
1167:
1083:To learn a skill, such as solving a
1044:
826:
6186:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
6097:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
4935:
3378:
2977:"Learning by Association in Plants"
2274:from the original on 5 October 2017
1909: – Critical theory of learning
1790:
24:
5504:American Psychological Association
5429:
5236:
4308:Elements Of Educational Psychology
3617:
3466:
3253:
2957:
2890:
2862:
2602:
2569:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-07-02254.1988
2458:
2324:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01982.x
1431:Epigenetics in learning and memory
996:
595:between two stimuli or events. In
544:
27:Process of acquiring new knowledge
25:
6819:
5479:
5194:Liscum, Emmanuel (January 2014).
5007:Buxton, Alex (10 February 2016).
4670:University of Southern California
4310:. Orient Blackswan. p. 558.
3239:. London: Routledge. p. 48.
2637:Woolf, Clifford J. (2018-02-27).
1989: – Model selection principle
1497:General cognition-related factors
1411:Teaching material to other people
873:E-learning and augmented learning
6281:
5957:
5956:
5339:
5280:
5132:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00127.x
4085:from the original on 2013-04-26.
4063:. The National Academies Press.
3760:from the original on 2014-10-19.
3058:Educational and Child Psychology
2752:from the original on 2014-09-16.
2158:. OECD Publishing. p. 165.
1798:
1667:Children's brains contain more "
1609:
1502:This section is an excerpt from
926:
797:
523:
274:is the process of acquiring new
72:
6282:
6222:Evolution of human intelligence
5187:
5138:
5111:
5069:
5000:
4957:
4869:
4843:
4776:
4751:
4684:
4657:
4605:
4540:
4483:
4434:
4343:
4324:
4283:Advanced Educational Psychology
4252:
4230:
4161:
4146:
4111:
4050:
4015:
3990:
3941:
3911:
3875:
3857:European Southern Observatory.
3850:
3824:
3798:
3764:
3737:
3726:from the original on 2012-01-04
3711:
3669:
3570:
3518:
3494:
3399:
3372:
3363:
3326:
3294:
3281:
3228:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3045:
2838:
2781:
2756:
2733:
2724:
2694:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.12.001
2669:
2630:
2593:
2427:
2402:
2393:
2369:Campbell, Cary; Olteanu, Alin;
2363:
2338:
2303:
2286:
2086:Plant Sensing and Communication
1527:), obesity, alterations of the
1390:a class are counterproductive.
1119:is the process by which people
785:Movement play aka physical play
5602:Bee learning and communication
5346:Pollan, Michael (2013-12-16).
4459:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1621-19.2019
4410:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2024-18.2018
4368:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2024-18.2018
3919:"What is incidental teaching?"
3746:"The Natural Learning Project"
3583:Review of Educational Research
3131:10.1525/aeq.1994.25.2.05x0907w
2806:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1742-06.2006
2256:
2238:
2189:
2172:
2145:
2111:. University of Chicago press.
2101:
2078:
2050:
1945:Algorithmic information theory
1894: – in learning psychology
1849:Machine learning, a branch of
1839:Robots can learn to cooperate.
1481:followed by the employment of
944:information so that it can be
769:There are five types of play:
694:or teacher with surroundings.
481:
13:
1:
6803:Neuropsychological assessment
6287:Outline of human intelligence
6191:Multiple-intelligences theory
5246:Telewski, FW (October 2006).
5097:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.12.005
4627:10.1080/00952990.2016.1245312
4262:, Mark Phillips, May 20, 2014
2043:
2007: – A mathematical theory
1554:psychological events such as
1523:the consumption of foods (or
1148:. In this game, developed by
697:
233:Parallel individuation system
6610:Perception as interpretation
6331:
6237:Intelligence and environment
5551:
5410:Imagery and verbal processes
3555:. 2014-10-16. Archived from
3479:. 2014-10-15. Archived from
3070:10.53841/bpsecp.2009.26.2.40
2127:. Worth Publishers. p.
1744:
903:minimally invasive education
223:Numerosity adaptation effect
7:
6181:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
3771:Robert, Rath (2015-01-22).
3744:J. Scott Armstrong (1979).
3690:10.1007/978-981-10-2553-2_7
3412:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2872:Pryor, Karen (1999-08-03).
2794:The Journal of Neuroscience
2740:J. Scott Armstrong (2012).
1966:Inductive logic programming
1866:
1466:of neuronal DNA as well as
1309:
1278:
1059:table with parents, during
10:
6824:
5252:American Journal of Botany
5041:Aimee Sue Dunlap-Lehtilä.
