Loyalist (American Revolution)

1231:. Most States had rescinded anti-Tory laws by 1787, although the accusation of being a Tory was heard for another generation. Several hundred who had left for Florida returned to Georgia in 1783–84. South Carolina which had seen a bitter bloody internal civil war in 1780–82 adopted a policy of reconciliation that proved more moderate than any other state. About 4500 white Loyalists left when the war ended, but the majority remained behind. The state government successfully and quickly reincorporated the vast majority. During the war, pardons were offered to Loyalists who switched sides and joined the Patriot forces. Others were required to pay a 10% fine of the value of the property. The legislature named 232 Loyalists liable for the confiscation of their property, but most appealed and were forgiven. In Connecticut much to the disgust of the Radical Whigs the moderate Whigs were advertising in New York newspapers in 1782–83 that Tories who would make no trouble would be welcome on the grounds that their skills and money would help the State's economy. The Moderates prevailed. All anti-Tory laws were repealed in early 1783 except for the law relating to confiscated Tory estates: "... the problem of the loyalists after 1783 was resolved in their favor after the War of Independence ended." In 1787 the last of any discriminatory laws were rescinded. 1653:

Lancey, De Peyster, Walton and Cruger families undercut the interlocking families that largely owned and controlled the Hudson Valley. Likewise in Pennsylvania, the departure of powerful families—Penn, Allen, Chew, Shippen—destroyed the cohesion of the old upper class there. Massachusetts passed an act banishing forty-six Boston merchants in 1778, including members of some of Boston's wealthiest families. The departure of families such as the Ervings, Winslows, Clarks, and Lloyds deprived Massachusetts of men who had hitherto been leaders of networks of family and clients. The bases of the men who replaced them were much different. One rich Patriot in Boston noted in 1779 that "fellows who would have cleaned my shoes five years ago, have amassed fortunes and are riding in chariots." New men became rich merchants but they shared a spirit of republican equality that replaced the former elitism.

423: 1726: 737:", which meant that they had no political identity and their legal rights were absorbed by their husbands. This created an awkward dilemma for the confiscation committees: confiscating the land of such a woman would punish her for her husband's actions. In many cases, the women did not get a choice on if they were labeled a loyalist or a patriot; the label was dependent on their husband's political association. However, some women showed their loyalty to the crown by continually purchasing British goods, writing it down, and showing resistance to the Patriots. Grace Growden Galloway recorded the experience in her diary. Her writings show the difficulties that her family faced during the revolution. Galloway's property was seized by the 960: 770: 1997: 600: 994:

could choose evacuation. Loyalists whose roots were not yet deeply embedded in the United States were more likely to leave; older people who had familial bonds and had acquired friends, property, and a degree of social respectability were more likely to remain in the US. The vast majority of the half-million white Loyalists, about 20–25% of the total number of whites, remained in the US. Starting in the mid–1780s a small percentage of those who had left returned to the United States. The exiles amounted to about 2% of the total US population of 3 million at the end of the war in 1783.

56: 182:. Most were compensated with Canadian land or British cash distributed through formal claims procedures. Loyalists who left the US received over £3 million or about 37% of their losses from the British government. Loyalists who stayed in the US were generally able to retain their property and become American citizens. Many Loyalists eventually returned to the US after the war and discriminatory laws had been repealed. Historians have estimated that between 15% and 20% (300,000 to 400,000) of the 2,000,000 whites in the colonies in 1775 were Loyalists. 31: 1711: 523: 1264: 1942: 6731: 1956: 1928: 990:. About 5,090 white Loyalists went to Florida, bringing along their slaves who numbered about 8,285 (421 whites and 2,561 blacks returned to the States from Florida). When Florida was returned to Spain, however, very few Loyalists remained there. Approximately 6,000 whites went to Jamaica and other Caribbean islands, notably the Bahamas, and about 13,000 went to Britain (including 5,000 free blacks). The total is 60–62,000 whites. 342:, where most of the British forces were stationed. Elsewhere there were few British troops and the Patriots seized control of all levels of government, as well as supplies of arms and gunpowder. Vocal Loyalists recruited people to their side, often with the encouragement and assistance of royal governors. In the South Carolina back country, Loyalist recruitment outstripped that of Patriots. A 1914: 925:

British provincial line, consisting of Americans enlisted on a regular army status, enrolled 19,000 Loyalists (50 units and 312 companies). The maximum strength of the Loyalist provincial line was 9,700 in December 1780. In all about 19,000 at one time or another were soldiers or militia in British forces. Loyalists from South Carolina fought for the British in the

1219:. Nevertheless, the vast majority never returned. Captain Benjamin Hallowell, who as Mandamus Councilor in Massachusetts served as the direct representative of the Crown, was considered by the insurgents as one of the most hated men in the Colony, but as a token of compensation when he returned from England in 1796, his son was allowed to regain the family house. 897:, the difficult terrain and weather, and an indifferent local response. The Continental forces would be driven from Quebec in 1776, after the breakup of ice on the St. Lawrence River and the arrival of British transports in May and June. There would be no further serious attempt to challenge British control of present-day Canada until the 558:—refused to join the rebellion, as they had earlier protested against corruption by local authorities who later became Revolutionary leaders. The oppression by the local Whigs during the Regulation led to many of the residents of backcountry North Carolina sitting out the Revolution or siding with the Loyalists. 401:(1780–82). But 90% of the colonial population lived outside the cities, with the effective result that Congress represented 80 to 90 percent of the population. The British removed their governors from colonies where the Patriots were in control, but Loyalist civilian government was re-established in coastal 1197:

in 1794. Two successive boards were formed, and under a new convention signed in 1802 by the United States and Great Britain for the mutual payment of claims, the US paid the sum of £600,000, while only £1,420,000 of nearly £5 million in claims considered by commissioners in Britain were judged to be

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throughout the war. As well, the Nova Scotia government used the law to convict people for sedition and treason for supporting the rebel cause. There was also the influence of an influx of recent immigration from the British isles, and they remained neutral during the war, and the influx was greatest

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of 1780 and 1781. Britain was able to effectively protect the people only in areas where they had military control, and in return, the number of military Loyalists was significantly lower than what had been expected. Due to conflicting political views, loyalists were often under suspicion of those in

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The Patriot reliance on Catholic France for military, financial and diplomatic aid led to a sharp drop in anti-Catholic rhetoric. Indeed, the king replaced the pope as the demon Patriots had to fight against. Anti-Catholicism remained strong among Loyalists, some of whom went to Canada after the war

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By July 4, 1776, the Patriots had gained control of virtually all territory in the Thirteen Colonies and expelled all royal officials. No one who openly proclaimed their loyalty to the Crown was allowed to remain, so Loyalists fled or kept quiet. Some of those who remained later gave aid to invading

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Curiously, Tories suffered even at the hands of British officers who, for the most part, dismissed them as ignorant provincials. The British especially distrusted Loyalist militia regiments, claiming that they were slow to follow orders and often went off on their own to seek revenge against those

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Patriots allowed women to become involved in politics in a larger scale than the loyalists. Some women involved in political activity include Catharine Macaulay (a loyalist) and Mercy Otis Warren who were both writers during this time. Both women maintained a 20-year friendship although they wrote

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Before Calhoon's work, estimates of the Loyalist share of the population were somewhat higher, at about one-third, but these estimates are now rejected as too high by most scholars. In 1968 historian Paul H. Smith estimated there were about 400,000 Loyalists, or 16% of the white population of 2.25

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most remained in the new nation. By the 1780s, Catholics were extended legal toleration in all of the New England states that previously had been so hostile. "In the midst of war and crisis, New Englanders gave up not only their allegiance to Britain but one of their most dearly held prejudices."

