Lend-Lease - Knowledge

1424: 1275:, and their subordinates. As the war continued, however, the United States and Great Britain provided many of the implements of war and strategic raw materials necessary for Soviet victory. Without Lend-Lease food, clothing, and raw materials (especially metals), the Soviet economy would have been even more heavily burdened by the war effort. Perhaps most directly, without Lend-Lease trucks, rail engines, and railroad cars, every Soviet offensive would have stalled at an earlier stage, outrunning its logistical tail in a matter of days. In turn, this would have allowed the German commanders to escape at least some encirclements, while forcing the Red Army to prepare and conduct many more deliberate penetration attacks in order to advance the same distance. Left to their own devices, Stalin and his commanders might have taken twelve to eighteen months longer to finish off the Wehrmacht; the ultimate result would probably have been the same, except that Soviet soldiers could have waded at France's Atlantic beaches. 1628: 1764: 8335: 1154:, as well as the economic distortions caused by the war. One of the greatest differences with prior wars was the enormous increase in the mobility of armies. This was the first big war in which whole formations were routinely motorized; soldiers were supported with large numbers of all kinds of vehicles. Most belligerent powers severely decreased production of non-essentials, concentrating on producing weapons. This inevitably produced shortages of related products that are required for industrial or logistical uses, particularly unarmored vehicles. On the Allied side, there was almost total reliance upon American industrial production, weaponry and especially unarmored vehicles purpose-built for military use, vital for the modern army's logistics and support. The USSR was very dependent on rail transport and starting during the latter half of the 1920s but accelerating during the 1930s (the Great Depression), hundreds of foreign industrial giants such as 1803: 1234:

when we were "discussing freely" among ourselves. He stated bluntly that if the United States had not helped us, we would not have won the war. If we had had to fight Nazi Germany one on one, we could not have stood up against Germany's pressure, and we would have lost the war. No one ever discussed this subject officially, and I don't think Stalin left any written evidence of his opinion, but I will state here that several times in conversations with me he noted that these were the actual circumstances. He never made a special point of holding a conversation on the subject, but when we were engaged in some kind of relaxed conversation, going over international questions of the past and present, and when we would return to the subject of the path we had traveled during the war, that is what he said. When I listened to his remarks, I was fully in agreement with him, and today I am even more so.

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substantial number of draft and farm animals as they were not able to relocate all the animals in an area before it was captured and of those areas in which the Axis forces would occupy, the Soviets had lost 7 million of out of 11.6 million horses, 17 million out of 31 million cows, 20 million of 23.6 million pigs and 27 million out of 43 million sheep and goats. Tens of thousands of agricultural machines, such as tractors and threshers, were destroyed or captured. Agriculture also suffered a loss of labour; between 1941 and 1945, 19.5 million working-age men had to leave their farms to work in the military and industry. Agricultural issues were also compounded when the Soviets were on the offensive, as areas liberated from the Axis had been devastated and contained millions of people who needed to be fed. Lend-Lease thus provided a massive quantity of foodstuffs and agricultural products.

1932:... Although most of the actual construction of joint defense facilities, except the Alaska Highway and the Canol project, had been carried out by Canada, most of the original cost was borne by the United States. The agreement was that all temporary construction for the use of American forces and all permanent construction required by the United States forces beyond Canadian requirements would be paid for by the United States, and that the cost of all other construction of permanent value would be met by Canada. Although it was not entirely reasonable that Canada should pay for any construction that the Canadian Government considered unnecessary or that did not conform to Canadian requirements, nevertheless considerations of self-respect and national sovereignty led the Canadian Government to suggest a new financial agreement. 1512:

the most controversial topics for military historians and publicists. The situation was aggravated by the loss of many aircraft factories that produced aircraft and components for them, which remained in the territory occupied by the Germans. Some of the factories were hastily evacuated to the east of the country, but it took time to resume production and reach its maximum capacity. In December 1941, all aircraft factories of the Soviet Union produced only 600 aircraft of all types. This was the reason that the supply of aircraft, primarily fighters and bombers, became the main topic in the negotiations between the top leadership of the USSR, Great Britain and the United States. The vast majority of the total number of aircraft received by the USSR under the Lend-Lease program was made up of British

377: 1580: 1901:... the expenditures made by the British Commonwealth of Nations for reverse lend-lease aid furnished to the United States, and of the expansion of this program so as to include exports of materials and foodstuffs for the account of United States agencies from the United Kingdom and the British colonies, emphasizes the contribution which the British Commonwealth has made to the defense of the United States while taking its place on the battle fronts. It is an indication of the extent to which the British have been able to pool their resources with ours so that the needed weapon may be in the hands of that soldier—whatever may be his nationality—who can at the proper moment use it most effectively to defeat our common enemies. 496:. In the meantime, Great Britain was running out of liquid currency and asked not to be forced to sell off British assets. Hampered by public opinion and the Neutrality Acts, which forbade arms sales on credit or the lending of money to belligerent nations, Roosevelt eventually came up with the idea of "lend–lease". As one Roosevelt biographer has characterized it: "If there was no practical alternative, there was certainly no moral one either. Britain and the Commonwealth were carrying the battle for all civilization, and the overwhelming majority of Americans, led in the late election by their president, wished to help them." As the President himself put it, "There can be no reasoning with incendiary bombs." 1560: 1910:

Liberators take off from huge air bases built, equipped and serviced under reverse lend-lease at a cost to them of hundreds of millions of dollars. Many of our pilots fly Spitfires built in England, many more are flying American fighter planes powered by British Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, turned over to us by the British. And many of the supplies needed by our Air Force are procured for us without cost by reverse lend-lease. In fact our armed forces in Britain, ground as well as air, receive as reverse lend-lease, with no payment by us, one third of all the supplies and equipment they currently require, Britain furnishes 90% of their medical supplies and in spite of her food shortage, 20% of their food.

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of high-octane fuel used, 4,478,116 tons of foodstuffs (canned meats, sugar, flour, salt, etc.), 1,911 steam locomotives, 66 diesel locomotives, 9,920 flat cars, 1,000 dump cars, 120 tank cars, and 35 heavy machinery cars. Ordnance goods (ammunition, artillery shells, mines, assorted explosives) provided amounted to 53 percent of total domestic consumption. One item typical of many was a tire plant that was lifted bodily from the Ford Company's River Rouge Plant and transferred to the USSR. The 1947 money value of the supplies and services amounted to about $ 11.3 billion.

1501: 1787: 216: 8138: 227: 1202:. American shipments of telephone cable, aluminum, canned rations and clothing were also critical. Lend-Lease also supplied significant amounts of weapons and ammunition. The Soviet air force received 18,200 aircraft, which amounted to about 30 percent of Soviet wartime fighter and bomber production (mid 1941–45). Most tank units were Soviet-built models but about 7,000 Lend-Lease tanks (plus more than 5,000 British tanks) were used by the Red Army, eight percent of war-time production. 574:" and proposed selling munitions to Britain and Canada. Isolationists were strongly opposed, warning it would result in American involvement with what was considered by most Americans as an essentially European conflict. In time, opinion shifted as increasing numbers of Americans began to consider the advantage of funding the British war against Germany, while staying free of the hostilities themselves. Propaganda showing the devastation of British cities during 9736: 1082:

long-term loans from the United States. Canada was not a direct recipient of Lend-Lease aid. To address balance of payment issues between the US and Canada, and to prevent the US monopolizing British orders, the Hyde Park Declaration of 20 April 1941 made weapons and components manufactured in Canada for Britain eligible for Lend-Lease financing as if they had been manufactured in the US. Canada operated a program similar to Lend-Lease called

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refueling of transport aircraft; some industrial machinery and rare minerals were sent to the U.S. The U.S. asked for $ 1.3 billion at the cessation of hostilities to settle the debt, but was only offered $ 170 million by the USSR. The dispute remained unresolved until 1972, when the U.S. accepted an offer from the USSR to repay $ 722 million linked to grain shipments from the U.S., representing 25% of the initial debt with

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against the President's proposal. When poll participants were asked their party affiliation, the poll revealed a political divide: 69% of Democrats were unequivocally in favor of Lend-Lease, whereas only 38% of Republicans favored the bill without qualification. At least one poll spokesperson also noted that "approximately twice as many Republicans" gave "qualified answers as ... Democrats."

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3.2 billion ($ 42.9 billion) to France, $ 1.6 billion ($ 21.5 billion) to China, and the remaining $ 2.6 billion to the other Allies. Reverse lend-lease policies comprised services such as rent on bases used by the U.S., and totaled $ 7.8 billion; of this, $ 6.8 billion came from the British and the

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If Germany defeated the Soviet Union, the most significant front in Europe would be closed. Roosevelt believed that if the Soviets were defeated the Allies would be far more likely to lose. Roosevelt concluded that the United States needed to help the Soviets fight against the Germans. Because of its

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A particular critical aspect of Lend-Lease was the supply of food. The invasion had cost the USSR a huge amount of its agricultural base; during the initial Axis offensive of 1941–42, the total sown area of the USSR fell by 41.9% and the number of collective and state farms by 40%. The Soviets lost a

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were commissioned to construct modern dual-purpose factories in the USSR, 16 alone within a week of May 31, 1929. With the outbreak of war these plants switched from civilian to military production and locomotive production ended virtually overnight. Just 446 locomotives were produced during the war,

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Lend-Lease contributed to the Allied victory. Even after the United States forces in Europe and the Pacific began to attain full strength during 1943–1944, Lend-Lease continued. Most remaining Allies were largely self-sufficient in frontline equipment (such as tanks and fighter aircraft) by this time

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President Roosevelt signed the Lend-Lease bill into law on March 11, 1941. It permitted him to "sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government any defense article." In April, this policy was extended to China, and in October to the Soviet Union, which

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poll revealed that 54% of Americans were in favor of giving aid to the British without qualifications of Lend-Lease. A further 15% were in favor of qualifications such as: "If it doesn't get us into war," or "If the British can give us some security for what we give them." Only 22% were unequivocally

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wanted more flexibility to help contain Axis aggression. He suggested amending the act to allow warring nations to purchase military goods, arms and munitions if they paid cash and bore the risks of transporting the goods on non-American ships, a policy that would favor Britain and France. Initially,

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50.1 billion (equivalent to $ 672 billion in 2023 when accounting for inflation) worth of supplies was shipped, or 17% of the total war expenditures of the U.S. In all, $ 31.4 billion went to the United Kingdom, $ 11.3 billion to the Soviet Union, $ 3.2 billion to France, $ 1.6 billion to China,

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taken into account, with the remainder being written off. During the war the USSR provided an unknown number of shipments of rare minerals to the US Treasury as a form of cashless repayment of Lend-Lease. This was agreed upon before the signing of the first protocol on October 1, 1941, and extension

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as the price of silver had risen by 250% during the war due to its market scarcity, while the price of nickel matched the stamped coinage value; this recovered 20m ounces of silver per year for five years as the old coinage was progressively retired, generating a £30m net financial surplus after the

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In 1945–46, the value of Reciprocal Aid from New Zealand exceeded that of Lend-Lease, though in 1942–43, the value of Lend-Lease to New Zealand was much more than that of Reciprocal Aid. Britain also supplied extensive material assistance to American forces stationed in Europe, for example the USAAF

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In total 4 million tonnes of war material including food and medical supplies were delivered. The munitions totaled £308m (not including naval munitions supplied), the food and raw materials totaled £120m in 1946 index. In accordance with the Anglo-Soviet Military Supplies Agreement of June 27,

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From October 1, 1941, to May 31, 1945, the United States delivered to the Soviet Union 427,284 trucks, 13,303 combat vehicles, 35,170 motorcycles, 2,328 ordnance service vehicles, 2,670,371 tons of petroleum products (gasoline and oil) or 57.8 percent of the aviation fuel including nearly 90 percent

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In the first weeks and months of the German–Soviet war, the USSR lost a huge number of military aircraft. Some of them were lost at airfields in the first days of the fighting, some were abandoned for various reasons, and some were lost in air battles. The losses of Soviet aviation in 1941 is one of

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Roughly 17.5 million tons of military equipment, vehicles, industrial supplies, and food were shipped from the Western Hemisphere to the USSR, 94% coming from the US. For comparison, a total of 22 million tons landed in Europe to supply American forces from January 1942 to May 1945. It has been

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In practice, very little was returned except for a few unarmed transport ships. Surplus military equipment was of no value in peacetime. The Lend-Lease agreements with 30 countries provided for repayment not in terms of money or returned goods, but in "joint action directed towards the creation of a

