27:
399:
letters that address a wide range of issues concerning life in the
British colonies in America in the years prior to the American Revolutionary War. The "Introductory Letter" (Letter I) introduces the fictional narrator James, and each subsequent letter takes as its subject matter either a certain topic (Letter III "What is an American?") or a particular location that James visits (Letters IV, VI and IX describe Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard and Charles Town respectively), though certain themes span or are referred to within several letters. The exception to this is Letter XI, which is written by a Russian gentleman ("Mr. Iw——n Al——z") describing his visit to the botanist John Bartram, but who is presumed to also be writing to Mr F. B. Arranged as a series of discontinuous letters, the work can appear superficially disconnected, although critics have identified various levels of coherence and organization.
26:
384:
171:
350:— Extensive detailing of a wide variety of snakes, including the cultural practices surrounding them; it also mentions their habits and stories that have been told in America, warning people about certain ones. At the end of this letter, the discussion turns to the hummingbirds found around James' land and their habits and varieties.
446:
disagreement over whether this model of decline is produced by James' own disillusionment, or whether it is evidence of Crèvecœur's voice interceding into the narrative; further, critics disagree over where in the narrative the disillusionment occurs, variably placing it in the third, eighth and ninth letters.
194:
education at the Jesuit Collège Royal de
Bourbon. In 1754, having left school, Crèvecœur visited relatives in England where he became engaged; this visit would mark the beginning of a lifelong admiration for the culture and politics of the country. Shortly after this, possibly due to the death of his
406:
observations of the places visited and their inhabitants; Norman Grabo describes it as "an example of the
American tradition of book-as-anthology and authorship-as-editing". Whereas early readings of the text tended to consider it "as a straightforward natural and social history of young America",
445:
has been said to exhibit a "model of decline", as the optimistic tone of the early letters is disrupted and the text become increasingly pessimistic; there is a movement from a "joy, pride, wonder" at the spectacle of
America, to the "images of the inhuman brutality of slavery". However, there is
398:
is structured around the fictional correspondence via letters between James—an
American farmer living in the Quaker colony of Pennsylvania—and an English gentleman, Mr F. B. However, it's only James' letters that are presented, as the addressee's answers are absent. The work consists of twelve
466:, that human growth, development and activities are controlled by the physical environment. Anna Carew-Miller suggests that what the text articulates on this subject is "the myth that a man's relationship with the land confirms his masculinity and dignity as a citizen."
502:
proved equally popular. Dutch and German translations were rapidly produced, and prompted by constant demand, editions appeared in such places as Dublin, Paris and
Maastricht. In lieu of a second volume of letters, Crèvecœur produced an expanded French version
269:— Introduction of the fictional persona of James, an American farmer, and the commencement of his correspondence via letters with 'Mr F. B.', an English gentleman. Doubting his writing abilities, he receives advice from his wife and the local minister.
510:
In the twentieth century there was a revival of interest in the text. Critic David
Carlson suggests that it was "Not aesthetics, but the politics of nationalism appears to have been the primary force behind Crevecoeur's critical resurrection"—the
507:) that was published in 1784. The French version, which removed the fictional persona of James, is presented as a series of documents that have been neutrally edited, providing greater documentary detail but at the expense of artistry.
153:
was immediately popular in Europe upon its publication in 1782. Prompted by high demand, Crèvecœur produced an expanded French version that was published two years later. The work is recognised as being one of the first in the
111:
Letters from an
American Farmer; Describing Certain Provincial Situations, Manners, and Customs not Generally Known; and Conveying Some Idea of the Late and Present Interior Circumstances of the British Colonies in North
490:
admired, and were influenced by, its evocation of the natural landscape and the individual's relationship to it. More widely, in the final years of the
Revolutionary War, the public was eager for the documentary detail
344:. It argues about the destruction that revolves around the slave-master relationships and makes an appeal to the North, in particular, that slavery is a truly evil practice in the midst of the new nation of America.