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After 1783 some former Loyalists, especially Germans from Pennsylvania, emigrated to Canada to take advantage of the British government's offer of free land. Many departed the fledgling United States because they faced continuing hostility. In another migration-motivated mainly by economic rather

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The Loyalists rarely attempted any political organization. They were often passive unless regular British army units were in the area. The British, however, assumed a highly activist Loyalist community was ready to mobilize and planned much of their strategy around raising Loyalist regiments. The

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The departure of so many royal officials, rich merchants and landed gentry destroyed the hierarchical networks that had dominated most of the colonies. A major result was that a Patriot/Whig elite supplanted royal officials and affluent Tories. In New York, the departure of key members of the De

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A precise figure cannot be known because the records were incomplete and inaccurate, and small numbers continued to leave after 1783. The 50,000 or so white departures represented about 10% of the Loyalists (at 20–25% of the white population). Loyalists (especially soldiers and former officials)

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but would not break his oath to the King or take up arms against him. He wrote: "There may be a time when redress may not be obtained. Till then, I shall recommend a legal, orderly, and prudent resentment". Most Americans hoped for a peaceful reconciliation but were forced to choose sides by the

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The 36,000 or so who went to Nova Scotia were not well received by the 17,000 Nova Scotians, who were mostly descendants of New Englanders settled there before the Revolution. "They ", Colonel Thomas Dundas wrote in 1786, "have experienced every possible injury from the old inhabitants of Nova

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Historians' best estimates put the proportion of adult white male loyalists somewhere between 15 and 20 percent. Approximately half the colonists of European ancestry tried to avoid involvement in the struggle—some of them deliberate pacifists, others recent immigrants, and many more simple

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While men were out fighting for the Crown, women served at home protecting their land and property. At the end of the war, many loyalist men left America for the shelter of England, leaving their wives and daughters to protect their land. The main punishment for Loyalist families was the

1042:"U.E." are rarely seen today, but the influence of the Loyalists on the evolution of Canada remains. Their ties to Britain and/or their antipathy to the United States provided the strength needed to keep Canada independent and distinct in North America. The Loyalists' basic distrust of 1215:. There was a small but significant trickle of returnees who found life in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick too difficult. Perhaps 10% of the refugees to New Brunswick returned to the States as did an unknown number from Nova Scotia. Some Massachusetts Tories settled in the 974:

calculated 60,000 in total went to British North America, including about 50,000 whites, however Philip Ranlet estimates that only 20,000 adult white Loyalists went to Canada, while Wallace Brown cites about 80,000 Loyalists in total permanently left the United States.

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members became Loyalists. Some recent arrivals from Britain, especially those from Scotland, had a high Loyalist proportion. Loyalists in the southern colonies were suppressed by the local Patriots, who controlled local and state government. Many people—including former

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area. Eventually the camp that they had set up there suffered an outbreak of smallpox and other diseases. This took a heavy toll, putting many of them out of action for some time. The survivors joined other Loyalist units and continued to serve throughout the war.

138:"there had been no less than twenty-five thousand loyalists enlisted in the British service during the five years of the fighting. At one time (1779) they had actually outnumbered the whole of the continental muster under the personal command of Washington." 656:

were often the first to come forward to volunteer and a total of 12,000 African Americans served with the British from 1775 to 1783. This forced the Patriots to also offer freedom to those who would serve in the Continental Army, with thousands of

4290:), Issue No. 59 (Autumn 2011), pp. 18–25. This undocumented article is the first publication to identify Woodmason's parents, background, baptism, marriage, and burial dates and places and contains much previously unavailable information. 4084: 1150:

forbade the importation of slaves but, to Simcoe's disappointment, did not grant freedom to adult slaves. Having not been freed by the act, many Canadian slaves fled across the border into the Old Northwest Territory, where slavery had been

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The great majority of Loyalists never left the United States; they stayed on and were allowed to be citizens of the new country, retaining for a time the earlier designation of "Tories". Some became nationally prominent leaders, including

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In many States, moderate Whigs, who had not been in favor of separation from Britain but preferred a negotiated settlement which would have maintained ties to the Mother Country, aligned with Tories to block radicals. Among these was

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it became the British military and political base of operations in North America from 1776 to 1783, prompting revolutionaries to flee and resulting in a large concentration of Loyalists, many of whom were refugees from other states.

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in the year 1783, and all their Children and their Descendants by either sex, are to be distinguished by the following Capitals, affixed to their names: U.E. Alluding to their great principle The Unity of the

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Patriots watched suspected Loyalists very closely and would not tolerate any organized Loyalist opposition. Many outspoken or militarily active Loyalists were forced to flee, especially to their stronghold of

6185: 853:, with the goal of convincing the residents of Quebec to join the Revolution. Although only a minority of Canadians openly expressed loyalty to King George, about 1,500 militia fought for the King in the 405:

from 1779 to 1782, despite the presence of Patriot forces in the northern part of Georgia. Essentially, the British were only able to maintain power in areas where they had a strong military presence.

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has sometimes been cited as having claimed, in an 1813 letter, that one-third of Americans supported the revolution and one-third were against. However, the passage in question actually refers to the

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See also N. E. H. Hull, Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen, "Choosing Sides: A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York,"

1111:. An imperial law in 1790 assured prospective immigrants to Canada that their slaves would remain their property. However, a law enacted by eminent British lieutenant general and founder of modern 1006:

Scotia, who are even more disaffected towards the British Government than any of the new States ever were. This makes me much doubt their remaining long dependent." In response, the colony of

724:, are the cultural elites of the nation. About 400 to 1,000 free blacks who joined the British side in the Revolution went to London and joined the free black community of about 10,000 there. 1193:

Many of the Loyalists were forced to abandon substantial properties to America restoration of or compensation for these lost properties, which was a major issue during the negotiation of the

864:, there were many Yankee settlers originally from New England, and they generally supported the principles of the revolution. The allegiance toward the rebellion waned as American privateers 1669:

painted many prominent Loyalists and produced an oil-on-canvas depiction of a soldier wearing the uniform of the Royal Ethiopian Regiment (a regiment composed of black Loyalist soldiers) in

39: 1993: 569:, or physical attack. It is not known how many Loyalist civilians were harassed by the Patriots, but the treatment was a warning to other Loyalists not to take up arms. In September 1775, 1084:

The wealthiest and most prominent Loyalist exiles went to Great Britain to rebuild their careers; many received pensions. Many Southern Loyalists, taking along their slaves, went to the

4495: 2213: 1010:, until 1784 part of Nova Scotia, was created for the 14,000 who had settled in those parts. Of the 46,000 who went to Canada, 10,000 went to Quebec, especially what is now modern-day 3011: 4545: 2461: 6636: 4462:

The Particular Case of the Georgia Loyalists: in Addition to the General Case and Claim of the American Loyalists, which was Lately Published by Order of Their Agents. February 1783

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The main source for historians in the study of the settlement of the American Loyalists in Canada. More than 20,000 letters and documents, now fully indexed, and free on the Web.