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The vote in the Senate, which occurred on March 8, revealed a similar partisan difference: 49 Democrats (79 percent) voted "aye" with only 13 Democrats (21 percent) voting "nay". In contrast, 17 Republicans (63 percent) voted "nay" while 10 Senate Republicans (37 percent) sided with the Democrats to

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and the United States entering the war in December 1941, foreign policy was rarely discussed by Congress, and there was very little demand to cut Lend-Lease spending. In spring 1944, the House passed a bill to renew the Lend-Lease program by a vote of 334 to 21. The Senate passed it by a vote of 63

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Materiel delivered under the act was supplied at no cost, to be used until returned or destroyed. In practice, most equipment was destroyed, although some hardware (such as ships) was returned after the war. Supplies that arrived after the termination date were sold to the United Kingdom at a large

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further indebted Britain to the United States. Lend-Lease items retained were sold to Britain at 10% of nominal value, giving an initial loan value of £1.075 billion for the Lend-Lease portion of the post-war loans. Payment was to be stretched out over 50 annual payments, starting in 1951 and

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aircraft that made up the basis of Soviet fighter aviation in the most difficult first months of the war. The superiority in high-altitude characteristics of American and British aircraft, powerful armament and the provision of communications ensured their use in the air defense forces – out of 10

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The terms of the agreement provided that the U.S. materiel was to be used until returned or destroyed. In practice, very little equipment was in usable shape for peacetime uses. Supplies that arrived after the termination date were sold to Britain at a large discount for £1.075 billion, using

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Although Soviet accounts have routinely belittled the significance of Lend-Lease in the sustainment of the Soviet war effort, the overall importance of the assistance cannot be understated. Lend-Lease aid did not arrive in sufficient quantities to make the difference between defeat and victory in

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I would like to express my candid opinion about Stalin's views on whether the Red Army and the Soviet Union could have coped with Nazi Germany and survived the war without aid from the United States and Britain. First, I would like to tell about some remarks Stalin made and repeated several times

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On the whole the following conclusion can be drawn: that without these Western shipments under Lend-Lease the Soviet Union not only would not have been able to win the Great Patriotic War, it would not have been able even to oppose the German invaders, since it could not itself produce sufficient

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The final payment of $ 83.3 million (£42.5 million), due on December 31, 2006 (repayment having been deferred in the allowed five years and during a sixth year not allowed), was made by Britain on December 29, 2006 (the last working day of the year). After this final payment, Britain's

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Just as the RAF's operations against Germany and the invasion coasts would not have been possible on their present scale without lend-lease so the United States Eighth and Ninth air forces daylight missions from Britain would not have been possible without reverse lend-lease. Our Fortresses and

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Some of the 3,000 Hurricanes given to Soviets were broken up & buried after the war to avoid paying US back under the Lend-Lease legislation. In 2023 eight broken up planes were found buried together in a forest south of Kyiv and were excavated in an archaeological dig by the State Aviation

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50.1 billion (equivalent to $ 672 billion in 2023) was involved, or 17% of the total war expenditures of the U.S. Most, $ 31.4 billion ($ 421 billion) went to Britain and its empire. Other recipients were led by $ 11.3 billion ($ 152 billion) to the Soviet Union, $

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While repayment of the interest-free loans was required after the end of the war under the act, in practice the U.S. did not expect to be repaid by the USSR after the war. The U.S. received $ 2 million in reverse Lend-Lease from the USSR. This was mostly in the form of landing, servicing, and

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Roosevelt, eager to ensure public consent for this controversial plan, explained to the public and the press that his plan was comparable to lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house is on fire. "What do I do in such a crisis?" the president asked at a press conference. "I don't say ...

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Fourth protocol period from July 1, 1944 (signed April 17, 1945), formally ended May 12, 1945, but deliveries continued for the duration of the war with Japan (which the Soviet Union entered on August 8, 1945) under the "Milepost" agreement until September 2, 1945, when Japan capitulated. On

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quantities of arms and military equipment or adequate supplies of fuel and ammunition. The Soviet authorities were well aware of this dependency on Lend-Lease. Thus, Stalin told Harry Hopkins that the U.S.S.R. could not match Germany's might as an occupier of Europe and its resources.

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but Lend-Lease provided a useful supplement in this category and Lend-Lease logistical supplies (including motor vehicles and railroad equipment) were of enormous assistance. Much of the meaning of Lend-Lease aid can be better understood when considering the innovative nature of World

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In February 1942, the U.S. and Britain signed the Anglo-American Mutual Aid Agreement as part of a greater multilateral system, developed by the Allies during the war, to provide each other with goods, services, and mutual aid in the widest sense, without charging commercial payments.

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between Japan and the U.S.; after December 1941, only Soviet ships could be used, and, as Japan and the USSR observed a strict neutrality towards each other, only non-military goods could be transported. Nevertheless, some 8,244,000 tons of goods went by this route, 50% of the total.

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was the supply of equipment and services to the United States. Nearly $ 8 billion (equivalent to $ 124 billion today) worth of war material was provided to U.S. forces by its allies, 90% of this sum coming from the British Empire. Reciprocal contributions included the

1540:, 2,141 aircraft were delivered to the USSR. Not all of the delivered aircraft could be fully called modern models. But even those that could be called obsolete (the English Hurricane and the American Tomahawk) were more advanced and superior in most characteristics than the 1117:

Lend-Lease aid to the USSR was nominally managed by Stettinius. Roosevelt's Soviet Protocol Committee was dominated by Harry Hopkins and General John York, who were totally sympathetic to the provision of "unconditional aid". Few Americans objected to Soviet aid until 1943.

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Congress had not authorized the gift of supplies delivered after the cutoff date, so the U.S. charged for them, usually at a 90% discount. Large quantities of undelivered goods were in Britain or in transit when Lend-Lease was ended on September 2, 1945, following the

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After a decade of neutrality, Roosevelt knew that the change to Allied support must be gradual, given the support for isolationism in the country. Originally, the American policy was to help the British but not join the war. During early February 1941, a

8334: 4838: 1929:... Some idea of the scope of economic collaboration can be had from the fact that from the beginning of 1942 through 1945 Canada, on her part, furnished the United States with $ 1,000,000,000 to $ 1,250,000,000 in defense materials and services. 1579: 1763: 457:

ending the munitions embargo on a "cash and carry" basis. The passage of the 1939 amendment to the previous Neutrality Acts marked the beginning of a congressional shift away from isolationism, making a first step toward interventionism.

3457:«Такие виды вооружения… дали возможность не только решать ряд боевых задач, но и создавать образцы этих видов вооружения». Деятельность Отдела внешних заказов Наркомата Военно-морского флота СССР в годы Великой Отечественной войны. // 3061:

Albert L. Weeks The Other Side of Coexistence: An Analysis of Russian Foreign Policy, (New York, Pittman Publishing Corporation, 1974), p. 94, quoted in Albert L. Weeks, Russia's Life-Saver: Lend-Lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World

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Opposition to the Lend-Lease bill was strongest among isolationist Republicans in Congress, who feared the measure would be "the longest single step this nation has yet taken toward direct involvement in the war abroad". When the

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Today some say the Allies didn't really help us ... But listen, one cannot deny that the Americans shipped over to us material without which we could not have equipped our armies held in reserve or been able to continue the

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liberalized international economic order in the postwar world." That is the U.S. would be "repaid" when the recipient fought the common enemy and joined the world trade and diplomatic agencies, such as the United Nations.

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discount for £1.075 billion, using long-term loans from the United States, which were finally repaid in 2006. Similarly, the Soviet Union repaid $ 722 million in 1971, with the remainder of the debt written off.

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with only 92 of those being built between 1942 and 1945. In total, 92.7% of the wartime production of railroad equipment by the USSR was supplied by Lend-Lease. including 1,911 locomotives and 11,225 railcars.

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tanks represented only 6.5% of total Soviet tank production but over 25% of medium and heavy tanks produced for the Red Army. The British tanks first saw action with the 138 Independent Tank Battalion in the

2394:"Address Is Spur To British Hopes; Confirmation of American Aid in Conflict is Viewed as Heartening, A joining of interests, Discarding of Peace Talks is Regarded as a Major Point in the Speech." 1447:. The Arctic route was the shortest and most direct route for lend-lease aid to the USSR, though it was also the most dangerous as it involved sailing past German-occupied Norway. Some 3,964,000 1559: 1599: 1935:... The total amount that Canada agreed to pay under the new arrangement came to about $ 76,800,000, which was some $ 13,870,000 less than the United States had spent on the facilities. 8953: 9796: 2225:"Passed on March 11, 1941, this act set up a system that would allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed 'vital to the defense of the United States.'" 2019:

In 2022—citing the precedent set by the 1941 Lend-Lease program (and its extensions) for U.S. World War II aid to Britain and others in Europe—the U.S. Congress passed, and President

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intended to keep the United States out of war by making it illegal for Americans to sell or transport arms or other war materials to warring nations, be they aggressors or defenders.

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finally took a roll call vote on February 8, 1941, the 260 to 165 vote was largely along party lines. Democrats voted 236 to 25 in favor and Republicans 24 in favor and 135 against.

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utmost importance, Roosevelt directed his subordinates to heavily prioritise shipments of aid to the Soviet Union above most other uses of available shipping. Soviet Ambassador

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First protocol period from October 1, 1941, to June 30, 1942 (signed October 7, 1941), these supplies were to be manufactured and delivered by the UK with US credit financing.

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with five years of deferred payments, at 2% interest. During the war, the US lent Britain 88 million ounces of silver. In 1946, Britain switched its coinage from silver to

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Much of the logistical assistance of the Soviet military was provided by hundreds of thousands of U.S.-made trucks and by 1945, nearly a third of the truck strength of the

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in effective control of the program. In terms of administration, the president established the Office of Lend-Lease Administration during 1941, headed by steel executive

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estimated that American deliveries to the USSR through the Persian Corridor alone were sufficient, by US Army standards, to maintain sixty combat divisions in the line.

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for free; this act allowed their British garrison to be redeployed to more crucial theatres. In 1944, Britain transferred several of the US-made destroyers to the USSR.

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features a quotation from FDR's Lend-Lease speech of March 15, 1941, about the recently passed Lend-Lease Act and the urgent need to support freedom and democracy.

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1 billion (equivalent to Can$ 17.1 billion in 2023) and Can$ 3.4 billion (Can$ 58.1 billion) in supplies and services to Britain and other Allies.

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photo-reconnaissance aircraft, and Indian petroleum products. Australia and New Zealand supplied the bulk of foodstuffs to United States forces in the South Pacific.

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The Persian Corridor was the longest route, and was not fully operational until mid-1942. Thereafter it saw the passage of 4,160,000 tons of goods, 27% of the total.

9045: 8896: 8343: 8200: 8060: 6064: 8948: 1627: 8397: 4668: 1285:'Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $ 15; you have to pay me $ 15 for it' ... I don't want $ 15—I want my garden hose back after the fire is over." To which Senator 6391: 4856: 2016:

tends to downplay the United States' role in World War II, including Lend-Lease—instead portraying the victory over Germany as an exclusively Soviet achievement.

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describing the feasibility of an atomic bomb. Though these may be considered the most significant, many other items were also transported, including designs for

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to the United States. The aim of the British Technical and Scientific Mission was to obtain the industrial resources to exploit the military potential of the

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The cooperation that was built up with Canada during the war was an amalgam compounded of diverse elements of which the air and land routes to Alaska, the

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on November 20, 1941. Lend-Lease tanks constituted 30 to 40 percent of heavy and medium tank strength before Moscow at the beginning of December 1941.

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policy and toward open support for the Allies. Lend-Lease's precise significance to Allied victory in World War II is debated. Khrushchev claimed that

9811: 6370: 5810: 5686: 2772:"Consumer Price Index by product group, monthly, percentage change, not seasonally adjusted, Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit" 515:, but that Britain itself could not exploit due to the immediate requirements of war-related production. The British shared technology included the 8597: 8588: 5663: 5043: 3862:

Extension of Lend-Lease Act : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Seventy-Eighth Congress, second session

2129: 2024: 1926:... The total of defense materials and services that Canada received through lend-lease channels amounted in value to approximately $ 419,500,000. 174: 35: 8366: 3956: 8520: 6100: 5412: 1398:

significantly contributed to the Lend-Lease agreement of 1941. American deliveries to the Soviet Union can be divided into the following phases:

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323 machinery trucks (mobile vehicle workshops equipped with generators and all the welding and power tools required to perform heavy servicing)

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Nikolay Ryzhkov & Georgy Kumanev “Food and other strategic deliveries to the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease Act, 1941–1945”, pp. 106–124

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was sunk while carrying 4.5 tonnes of Soviet gold intended for the U.S. Treasury. This gold was salvaged in 1981 and 1986. In June 1942,

523:; the American historian James Phinney Baxter III later called "the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores"), the design for the 8455: 4412: 3368: 313:

between 1941 and 1945. The aid was given free of charge on the basis that such help was essential for the defense of the United States.