275:— Description of the creatures, plants, and activities on and around the farm owned by James. It comments on the differences between the American model of society and that of European countries.
370:
and James' turmoil at being caught between forces—American and
British—beyond his own control, including anxiety over to whom he owes his allegiance. Also considered is the way of life of
407:
critics now see it as combining elements of fiction and non-fiction in what Thomas Philbrick has termed a "complex artistry". In addition to its usual classification as a form of
1273:
1177:
138:. It is told from the viewpoint of a fictional narrator in correspondence with an English gentleman, and each letter concerns a different aspect of life or location in the
249:. Upon his arrival in New York City in 1778, Crèvecœur found himself under suspicion of being a Revolutionary spy and was detained; whilst in detention, he suffered a
462:". The theme appears especially in Letter II, III and in the letters describing Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, where James' views are expressive of the doctrine of
354:
Letter XI: "From Mr. Iw——n Al——z, a Russian gentleman describing a visit he paid, at my request, to Mr. John Bertram, the celebreated Pennsylvanian botanist"
474:
When Crèvecœur offered his manuscript essays to the London publishers Davies & Davis in 1782, they were initially skeptical about the potential for the
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458:
is that of the individual and society's relationship with their environment; the work has been read as an "impassioned, unqualified defense of American
683:
James is often referred to by scholars as 'Farmer James', on account of his occupation; scholars that do so include: Larkin, Carew-Miller and Manning.
915:
Environmental determinism is the doctrine that human growth, development and activities are controlled by the physical environment (Lethwaite, 1966).
1301:
478:
to be successful. However, the work proved to be instantly popular in England for a variety of reasons. Proponents of political reform such as
898:
245:(1775–1783), Crèvecœur decided to return to France; scholars have suggested that he did so in order to secure his legal claim to his
230:
and corresponded with William Seton (possibly referenced in the book as "Mr F. B.", and to whom the French edition was dedicated).
253:. He was released to travel in September 1780, and traveled to London after landing in Ireland. There, he sold the manuscript of
281:— Comparison between the physical environment and the societies that emerge from it. Explores the conditions and aspects of the
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371:
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360:. The narrator tells of the new methods of fertilizing and irrigation that Bertram has invented and used on his own plants.
187:
101:
218:. After working as a surveyor and trader during the subsequent four years, in which he traveled extensively, he purchased
1415:
Saar, Doreen Alvarez (1987). "Crèvecoeur's "Thoughts on Slavery": "Letters from an American Farmer" and Whig Rhetoric".
849:
1519:
1405:
1105:
Beranger, Jean F. (1977). "The Desire of Communication: Narrator and Narratee in "Letters from an American Farmer"".
908:
307:
Letter IV: "Description of the island of Nantucket; with the manners, customs, policy and trade, of the inhabitants"
214:
In 1765, Crèvecœur became an official resident of New York and naturalized as a British subject, adopting the name
131:
1439:
Winston, Robert P. (1985). "Strange Order of Things!: The Journey to Chaos in "Letters from an American Farmer"".
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provided about America. The popularity of the book led to a second edition being called for only a year later.
234:
238:
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The text incorporates a broad range of genres, ranging from documentary on local agricultural practices to
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367:
337:
242:
127:
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115:. The twelve letters cover a wide range of topics, from the emergence of an American identity to the
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1244:
Holbo, Christine (1997). "Imagination, Commerce, and the Politics of Associationism in Crèvecoeur's
876:"Negotiating Nature/Wilderness: Crèvecoeur and American Identity in Letters From an American Farmer"
334:
Letter IX: "Description of Charles Town; Thoughts on Slavery; on Physical Evil; a Melancholy Scene"
356:— Narrated by a Russian gentleman, describing his visit to the famous Pennsylvanian botanist, Mr.
223:
135:
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341:
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8:
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142:. The work incorporates a number of styles and genres, including documentary, as well as
1396:
Saar, Doreen Alvarez (1994). "J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur". In Paul Lautner (ed.).