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The Royal commission on the losses and services of American loyalists, 1783 to 1785, being the notes of Mr. Daniel Parker Coke, M. P., one of the commissioners during that period

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about different sides of the war. Macaulay wrote from a loyalist British perspective whereas Warren wrote about her support for the American Revolution. Macaulay's work include

631:. Many of the slaves in the South joined the Loyalists with intentions of gaining freedom and escaping the South. About 800 did so; some helped rout the Virginia militia at the 190:

Families were often divided during the American Revolution, and many felt themselves to be both American and British, still owing loyalty to the mother country. Maryland lawyer

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community in North America. However, the long period of waiting time to be officially given land grants that were given to them and the prejudices of white Loyalists in nearby

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The American Loyalists, or Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in The War of the Revolution; Alphabetically Arranged; with a Preliminary Historical Essay.

585:. For actively aiding the British army when it occupied Philadelphia, two residents of the city were tried for treason, convicted, and executed by returning Patriot forces. 2967:

Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013).

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Yale historian Leonard Woods Larabee has identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative and loyal to the King and to Britain:

857:. In the region south of Montreal that was occupied by the Continentals, some inhabitants supported the rebellion and raised two regiments to join the Patriot forces. 1142:"...he had not only the most articulate faith in its imperial destiny but also the most sympathetic appreciation of the interests and aspirations of its inhabitants". 6384: 2804: 1749: 1126:

by halting the sale of slaves to the United States, and by freeing slaves upon their escape from the latter into Canada. Simcoe desired to demonstrate the merits of

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However the actual law was a compromise. According to historian Afua Cooper, Simcoe's law required children in slavery to be freed when they reached age 25 and:

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in October. For the rest of the war, Quebec acted as a base for raiding expeditions, conducted primarily by Loyalists and Indians, against frontier communities.

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of 1774, which offered religious and linguistic toleration; in general, they did not sympathize with a rebellion that they saw as being led by Protestants from

796:, worked with Canadian merchant Thomas Walker and other rebel sympathisers during the winter of 1774–1775 to convince inhabitants to support the actions of the 6215: 6606: 2887: 6062: 106: 130:, became the leader of the Loyalists after his release from a Patriot prison in 1778. He worked to build Loyalist military units to fight in the war. 6701: 6495: 105:

that many thousands of them would spring to arms and fight for the Crown. The British government acted in expectation of that, especially during the

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apolitical folk. The patriots received active support from perhaps 40 to 45 percent of the white populace, and at most no more than a bare majority.

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Kermes, Stephanie. "'I Wish for Nothing More Ardent upon Earth, than to See My Friends and Country Again': The Return of Massachusetts Loyalists."

1182:(John Abeel) and members of his family, stayed in New York.) A group of African-American Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia but emigrated again for 688:, where they were promised land grants. They founded communities across the two provinces, many of which still exist today. Over 2,500 settled in 310:

They felt themselves to be weak or threatened within American society and in need of an outside defender such as the British Crown and Parliament.

3513: 2517: 2167: 1899: 643:, wearing the motto "Liberty to Slaves", but this time they were defeated. The remains of their regiment were then involved in the evacuation of 264:

Some were "pessimists" who did not display the same belief in the future that the Patriots did. Others recalled the dreadful experiences of many

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in West Africa, with the promise of better land and more equality. About 1,200 left Nova Scotia for Sierra Leone, where they named the capital

2210: 6757: 4509: 329: 4542:(New York) on November 17, 1781 (Transcription provided by Bruce Wallace and posted on The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies.) 3003: 2761: 3823: 2453: 4583: 3789: 2604: 1021:, the governor of Quebec, declared that it was his wish to "put the mark of Honour upon the Families who had adhered to the Unity of the 4565:

This website focuses on Canadian Loyalists, but, the links and bibliographies are extremely helpful to all serious Loyalist researchers.

680:, which granted freedom to slaves who had escaped and assisted the British. About 4,000 Black Loyalists went to the British colonies of 6762: 6205: 6102: 4982: 4758: 3762: 2428: 1671: 4514: 1685:. The original painting was lost, but a smaller version of it can be seen in the background of West's portrait of John Eardley Wilmot. 4733: 4505: 1974: 1758:(1787) by Jonathan Corncob. According to Maya Jasanoff, "traveling to London to file a claim served as the opening gambit" for this " 998:

than political reasons- more than 20,000 and perhaps as many as 30,000 "Late Loyalists" arrived in Ontario in the 1790s attracted by

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and she spent the rest of her life fighting to regain it. It was returned to her heirs in 1783, after she and her husband had died.

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the British military, who did not know whom they could fully trust in such a conflicted situation; they were often looked down upon.

354:, partisan militia arrested or drove out most of the back country Loyalist leadership. North Carolina back country Scots and former 6772: 5968: 5183: 3731: 3673: 1576: 1466: 230:

of Americans was still in formation and the very idea of two separate peoples (nationalities) with their own sovereign states (the

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According to Calhoon, Loyalists tended to be older and wealthier, but there were also many Loyalists of humble means. Many active

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The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution: The Journal and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason, Anglican Itinerant

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were expelled from New York and other states and resettled in Canada. The descendants of one such group of Iroquois, led by

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They wanted to take a middle-of-the-road position and were not pleased when forced by Patriots to declare their opposition.

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Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in Ottawa from August 18 to 23, 1996

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Tillman, Kacy Dowd (2016). "Women Left Behind: Female Loyalism, Coverture, and Grace Growden Galloway's Empire of Self".

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Certain Loyalists who fled the United States brought their slaves with them to Canada (mostly to areas that later became

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Edwin G. Burrows and Michael Wallace, "The American Revolution: The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation,"

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Historian Robert Calhoon wrote in 2000, concerning the proportion of Loyalists to Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies:

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1950; detailed discussion of return of Loyalists, popular anger at their return; repeal of wartime laws against them

800:. However, many of Quebec's inhabitants remained neutral, resisting service to either the British or the Americans. 6626: 6586: 6320: 6305: 6107: 6092: 5073: 4266: 620: 538: 463: 142:

When their cause was defeated, about 15 percent of the Loyalists (65,000–70,000 people) fled to other parts of the

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Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement, 1786–1791

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Loyalist Literature: An Annotated Bibliographic Guide to the Writings on the Loyalists of the American Revolution

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They felt that being a part of the British Empire was crucial in terms of commerce and their business operations.