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and intermediary between Stalin and his generals during the war, addressed directly the significance of Lend-lease aid in his memoirs:

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The distribution of loans was 90% to the UK, 5% to Australia, 1% to New Zealand, 3% to India, and zero to Canada. Allen (1946) p 252.

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30.4 (2017): 561–601. Argues the supplies made a decisive contribution to Soviet victory, despite denials by Stalinist historians.

2957: 427: 423: 419: 392:(although minor relative to the Great Depression) was otherwise also one of the worst of the 20th century. In 1934, following the 9816: 9776: 9369: 9079: 8911: 8886: 8758: 8739: 8665: 8541: 6790: 6587: 6239: 5617: 5117: 5029: 4965: 4084: 2099: 1289:(R-Ohio), responded: "Lending war equipment is a good deal like lending chewing gum—you certainly don't want the same gum back." 673: 9272: 3256:

On October 7, 1941, the President approved the Moscow Protocol under which it was agreed to furnish certain materials to Russia.

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Mackenzie, Hector. "Transatlantic Generosity: Canada's 'Billion Dollar Gift' to the United Kingdom in the Second World War."

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Wolfgang Schumann (et al.): Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1982, Bd. 3, S. 468. (German Language)

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Deane, John R. 1947. The Strange Alliance, The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Co-operation with Russia. The Viking Press.

1659:, to provide air defence of the port and to train Soviet pilots. The convoy was the first of many convoys to Murmansk and 9836: 9586: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9267: 8583: 8513: 7744: 7201: 6533: 6519: 5725: 4003: 616:

by Germany on 22 June 1941. Roosevelt approved $ 1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to Britain at the end of October 1941.

478: 9307: 9771: 9766: 9432: 9420: 8943: 8790: 8690: 8310: 8216: 7953: 7822: 7700: 7271: 6986: 6937: 6695: 6250: 5495: 5334: 5182: 5036: 3625: 3527: 3085: 3046: 2986: 2912: 2852: 2483: 2061: 1970: 1142: 1125:. In April 1945, Congress voted that it should not be used for post-conflict purposes, and in August 1945, after Japan 1083: 341: 9094: 1181: 9532: 9459: 9219: 9122: 8983: 8751: 8315: 8069: 6944: 6916: 6733: 6315: 6027: 5994: 4716: 4678: 4635: 4620: 4588: 4499: 4463: 4434: 4400: 4384: 4352: 4315: 4287: 4250: 4221: 4206: 4164: 3860: 2942: 2273: 2195: 1570: 978: 411: 356: 332:

Reverse Lend-Lease to the United States totalled $ 7.8 billion. Of this, $ 6.8 billion came from the British and the

290: 5210: 9791: 8815: 8715: 8261: 8191: 8106: 7257: 7194: 6329: 6158: 5281: 858: 484:

During this same period, the U.S. government began to mobilize for total war, instituting the first-ever peacetime

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Roosevelt made sure that Lend-Lease policies were supportive of his foreign policy goals by putting his top aide

768: 578:, as well as popular depictions of Germans as savage also rallied public opinion to the Allies, especially after 376: 262: 133: 125: 6005: 5573: 2323: 9739: 9224: 9050: 8820: 8544: 8506: 8251: 8236: 8016: 7988: 7866: 7659: 6889: 6340: 6266: 6055: 5426: 5145: 5050: 4935: 3808: 2084: 2051: 1897:

In a November 1943 report to Congress, President Roosevelt said of Allied participation in reverse Lend-lease:

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Canada and the Cost of World War II: The International Operations of Canada's Department of Finance, 1939–1947

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had effective control over Lend-Lease, making sure it was in alignment with Roosevelt's foreign policy goals.

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project, and the CRYSTAL and CRIMSON activities were the most costly in point of effort and funds expended.

9340: 9262: 9257: 8150: 8046: 7421: 7375: 6294: 6122: 6107: 6034: 6013: 5831: 5509: 5295: 5288: 5272: 4983: 4942: 4914: 4028:[They don't talk about that: what the United States demanded in return for Lend-Lease assistance]. 2928: 1525: 1524:, known in Russia under the names "Tomahawk" and "Kittyhawk", P-63 Kingcobra, American bombers A-20 Havoc, 1199: 407: 352: 8933: 3243: 1955:. Britain wished to retain some of this equipment in the immediate post-war period. In 1946, the post-war 1167: 9649: 9578: 9239: 8710: 8675: 8670: 8226: 8113: 7437: 7382: 7000: 6972: 6825: 6440: 6419: 5933: 5596: 5502: 4992: 2028: 1835: 1458: 86: 4810: 3577:

Hill, Alexander (2006). "British "Lend-Lease" Tanks and the Battle for Moscow, November–December 1941".

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Schreiber, O. (September 1951). "Tenth Anniversary of Lend-Lease: How America Gave Aid to Her Allies".

3500: 1679: 1444: 898: 474: 389: 249: 109: 316:

The Lend-Lease Act was signed into law on March 11, 1941, and ended on September 20, 1945. A total of

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The United States at war; development and administration of the war program by the federal government

1753:

1942, military aid sent from Britain to the Soviet Union during the war was entirely free of charge.

1549:

thousand aircraft received by the USSR during the war, 7 thousand were from received via Lend-Lease.

1533: 5566: 4797: 3567:

Secret Cipher Telegram. From: 30 Military Mission. To: The War Office. Recd 11/12/41. TNA WO 193/580

2433:

James Phinney Baxter III (Official Historian of the Office of Scientific Research and Development),

1263:

1941–1942; that achievement must be attributed solely to the Soviet people and to the iron nerve of

380:

British pupils wave for the camera as they receive plates of American bacon and eggs from Lend-Lease

9661: 9480: 8810: 7552: 7529: 6774: 6575: 6568: 6225: 5885: 5857: 5850: 5237: 4789: 3641:

Hill, Alexander (2007). "British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941 – June 1942".

3109: 2094: 1990: 1606: 1482: 1210: 636: 508: 5582: 5559: 3835: 1258:, an American military historian known for his books on the Eastern front, offers a similar view: 1137: 465:

during June 1940, the British Commonwealth and Empire were the only forces engaged in war against

8876: 8847: 7974: 7918: 7788: 7648: 7326: 6979: 6875: 6781: 6349: 6210: 6180: 6144: 6129: 6001: 5893: 5871: 5817: 5803: 5785: 5449: 5230: 4958: 4907: 2227:; contains photo of the original bill, H.R. 1776, January 10, 1941, which referred to itself as " 2104: 2056: 1839: 1590: 1075: 592: 333: 1905:

While in April 1944 Congress were briefed by the Foreign Economic Administrator, Leo T Crowley:

1431:

grocery and baking company in Cincinnati prepare canned pork for shipment to the USSR, June 1943

488:

and a fivefold increase in the defense budget (from $ 2 billion to $ 10 billion). The

9637: 9505: 9467: 9167: 8863: 8402: 7666: 7559: 7354: 7305: 7208: 7101: 7071: 6854: 6742: 6468: 6259: 5843: 5824: 5794: 5341: 5311: 3338:, Section IIIB, Published by Office, Chief of Finance, War Department, December 31, 1946, p. 8. 2728: 2074: 1636: 1466: 1103: 928: 669: 643: 403: 294: 2902: 2842: 2213: 664: 9524: 9198: 8995: 8680: 8529: 8282: 8157: 7880: 7723: 7619: 7589: 7545: 7414: 7278: 7243: 7236: 7159: 7057: 6498: 6475: 6322: 5926: 5463: 5203: 5189: 4872: 4773: 4427:

Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945

3359: 2263: 2185: 1843: 1529: 1122: 888: 631:

in exchange for basing rights in the Caribbean. Churchill also granted the US base rights in

445: 219: 203: 164: 5761: 3876: 3134: 3080:. House, Jonathan M. (Jonathan Mallory). Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 285. 2484:"Letter, Winston Churchill to Franklin Roosevelt, December 7, 1940, pp. 14–15 – FDR Library" 50: 9139: 9134: 9060: 8990: 8805: 8802: 8785: 8773: 8763: 8555: 8184: 7981: 7836: 7487: 7444: 7407: 7333: 7143: 7122: 6041: 5518: 5196: 4759:(1951) official homefront data, social and economic, as well as war production, 1939-1945. 1997: 1521: 1513: 1272: 1070: 613: 571: 317: 2027:, to supply military, economic and humanitarian aid to Ukraine in its defense against the 1500: 8: 9570: 9562: 9516: 9475: 9415: 8734: 8099: 7873: 7751: 7707: 7222: 6356: 6115: 5642: 5472: 5456: 5405: 4760: 4492:

The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance 1937–1941: A Study on Competitive Cooperation

3976: 1956: 1945: 1494: 1486: 628: 4798:

Official New Zealand war history; termination of Mutual Aid from 21 December 1945, from

3416: 444:

In 1939, however—as Germany, Japan, and Italy pursued aggressive, militaristic policies—

344:

totalling $ 3.4 billion in supplies and services (equivalent to $ 61 billion in 2020) .

321:

and the remaining $ 2.6 billion to other Allies. Roosevelt's top foreign policy advisor

9384: 9010: 8881: 8832: 8648: 8092: 7925: 7850: 7804: 7774: 7682: 7522: 7180: 7064: 6958: 6909: 6847: 6603: 6554: 6363: 5980: 5635: 5433: 4470: 4373: 3787: 3666: 3658: 3594: 3218: 2814: 2710: 2616: 2089: 1983: 1952: 1774: 1656: 1490: 1268: 1239: 1226: 1155: 1126: 1008: 958: 493: 489: 450: 398: 215: 9691: 9667: 9631: 9161: 8643: 8407: 8292: 8083: 7967: 7857: 7797: 7758: 7691: 7673: 7639: 7582: 7536: 7480: 7298: 7036: 7028: 6965: 6818: 6412: 5937: 5398: 5377: 5087: 4734: 4712: 4674: 4653: 4631: 4616: 4602: 4584: 4568: 4554: 4543: 4495: 4478: 4459: 4430: 4396: 4380: 4363: 4348: 4311: 4283: 4246: 4217: 4202: 4187: 4160: 4153: 3670: 3621: 3598: 3548: 3523: 3091: 3081: 3042: 2982: 2908: 2848: 2810: 2751: 2714: 2599:

Allen, R.G.D. (1946). "Mutual Aid Between the U.S. and The British Empire, 1941–45".

2269: 2191: 2066: 1778: 1720: 1648: 1586: 1222: 828: 559: 552: 500: 193: 156: 4699: 4684: 4263: 3752:"New pictures show remains of rare WWII Hurricanes found in Ukraine | the Past" 183: 9617: 9594: 9437: 9084: 9040: 8768: 8002: 7995: 7939: 7603: 7361: 7347: 7250: 7187: 7138: 6951: 6804: 6751: 6561: 6512: 6426: 5649: 5626: 5159: 4857:

U.S. Army in WW II, Statistics: Lend-Lease – Chief of Military History, 15 Dec 1952

4522: 4518:

Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 1953.

4506: 4409: 4179: 4025: 3779: 3684: 3650: 3586: 3210: 2702: 2608: 2114: 1684: 1652: 1541: 1517: 1440: 1415:

Third protocol period from July 1, 1943, to June 30, 1944 (signed October 19, 1943)

1412:

Second protocol period from July 1, 1942, to June 30, 1943 (signed October 6, 1942)

988: 516: 470: 462: 385: 69:

An Act further to promote the defense of the United States, and for other purposes.

5168: 2573:

Washington Dispatches 1941–1945: Weekly Political Reports from the British Embassy

2409: 1878:

Though diminutive in comparison, the Soviet Union supplied the United States with

1451:

of goods were shipped by the Arctic route; 7% was lost, while 93% arrived safely.