4978:10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.07.007
4934:University press release:
4904:10.1038/s41586-022-05483-6
4711:10.1038/s41593-022-01042-4
4565:10.1038/s41398-022-01809-0
4132:10.1177/016146811601700413
3777:Journal of Games Criticism
2943:10.1037/0735-7036.97.2.107
2730:Bransford, 2000, pp. 15–20
2435:"Non-associative Learning"
1987:Minimum description length
1926: – Area of psychology
1880:Anticipatory socialization
1856:
1842:
1599:
1501:
1487:non-homologous end joining
1428:
1313:
1302:
1299:Factors affecting learning
1221:
1171:
1048:
1030:
1000:
982:
959:
930:
876:
855:
801:
719:
701:
683:
659:proboscis extension reflex
636:
606:
548:
527:
485:
424:
401:to occur very early on in
39:
29:
6688:
6655:
6563:
6461:
6395:
6362:
6339:
6277:
6214:
6173:
6064:
6013:
5952:
5906:
5885:
5764:
5659:Evolutionary neuroscience
5559:
5519:
5514:Links to related articles
5450:Resources in your library
4812:10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.021
4802:10.1101/2022.01.02.474022
4509:10.1017/S0029665117002014
4036:10.3102/0013189x018001016
3357:10.1080/08923648909526659
2518:10.1007/s00442-013-2873-7
2409:Fuentes, AgustĂn (2017).
2268:www.thecephalopodpage.org
1932: – Cognitive process
1919:Living educational theory
1861:
1679:and flexible learning or
652:. The classic example is
643:The typical paradigm for
566:student-centered learning
228:Approximate number system
6793:Developmental psychology
6341:Non-associative learning
5612:Behavioral endocrinology
5493:National Academies Press
5376:
5306:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00417
4553:Translational Psychiatry
4120:Teacher's College Record
3948:Konetes, George (2011).
3595:10.3102/0034654313478021
3524:Bell, J., and Dale, M.,
514:and the large protozoan
457:Non-associative learning
452:Non-associative learning
420:
46:Learned (disambiguation)
6731:Relational frame theory
6706:Higher nervous activity
5807:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
5587:Animal sexual behaviour
5348:"The Intelligent Plant"
5293:Frontiers in Psychology
5166:10.1351/pac200779040519
4331:The Science Of Learning
4267:March 13, 2016, at the
4245:March 28, 2016, at the
3831:Moreno, Carlos (2014).
2557:Journal of Neuroscience
2470:The Science of Learning
2298:Encyclopædia Britannica
2270:. The Cephalopod Page.
2202:Learning Health Systems
2124:Psychology, 2nd edition
1951:Algorithmic probability
1851:artificial intelligence
1729:Drosophila melanogaster
1446:that are introduced by
1305:Evidence-based learning
985:Evidence-based learning
979:Evidence-based learning
715:
704:Imprinting (psychology)
343:experimental psychology
6701:Experiential avoidance
6382:Observational learning
6372:Classical conditioning
5746:Tool use by non-humans
5699:Philosophical ethology
5644:Comparative psychology
5592:Animal welfare science
5265:10.3732/ajb.93.10.1466
5212:10.1105/tpc.113.119727
4271:. Retrieved 2016-03-19
4249:. Retrieved 2016-03-19
4212:Aggarwal, J.C (2009).
4024:Educational Researcher
3805:Mozelius; et al.
1993:Minimum message length
1840:
1234:
1152:in collaboration with
1016:
950:learning by repetition
691:Observational learning
686:Observational learning
680:Observational learning
645:classical conditioning
639:Classical conditioning
633:Classical conditioning
597:classical conditioning
395:central nervous system
393:, indicating that the
363:classical conditioning
335:educational psychology
59:
42:Learn (disambiguation)
6716:Ironic process theory
6481:Cognitive flexibility
6115:Intelligence quotient
5460:Ulrich Boser (2019).
5145:Ueda, Minoru (2007).
4187:Mangal, S.K. (2007).
4002:www.businessballs.com
3884:"Kiaka Press Release"
2468:Pear, Joseph (2014).
1975:Inductive probability
1838:
1784:The Intelligent Plant
1429:Further information:
1229:
1013:University of Bologna
1010:
578:traditional education
54:
6387:Operant conditioning
6364:Associative learning
6201:Three-stratum theory
5852:William Homan Thorpe
5617:Behavioural genetics
5577:Animal consciousness
5572:Animal communication
5384:Mayer, R.E. (2001).