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The claim of the American loyalists: reviewed and maintained upon incontrovertible principles of law and justice

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They felt that rebellion against the Crown—the legitimate government—was morally wrong. They saw themselves as

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Lohrenz, Otto; "The Advantage of Rank and Status: Thomas Price, a Loyalist Parson of Revolutionary Virginia."

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or Whigs, who supported the revolution, and considered them "persons inimical to the liberties of America."

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Although both women's works were unpopular, during this time, it pushed them to learn from social critique.

5214: 4753: 4260: 4002: 2022: 2016: 1135: 1002:'s policy of land and low taxes, one-fifth those in the US and swearing an oath of allegiance to the King. 803:

Although some Canadians took up arms in support of the rebellion, the majority remained loyal to the King.

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Mason, Keith. "The American Loyalist Diaspora and the Reconfiguration of the British Atlantic World." In

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that promised freedom to indentured servants and slaves who were able to bear arms and join his Loyalist

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filling 115 microfilm reels of documents, letters, etc. reflecting the Loyalist experience in Canada. A

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They felt that independence from Britain would come eventually, but wanted it to come about organically.

6404: 6300: 6240: 6164: 6077: 5133: 5002: 4987: 4806: 2051: 1979: 1861: 1696: 1496: 1337: 1310: 954: 934: 797: 640: 578: 398: 347: 79: 3521: 2509: 2193: 2157: 2006:, proposed Canadian law demanding compensation from the US for Loyalist claims after its independence. 1029:

Those Loyalists who have adhered to the Unity of the Empire, and joined the Royal Standard before the

6646: 6546: 6476: 6335: 6230: 6210: 6154: 5712: 4819: 4789: 2637: 2539: 2003: 878: 842: 824: 676:, who recorded the names of African Americans who had supported the British in a document called the 624: 555: 427: 191: 24: 350:

in the fall of 1775 was followed by a rapid rise in Patriot recruiting. In what became known as the

6516: 5288: 5278: 5178: 5148: 4859: 4795: 4719: 4662: 4297:. M. A. Thesis. University of South Carolina, Columbia, 1992. viii, 109 leaves ; 28 cm. 4086:

Unfriendly to Liberty: Loyalist Networks and the Coming of the American Revolution in New York City

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The American Loyalists: Or, Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the ... (1847) by Lorenzo Sabine

3636:"Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, 1783–1854: 'The Death of Major Peirson', John Singleton Copley" 6556: 6350: 5486: 5204: 4704: 4687: 4654: 3452:

Afua Cooper, "Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793–1803"

2758: 1804: 1601: 1172: 886: 273: 269: 4287: 4058:

North of America: Loyalists, Indigenous Nations, and the Borders of the Long American Revolution

4026: 3815: 3086: 1081:, and later became heralded as a patriot to the movement which led to Canadian self-governance. 823:

in 1759–1760, and were unlikely to support separation from Britain. The older British colonies,

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The British were forced out of Boston by March 17, 1776. They regrouped at Halifax and attacked

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Catherine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren: The Revolutionary Atlantic and the Politics of Gender

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They were wary that chaos, corruption, and mob rule would come about as a result of revolution.

246: 179: 60: 44: 4395: 3912: 3596: 3514:"Jamaica Plain Historical Society – 'Colonial Era' Editor – Capt Benjamin Hallowell Homestead" 3275: 2913:

The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

2682: 2643: 2327: 2235: 2130: 6711: 6676: 6616: 6576: 6444: 6159: 6122: 6072: 5158: 5153: 4971: 4485:. Complete text of the first of two editions (the second appeared in 1864 in two volumes) of 4295:

An exercise in futility: the pre-Revolutionary career and influence of loyalist James Simpson

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Smith, Paul H. "The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength,"

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Middlekauff, Robert. "The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789." (2005 edition)

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Paul H. Smith, "The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength,"

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Calhoon, "Loyalism and neutrality", p. 235; Middlekauff (2005) pp. 563–564; Thomas B. Allen,

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offers solace and a promise of compensation for her exiled American-born British Loyalists. (

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Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776–1865

2432: 672:. The British honored the pledge of freedom in New York City through the efforts of General 6696: 6596: 6536: 6506: 6434: 6429: 6389: 6252: 6048: 5817: 5772: 5219: 4992: 4631: 4530: 1073:

which sought relief from oligarchic British colonial government and pursued American style

1039: 987: 870: 721: 705: 648: 616: 531: 503: 459: 402: 370: 4456:

A Bibliography of Loyalist Source Material in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain

4420: 1025:." As a result of Dorchester's statement, the printed militia rolls carried the notation: 8: 6734: 6666: 6566: 6345: 6340: 6315: 5657: 5536: 5420: 5256: 5138: 4928: 3882:

The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson: Loyalism and the Destruction of the First British Empire

1989: 1947: 1441: 1372: 1119: 913: 785: 486:

did, and when that failed, clung to the familiar connection rather than embrace the new.

4482: 4438: 4240: 4237: 4227: 4040:

Inventing the Loyalists: The Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts

3665: 3230:

Brown, Wallace (1968). "The American Farmer during the Revolution: Rebel or Loyalist?".

2868:"Understanding Sierra Leone in Colonial West Africa: A Synoptic Socio-Political History" 6486: 6424: 6419: 6369: 6257: 6200: 6097: 5672: 5667: 5622: 5602: 5390: 5283: 5261: 5234: 4824: 4502:

on persons who called themselves "Loyalists", whom he judged better called "Royalists")

4259: 4234:

Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution, with an Historical Essay

4175: 3723: 3565: 3489: 3482: 3079: 2911: 2055: 1224: 1115: 999: 846: 628: 565:, and outspoken supporters of the king were threatened with public humiliation such as 499: 487: 443: 291:

In New York, powerful families had assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters; the

4152:

76.2 (2014): 278–307; estimates that only 20,000 adult white Loyalists went to Canada.

3978:

God Against the Revolution: The Loyalist Clergy's Case against the American Revolution

245:

who rebelled against the Crown) resorted to violence, such as burning down houses and

55: 30: 6716: 6137: 5938: 5933: 5888: 5822: 5782: 5717: 5697: 5682: 5531: 5511: 5451: 5430: 5395: 5370: 5365: 5249: 5168: 4951: 4499: 4374: 4312: 4298: 4283: 4210: 4022: 3918: 3854: 3795: 3768: 3695:"Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, 1783–1854: 'John Eardley Wilmot' by Benjamin West" 3602: 3493: 3374: 3281: 3254: 3127:

A People Highly Favoured Of God. The Nova Scotia Yankees. And the American Revolution

3090: 3057: 2948: 2922: 2883: 2784: 2688: 2649: 2388: 2380: 2243: 2136: 2109: 2082: 2047: 1878: 1849: 1808: 1796: 1770: 1486: 1290: 1243: 1108: 938: 905: 653: 644: 546: 511: 394: 374: 288:

They felt a need for order and believed that Parliament was the legitimate authority.