258: 118: 9725: 9643: 8658: 8432: 8241: 8177: 8025: 7737: 7652: 7610: 7508: 7451: 7312: 7094: 7085: 6614: 6189: 6165: 5419: 4628:

Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain and the War Against Japan, 1941–1945

4089: 3972:"Treasure hunters 'find $ 3 billion in platinum on sunken WW2 British ship'" 3883: 3739: 3372: 3288: 3036: 2976: 2585: 2183: 2109: 1982:

of credit. Some of these shipments were intercepted by the Germans. In May 1942,

1545: 1474: 1087: 1028: 8169: 8137: 3281: 2644: 570:

radio broadcast, President Roosevelt proclaimed the United States would be the "

226: 30:

This article is about the World War II program. For the Australian company, see

9718: 9673: 9500: 9449: 9155: 9149: 9015: 8928: 8246: 8032: 7568: 7494: 5532: 5391: 4567:

New York: Enigma Books, 2008, First edition 1948 (1949 Pulitzer Prize winner).

2649: 2124: 1809: 1793: 1691: 1675: 1610: 1395: 1286: 1048: 708: 579: 524: 504: 278: 4131:

Allen, R. G. D. "Mutual Aid Between the U.S. and The British Empire, 1941-45"

3590: 2149:

Officially the "Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry".

1667:, the returning ships carried the gold that the USSR was using to pay the US. 1465:

In total, the U.S. deliveries to the USSR through Lend-Lease amounted to $ 11

9755: 9622: 9345: 9234: 9193: 9128: 8871: 8857: 7843: 5754: 5603: 5442: 4708: 4564: 4532: 4515: 4416: 2342: 1264: 1243: 1099: 567: 548: 528: 393: 360: 322: 274: 3095: 9089: 8852: 8487: 8142: 7946: 6232: 6137: 5768: 5131: 4895: 4345:

Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War.

4105:"Biden Signs Lend-Lease Act to Supply More Security Assistance to Ukraine," 4068:"U.S. Congress revives World War Two-era "Lend-Lease" program for Ukraine," 3850:

Russian State archive of Economics RGAE: Fu.413, inv.12, f.10949, page 480.

2119: 1813: 1724: 1589:, commemorates the shipment of U.S. aircraft to the Soviet Union along the 1255: 1198:

were easily the best trucks available in their class on either side on the

968: 908: 728: 544: 485: 466: 298: 282: 3654: 2978:

The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 1941–45: A Documentary Reader

2746: 2706: 1915:

was supplied with hundreds of Spitfire Mk V and Mk VIII fighter aircraft.

9379: 8973: 7781: 7767: 7429: 6091: 5912: 5897: 5251: 4030: 1961: 1831: 1660: 1537: 1107: 1018: 788: 748: 415: 286: 8498: 4724: 4670:

The President's Man: Leo Crowley and Franklin Roosevelt in Peace and War

4449:

America, Britain, and Russia: their co-operation and conflict, 1941–1946

3791: 3662: 1639:

was signed and the first British aid convoy set off along the dangerous

222:

signs the Lend-Lease bill to give aid to Britain and China (March 1941).

9697: 7129: 6882: 6861: 5747: 5008: 4606: 4332:

30.2 (2017): 290–320; . "Western Aid for the Soviet Union During World

4236:

The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941: Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics.

4136: 4085:"Biden signs Ukraine lend-lease act into law, expediting military aid," 3545:Ленд-лиз и северные конвои (Lend-Lease and Northern Convoys), 1941–1945 3222: 3196: 3135:"Lend-Lease and Military Aid to the Allies in the Early Years of World 2620: 2447: 2257: 2255: 1920: 1671: 1640: 1058: 718: 532: 3177: 2929:"How America Helped Build the Soviet Machine | American Heritage" 2798:

Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939–1945

2291:

Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939–1945

1635:

On 12 July 1941, within weeks of the German invasion of the USSR, the

1469:

in materials (equivalent to $ 148 billion in 2023): over 400,000

1419:

September 20, 1945, all Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union was terminated.

481:

were becoming depleted in paying for materiel from the United States.

266: 137: 9035: 9005: 8842: 7392: 6797: 6594: 6405: 6196: 6151: 4280:

Canada's War: The Politics of the McKenzie King Government, 1939–1945

3783: 3481:"World War II Allies: U.S. Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union, 1941-1945" 3305:"World War II Allies: U.S. Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union, 1941-1945" 2958:"Russian historian: Importance of Lend-Lease cannot be overestimated" 2158:

Churchill called the letter "one of the most important I ever wrote."

2020: 1978: 1883: 1566: 1106:. In September 1943, he was promoted to Undersecretary of State, and 998: 918: 624: 575: 363:

told him that Lend-Lease enabled the Soviet Union to defeat Germany.

306: 31: 5672: 3214: 2750:(December 6, 2016). Afterwards, Canadian inflation numbers based on 2612: 2252: 8638: 5656: 5384: 4848:

United States Army in World War II, Statistics: Lend-Lease – World

4650:

Russia's Life-Saver: Lend-Lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World War II

4362:

Minneapolis, Minnesota: Book Sales Inc., 2004, First edition 1993.

3877:"Chapter XIV: The United States and Canada: Copartners in Defense." 2001: 1887: 1879: 1770: 1644: 1448: 1402:"Pre Lend-lease" June 22, 1941, to September 30, 1941 (paid for in 1163: 1038: 938: 798: 310: 4258:

Blueprint for War: FDR and the Hundred Days That Mobilized America

4026:""Об этом не говорят": что США потребовали за помощь по ленд-лизу" 1701:

7,411 aircraft (>3,000 Hurricanes and >4,000 other aircraft)

396:

hearings, as well as the publication of influential books such as

4214:

Anglo-American Economic Collaboration in War and Peace, 1942–1949

4071: 3714: 3393: 3197:"Lend-Lease to Russia and the Origins of the Cold War, 1944-1945" 2341:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1457:

The Pacific Route opened in August 1941, but was affected by the

948: 878: 838: 818: 808: 632: 3501:"$ 220 Million in Gold Bullion was Recovered from HMS Edinburgh" 2310:(Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1947), 1:520, 2:858–860. 6273: 4864: 4581:

Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada 1939–1945

4051: 3931:"Britain pays off final instalment of US loan – after 61 years" 3438: 3436: 2757:"Consumer Price Index, annual average, not seasonally adjusted" 2013: 1697:

Between June 1941 and May 1945, Britain delivered to the USSR:

1478: 1428: 868: 848: 738: 540: 337: 4324:

Havlat, Denis. "Western Aid for the Soviet Union During World

3891:– The Western Hemisphere – The Framework of Hemisphere Defense 2184:

Ebbert, Jean; Hall, Marie-Beth; Beach, Edward Latimer (1999).

681:

Value of materials supplied by the U.S. to its Allied nations

6461: 4701:

A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941–1946.

2261: 2046: 520: 4673:, Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 3520:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

3433: 1973:

formally issued thanks to the U.S. for its wartime support.

4805: 4060: 1891: 1470: 1403: 1238:

In a confidential interview with the wartime correspondent

778: 551:, submarine detection devices, self-sealing fuel tanks and 302: 4839:

How Much of What Goods Have We Sent to Which Allies ?

4308:

Red phoenix : the rise of Soviet air power, 1941-1945

2691:"The Hyde Park Declaration 1941: Origins and Significance" 9797:

Military history of the United States during World War II

9046:

Military history of the United States during World War II

4642:

Twenty-first Report to Congress on Lend-Lease Operations,

4231:

Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1947, pp. 858–860.

3969: 3165:

1939–1945, Der Zweite Weltkrieg in Chronik und Dokumenten

3035:

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich; Khrushchev, Serge (2004).

2209: 2207: 1834:

military ambulance, British aviation spark plugs used in

1796:

destined for the Soviet Union leaves a factory in Britain

1622: 270: 3865:. Government Printing Office. April 26, 1944. p. 2. 2586:"Anglo-American Mutual Aid Agreement, February 28, 1942" 2366:"17 Billion Budget Drafted; Defense Takes 10 Billions." 2223:, Washington, D.C., retrieved February 8, 2024; (notes: 1694:, Matilda and Valentine tanks were shipped to the USSR. 340:

also aided the United Kingdom and other Allies with the

4711:

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.

4379:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University, 1969. 3740:

Ukraine finds British WW2 Hurricane planes outside Kyiv

1631:

Poster advertising British aid to the Soviet war effort

1536:

flying boats were also delivered. For the needs of the

27:

WWII program to provide U.S. allies with free armaments

5526:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4238:

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959.

2943:"Ford Motor Company signs agreement with Soviet Union" 2204: 1296: 511:

work completed by the UK up to the beginning of World

414:—following the aftermath of its costly involvement in 8222:

United States aircraft production during World War II

4790:

Official New Zealand war history of Lend-lease, from

4077: 2302: 2300: 371: 4834:. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 3957:"Salvor's report citing recovery of further 29 bars" 3078:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

3034: 2840: 2042:

Allied technological cooperation during World War II

1707:

5,218 tanks (including 1,380 Valentines from Canada)

1213:, Lend-Lease had a crucial role in winning the war: 492:

of July 1940 set in motion a rapid expansion of the

4310:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 4199:

The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., 1943–1946

2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2326:. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration 2306:Crowley, Leo T. "Lend-Lease". In Walter Yust, ed., 2229:

An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States.