4795:(23): 5022–5030.e7.
4306:Bhatia, H.R (1973).
3717:Tangential Learning
3167:Bolin, Inge (2006).
2387:Sign Systems Studies
2293:Learned helplessness
2252:on October 11, 2007.
2109:Metaphors we live by
1901:Instructional theory
1671:" that are inactive
1491:base excision repair
1356:Intrinsic motivation
1345:learning environment
1284:Transfer of learning
1275:(affective domain).
650:conditioned response
614:Operant conditioning
609:Operant conditioning
603:Operant conditioning
589:Associative learning
584:Associative learning
379:learned helplessness
367:operant conditioning
66:Cognitive psychology
6746:Thought suppression
6415:Inductive reasoning
6410:Deductive reasoning
6405:Abductive reasoning
6174:Models and theories
5607:Behavioural ecology
5407:Paivio, A. (1971).
5388:Multimedia learning
4896:2022Natur.612..323V
4699:Nature Neuroscience
4281:Mangal, SK (2002).
3783:(1). Archived from
3442:10.1038/nrn.2015.18
3434:2016arXiv160608370S
2993:2016NatSR...638427G
2547:Wood, D.C. (1988).
2510:2014Oecol.175...63G
2349:. Oxon: Routledge.
1874:21st century skills
1699:In animal evolution
1560:resilience-building
1547:Alzheimer's disease
1533:dietary supplements
1372:meaningful learning
1191:incidental teaching
1185:Incidental learning
1117:Tangential learning
1112:Tangential learning
1038:Non-formal learning
1027:Non-formal learning
968:Meaningful learning
956:Meaningful learning
884:Electronic learning
879:Electronic learning
863:Multimedia learning
858:Multimedia learning
852:Multimedia learning
754:. It also consumes
214:Numerical cognition
106:Pattern recognition
6227:Heritability of IQ
6004:Human intelligence
5936:Behavioral Ecology
5857:Nikolaas Tinbergen
5649:Emotion in animals
5627:Cognitive ethology
5489:(expanded edition)
5120:Fish and Fisheries
4336:2022-05-17 at the
3998:"Bloom's Taxonomy"
3646:10.1002/hrdq.21368
3531:2013-01-21 at the
3319:2020-03-13 at the
3314:Augmented Learning
2981:Scientific Reports
2850:www.britannica.com
2655:10.1111/jabr.12124
2380:2022-04-09 at the
2214:10.1002/lrh2.10286
2094:2022-12-31 at the
2063:2022-12-31 at the
2019:Types of education
1981:Information theory
1960:Bayesian inference
1938:Information theory
1841:
1810:. You can help by
1641:Learning is often
1621:. You can help by
1538:various diseases,
1454:or DNA-associated
1425:Epigenetic factors
1405:) are better than
1316:Heritability of IQ
1235:
1033:Nonformal learning
1017:
899:augmented learning
867:dual-coding theory
574:direct instruction
461:sensory adaptation
438:declarative memory
347:cognitive sciences
96:Object recognition
60:
6788:Cognitive science
6765:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6518:Critical thinking
6486:Cognitive liberty
6423:
6422:
6299:
6298:
6215:Areas of research
6165:Visual processing
6082:Cognitive liberty
5970:
5969:
5862:Jakob von UexkĂĽll
5632:Comfort behaviour
5502:published by the
5491:published by the
5436:Library resources
5420:978-0-03-085173-5
5399:978-0-521-78749-9
5013:Neuroscience News
4890:(7939): 323–327.
4317:978-81-250-0029-7
4292:978-81-203-2038-3
4223:978-81-259-2292-6
4198:978-81-203-3055-9
4078:978-0-309-07036-2
3699:978-981-10-2551-8
3274:978-0-12-803813-0
3246:978-0-415-19332-0
3221:978-0-8058-5426-8
3178:978-0-292-71298-0
3105:978-1-59385-332-7
3001:10.1038/srep38427
2911:978-0-357-65811-6
2883:978-0-553-38039-2
2800:(34): 8702–8706.
2774:978-1-111-34702-4
2623:978-3-642-10768-9
2479:978-1-317-76280-5
2420:978-0-470-67337-9
2390:47(3/4): 352–381.