227: 127: 71: 5086: 4666: 4061: 1379: 6767: 6461: 6374: 6295: 6235: 6149: 6132: 6028: 5858: 5792: 5742: 5471: 5461: 5405: 5380: 5293: 5224: 5045: 4100: 3950: 3557: 3420: 3370:

Nationalism and Literature: The Politics of Culture in Canada and the United States

2879: 2377:

Shadow Soldiers of the American Revolution: Loyalist Tales from New York to Canada.

1919: 1838: 1833: 1759: 1625: 1481: 926: 839: 816: 804: 662: 574: 475: 292: 277: 119: 4604: 4586:

The New-England Historical and Geuealogical Register and Antiquarian Journal 1872

4012:

The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781–1789

3985:

Writing the Rebellion: Loyalists and the Literature of Politics in British America

3896:

The King's Friends: The Composition and Motives of the American Loyalist Claimants

6656: 6399: 6280: 6195: 6013: 5958: 5953: 5943: 5913: 5727: 5647: 5627: 5617: 5582: 5546: 5541: 5506: 5496: 5491: 5385: 5303: 5163: 5050: 5020: 4918: 4849: 4773: 4562: 4465: 4425: 4405: 4155: 2841: 2765: 2719: 2668: 2608: 2351: 2217: 2103: 2076: 1961: 1875: 1700: 1699:, a bequest of his descendant George DeLancey Harris, Jr. of New York City & 1692: 1611: 1476: 1406: 1326: 850: 701: 677: 570: 507: 467: 451: 335: 199:

Patriots who took control nearly everywhere in the Thirteen Colonies in 1775–76.

6439: 6144: 6043: 5923: 5863: 5707: 5677: 5652: 5577: 5521: 5476: 5466: 5400: 5375: 5209: 5173: 4956: 4936: 4814: 4742: 4486: 4219: 4007: 3870: 3548:

Zeichner, Oscar (June 1938). "The Rehabilitation of Loyalists in Connecticut".

2009: 1867: 1766: 1688: 1586: 1456: 1396: 1216: 1208: 1187: 1175: 1022: 835:) also remained loyal and contributed military forces in support of the Crown. 769: 669: 668:

Americans who gained their freedom by fighting for the British became known as

604: 594: 582: 313: 300: 219: 143: 131: 4696: 4679: 4646: 4117:———. "The Problem of the Loyalist – and the Problems of Loyalist Historians," 4112:

Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800

3945:

Chopra, Ruma. "Enduring Patterns of Loyalist Study: Definitions and Contours"

2510:"Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment – The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed" 937:

consisted entirely of Loyalists with the exception of the commanding officer (

869:

in Halifax. Britain in any case built up powerful forces at the naval base of

522: 6751: 6414: 6023: 5928: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5827: 5812: 5807: 5797: 5777: 5767: 5757: 5747: 5687: 5612: 5572: 5526: 5415: 5410: 5273: 5239: 4133:

The Liberty We Seek: Loyalist Ideology in Colonial New York and Massachusetts

3990: 3536:

From Revolution to Reunion: The Reintegration of the South Carolina Loyalists

3213:

Ranlet, Philip (2014) "How Many American Loyalists Left the United States?."

2568: 1882: 1827: 1678: 1431: 1104: 1089: 1074: 1059: 1043: 1017:

Realizing the importance of some type of consideration, on November 9, 1789,

1007: 979: 971: 909: 874: 832: 685: 658: 491: 455: 382: 351: 235: 223: 171: 115: 48: 3004:"Who were the Loyalist Women of Cambridge? Introduction | History Cambridge" 2263: 446:

summarized scholarly research on the nature of Loyalist support as follows:

430:

in July 1780, confiscating lands of two men adjudged to be British subject.

6362: 5963: 5918: 5883: 5787: 5722: 5702: 5692: 5662: 5516: 5481: 5446: 5425: 5035: 4946: 4941: 4835: 4647:"An Imperial Disaster? The Loyalist Diaspora after the American Revolution" 1596: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1491: 1471: 1305: 1183: 1164: 1134:

in Upper Canada in contrast to the nascent republicanism and prominence of

1131: 1123: 1055: 970:

Estimates for how many Loyalists emigrated after the war differ. Historian

709: 708:

offered to transport dissatisfied black Loyalists to the nascent colony of

562: 431: 390: 386: 4627:

by Edward Larkin, published in common-place, Vol. 8, No. 1 (October 2007).

4042:(1997) explores the identities and loyalties of those who moved to Canada. 2000:

to this collection may be found on the Queens University Archives website.

978:

According to Jasanoff, the majority of these Loyalists – 36,000 – went to

6730: 6038: 6033: 6003: 5973: 5948: 5893: 5873: 5868: 5848: 5843: 5802: 5737: 5732: 5642: 5637: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5567: 5456: 5328: 5298: 5030: 5025: 4895: 4597: 4550: 4433: 4396:"The View at Two Hundred Years: The Loyalists of the American Revolution" 4302: 2454:"Loyalists During the American Revolutionary War: What Happened to Them?" 2211:

Refugees after the American Revolution needed money, homes and acceptance

1886: 1566: 1546: 1299: 1295: 1280: 1179: 1093: 1085: 983: 898: 890: 861: 828: 812: 681: 495: 378: 175: 4611:

Originally published in 1987. 272 pages, available online in PDF format.

4592: 2933:

Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).

1955: 1681:

characterized the ethnic and economic diversity of the Loyalists in his

6466: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5853: 5360: 4148:

Ranlet, Philip. "How Many American Loyalists Left the United States?."

3954: 3327:

This Unfriendly Soil: The Loyalist Experience in Nova Scotia, 1783–1791

2712: 2633: 2344: 1581: 1401: 1320: 1285: 1227:

in 1782–85, to wrest control of New York State from the faction of the

1212: 1194: 1047: 815:, who were their commercial rivals and hereditary enemies. Most of the 808: 693: 265: 242: 123: 4555: 4033:

Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America

3569: 2012:(1803–1877), early historian and chronicler of the Loyalist experience 6481: 6180: 6127: 6018: 6008: 5978: 5333: 5143: 4506:

Bibliography of the Loyalist Participation in the American Revolution

4477: 3902: 3425: 3408: 2909:

Walker, James W. (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".

2132:

The Freedoms We Lost: Consent and Resistance in Revolutionary America

2032: 1872: 1683:

Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in the Year 1783

1561: 1556: 1541: 1411: 1332: 734: 389:

until 1783. British forces seized control of other cities, including

215: 75: 40:

Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in the Year 1783

34: 4170: 2990:

Women's Narratives of the Early Americas and the Formation of Empire

358:

joined forces in early 1776, but they were broken as a force at the

6262: 5983: 5878: 5551: 4854: 3901:

Calhoon, Robert M. "Loyalism and neutrality" in Jack P. Greene and

3561: 2661: 1571: 1367: 1342: 1315: 1156: 1127: 882: 733:

expropriation of property, but married women were protected under "

713: 515: 296: 20: 4711: 4546:

The Loyalist Link: The Forest and The Sea – Port Roseway Loyalists

4531:

James Chalmers and "Plain Truth" (A Loyalist Answers Thomas Paine)

4280:

West Gallery: The Newsletter of the West Gallery Music Association

1062:

were founded as places of refuge for the United Empire Loyalists.