566:letter for American help. In his December 29, 1940 4475:Warfare and Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present 4152: 3038:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Commissar, 1918–1945 2795: 2642: 2297: 2288: 2265:Harry Hopkins: FDR's Envoy to Churchill and Stalin 1477:(including 7,000 tanks, about 1,386 of which were 250: 246:An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States 110: 61:An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States 8199: 4817:article reporting a speech by President Roosevelt 4227:Crowley, Leo T. "Lend Lease" in Walter Yust, ed. 2390: 2388: 1114:, which was given responsibility for Lend-Lease. 519:(key technology at the time for highly effective 9753: 4197:Campbell, Thomas M. and George C. Herring, eds. 3970:Henderson, Barney; agencies (February 2, 2012). 3246:(Report). Bureau of the Budget. 1946. p. 82 2868: 2754:tables 18-10-0005-01 (formerly CANSIM 326-0021) 2130:Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022 2025:Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022 1279: 36:Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022 3282:Sea routes of Soviet Lend-Lease:Voice of Russia 2974: 2811:"America Reports On Aid To Allies etc. (1942)." 2688: 2643:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 2636: 2437:(Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1946), p. 142. 672:between Allied and Axis powers, 1938–1945. See 4477:, London: Psychology Press, pp. 118–119, 4155:Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Champion of Freedom 4044: 3455:Федулов С. В., Лосик А. В. 2385: 650: 8514: 8185: 4880: 4823:– map and summary of quantities of LL to USSR 4444:, Volume 24, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 293–314. 3895:United States Army Center of Military History 3840:. Wellington: Historical Publications Branch. 3461:. — 2017. — № 3. — С.24. 3375:, US Army Center of Military History, p. 158. 2729:"Lend-Lease | the Canadian Encyclopedia" 2239: 2237: 1132: 659: 4390: 4377:The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939–1941 3906: 3194: 2847:. University of Chicago Press. p. 390. 2844:Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century 2735: 2575:(1981) pp. 113, 148, 238, 262, 338, 351, 359 2472:, United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 1733:£1.15bn ($ 1.55bn) worth of aircraft engines 558:On December 7, 1940, British Prime Minister 9832:United States foreign relations legislation 4722: 4408:Langer, William L. and S. Everett Gleason. 4347:New York: Columbia University Press, 1973. 4277: 4097: 3803: 3801: 3718:, vol. 421, cc2513-9, April 16, 1946, 3614:Tanki – frontu! Zapiski sovetskogo generala 3442: 3323:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) pp. 28, 30, 31 3167:. Darmstadt 1961, p. 568. (German Language) 2904:The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II 1121:The program was gradually terminated after 627:were transferred to the Royal Navy and the 451:Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland 9827:United States federal commerce legislation 9353:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite 8521: 8507: 8192: 8178: 4887: 4873: 4583:, Ottawa: The Queen's Printer for Canada, 4556:Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History 4505:Romanus, Charles F. and Riley Sunderland. 4184:Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War. 3809:"Report to Congress on Reverse Lend-Lease" 3517: 3421:. Center of Military History. pp. 4–6 2234: 9385:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia 8528: 8413:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4630:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978. 4601:. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1944. 3769: 3685:"ВИФ2 NE : Ветка : Re: А разве" 3547:. Moscow: Андреевский флаг. p. 358. 2896: 2894: 9455:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies 9298:1920 United States presidential election 8907:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination 8706:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 4615:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972. 4422:. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953. 4305: 4201:. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1975. 4133:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 3798: 3710:"Russia (British Empire War Assistance)" 3611: 3522:. London: Greenhill Books. p. 252. 3347: 2689:Granatstein, J. L.; Cuff, R. D. (1974). 2601:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 2268:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. 1850:USSR exports to USA: Reverse Lend-Lease 1626: 1499: 1485:); 11,400 aircraft (of which 4,719 were 1422: 1136: 663: 384:The 1930s began with one of the world's 375: 225: 214: 8979:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 8912:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination 8740:Aid to Families with Dependent Children 8666:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 4469: 4049:[Lend-Lease: facts and myths]. 3722:from the original on September 26, 2012 3268: 3266: 3264: 2559: 2508:"Bill to Aid Britain Strongly Backed". 2464: 2100:Military production during World War II 1670:By the end of 1941, early shipments of 1651:along with 550 mechanics and pilots of 1647:, arriving in September. It carried 40 674:Military production during World War II 347:Lend-Lease weakened the United States' 34:. For the Act of Congress in 2022, see 14: 9822:United Kingdom–United States relations 9754: 6741: 6719:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4828:"Congress, Neutrality, and Lend-Lease" 4578: 4243:U.S. Wartime Aid to Britain, 1940–1946 3618:Tanks-front! Notes of a Soviet General 3579:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 3542: 3418:The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia 3414: 3386:"The five Lend-Lease routes to Russia" 3075: 3041:. Penn State Press. pp. 638–639. 2900: 2891: 2747:A Price Index for Canada, 1688 to 1850 2534:Hinton, Harold B. "All Curbs Downed". 2324:"Congress, Neutrality, and Lend-Lease" 2318: 2316: 2221:National Archives of the United States 1623:British deliveries to the Soviet Union 1497:) and 1.75 million tons of food. 585: 8502: 8173: 7597:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7022:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6668:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6624:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5722:Rape during the occupation of Germany 4868: 4666: 4652:, Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 4647: 4535:London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1956. 4393:A Financial History of Western Europe 4150: 4141: 4004:"British cast doubt on treasure find" 3833: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3620:]. Smolensk: Rusich. p. 57. 3195:Herring, Jr., George C. (June 1969). 3013: 3001: 2975:Hill, Alexander (December 10, 2008). 2955: 2885: 2828: 2598: 2547: 2379: 2354: 1821: 1302:Allied shipments to the Soviet Union 9812:Soviet Union–United States relations 9428:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation 9268:Democratic National Convention, 1920 9068:Declaration by United Nations (1942) 9056:Combined Munitions Assignments Board 8701:National Labor Relations Act of 1935 6712:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5737:Rape during the liberation of France 4806:Allies and Lend-Lease Museum, Moscow 4006:. Associated Press. February 5, 2012 3640: 3576: 3261: 3066:(New York: Lexington Books, 2010), 1 2907:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 2465:Brennen, James W. (September 1968), 2410:"Briefcase 'that changed the world'" 2407: 9807:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt 8984:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 8786:Defense industry non-discrimination 4395:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3875:Conn, Stetson and Byron Fairchild. 3145:. United States Department of State 2819:1942. Retrieved: February 22, 2012. 2521:Dorris, Henry. "No Vital Changes". 2313: 2243: 2000:to New York, allegedly with Soviet 1297:U.S. deliveries to the Soviet Union 1209:According to the Russian historian 1166:was U.S.-built. Trucks such as the 355:. It was a decisive step away from 24: 9802:Military logistics of World War II 9433:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 9421:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network 8791:Fair Employment Practice Committee 8759:Securities and Exchange Commission 8691:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 8311:Hispanic Americans in World War II 8217:American music during World War II 6938:German invasion of the Netherlands 5211:Weather events during World War II 4781:(Washington: War Department, 1946) 4749: 4338:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 4330:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 3996: 3758: 2262:Christopher D. O'Sullivan (2014). 2062:Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid 1971:Economic Secretary to the Treasury 1573:as part of U.S. Lend-Lease program 1143:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 453:in September, Congress passed the 372:Non-interventionism and neutrality 342:Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid 255:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 175:House Committee on Foreign Affairs 115:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 25: 9848: 9787:Foreign trade of the Soviet Union 9001:Second London Naval Treaty (1936) 8838:Executive Office of the President 8752:Federal Communications Commission 8316:Native Americans and World War II 7576:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4767: 4429:. Oxford University Press, 1977. 4391:Kindleberger, Charles P. (1984), 4216:. Oxford University Press, 1982. 3365:The War Against Germany And Italy 2408:Hind, Angela (February 5, 2007). 1615:Museum of the Great Patriotic War 1093: 433: 9782:Economic aid during World War II 9735: 9734: 9174:State of the Union Address (1934 8991:Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) 8716:National Recovery Administration 8333: 8262:Internment of Japanese Americans 8136: 4894: 4458:. Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1977. 4274:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956. 2336: 1965:US silver loan had been repaid. 1842:used in anti-submarine warfare, 1801: 1785: 1762: 1727:(with another 1,348 from Canada) 1598: 1578: 1558: 503:the British government sent the 449:this proposal failed, but after 351:which had been enshrined in the 273:), was a policy under which the 49: 9762:1941 in international relations 9556:World War II: When Lions Roared 9411:Presidential Library and Museum 8686:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 8564:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 8257:Internment of Italian Americans 4843:American Historical Association 4540:A History of Britain, Vol. III. 4360:Convoy: Drama in Arctic Waters. 4295:Hancock, G.W. and M.M. Gowing. 4260:(Yale University Press, 2018). 4124: 4038: 4018: 3963: 3949: 3923: 3912: 3900: 3869: 3853: 3844: 3827: 3744: 3733: 3715:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3702: 3677: 3643:The Journal of Military History 3634: 3605: 3570: 3561: 3536: 3511: 3493: 3486:United States Embassy in Russia 3473: 3464: 3448: 3408: 3378: 3353: 3341: 3326: 3317: 3310:United States Embassy in Russia 3297: 3275: 3236: 3202:The Journal of American History 3188: 3170: 3157: 3127: 3102: 3069: 3055: 3028: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2968: 2949: 2935: 2921: 2834: 2822: 2804: 2789: 2721: 2682: 2673: 2664:Gross Domestic Product deflator 2627: 2592: 2578: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2528: 2515: 2502: 2493: 2476: 2458: 2440: 2427: 2401: 2373: 2360: 2152: 1773:in Bucharest near Boulevard of 1690:Significant numbers of British 1112:Foreign Economic Administration 9817:United Kingdom in World War II 9777:British Empire in World War II 9051:Home front during World War II 8545:President of the United States 8252:Internment of German Americans 8237:New Mexico during World War II 7823:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5519:Territorial changes of Germany 5427:Indonesian National Revolution 4785:Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union 4763:; Lend-Lease on pp. 71-72, 198 4733:]. Фонд «Русские Витязи». 4599:Lend-Lease, Weapon for Victory 4146:, New York: St. Martin's Press 4135:(1946) 109#3 pp. 243–277 4045:Oleg Budnitsky (May 8, 2015). 4034:(in Russian). August 21, 2020. 2348: 2282: 2177: 2143: 2085:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 2052:Arctic convoys of World War II 1748:15 million pairs of boots 1742:600 naval radar and sonar sets 1078:, mostly Australia and India. 621:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 499:In September 1940, during the 13: 1: 9656:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. 9548:Backstairs at the White House 9220:Early life, education, career 8897:Federal Judicial appointments 8728:National Youth Administration 8723:Works Progress Administration 8321:Puerto Ricans in World War II 8278:Women Airforce Service Pilots 8201:United States in World War II 7216:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7167:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6931:German invasion of Luxembourg 5305:Mediterranean and Middle East 4757:Statistical digest of the war 4420:The Undeclared War, 1940–1941 4144:Britain and the United States 3897:. Retrieved: 9 December 2010. 2841:Alfred F. Havighurst (1985). 2645:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 2165: 2080:Cash and carry (World War II) 1280:Returning goods after the war 440:Cash and carry (World War II) 386:greatest economic depressions 155:in the House as H.R. 1776 by 9258:1928 New York state election 9199:1944 (Second Bill of Rights) 9123:Madison Square Garden speech 8996:Montevideo Convention (1933) 8877:Jefferson's Birthday holiday 8816:Japanese American internment 8288:Woman's Land Army of America 7123:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6812:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6123:Independent State of Croatia 4775:Lend-Lease Shipments, World 4755:Central Statistical Office. 4508:Stilwell's Mission to China. 4442:International History Review 4245:. London: Croom Helm, 1986. 4229:10 Eventful Years, 1937–1946 4159:, New York: Public Affairs, 4117:, retrieved February 8, 2024 4074:, retrieved February 8, 2024 3887:United States Army in World 3333:Lend-Lease Shipments: World 3294:Retrieved: December 16, 2011 2170: 1939: 1663:in what became known as the 408:Neutrality Acts in the 1930s 353:Neutrality Acts of the 1930s 7: 9662:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II 8887:Judicial Court-Packing Bill 8826:Italian-American internment 8711:Public Works Administration 8676:Agricultural Adjustment Act 8671:Civilian Conservation Corps 8227:Arizona during World War II 8114:End of World War II in Asia 7954:Western invasion of Germany 7461:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7438:Second Battle of El Alamein 7001:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6973:Battle of the Mediterranean 6826:Italian invasion of Albania 4993:Air warfare of World War II 4859:— pdf. direct download link 4278:Granatstein, J. L. (1990), 3813:American Presidency Project 2962:Russia Beyond the Headlines 2796:Granatstein, J. L. (1990). 