2356:978-1-136-83748-7
2312:Child Development
2165:978-92-64-02913-2
2138:978-1-4292-3719-2
2073:978-1-4441-6436-7
2067:6E, Hachette UK,
1913:Lifelong learning
1907:Learning sciences
1892:Implicit learning
1836:
1828:
1827:
1685:child development
1657:identified rapid
1639:
1638:
1577:lifelong learning
1403:spaced repetition
1179:Dialogic learning
1174:Dialogic learning
1168:Dialogic learning
1056:Informal learning
1051:Informal learning
1045:Informal learning
991:spaced repetition
832:Episodic learning
827:Episodic learning
517:Stentor coeruleus
269:
268:
16:(Redirected from
6815:
6456:Mental processes
6450:
6443:
6436:
6427:
6426:
6397:Insight learning
6326:
6319:
6312:
6303:
6302:
6285:
6284:
6206:Triarchic theory
5997:
5990:
5983:
5974:
5973:
5960:
5959:
5922:Animal Cognition
5915:Animal Behaviour
5867:Wolfgang Wickler
5567:Animal cognition
5546:
5539:
5532:
5523:
5522:
5510:
5509:
5475:
5464:. Rodale Books.
5424:
5403:
5391:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5308:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5267:
5243:
5234:
5233:
5223:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5176:. Archived from
5151:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5085:Animal Behaviour
5082:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5056:
5049:
5037:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4931:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4814:
4804:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4730:
4696:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4584:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4511:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4453:(6): 1197–1210.
4438:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4389:
4379:
4347:
4341:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4278:
4272:
4256:
4250:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3972:. Archived from
3956:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3893:. Archived from
3888:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3648:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3549:
3540:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3427:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3330:
3324:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3114:
3108:
3093:
3082:
3081:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3020:
2972:
2955:
2954:
2931:J. Comp. Psychol
2922:
2916:
2915:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2609:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2549:"Habituation in
2544:
2538:
2537:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2440:. Archived from
2439:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2318:(6): 1031–1040.
2307:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2248:. Archived from
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2193:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2082:
2076:
2054:
1971:
1956:
1930:Subgoal labeling
1924:Media psychology
1897:
1845:Machine learning
1837:
1823:
1820:
1802:
1795:
1791:Machine learning
1713:in the species.
1706:innate knowledge
1659:neurotransmitter
1653:. A study using
1634:
1631:
1613:
1606:
1549:therapy-targets.
1540:such as COVID-19
760:physical fitness
746:and the risk of
570:passive learning
261:
254:
247:
101:Face recognition
76:
62:
61:
21:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6808:Systems science
6768:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6684:
6651:
6559:
6538:Problem solving
6523:Decision-making
6457:
6454:
6424:
6419:
6391:
6358:
6335:
6330:
6300:
6295:
6273:
6210:
6169:
6135:Problem solving
6069:
6060:
6009:
6001:
5971:
5966:
5948:
5902:
5881:
5877:Solly Zuckerman
5817:Karl von Frisch
5802:Richard Dawkins
5787:John B. Calhoun
5772:Patrick Bateson
5760:
5694:Pain in animals
5555:
5550:
5515:
5482:
5472:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5430:Further reading
5427:
5421:
5400:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5364:
5362:
5344:
5340:
5285:
5281:
5258:(10): 1466–76.
5244:
5237:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5154:Pure Appl. Chem
5149:
5143:
5139:
5116:
5112:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5038:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5005:
5001:
4962:
4958:
4946:
4944:
4936:Trafton, Anne.
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4848:
4844:
4789:Current Biology
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4610:
4606:
4545:
4541:
4488:
4484:
4439:
4435:
4348:
4344:
4338:Wayback Machine
4329:
4325:
4318:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4279:
4275:
4269:Wayback Machine
4257:
4253:
4247:Wayback Machine
4235:
4231:
4224:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4185:
4181:
4166:
4162:
4151:
4147:
4116:
4112:
4097:
4090:
4079:
4055:
4051:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3930:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3886:
3882:Landka (2014).
3880:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3855:
3851:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3790:
3788:
3769:
3765:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3674:
3670:
3625:
3618:
3575:
3571:
3562:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3533:Wayback Machine
3523:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3486:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3379:Hassard, Jack.