4573: 4078:

Empire and Nation: The American Revolution and the Atlantic World

3938:

Calhoon, Robert M., Timothy M. Barnes and George A. Rawlyk, eds.

3623:

No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England

1516: 1112: 1100: 1078: 1011: 704:

in 1784, made life very difficult for the community. In 1791 the

483: 211:

They were older, better established, and resisted radical change.

163: 159: 4373:. Issue 2 of Dundurn Canadian historical document series, 1982. 4140:

Black Mosaic: Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography

4105:

The British-Americans: The Loyalist Exiles in England, 1774–1789

941:). Both white and black Loyalists fought for the British at the 4579:"Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia" 3995:

Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World

3277:

Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World

1521: 788:) in the months leading to the outbreak of active hostilities. 339: 167: 155: 4609:(2nd ed.). Clemson, SC: Clemson University Digital Press. 4593:"A Short History of the United Empire Loyalists" Ann Mackenzie 4344:

William Augusutus Bowles: Director General of the Creek Nation

2671:, by William Marina. Jun 28, 2004. Retrieved on July 14, 2008. 1234: 4278:. 1720–1789): Author, Loyalist, Missionary, and Psalmodist." 4207:

Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution

3887:

Brown, Wallace. "The Loyalists and the American Revolution."

334:

In the opening months of the Revolutionary War, the Patriots

4361:

Primary sources and guides to manuscripts and the literature

3666:"Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War" 784:(which was then frequently called "Canada", the name of the 700:

who regularly harassed the settlement in events such as the

4160:

The Loyalists of America and Their Times: From 1620 to 1816

3884:(1974), full scale biography of the most prominent Loyalist 3851:

Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War.

3393:

Patrick Bode, "Upper Canada, 1793: Simcoe and the Slaves."

2027: 1252: 577:

signed a treaty of neutrality in the interior community of

4684:

Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War

4671:

Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War

4625:"What is a Loyalist? The American Revolution as civil war" 4410:

Price of Loyalty: Tory Writings from the Revolutionary Era

3459: 2662:"Only 1/3 of Americans Supported the American Revolution?" 2293:

Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War

1756:

The Adventures of Jonathan Corncob, Loyal American Refugee

561:

In areas under Patriot control, Loyalists were subject to

4496:

Benjamin Franklin to Baron Francis Maseres, June 26, 1785

4387:, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Autumn 1974), pp. 133–138. Link to 3764:

Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America

3467:"American Loyalist Claims Commission: Records, 1777–1841" 3352:

Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel; Vachon, Auguste (1998).

1750:

Category:Novels set during the American Revolutionary War

276:

rebellions, who often had their lands confiscated by the

16:

Colonists loyal to Britain during the American Revolution

4614: 4449:

Guide to the New York Public Library Loyalist Collection

1985:

List of places named for Loyalists (American Revolution)

1860:

Well received historical fiction account of the life of

1211:, who was the first Bishop of the Episcopal Church, and 893:

by a combination of the British military under Governor

366:

British armies or joined uniformed Loyalist regiments.

241:

They felt alienated when the Patriots (seen by them as

4644: 4615:

United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada (UELAC)

4236:. 2 volumes. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1864. 3997:(2011), a comprehensive treatment, winner of the 2011 2732:

The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789

1885:, is premised on the resettlement of Loyalists in the 5116: 4701:

The American Revolution (HIST 116), Session 9 (of 25)

4441:

website, Harriet Irving Library, Fredericton campus,

4337:

William Franklin: Son of a Patriot, Servant of a King

3907:

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution

2242:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 246, 399, 641–642. 764: 716:. After 1787 they became Sierra Leone's ruling elite 615:

As a result of the looming crisis in 1775, the Royal

385:

and its vicinity, and they occupied the mouth of the

2828: 2826: 1909: 1201: 948: 4694: 4606:

South Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution

4574:

The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies

4047:

South Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution

3351: 3340:

Movements of Political Protest in Canada, 1640–1840

2081:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 30. 1992:(1718–1791) while serving in Canada amassed a huge 1178:in Canada. (The remainder, under the leadership of 323: 4353:. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1978. 4209:. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1983. 998 pp. 4049:(2nd ed. Clemson University Digital Press, 2011). 3961:Choosing Sides: Loyalists in Revolutionary America 3875:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution 3484:The Loyalists : revolution, exile, settlement 3481: 3078: 3033:Baxter, Beverly (1978). "Grace Growden Galloway". 2992:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 142, 143. 2910: 2078:Choosing Sides: Loyalists in Revolutionary America 1846:The Power to Deny: A Woman of the Revolution Novel 1138:, and, according to historian Stanley R. Mealing: 482:tried to stay out of the Revolution, just as many 450:The largest number of loyalists were found in the 316:were promised freedom from slavery by the British. 6702:Bibliography of conservatism in the United States 4330:A Little Revenge: Benjamin Franklin & His Son 4226:Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1847. 3933:The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, 1760–1781 2917:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 2823: 2645:The American Scene: Varieties of American History 904:In 1777, 1,500 Loyalist militia took part in the 6749: 4680:"Lecture on his book at the Library of Congress" 3251:The American Revolution in the Southern colonies 2641: 986:, while about 6,600 went to Quebec and 2,000 to 966:, a major early destination of Loyalist refugees 255:They had business and family links with Britain. 4402:, Vol. 80, Part 1 (April 1970), pp. 25–47. 4400:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 3140:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History 3101:John Brown Boston Committee of Correspondence. 2744: 2742: 2740: 1900:List of notable Loyalists (American Revolution) 1695:around 1785. It stays in the collection of the 807:had been satisfied by the British government's 4080:, ed. Eliga H. Gould and Peter S. Onuf (2005). 3594: 3373:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–50. 2776: 2105:Scars of Independence: America's Violent Birth 1054:. The new British North American provinces of 588: 5102: 4727: 4510:United States Army Center of Military History 3273: 3225: 3223: 2684:A People's History of the American Revolution 2128: 1633: 330:Loyalists fighting in the American Revolution 226:as a betrayal to the Empire. At the time the 4346:. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1967. 3980:Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2018. 2737: 1893: 1843: 1795: 1377: 881:in 1776. Although the Continentals captured 4677: 4661: 4383:Brown, Wallace. "Loyalist Historiography." 4274:Gainey, Joseph R. "Rev. Charles Woodmason ( 3917:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 235–247. 3195:(University of South Carolina Press. 2005.) 2680: 1235:Effect of the departure of Loyalist leaders 819:settlers had arrived following the British 101:Prominent Loyalists repeatedly assured the 5109: 5095: 4983:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 4759:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 4734: 4720: 4515:"Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People" 3910: 3441:John Graves Simcoe, 1752–1806: A biography 3356:. University of Ottawa Press. p. 202. 3220: 3167: 2238:. In Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J. R. (eds.). 2227: 1743: 1640: 1626: 1069:, a son of Loyalists, participated in the 908:in New York, and surrendered with General 158:). The southern Loyalists moved mostly to 4697:"Who Were the Loyalists? (Youtube video)" 4197:Compiled volumes of biographical sketches 4073:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart (1994). 4071:The Loyalist: Revolution Exile Settlement 3987:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). 3966:Doré, Gilbert. "Why The Loyalists Lost," 3935:(1973), the most detailed scholarly study 3598:The Radicalism of the American Revolution 3424: 3360: 2942: 2861: 2859: 1975:American Revolution – Nova Scotia theatre 1077:. He was arrested, tried and executed in 284:Other motives of the Loyalists included: 4536:The Loyalist Declaration of Independence 4180:The Loyalists in the American Revolution 4088:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2023 3940:Loyalists and Community in North America 3760: 3583:The Forging of the New Nation, 1781–1789 3547: 3076: 2595: 958: 768: 598: 521: 421: 54: 29: 4657:from the original on December 22, 2021. 4602: 4526:Story of Loyalist Privateer "Vengeance" 4432:. G. and T. Wilkie, 1788. Downloadable 3853:New York: HarperCollins, 2010. 496 pp. 3439:Fryer, M.B., & Dracott, C. (1998). 3409:"The Enthusiasms of John Graves Simcoe" 3406: 3248: 3204:Selby, John E; Higginbotham, Don (2007) 3085:. International Publishers Co. p. 3056:. Oxford. pp. Volume 43: Issue 1. 2987: 2865: 2464:from the original on September 24, 2016 2233: 759:Termination of the American Revolution. 408: 202: 6750: 4707:from the original on November 4, 2021. 4695:YaleCourses YouTube (March 18, 2011). 4690:from the original on November 4, 2021. 4632:Why Were Some of Our Ancestors Tories? 4584:"Salem Loyalists-unpublished letters" 3914:A Companion to the American Revolution 3787: 3051: 3032: 2908: 2856: 2622:A companion to the American Revolution 2324:Conservatism in Early American History 2240:A Companion to the American Revolution 2155: 2074: 537:After the British military capture of 94:at the time. They were opposed by the 5090: 4715: 3911:Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J. R. (2008). 3538:(Univ of South Carolina Press, 2016). 3488:. McClelland & Stewart. pp. 3479: 3366: 3229: 3138:Philip Buckner and John G Reid, eds. 3035:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2890:from the original on 19 November 2022 2101: 1777:The Spy: a Tale of the Neutral Ground 1052:Canada's gradual path to independence 6758:Loyalists in the American Revolution 6410:Project for the New American Century 6083:Conservative Party of New York State 4962:See also Sierra Leone settlers below 4419:. Oxford: The Roxburghe Club, 1915. 3751:Maya Jasanoff (2011), p, 386, n. 67. 3106: 2200:, Volume 104, December 1901, p. 110. 774:Tory Refugees on their way to Canada 4741: 4556:The Loyalist Research Network (LRN) 4351:Jonathan Boucher, loyalist in exile 4019:Historical Journal of Massachusetts 3469:. The National Archives, Kew. 2023. 3253:. McFarland & Co. p. 317. 2996: 2520:from the original on April 20, 2013 2264:"Loyalist | Definition & Facts" 1898:For a more comprehensive list, see 1660: 1065:In an interesting historical twist 1014:, the rest to Nova Scotia and PEI. 919: 434:was listed as a member of the jury. 13: 4603:Lambert, Robert Stansbury (2011). 4238:Google Books Volume 1, vi, 608 pp. 3999:National Book Critics Circle Award 3841: 3625:(1995) pp. 154–155, quote p. 155. 3601:. Random House. pp. 176–177. 3585:, Robert B. Morris, 1987, p. 163. 3316:, Maya Jasanoff, pp. 206–208. 3153:The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia 3081:The American Revolution, 1763–1783 3014:from the original on March 1, 2022 2970: 2426: 2170:from the original on June 23, 2016 2050:, a Southerner who fought for the 794:Boston Committee of Correspondence 765:Loyalism in Canada and Nova Scotia 692:, instantly making it the largest 466:, for example, as did many of the 14: 6784: 6763:Conservatism in the United States 6380:Intercollegiate Studies Institute 6286:Alexis de Tocqueville Institution 5119:Conservatism in the United States 4471: 4143:University of Massachusetts Press 3724:"Gilbert Stuart – James DeLancey" 3663: 2834:"Black Loyalist Heritage Society" 2364:Perspectives in American History, 2181:who had destroyed their property. 1202:Ex-Loyalists in the United States 949:Emigration from the United States 727: 647:, after which they served in the 307:with support from its associates. 