2289:Granatstein, J. L. (1990). 2246:America, Britain and Russia 2034: 2029:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1713:4,020 ambulances and trucks 1585:The Lend-Lease Memorial in 1520:, American P-39 Airacobra, 1384: 1379: 1369: 1366: 1358: 1355: 1347: 1344: 1336: 1333: 1325: 1322: 1062: 1052: 1042: 1032: 1022: 1012: 1002: 992: 982: 972: 962: 952: 942: 932: 922: 912: 902: 892: 882: 872: 862: 852: 842: 832: 822: 812: 802: 792: 782: 772: 762: 752: 742: 732: 722: 712: 651:Multilateral Allied support 87:77th United States Congress 10: 9853: 9837:United States military aid 9450:White House Roosevelt Room 9031:1940 Selective Service Act 8954:Presidential Proclamations 8821:German-American internment 8747:Communications Act of 1934 8696:Tennessee Valley Authority 8232:Nevada during World War II 8040:Naval bombardment of Japan 7401:First Battle of El Alamein 7320:Battle of Christmas Island 7265:Japanese invasion of Burma 7029:Italian invasion of Greece 6945:German invasion of Belgium 6917:German invasion of Denmark 6890:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6759:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5016:Comparative military ranks 4723:Котельников, В.Р. (2015). 4542:New York: Hyperion, 2002. 4282:, Toronto: Firefly Books, 4115:U.S. Department of Defense 4094:retrieved February 8, 2024 3882:December 31, 2010, at the 3612:Biriukov, Nikolai (2005). 3518:Krivosheev, G. F. (1997). 3459:Военно-исторический журнал 3415:Motter, T.H. Vail (1952). 2981:. Routledge. p. 188. 2695:Canadian Historical Review 1943: 1528:. A significant amount of 1374: 1363: 1352: 1341: 1330: 1319: 1133:Significance of Lend-Lease 1057: 1047: 1037: 1027: 1017: 1007: 997: 987: 977: 967: 957: 947: 937: 927: 917: 907: 897: 887: 877: 867: 857: 847: 837: 827: 817: 807: 797: 787: 777: 767: 757: 747: 737: 727: 717: 707: 695: 660:Scale, value and economics 475:Italian invasion of Greece 437: 366: 261:, H.R. 1776, 55 182:on February 8, 1941 ( 29: 9772:1941 in the United States 9767:1940s in economic history 9713: 9680:James Roosevelt Roosevelt 9613: 9393: 9333: 9248: 9212: 9118:Commonwealth Club Address 9103: 9073:Dumbarton Oaks Conference 9021:Destroyers-for-bases deal 8962: 8798:Indian Reorganization Act 8582: 8536: 8483:Destroyers-for-bases deal 8468: 8421: 8390: 8381:Medal of Honor recipients 8342: 8331: 8301: 8270: 8207: 8129: 7961:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7901: 7892:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 7629: 7516:Allied invasion of Sicily 7470: 7369:Aleutian Islands campaign 7341:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7288: 7279:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7174:Second Battle of Changsha 7079:German invasion of Greece 7047: 6924:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 6899: 6837: 6732: 6613: 6339: 6249: 6090: 5793: 5784: 5542: 5367: 5259:North and Central Pacific 5220: 4982: 4975: 4902: 4761:online; can be downloaded 4648:Weeks, Albert L. (2004), 4524:Financial Policy, 1939–45 4272:Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy 4176:(2005) ch 7 on Mutual Aid 3591:10.1080/13518040600697811 3076:Glantz, David M. (1995). 2917:– via Google Books. 2190:. Brassey's. p. 28. 2007: 1129:, the program was ended. 700: 537:Frisch–Peierls memorandum 148: 143: 124: 105: 100: 92: 81: 73: 65: 57: 48: 9341:Early life and education 9230:Governorship of New York 9080:World War II conferences 8811:War Relocation Authority 8470:Diplomatic participation 7553:Allied invasion of Italy 7530:Solomon Islands campaign 7272:Third Battle of Changsha 6869:First Battle of Changsha 6775:Second Sino-Japanese War 5708:German military brothels 5574:United States war crimes 4698:Woods, Randall Bennett. 4667:Weiss, Stuart L (1996), 4494:. London: Europa, 1981. 4456:War, Economy and Society 4447:McNeill, William Hardy. 4301:Official British history 4047:"Ленд-лиз: факты и мифы" 3980:. London. Archived from 3834:Baker, J. V. T. (1965). 3772:The Australian Quarterly 3543:Suprun, Mikhail (1997). 2769:and table 18-10-0004-13 2214:"Lend-Lease Act (1941)," 2136: 2095:Lend-Lease Sherman tanks 1710:>5,000 anti-tank guns 1211:Boris Vadimovich Sokolov 602:House of Representatives 580:Germany conquered France 509:research and development 231:House of Representatives 9792:Foreign trade of Russia 9095:Morgenthau Plan support 9041:Atlantic Charter (1941) 8764:Monetary gold ownership 7975:Second Guangxi campaign 7830:Philippines (1944–1945) 7327:Battle of the Coral Sea 7230:Fall of the Philippines 6876:Battle of South Guangxi 6782:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6181:Italian Social Republic 4306:Hardesty, Von (1991) . 4186:New York: Crown, 2008. 3390:Engines of the Red Army 3143:Office of the Historian 2588:– via Wikisource. 2435:Scientists Against Time 2105:Northwest Staging Route 2057:Arms Export Control Act 1996:was sunk en route from 1591:Northwest Staging Route 1532:transport aircraft and 1110:became director of the 619:This followed the 1940 562:pressed Roosevelt in a 192:on March 8, 1941 ( 171:Committee consideration 9638:Anna Roosevelt Halsted 9225:Warm Springs Institute 9168:The More Abundant Life 9113:1932 Acceptance speech 8864:Four Freedoms Monument 8803:Executive Orders 9066, 8781:Record on civil rights 8629:Third and fourth terms 8624:First and second terms 8572:New York State Senator 8403:Attack on Pearl Harbor 8344:Military participation 7560:Armistice of Cassibile 7355:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7306:Battle of the Java Sea 7209:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7109:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7102:Battle of South Shanxi 7072:Invasion of Yugoslavia 6855:Battle of the Atlantic 6469:Korean Liberation Army 6175:(until September 1943) 6132:(until September 1944) 6110:(until September 1944) 4597:Stettinius, Edward R. 4425:Louis, William Roger. 4343:Herring Jr. George C. 4151:Black, Conrad (2003), 3287:April 1, 2012, at the 2901:Bishop, Chris (2002). 2075:Battle of the Atlantic 1937: 1912: 1903: 1836:B-17 Flying Fortresses 1777:with British-supplied 1745:Hundreds of naval guns 1637:Anglo-Soviet Agreement 1632: 1504: 1432: 1277: 1253: 1236: 1220: 1146: 677: 670:gross domestic product 644:attack on Pearl Harbor 455:Neutrality Act of 1939 404:United States Congress 390:recession of 1937–1938 381: 234: 223: 9540:The White House Years 9526:Sunrise at Campobello 9462:Franklin D. Roosevelt 9240:Assassination attempt 8681:Emergency Banking Act 8530:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7724:Second Battle of Guam 7620:Bengal famine of 1943 7590:Second Battle of Kiev 7546:Battle of the Dnieper 7415:Kokoda Track campaign 7244:Battle of Wake Island 7116:East African campaign 7058:Battle of South Henan 6703:atrocities by Germans 6476:Korean Volunteer Army 5450:Occupation of Germany 5204:Music in World War II 4852:Operational Documents 4832:Treasures of Congress 4626:Thorne, Christopher. 4579:Stacey, C.P. (1970), 4415:December 8, 2012, at 4212:Clarke, Sir Richard. 3754:. September 12, 2023. 3655:10.1353/jmh.2007.0206 3184:. September 21, 2011. 3163:Hans-Adolf Jacobsen: 2707:10.3138/CHR-055-01-03 2571:H. G. Nicholas, ed., 1917: 1907: 1899: 1630: 1503: 1435:Delivery was via the 1426: 1260: 1248: 1246:is quoted as saying: 1242:, the Soviet Marshal 1231: 1225:, having served as a 1215: 1140: 667: 623:, whereby 50 US Navy 379: 229: 218: 204:Franklin D. Roosevelt 167:) on January 10, 1941 9534:Eleanor and Franklin 9194:1941 (Four Freedoms) 9140:Arsenal of Democracy 9135:Day of Infamy speech 9061:War Production Board 8556:Governor of New York 8010:Surrender of Germany 7488:Battle of West Hubei 7445:Guadalcanal campaign 7408:Battle of Stalingrad 7334:Battle of Madagascar 6101:Albania protectorate 5888:(formerly Swaziland) 5597:Wehrmacht war crimes 5413:Expulsion of Germans 5197:Art and World War II 5095:British contribution 5044:Governments in exile 4811:"Reverse Lend-Lease" 4726:Авиационный ленд-лиз 4707:January 4, 2013, at 4563:January 4, 2013, at 4553:Sherwood, Robert E. 4531:January 4, 2013, at 4514:January 4, 2013, at 4270:Gardner, Richard N. 4142:Allen, H.C. (1955), 4066:Zengerle, Patricia: 3396:on December 12, 2003 3371:May 6, 2017, at the 2218:Milestone Documents, 1495:Bell P-63 Kingcobras 1487:Bell P-39 Airacobras 1459:start of hostilities 1104:Edward R. Stettinius 1086:that sent a loan of 572:Arsenal of Democracy 549:gyroscopic gunsights 9572:Hyde Park on Hudson 9518:The Roosevelt Story 9507:I'd Rather Be Right 9496:U.S. Postage stamps 9490:Unfinished portrait 9476:Four Freedoms Award 9416:Roosevelt Institute 9145:"...is fear itself" 8848:Cullen–Harrison Act 8843:G.I. Bill of Rights 8735:Social Security Act 8100:Potsdam Declaration 7989:Italy (Spring 1945) 7752:Liberation of Paris 7202:Siege of Sevastopol 6213:(until August 1944) 6116:Wang Jingwei regime 5938:from September 1943 5898:from September 1944 5836:from September 1944 5696:Romanian war crimes 5687:Persecution of Jews 5673:Croatian war crimes 5643:Japanese war crimes 5457:Occupation of Japan 5406:First Indochina War 5118:Military production 5030:Declarations of war 4731:Aviation Lend-Lease 4471:Neiberg, Michael S. 4297:British War Economy 4234:Dawson, Raymond H. 3977:The Daily Telegraph 3937:. December 29, 2006 3815:. November 11, 1943 2759:. Statistics Canada 2744:: Geloso, Vincent, 2666:figures follow the 2525:, February 9, 1941. 2512:, February 9, 1941. 2467:The Proximity Fuze 2454:. December 1, 1997. 2396:The New York Times, 2368:The New York Times, 1957:Anglo-American loan 1946:Anglo-American loan 1851: 1757:Museum of Ukraine. 1491:Douglas A-20 Havocs 1473:and trucks; 12,000 1406:and other minerals) 1303: 682: 629:Royal Canadian Navy 586:Lend-Lease proposal 446:President Roosevelt 412:non-interventionism 357:non-interventionist 220:President Roosevelt 144:Legislative history 45: 9644:James Roosevelt II 9621: • 9443:Four Freedoms Park 9011:Export Control Act 8934:Modern Oval Office 8882:Jefferson Memorial 8833:Brownlow Committee 8649:New Deal coalition 8449:Japanese Americans 8283:Women's Army Corps 8093:Surrender of Japan 7926:Battle of Iwo Jima 7775:Belgrade offensive 7181:Siege of Leningrad 7065:Battle of Shanggao 6994:British Somaliland 6959:Dunkirk evacuation 6910:Norwegian campaign 6848:Invasion of Poland 6675:Japanese prisoners 5636:Italian war crimes 5567:British war crimes 5482:Soviet occupations 5266:South-West Pacific 5153:Allied cooperation 5111:Military equipment 4687:on January 5, 2013 4374:Kimball, Warren F. 4299:(1949) pp 224–248 2815:Universal Newsreel 2562:, pp. 118–119 2536:The New York Times 2523:The New York Times 2510:The New York Times 2398:December 30, 1940. 2382:, pp. 603–605 2370:December 28, 1940. 2357:, pp. 807–912 2090:Houses for Britain 1953:surrender of Japan 1849: 1827:Reverse Lend-Lease 1822:Reverse Lend-Lease 1810:Mk III 'Valentine' 1721:Universal Carriers 1657:Operation Benedict 1633: 1518:Hurricane fighters 1505: 1433: 1301: 1240:Konstantin Simonov 1227:military commissar 1147: 959:Dominican Republic 680: 678: 553:plastic explosives 494:United States Navy 490:Two-Ocean Navy Act 399:Merchants of Death 382: 244:and introduced as 235: 224: 58:Other short titles 43: 9749: 9748: 9726:Harry S. Truman → 9692:Warren Delano Jr. 9668:James Roosevelt I 9650:Elliott Roosevelt 9632:Eleanor Roosevelt 9375:Paralytic illness 9162:Quarantine Speech 8496: 8495: 8464: 8463: 8444:Chinese Americans 8429:African Americans 8408:Normandy landings 8329: 8328: 8293:Rosie the Riveter 8167: 8166: 8125: 8124: 7968:Battle of Okinawa 7867:Burma (1944–1945) 7701:Mariana and Palau 7481:Tunisian campaign 7299:Fall of Singapore 7223:Fall of Hong Kong 6966:Battle of Britain 6819:Operation Himmler 6728: 6727: 6392:Dutch East Indies 6028:Southern Rhodesia 5780: 5779: 5680:Genocide of Serbs 5583:German war crimes 5560:Soviet war crimes 5553:Allied war crimes 5399:Division of Korea 5378:Chinese Civil War 5176:Strategic bombing 5088:Manhattan Project 4821:Lend lease routes 4740:978-5-9906036-3-9 4659:978-0-7391-0736-2 4611:Taylor, A. J. P. 4573:978-1-929631-49-0 4548:978-0-7868-6899-5 4490:Reynolds, David. 4484:978-0-415-32719-0 4454:Milward, Alan S. 4451:(1953), pp 772–90 4368:978-0-78581-603-4 4192:978-0-307-40515-9 4180:Buchanan, Patrick 4172:Bryce, Robert B. 3984:on March 14, 2012 3907:Kindleberger 1984 3554:978-5-85608-081-9 2956:Budnitsky, Oleg. 2776:Statistics Canada 2752:Statistics Canada 2469:Whose Brainchild? 2308:10 Eventful Years 1876: 1875: 1840:Fairmile launches 1812:destroyed in the 1779:Universal Carrier 1730:1,721 motorcycles 1649:Hawker Hurricanes 1587:Fairbanks, Alaska 1571:Polish First Army 1391: 1390: 1223:Nikita Khrushchev 1067: 1066: 560:Winston Churchill 501:Battle of Britain 291:Republic of China 213: 212: 206:on March 11, 1941 190:Passed the Senate 157:John W. McCormack 127:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 9844: 9738: 9737: 9719:← Herbert Hoover 9582:2014 documentary 9438:Roosevelt Island 9085:Quebec Agreement 9006:ABCD line (1940) 8949:Executive Orders 8769:Gold Reserve Act 8575: 8567: 8559: 8548: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8500: 8499: 8456:Jewish Americans 8388: 8387: 8337: 8268: 8267: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8171: 8170: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8143:World portal 8141: 8140: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8019: 8012: 8005: 8003:Prague offensive 7998: 7996:Battle of Berlin 7991: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7940:Vienna offensive 7935: 7928: 7921: 7919:Battle of Manila 7914: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7869: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7809: 7800: 7793: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7703: 7696: 7687: 7678: 7669: 7662: 7660:Korsun–Cherkassy 7655: 7644: 7622: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7502:Bombing of Gorky 7497: 7490: 7483: 7463: 7456: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7362:Battle of Midway 7357: 7350: 7348:Battle of Gazala 7343: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7258:Battle of Borneo 7253: 7251:Malayan campaign 7246: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7195:Bombing of Gorky 7190: 7188:Battle of Moscow 7183: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7040: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6952:Battle of France 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6805:Munich Agreement 6800: 6793: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6761: 6754: 6739: 6738: 6721: 6714: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6690:Soviet prisoners 6684: 6677: 6670: 6661: 6654: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6630:German prisoners 6626: 6606: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6161: 6159:French Indochina 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6103: 6083: 6074: 6067: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6006:from August 1944 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5889: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5791: 5790: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5732: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5650:Nanjing Massacre 5645: 5638: 5629: 5627:Nuremberg trials 5620: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5360: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5231:Asia and Pacific 5213: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5162: 5160:Mulberry harbour 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5002: 4995: 4980: 4979: 4968: 4961: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4851: 4835: 4778: 4744: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4683:, archived from 4662: 4593: 4487: 4410:"Chapters: 8–9." 