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3348:10.1.1.491.4800
3331:
3327:
3321:Wayback Machine
3312:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3165:
3161:
3150:
3146:
3115:
3111:
3094:
3085:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3034:
2973:
2958:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2870:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2761:
2757:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2674:
2670:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2545:
2541:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2382:Wayback Machine
2368:
2364:
2357:
2343:
2339:
2308:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2194:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2096:Wayback Machine
2083:
2079:
2065:Wayback Machine
2056:Richard Gross,
2055:
2051:
2046:
2025:Autodidacticism
2021:
2016:
1969:
1954:
1940:
1935:
1895:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1847:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1808:needs expansion
1793:
1752:Monica Gagliano
1747:
1719:
1701:
1677:neuroplasticity
1673:until recruited
1669:silent synapses
1635:
1629:
1626:
1619:needs expansion
1604:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1514:. For example:
1507:
1499:
1437:gene expression
1433:
1427:
1368:active learning
1353:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1281:
1224:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1162:education games
1114:
1073:
1053:
1047:
1035:
1029:
1020:Formal learning
1005:
999:
997:Formal learning
987:
981:
964:
962:Deeper learning
958:
935:
929:
892:cellular phones
888:mobile learning
881:
875:
860:
854:
841:semantic memory
837:episodic memory
829:
806:
800:
791:problem-solving
724:
722:Play (activity)
718:
706:
700:
688:
682:
641:
635:
611:
605:
586:
556:Active learning
553:
551:Active learning
547:
545:Active learning
532:
526:
490:
484:
454:
440:comprises both
433:
427:Learning styles
423:
339:neuropsychology
265:
205:Problem solving
200:Decision making
49:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6821:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6726:Mental fatigue
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6661:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6430:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6329:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6306:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6070:and constructs
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6000:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5977:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5929:Animal Welfare
5925:
5918:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5842:Desmond Morris
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5797:Marian Dawkins
5794:
5792:Charles Darwin
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5674:Human ethology
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5582:Animal culture
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5507:
5506:
5495:
5481:
5480:External links
5478:
5477:
5476:
5471:978-0593135310
5470:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5404:
5398:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5352:The New Yorker
5338:
5279:
5235:
5186:
5160:(4): 519–527.
5137:
5126:(3): 235–246.
5110:
5091:(3): 589–598.
5068:
5025:
4999:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4868:
4842:
4775:
4750:
4705:(4): 421–432.
4683:
4656:
4621:(5): 505–517.
4604:
4539:
4502:(4): 443–454.
4482:
4433:
4404:(6): 970–983.
4362:(6): 970–983.
4342:
4323:
4316:
4298:
4291:
4273:
4251:
4229:
4222:
4204:
4197:
4179:
4160:
4145:
4126:(4): 344–352.
4110:
4088:
4077:
4049:
4014:
3989:
3940:
3910:
3874:
3849:
3823:
3797:
3763:
3736:
3710:
3698:
3668:
3639:(4): 495–535.
3616:
3589:(2): 273–313.
3569:
3541:
3517:
3493:
3465:
3398:
3371:
3362:
3325:
3306:
3293:
3280:
3273:
3252:
3245:
3227:
3220:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3159:
3144:
3125:(2): 156–172.
3109:
3083:
3044:
3032:
2956:
2937:(2): 107–119.
2927:Apis mellifera
2917:
2910:
2889:
2882:
2861:
2837:
2780:
2773:
2755:
2732:
2723:
2668:
2629:
2622:
2601:
2592:
2539:
2485:
2478:
2457:
2426:
2419:
2401:
2392:
2362:
2355:
2337:
2302:
2285:
2255:
2237:
2188:
2180:Safety Science
2171:
2164:
2144:
2137:
2113:
2100:
2077:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1843:Main article:
1826:
1825:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1789:
1746:
1743:
1718:
1715:
1700:
1697:
1643:more efficient
1637:
1636:
1616:
1614:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1536:
1521:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1399:spacing effect
1364:drill and kill
1352:
1349:
1341:learning space
1328:Problems like
1325:
1322:
1314:Main article:
1311:
1308:
1303:Main article:
1300:
1297:
1280:
1277:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1238:Benjamin Bloom
1233:(1901 or 1910)
1223:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1186:
1183:
1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1072:
1069:
1049:Main article:
1046:
1043:
1031:Main article:
1028:
1025:
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
983:Main article:
980:
977:
957:
954:
931:Main article:
928:
925:
920:
919:
916:
913:
877:Main article:
874:
871:
856:Main article:
853:
850:
828:
825:
802:Main article:
799:
796:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
720:Main article:
717:
714:
702:Main article:
699:
696:
684:Main article:
681:
678:
666:John B. Watson
637:Main article:
634:
631:
607:Main article:
604:
601:
585:
582:
568:. Conversely,
549:Main article:
546:
543:
528:Main article:
525:
522:
486:Main article:
483:
480:
453:
450:
422:
419:
267:
266:
264:
263:
256:
249:
241:
238:
237:
236:
235:
230:
225:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
179:
178:
172:
171:
165:
164:
158:
157:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
125:
124:
118:
117:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
85:
84:
78:
77:
69:
68:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6820:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6665:Consolidation
6663:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6513:Consciousness
6511:
6509:
6508:Comprehension
6506:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6451:
6446:
6444:
6439:
6437:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6354:Sensitization
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6322:
6320:
6315:
6313:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Psychometrics
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6160:Understanding
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6087:Communication
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5986:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5963:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:Thomas Sebeok
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5837:Konrad Lorenz
5835:
5833:
5832:Julian Huxley
5830:
5828:
5827:Heini Hediger
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5756:Zoomusicology
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Neuroethology
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:Anthrozoology
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5518:
5511:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5381:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5240:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5057:on 2013-11-13
5053:
5046:
5045:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4872:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4687:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4327:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:, May 7, 2015
4239:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4170:Science Press
4164:
4156:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4093:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4069:10.17226/9853
4066:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4030:(1): 16–25 .