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Ben-Zvi, Yael (2007). "Mazes of Empire: Space and Humanity in Crèvecoeur's "Letters"".
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Letter VI: "Description of the island of Martha's Vineyard, and of the whale-fishery"
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56:
1372:
Robinson, David (1981). "Crèvecoeur's James: The Education of an American Farmer".
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1302:"The garden city in america: crevecoeur's letters and the urban-pastoral context"
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and married Mehitabel Tippett. During the following seven years, Crèvecœur wrote
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sequence" or "Nantucket letters". These letters describe various aspects of the
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479:
1483:
Studies in Classic American Literature Chapter 3 Hector St. John de Crevecoeur
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Letter V: "Customary education and employment of the inhabitants of Nantucket"
1498:
1274:"The cosmopolitan revolution: loyalism and the fiction of an American nation"
528:
426:
155:
1289:
1212:
Grabo, Norman S. (1991). "Crèvecoeur's American: Beginning the World Anew".
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Letter II: "On the Situation, Feelings, and Pleasures of an American Farmer"
203:(1759), Crèvecœur resigned his commission and began traveling widely across
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357:
204:
108:. The considerably longer title under which it was originally published is
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Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America
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374:, with whom James and his family intend to live at the close of the book.
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Carew-Miller, Anna (1993). "The Language of Domesticity in Crèvecoeur's
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Philbrick, Nathaniel (1991). "The Nantucket Sequence in Crèvecoeur's
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approved of the radical anti-government implications of its message.
403:
391:. An erroneous map, never corrected, was printed in several editions.
340:), particularly on the institution of slavery in the town and in the
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143:
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The island of Nantucket is one of several locations depicted in the
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246:
183:
523:, particularly Letter III ("What is an American?"), is frequently
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de Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John (1981). Albert E. Stone (ed.).
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191:
527:, and the work is recognized as being one of the first in the
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fiancée, he joined a French regiment in Canada engaged in the
130:, while farming in the fertile Greycourt, blackdirt region of
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to publishers Davies & Davis before leaving for France.
1400:(Second ed.). Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company.
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650:
179:
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162:, and has influenced a diverse range of subsequent works.
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Alexander, David E.; Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge (1999).
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The Heath Anthology of American Literature: Volume One
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being among the first works to depict an American "
454:Among the most significant and recurring themes of
425:—the text has been considered as a novel, and as a
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285:and what constitutes the identity of its citizens.
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149:Although only moderately successful in America,
322:Letter VII: "Manners and customs at Nantucket"
1374:The Journal of English and Germanic Philology
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348:Letter X: "On snakes and on the humming-bird"
188:Michel-Guillaume Hector St. John de Crèvecœur
1380:(4). University of Illinois Press: 552–571.
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327:Letter VIII: "Peculiar customs at Nantucket"
126:during a period of seven years prior to the
571:, two works in the same literary tradition.
364:Letter XII: "Distresses of a Frontier Man"
165:
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1131:The Penguin History of the United States
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577:, an English philosopher whose ideas on
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199:(1754–1763). After being wounded in the
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299:society on the island of Nantucket and
16:Book by J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur
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900:Encyclopedia Of Environmental Science
581:theory inform the views expressed in
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336:— An account of "Charles Town" (now
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878:. Virginia Commonwealth University
505:Lettres d'un cultivateur américain
279:Letter III: "What Is an American?"
96:is a series of letters written by
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450:Relationship with the environment
241:escalated in the build-up to the
233:As local hostilities between the
31:Title page of the second edition.
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20:Letters from an American Farmer
1472:Letters from an American Farmer
1338:Letters from an American Farmer
1246:Letters from an American Farmer
1150:Letters from an American Farmer
1016:Letters from an American Farmer
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366:— Description of the impending
228:Letters from an American Farmer
201:Battle of the Plains of Abraham
174:J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur
102:J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur
93:Letters from an American Farmer
40:J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur
1214:The William and Mary Quarterly
1014:(1997). Manning, Susan (ed.).