4405: 4335: 4327: 4321: 4292: 4241:Dobson, Alan P. 4169: 4158: 4147: 4118: 4101: 4095: 4081: 4075: 4070:April 28, 2022, 4064: 4058: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3890: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3784:10.2307/20633372 3767: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3507:. July 27, 2020. 3505:Warhistoryonline 3497: 3491: 3490: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3452: 3446: 3445:, p. 58—59. 3443:Котельников 2015 3440: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3392:. Archived from 3382: 3376: 3364: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3301: 3295: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3138: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3110:"December, 1940" 3106: 3100: 3099: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2538:, March 9, 1941. 2532: 2526: 2519: 2513: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2444: 2438: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2405: 2399: 2392: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2320: 2311: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2241: 2232: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2187:Crossed Currents 2181: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2115:Persian Corridor 1852: 1848: 1838:, Canadian-made 1805: 1789: 1766: 1739:4,338 radio sets 1736:1,474 radar sets 1704:27 naval vessels 1617:, Moscow, Russia 1609:on a Lend-Lease 1602: 1582: 1562: 1475:armored vehicles 1441:Persian Corridor 1304: 1300: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1153: 683: 679: 565: 517:cavity magnetron 514: 406:adopted several 388:, and the later 299:Second World War 272: 256: 252: 233:bill # 1776, p.1 180:Passed the House 128: 116: 112: 53: 46: 42: 21: 9852: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9752: 9751: 9750: 9745: 9709: 9686:Isaac Roosevelt 9674:Sara Ann Delano 9620: 9615: 9609: 9605:Other namesakes 9598:2023 miniseries 9590:2022 miniseries 9558:1997 miniseries 9550:1979 miniseries 9389: 9370:Campobello home 9329: 9244: 9208: 9105: 9099: 8965: 8958: 8892:Cannabis policy 8659:Second New Deal 8602:Inaugurations ( 8586: 8578: 8570: 8562: 8551: 8540: 8532: 8527: 8497: 8492: 8460: 8439:Asian Americans 8433:Tuskegee Airmen 8417: 8398:List of battles 8386: 8338: 8325: 8297: 8266: 8242:G.I. Generation 8203: 8198: 8168: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8135: 8133: 8121: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8059: 8054:Atomic bombings 8052: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7897: 7890: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7812: 7803: 7796: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7757: 7750: 7745:Eastern Romania 7743: 7738:Warsaw Uprising 7736: 7731:Tannenberg Line 7729: 7722: 7717:Western Ukraine 7715: 7706: 7699: 7690: 7681: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7647: 7638: 7625: 7618: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7509:Battle of Kursk 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7466: 7459: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7390: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7313:St Nazaire Raid 7311: 7304: 7297: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7137: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7095:Anglo-Iraqi War 7093: 7086:Battle of Crete 7084: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7043: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7015:Eastern Romania 7013: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6833: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6757: 6750: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6701: 6694: 6689: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6657: 6650: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6609: 6602: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6576:Western Ukraine 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6520:Northeast China 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6219:Slovak Republic 6217: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6190:Empire of Japan 6188: 6179: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6099: 6086: 6079: 6070: 6063: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5892: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5776: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5735: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5702:Sexual violence 5701: 5694: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5625: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5432: 5425: 5420:Greek Civil War 5418: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5363: 5356: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5245:South-East Asia 5243: 5236: 5229: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5104:Military awards 5102: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 4998: 4991: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4893: 4849: 4826: 4776: 4770: 4752: 4750:Primary sources 4747: 4741: 4690: 4688: 4681: 4660: 4591: 4538:Schama, Simon. 4485: 4403: 4333: 4325: 4318: 4290: 4167: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4103:Vergun, David: 4102: 4098: 4090:Washington Post 4082: 4078: 4065: 4061: 4043: 4039: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3935:The Independent 3929: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3888: 3884:Wayback Machine 3874: 3870: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3723: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3610: 3606: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3516: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3489:. May 10, 2020. 3479: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3373:Wayback Machine 3362: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3313:. May 10, 2020. 3303: 3302: 3298: 3289:Wayback Machine 3280: 3276: 3271: 3262: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3215:10.2307/1902065 3193: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3114:FDR: Day by Day 3108: 3107: 3103: 3088: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2954: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2809: 2805: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2770: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2740: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2655: 2653: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2613:10.2307/2981369 2597: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2463: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2337: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2305: 2298: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2260: 2253: 2242: 2235: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2110:Operation Cedar 2037: 2010: 1948: 1942: 1824: 1817: 1806: 1797: 1790: 1781: 1767: 1685:Volga Reservoir 1625: 1618: 1603: 1594: 1583: 1574: 1563: 1493:and 2,397 were 1311: 1299: 1282: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1151: 1135: 1096: 690: 662: 653: 608:pass the bill. 588: 563: 512: 442: 436: 410:, motivated by 374: 369: 254: 240:, formally the 209: 200:Signed into law 126: 114: 82:Enacted by 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9850: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9743: 9730: 9729: 9722: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9682:(half-brother) 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9628: 9626: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9592: 9588:The First Lady 9584: 9580:The Roosevelts 9576: 9568: 9560: 9552: 9544: 9530: 9522: 9511: 9503: 9501:Roosevelt dime 9498: 9493: 9486: 9478: 9473: 9465: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9408: 9403: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9355: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9337: 9335: 9334:Life and homes 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9254: 9252: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9164: 9159: 9156:Look to Norway 9152: 9150:Fireside chats 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9109: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9016:Four Policemen 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8970: 8968: 8966:foreign policy 8960: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8929:March of Dimes 8926: 8921: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8800: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8774:Silver seizure 8771: 8761: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8654:First 100 days 8651: 8646: 8636: 8634:Foreign policy 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8592: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8568: 8560: 8549: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8526: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8503: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8474: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8436: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8392: 8385: 8384: 8377:Service medals 8374: 8369: 8364: 8362:Army Air Force 8359: 8348: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8307: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8274: 8272: 8271:American women 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8247:Schools at War 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8197: 8196: 8189: 8182: 8174: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8073: 8070:South Sakhalin 8066: 8065: 8064: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7907: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7870: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7810: 7801: 7794: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7704: 7697: 7688: 7679: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7607: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7549: 7542: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7495:Battle of Attu 7491: 7484: 7476: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7457: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7379: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7294: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7237:Battle of Guam 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7160:Battle of Kiev 7156: 7149: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7053: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6778: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6747: 6745: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6699: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6671: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6659:United Kingdom 6655: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6627: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6591: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6472: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6255: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6056:British Empire 6049:United Kingdom 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6010: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5890: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5865:Czechoslovakia 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5797: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5765: 5762:Rape of Manila 5758: 5751: 5744: 5733: 5718: 5711: 5699: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5639: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5600: 5593: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5533:United Nations 5529: 5522: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5392:Decolonization 5388: 5381: 5373: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5338: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5292: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5226: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5156: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5084: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5065:United Kingdom 5061: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 5004: 5003: 4988: 4986: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4911: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4845: 4836: 4824: 4818: 4808: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4782: 4769: 4768:External links 4766: 4765: 4764: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4739: 4720: 4696: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4645: 4639: 4624: 4609: 4595: 4589: 4576: 4551: 4536: 4519: 4503: 4488: 4483: 4467: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4423: 4406: 4401: 4388: 4371: 4356: 4341: 4322: 4316: 4303: 4293: 4288: 4275: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4210: 4195: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4148: 4139: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4096: 4083:Wang, Amy B.: 4076: 4059: 4037: 4017: 3995: 3962: 3948: 3922: 3911: 3899: 3868: 3852: 3843: 3826: 3797: 3757: 3743: 3732: 3701: 3676: 3649:(3): 773–808. 3633: 3627:978-5813806612 3626: 3604: 3585:(2): 289–294. 3569: 3560: 3553: 3535: 3529:978-1853672804 3528: 3510: 3492: 3472: 3463: 3447: 3432: 3407: 3377: 3352: 3340: 3325: 3316: 3296: 3274: 3260: 3235: 3187: 3169: 3156: 3126: 3101: 3087:978-0700607174 3086: 3068: 3054: 3048:978-0271023328 3047: 3027: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2988:978-1135765262 2987: 2967: 2948: 2934: 2920: 2914:978-1586637620 2913: 2890: 2867: 2854:978-0226319711 2853: 2833: 2821: 2803: 2800:. p. 315. 2788: 2734: 2720: 2681: 2672: 2668:MeasuringWorth 2662:United States 2650:MeasuringWorth 2635: 2626: 2607:(3): 243–277. 2591: 2577: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2527: 2514: 2501: 2492: 2475: 2457: 2439: 2426: 2400: 2384: 2372: 2359: 2347: 2312: 2296: 2293:. p. 315. 2281: 2274: 2251: 2248:. p. 778. 