4029:
4025:
4018:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3979:on 2014-07-14
3975:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3900:on 2020-08-03
3896:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3787:on 2023-04-19
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3559:on 2014-10-16
3558:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3539:, August 1999
3538:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3483:on 2014-10-15
3482:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3102:
3101:1-59385-332-7
3098:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:(2): e12124.
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:(7): 2254–8.
2562:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2447:on 2014-01-03
2443:
2436:
2430:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:(3): e10286.
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2152:OECD (2007).
2148:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:Occam's razor
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1822:
1819:February 2020
1813:
1809:
1806:This section
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1779:mimosa pudica
1775:
1773:
1772:Pisum sativum
1767:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:Pisum sativum
1753:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1617:This section
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:air pollution
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:mental trauma
1553:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:demethylation
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:occurring in
1438:
1432:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:Rote learning
1357:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1231:Future school
1228:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1129:Extra Credits
1125:
1122:
1118:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:muscle memory
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
992:
986:
976:
974:
973:rote learning
970:
969:
963:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:Rote learning
934:
933:Rote learning
927:Rote learning
924:
917:
914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
880:
870:
868:
864:
859:
849:
846:
842:
838:
833:
824:
820:
818:
817:acculturation
814:
810:
809:Enculturation
805:
804:Enculturation
798:Enculturation
795:
792:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
750:and possibly
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
723:
713:
710:
705:
695:
692:
687:
677:
675:
674:Little Albert
671:
667:
662:
660:
655:
651:
646:
640:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:
610:
600:
598:
594:
590:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
561:metacognition
557:
552:
542:
540:
536:
535:Sensitization
531:
530:Sensitization
524:Sensitization
521:
519:
518:
513:
512:
511:Mimosa pudica
507:
503:
499:
494:
489:
479:
477:
476:sensitization
473:
468:
467:, or injury.
466:
462:
458:
449:
447:
443:
439:
432:
428:
418:
416:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:understanding
273:
262:
257:
255:
250:
248:
243:
242:
240:
239:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
218:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:Metacognition
153:
152:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
47:
43:
36:
34:
19:
6798:Intelligence
6783:Memorization
6720:
6332:
6289: /
6267: /
6263: /
6259: /
6257:neuroscience
6255: /
6251: /
6247: /
6243: /
6239: /
6124:
6102:
6055:visuospatial
6031:Intellectual
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5872:E. O. Wilson
5822:Jane Goodall
5782:Donald Broom
5751:Zoosemiotics
5704:Sociobiology
5683:
5497:
5486:
5461:
5440:
5409:
5387:
5363:. Retrieved
5351:
5341:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5255:
5251:
5206:(1): 38–55.
5203:
5199:
5189:
5178:the original
5157:
5153:
5140:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5088:
5084:
5071:
5059:. Retrieved
5052:the original
5043:
5016:. Retrieved
5012:
5002:
4972:(1): 23–48.
4969:
4965:
4959:
4945:. Retrieved
4941:
4887:
4883:
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4856:Science News
4855:
4845:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4766:. Retrieved
4762:
4753:
4702:
4698:
4686:
4674:. Retrieved
4668:
4659:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4401:
4397:
4390:Erratum in:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4326:
4307:
4301:
4282:
4276:
4259:
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