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1:
1515:American philosophical novels
1188:(2). Literature Online: 257.
291:— Widely referred to as the "
1525:18th-century American novels
656:Carew-Miller 1993, p. 242–3.
7:
1530:French philosophical novels
850:"Environmental Determinism"
740:Grabo 1991, pp. 167–8, 172.
665:Philbrick 1991, pp. 414–32.
617:Saar 1994, pp. 819–20.
538:
186:to an aristocratic family,
140:British colonies of America
10:
1546:
992:Carew-Miller 1993, p. 242.
926:Carew-Miller 1997, p. 242.
692:Beranger 1977, pp. 73, 85.
379:Structure, genre and style
368:American Revolutionary War
260:
243:American Revolutionary War
128:American Revolutionary War
1441:Early American Literature
1417:Early American Literature
1342:The New England Quarterly
1300:Machor, James L. (1982).
1278:Novel: A Forum on Fiction
1250:Early American Literature
1182:Early American Literature
1154:Early American Literature
1107:Early American Literature
1067:Early American Literature
947:Manning 1997, p. xxxviii.
903:. Springer. p. 196.
464:environmental determinism
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1520:Fiction set in the 1780s
956:Manning 1997, p. xxxiii.
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267:Letter I: "Introduction"
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1272:Larkin, Edward (2006).
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498:In continental Europe,
224:Orange County, New York
166:Biographical background
136:Orange County, New York
1178:"Farmer versus lawyer"
983:Manning 1997, p. viii.
818:Robinson 1981, p. 552.
749:Manning 1997, p. xvii.
551:Lettres philosophiques
546:Letters on the English
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342:Southern United States
175:
1194:10.1353/eal.2003.0024
1129:Brogan, Hugh (2001).
1079:10.1353/eal.2007.0002
974:Saar 1994, p. 820–50.
788:Carlson 2003, Note 4.
758:Winston 1985, p. 249.
719:Beranger 1977, p. 82.
701:Manning 1997, p. xvi.
674:Manning 1997, p. 232.
638:Manning 1997, p. xlv.
629:Manning 1997, p. 227.
386:
197:French and Indian War
173:
104:, first published in
1133:. England: Penguin.
1041:. Penguin Classics.
965:Carlson 2003, p. 257
710:Ben-Zvi 2007, p. 74.
601:Manning 1997, p. ix.
470:Reception and legacy
283:new American country
839:Machor 1982, p. 73.
731:Grabo 1991, p. 167.
647:Grabo 1991, p. 159.
533:American literature
160:American literature
21:
1505:1782 French novels
935:Saar 1994, p. 820.
854:Lapham's Quarterly
827:Holbo 1997, p. 58.
809:Saar 1987, p. 192.
800:Holbo 1997, p. 20.
779:Larkin 2006, p. 2.
770:Holbo 1997, p. 59.
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216:J. Hector St. John
176:
134:, a small town in
67:Davies & Davis
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1510:Epistolary novels
1477:Project Gutenberg
1140:978-0-14-025255-2
1058:Secondary sources
1048:978-0-14-039006-3
1025:978-0-19-955474-4
1018:. New York: OUP.
874:Woodlief, Ann M.
301:Martha's Vineyard
289:Letters IV – VIII
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517:melting pot
460:agrarianism
417:Montesquieu
190:received a
132:Chester, NY
117:slave trade
1499:Categories
1328:2013-03-06
575:John Locke
409:epistolary
338:Charleston
1202:143644537
1095:162250783
1012:Crèvecœur
293:Nantucket
247:patrimony
235:loyalists
64:Publisher
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555:Voltaire
539:See also
220:farmland
209:New York
184:Normandy
178:Born in
45:Language
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882:1 March
859:1 March
583:Letters
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427:romance
396:Letters
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100:writer
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1198:S2CID
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590:Notes
567:) by
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156:canon
53:Genre
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884:2013
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482:and
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