2233: 2203: 2196: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2151: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2125:Tizard Mission 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2009: 2006: 1993:Port Nicholson 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858:Manganese ore 1856: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1816:, January 1944 1807: 1800: 1798: 1794:Valentine tank 1791: 1784: 1782: 1768: 1761: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1665:Arctic convoys 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1613:truck, at the 1611:Studebaker US6 1604: 1597: 1595: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1564: 1557: 1437:Arctic Convoys 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1396:Maxim Litvinov 1389: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1298: 1295: 1281: 1278: 1134: 1131: 1095: 1094:Administration 1092: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049:Czechoslovakia 1045: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1001: 995: 994: 991: 985: 984: 981: 975: 974: 971: 965: 964: 961: 955: 954: 951: 945: 944: 941: 935: 934: 931: 925: 924: 921: 915: 914: 911: 905: 904: 901: 895: 894: 891: 885: 884: 881: 875: 874: 871: 865: 864: 861: 855: 854: 851: 845: 844: 841: 835: 834: 831: 825: 824: 821: 815: 814: 811: 805: 804: 801: 795: 794: 791: 785: 784: 781: 775: 774: 771: 765: 764: 761: 755: 754: 751: 745: 744: 741: 735: 734: 731: 725: 724: 721: 715: 714: 711: 709:British Empire 705: 704: 699: 693: 692: 687: 661: 658: 652: 649: 587: 584: 505:Tizard Mission 463:Fall of France 438:Main article: 435: 434:Cash and carry 432: 373: 370: 368: 365: 295:Allied nations 279:United Kingdom 271:March 11, 1941 242:Lend-Lease Act 211: 210: 208: 207: 197: 187: 177: 168: 149: 146: 145: 141: 140: 130: 122: 121: 107: 103: 102: 98: 97: 96:March 11, 1941 94: 90: 89: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 44:Lend-Lease Act 26: 18:Lend-Lease Act 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9849: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9742: 9741: 9732: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9712: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9696: 9694:(grandfather) 9693: 9690: 9688:(grandfather) 9687: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9672: 9669: 9666: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9642: 9639: 9636: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9619: 9612: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9537: 9535: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9482:Four Freedoms 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9347: 9346:Groton School 9344: 9343: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9235:Business Plot 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9130: 9129:Four Freedoms 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8924:"Brain Trust" 8922: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8902:Supreme Court 8900: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8872:Black Cabinet 8870: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8858:Four Freedoms 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8519: 8517: 8512: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8501: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8336: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8190: 8188: 8183: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8077:Kuril Islands 8074: 8071: 8067: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7844:Syrmian Front 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7790:Market Garden 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7650: 7649:Monte Cassino 7646: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7280: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7008:Baltic states 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6652:United States 6649: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6588:Quốc dân Đảng 6585: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288:Liechtenstein 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6240:Collaboration 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065:United States 6062: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 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3920: 3915: 3909:, p. 415 3908: 3903: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3847: 3839: 3838: 3830: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3736: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3705: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3467: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3356: 3350:, p. 253 3349: 3348:Hardesty 1991 3344: 3337: 3329: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3257: 3245: 3239: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3209:(1): 93–114. 3208: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3182:Not Even Past 3179: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3022: 3016:, p. 107 3015: 3010: 3004:, p. 146 3003: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2930: 2924: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2837: 2831:, p. 220 2830: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2799: 2792: 2777: 2773: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2730: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2639: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2561: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2537: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2511: 2505: 2496: 2485: 2479: 2471: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2343:public domain 2325: 2319: 2317: 2309: 2303: 2301: 2292: 2285: 2277: 2275:9781442222229 2271: 2267: 2266: 2258: 2256: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2199: 2197:9781574881936 2193: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2155: 2146: 2142: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1725:Loyd Carriers 1722: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565:Warsaw 1945: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:C-47 Skytrain 1527: 1526:B-25 Mitchell 1523: 1522:P-40 fighters 1519: 1515: 1509: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1489:, 3,414 were 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1445:Pacific Route 1442: 1438: 1430: 1427:Women at the 1425: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1362: 1351: 1340: 1329: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1244:Georgy Zhukov 1241: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1200:Eastern Front 1197: 1179: 1165: 1160: 1157: 1144: 1139: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:Harry Hopkins 1091: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1006: 1000: 996: 990: 986: 980: 976: 970: 966: 960: 956: 950: 946: 940: 936: 930: 926: 920: 916: 910: 906: 900: 896: 890: 886: 880: 876: 870: 866: 860: 856: 850: 846: 840: 836: 830: 826: 820: 816: 810: 806: 800: 796: 790: 786: 780: 776: 770: 766: 760: 756: 750: 746: 740: 736: 730: 726: 720: 716: 710: 706: 703: 698: 694: 688: 685: 684: 675: 671: 666: 657: 648: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 609: 605: 603: 597: 594: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568:Fireside Chat 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 545:superchargers 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:Frank Whittle 527:, details of 526: 522: 518: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 479:gold reserves 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 456: 452: 447: 441: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400: 395: 394:Nye Committee 391: 387: 378: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 330: 326: 324: 323:Harry Hopkins 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 277:supplied the 276: 275:United States 268: 264: 260: 253: 247: 243: 239: 232: 228: 221: 217: 205: 202:by President 201: 198: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 178: 176: 172: 169: 166: 162: 158: 154: 151: 150: 147: 142: 139: 135: 131: 129: 123: 120: 113: 108: 104: 99: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9733: 9724: 9717: 9706:(family dog) 9700:(family dog) 9595: 9587: 9579: 9571: 9564:Warm Springs 9563: 9555: 9547: 9539: 9533: 9525: 9517: 9509:1937 musical 9506: 9489: 9481: 9469: 9461: 9401:Bibliography 9213:Other events 9104:Presidential 9090:Europe first 9025: 8964:Presidential 8939:Official car 8862: 8853:Roerich Pact 8488:Project Hula 8477: 8367:Marine Corps 8151:Bibliography 8134: 7947:Project Hula 7912:Vistula–Oder 7881: 7814: 7805: 7789: 7759: 7708: 7692: 7683: 7674: 7640: 7537: 7452: 7428: 7391: 7142: 7035: 6980:North Africa 6682:Soviet Union 6636:Soviet Union 6562:Soviet Union 6330:Vatican City 6233:Vichy France 6138:German Reich 6035:Soviet Union 6021:South Africa 6014:Sierra Leone 5967:Newfoundland 5786:Participants 5769:Marocchinate 5473: 5464: 5434: 5312:North Africa 5273:Indian Ocean 5132:Nazi plunder 5080: 5023:Cryptography 4896:World War II 4831: 4814: 4799: 4791: 4774: 4756: 4730: 4725: 4700: 4691:September 2, 4689:, retrieved 4685:the original 4669: 4649: 4641: 4627: 4612: 4598: 4580: 4555: 4539: 4523: 4507: 4491: 4474: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4426: 4419: 4392: 4376: 4359: 4344: 4337: 4336:: Part II." 4329: 4307: 4296: 4279: 4271: 4257: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4213: 4198: 4183: 4173: 4154: 4143: 4132: 4125:Bibliography 4108: 4099: 4088: 4079: 4062: 4050: 4040: 4029: 4020: 4008:. Retrieved 3998: 3986:. Retrieved 3982:the original 3975: 3965: 3951: 3941:February 16, 3939:. Retrieved 3934: 3925: 3919:COINAGE BILL 3914: 3902: 3886: 3871: 3861: 3855: 3846: 3836: 3829: 3817:. Retrieved 3812: 3778:(3): 64–67. 3775: 3771: 3746: 3735: 3726:December 30, 3724:, retrieved 3713: 3704: 3694:December 30, 3692:. Retrieved 3688: 3679: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3563: 3544: 3538: 3519: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3454: 3450: 3423:. Retrieved 3417: 3410: 3398:. Retrieved 3394:the original 3389: 3380: 3360: 3355: 3343: 3332: 3328: 3319: 3308: 3299: 3291: 3277: 3255: 3248:. Retrieved 3238: 3226:. Retrieved 3206: 3200: 3190: 3181: 3178:"Lend-Lease" 3172: 3164: 3159: 3147:. Retrieved 3142: 3129: 3117:. Retrieved 3113: 3104: 3077: 3071: 3057: 3037: 3030: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2977: 2970: 2964:(Interview). 2961: 2951: 2937: 2923: 2903: 2860:December 30, 2858:. Retrieved 2843: 2836: 2824: 2813: 2806: 2797: 2791: 2779:. Retrieved 2775: 2761:. Retrieved 2745: 2742:1688 to 1923 2741: 2737: 2723: 2701:(1): 59–80. 2698: 2694: 2684: 2675: 2667: 2656:November 30, 2654:. Retrieved 2648: 2638: 2629: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2580: 2572: 2567: 2560:Neiberg 2004 2555: 2550:, p. 24 2543: 2535: 2530: 2522: 2517: 2509: 2504: 2499:Kimball 1969 2495: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2434: 2429: 2417:. Retrieved 2413: 2403: 2395: 2375: 2367: 2362: 2350: 2328:. Retrieved 2307: 2290: 2284: 2264: 2245: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2186: 2179: 2154: 2145: 2120:Project Hula 2070:-class sloop 2067: 2023:signed, the 2018: 2011: 1992: 1985: 1975: 1967: 1949: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1877: 1869:204,386 ton 1866:429,138 ton 1826: 1825: 1814:Soviet Union 1755: 1751: 1696: 1689: 1669: 1653:No. 151 Wing 1634: 1569:used by the 1551: 1534:PBY Catalina 1510: 1506: 1464: 1456: 1453: 1434: 1392: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1291: 1283: 1269:Shaposhnikov 1261: 1256:David Glantz 1254: 1249: 1237: 1232: 1221: 1216: 1208: 1204: 1161: 1148: 1120: 1116: 1097: 1080: 1076:Commonwealth 1068: 909:Saudi Arabia 729:Soviet Union 701: 696: 654: 641: 637:Newfoundland 618: 610: 606: 598: 589: 557: 498: 483: 473:, until the 460: 443: 397: 383: 346: 334:Commonwealth 331: 327: 315: 293:, and other 283:Soviet Union 245: 241: 237: 236: 199: 189: 179: 170: 152: 40: 9380:Top Cottage 9358:Adams House 8974:Banana Wars 8574:(1911–1913) 8566:(1913–1920) 8558:(1929–1932) 8547:(1933–1945) 7882:Bodenplatte 7768:Gothic Line 6987:West Africa 6534:Philippines 6513:Netherlands 6378:Czech lands 6316:Switzerland 6260:Afghanistan 6204:Philippines 6072:Puerto Rico 5988:Philippines 5974:New Zealand 5960:Netherlands 5913:Free France 5664:Prosecution 5465:Osoaviakhim 5335:West Africa 5319:East Africa 4966:Conferences 4800:War Economy 4792:War Economy 4644:p. 25. 4613:Beaverbrook 4328:: Part I." 4031:RIA Novosti 4010:February 6, 3988:January 12, 3837:War Economy 3272:Kemp p. 235 2888:, p. 9 1962:cupronickel 1872:301,469 oz 1855:Chrome ore 1832:Austin K2/Y 1661:Archangelsk 1567:Willys jeep 1538:Soviet Navy 1483:M4 Shermans 1287:Robert Taft 1182:Studebaker 1127:surrendered 1108:Leo Crowley 1069:A total of 1019:El Salvador 789:Netherlands 691:US Dollars 689:Millions of 416:World War I 9756:Categories 9640:(daughter) 9308:theme song 9026:Lend-Lease 8598:Transition 8584:Presidency 8478:Lend-Lease 8422:Minorities 8303:Minorities 8209:Home front 7982:West Hunan 7815:Pointblank 7144:Silver Fox 7130:Summer War 6883:Winter War 6862:Phoney War 6643:Azerbaijan 6604:Yugoslavia 6499:Luxembourg 6341:Resistance 6081:Yugoslavia 5946:Luxembourg 5748:Sook Ching 5544:War crimes 5146:Technology 5139:Opposition 5081:Lend-Lease 5058:Australian 5051:Home front 5009:Blitzkrieg 4959:Casualties 4950:Commanders 4922:Operations 3689:Vif2ne.org 3014:Weeks 2004 3002:Weeks 2004 2886:Weeks 2004 2829:Weiss 1996 2548:Weeks 2004 2380:Black 2003 2355:Allen 1955 2166:References 1894:and wood. 1641:Arctic Sea 1481:and 4,102 1443:, and the 1381:17,499,861 1367:3,673,819 1356:6,217,622 1345:4,794,545 1334:2,453,097 1273:Vasilevsky 1267:, Zhukov, 1084:Mutual Aid 1059:Costa Rica 889:Yugoslavia 642:After the 625:destroyers 533:jet engine 461:After the 349:neutrality 269:, enacted 238:Lend-Lease 153:Introduced 106:Public law 77:Lend-Lease 66:Long title 9618:Roosevelt 9484:paintings 9470:Roosevelt 9363:FDR Suite 9250:Elections 9036:Hull note 8944:Criticism 8047:Manchuria 7933:Indochina 7709:Bagration 7153:Lithuania 6798:Anschluss 6595:Viet Minh 6492:Lithuania 6434:Hong Kong 6197:Manchukuo 6152:Azad Hind 5811:Australia 5611:Aftermath 5474:Paperclip 5369:Aftermath 5169:Total war 5037:Diplomacy 5000:In Europe 4358:Kemp, P. 3671:159715267 3599:144333272 3228:March 18, 2763:April 17, 2715:162515497 2244:McNeill. 2171:Citations 2021:Joe Biden 1986:Edinburgh 1984:HMS 1979:inflation 1940:Repayment 1884:manganese 1861:Platinum 1692:Churchill 1676:Valentine 1643:route to 999:Nicaragua 919:Guatemala 899:Venezuela 733:10,982.1 713:31,387.1 668:Ratio of 576:The Blitz 101:Citations 93:Effective 74:Nicknames 32:Lendlease 9740:Category 9676:(mother) 9670:(father) 9106:speeches 8644:overview 8639:New Deal 8589:timeline 8356:Uniforms 8158:Category 8107:document 8017:document 7874:Ardennes 7858:Budapest 7806:Crossbow 7684:Overlord 7523:Smolensk 6734:Timeline 6569:Slovakia 6555:Thailand 6406:Ethiopia 6371:Bulgaria 6295:Portugal 6226:Thailand 6108:Bulgaria 5886:Eswatini 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