6729: 6627:The Closing of the American Mind 6587:The Conscience of a Conservative 6321:Competitive Enterprise Institute 6306:Center for the National Interest 4439:Guide to The Loyalist Collection 4267:Dictionary of National Biography 2884:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00596.x 2544:George Washington's Mount Vernon 1954: 1940: 1926: 1912: 1803:. illus. Joan Huffman. Toronto: 1724: 1709: 1262: 1058:(the forerunner of Ontario) and 324:Loyalism and military operations 6773:Monarchism in the United States 6331:Ethics and Public Policy Center 4250:Studies of individual Loyalists 4187:The French Canadians: 1760–1945 3891:(Mar 1962), 12# 3, pp. 149–157. 3826:from the original on 2013-07-31 3808: 3781: 3767:. Oxford University Press, US. 3754: 3745: 3734:from the original on 2017-11-17 3716: 3705:from the original on 2014-03-31 3687: 3676:from the original on 2013-02-21 3657: 3646:from the original on 2013-01-26 3628: 3615: 3588: 3576: 3541: 3528: 3506: 3473: 3446: 3433: 3400: 3387: 3345: 3332: 3319: 3303: 3294: 3267: 3242: 3207: 3198: 3185: 3176: 3158: 3145: 3132: 3119: 3070: 3045: 3026: 2961: 2936: 2902: 2797: 2770: 2751: 2724: 2701: 2674: 2627: 2614: 2586: 2575:from the original on 2013-01-05 2561: 2550:from the original on 2016-05-07 2532: 2502: 2476: 2446: 2420: 2407: 2394: 2369: 2356: 2333: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2274:from the original on 2022-09-20 1970:Monarchism in the United States 1762:about the American Revolution". 196:taxation without representation 6707:List of American conservatives 4339:Oxford University Press, 1990. 4241:Google Books Volume 2, 600 pp. 4107:. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972. 4060:(Yale University Press, 2022) 3728:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2947:. Liverpool University Press. 2866:Bangura, Joseph (6 May 2009). 2805:"The Philipsburg Proclamation" 2687:. The New Press. p. 393. 2326:(Cornell UP, 1948) pp 164–165 2285: 2256: 2203: 2186: 2156:Devoss, David (January 2004). 2149: 2122: 2095: 2068: 1169:Six Nations of the Grand River 866:raided Nova Scotia communities 360:Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge 1: 6326:David Horowitz Freedom Center 6291:American Enterprise Institute 4332:Little, Brown & Co, 1984. 4128:(Yale University Press, 1934) 3280:. Random House. p. 357. 2648:. Ardent Media. p. 147. 2484:"Lord Dunmore's Proclamation" 2198:Harper's New Monthly Magazine 2061: 1122:tried to suppress slavery in 539:New York City and Long Island 185: 4645:a lecture by Maya Jasanoff. 4551:Loyalist Page – Cyndi's List 4126:The Loyalists of Connecticut 4121:June 1974 v. 2 #2 pp 226–231 4003:George Washington Book Prize 3867:, Doubleday, New York (1929) 3670:toriesfightingfortheking.com 3413:Report of the Annual Meeting 2023:Maryland Loyalists Battalion 1844:Long Stanley, Wendy (2019). 1167:(Thayendenegea), settled at 1136:slavery in the United States 929:. The British forces at the 885:in November 1775, they were 780:Rebel agents were active in 573:and Loyalist leader Colonel 514:, and a large number of the 222:and saw a rebellion against 7: 6145:Rhode Island Suffrage Party 4667:"Video discussing his book" 4443:University of New Brunswick 4162:. 2 volumes. 2nd ed., 1880. 4119:Reviews in American History 4045:Lambert, Robert Stansbury. 3877:(2nd ed. 1992) pp. 230–319. 3761:Davidson, Cathy N. (2004). 3480:Moore, Christopher (1984). 3456:(Spring 2007) 99#1 pp 5–17. 3249:Russell, David Lee (2000). 2943:Braidwood, Stephen (1994). 2343:, (1978) 65#2 pp. 344–366 2341:Journal of American History 2234:Calhoon, Robert M. (2008). 1905: 1592:Traditionalist conservatism 720:and their descendants, the 589:Slavery and Black Loyalists 268:after the failure of their 238:) was itself revolutionary. 10: 6789: 6405:Pacific Research Institute 6301:Center for Security Policy 6186:Asian and Pacific Islander 6103:Constitutional Union Party 6078:American Independent Party 4914:Port Rosey (now Shelburne) 4807:American Revolutionary War 4434:Google Books pdf 138 pages 4415:Egerton, Hugh Edward, ed. 4167:William and Mary Quarterly 3443:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 3077:Aptheker, Herbert (1960). 2709:William and Mary Quarterly 2135:. New Press. p. 142. 1980:Expulsion of the Loyalists 1897: 1862:Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson 1747: 1718:The Death of Major Pierson 1697:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1672:The Death of Major Pierson 1338:Traditionalist Catholicism 1000:Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe 955:Expulsion of the Loyalists 952: 798:First Continental Congress 592: 498:and their parishioners in 399:Charleston, South Carolina 348:Ninety Six, South Carolina 327: 192:Daniel Dulaney the Younger 126:and son of Patriot leader 80:American Revolutionary War 74:who remained loyal to the 18: 6725: 6689: 6647:A Republic, Not an Empire 6547:The Managerial Revolution 6494: 6455: 6336:Family Research Institute 6271: 6173: 6155:National Republican Party 6061: 5836: 5560: 5439: 5353: 5342: 5197: 5126: 5059: 5001: 4970: 4927: 4894: 4869: 4833: 4820:Black Company of Pioneers 4805: 4782: 4749: 4328:Randall, Willard Sterne. 4261:"Boucher, Jonathan" 4176:Van Tyne, Claude Halstead 4001:for Non-Fiction and 2012 3949:(2013) 11#11 pp 983–993, 3804:– via Google Books. 3777:– via Google Books. 3699:atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca 3640:atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca 3550:The New England Quarterly 3310:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2783:. Oxford UP. p. 75. 2642:Robert D. Marcus (1971). 2638:French Revolution of 1789 2417:(1978), pp. 347, 354, 365 2236:"Loyalism and Neutrality" 2017:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee 1894:List of notable Loyalists 1769:" (1819), short story by 1577:Spanish American royalism 518:stayed loyal to the king. 428:Kentucky County, Virginia 178:. They called themselves 25:Loyalist (disambiguation) 6517:Democracy and Leadership 4874:involved in Emancipation 4860:Petition of Free Negroes 4796:Philipsburg Proclamation 4421:Link to downloadable pdf 4307:Hooker, Richard J., ed. 4293:Hill, James Riley, III. 4228:Google Books vi, 733 pp. 3816:"Rip Van Winkle Summary" 3367:Corse, Sarah M. (1997). 2711:(1968) 25#2 pp. 259–277 2413:Hull, Hoffer and Allen, 2400:Hull, Hoffer and Allen, 2366:(1972) vol. 6 pp 167–306 1452:1st Viscount Bolingbroke 1387:Conservative corporatism 943:Battle of Kemp's Landing 931:Battle of Monck's Corner 843:sent a force into Quebec 633:Battle of Kemp's Landing 563:confiscation of property 236:United States of America 232:Kingdom of Great Britain 148:Kingdom of Great Britain 122:, the royal governor of 6557:Ideas Have Consequences 6351:The Heritage Foundation 6226:Libertarian Republicans 5371:G. H. W. Bush 5205:American exceptionalism 4634:", The SCGenWeb Project 3863:Andrews, Matthew Page, 3595:Gordon S. Wood (1992). 3407:Mealing, S. R. (1958). 2777:Louis P. Masur (1989). 2322:Leonard Woods Larabee, 1848:. Carmenta Publishing. 1805:Oxford University Press 1799:; Downie, John (1971). 1744:Loyalists in literature 935:Battle of Lenud's Ferry 879:capture Fort Cumberland 831:(including what is now 786:earlier French province 718:during the colonial era 180:United Empire Loyalists 82:, often referred to as 61:United Empire Loyalists 6357:Mandate for Leadership 6311:Charles Koch Institute 6123:Conservative Democrats 6112:historically, factions 5269:Judeo-Christian values 4937:Colonel Stephen Blucke 4790:Dunmore's Proclamation 4769:United Empire Loyalist 4083:Minty, Christopher F. 3274:Maya Jasanoff (2012). 2620:Robert M. Calhoon, in 2129:Barbara Smith (2013). 2102:Hoock, Holger (2017). 2043:United Empire Loyalist 2038:Treaty of Paris (1783) 1691:painted a portrait of 1467:1st Duke of Wellington 1378: 1088:, particularly to the 1071:Upper Canada Rebellion 1036: 967: 964:Shelburne, Nova Scotia 855:Siege of Fort St. Jean 777: 690:Birchtown, Nova Scotia 637:Battle of Great Bridge 612: 609:Shelburne, Nova Scotia 567:tarring and feathering 534: 526:Johnson Hall, seat of 520: 435: 420: 247:tarring and feathering 140: 70:were colonists in the 64: 52: 6712:National conservatism 6677:Why Liberalism Failed 6617:A Conflict of Visions 6577:The Conservative Mind 6445:Witherspoon Institute 6385:James Madison Program 6160:Native American Party 5215:Christian nationalism 4974:Sierra Leone Settlers 4464:. n.p., 1783. 16 pp. 4458:. Westport, CT, 1982. 3909:(1991); reprinted in 3788:Perrin, Noel (1988). 3524:on September 4, 2008. 3193:The Southern Strategy 3052:Davies, Kate (2005). 2838:www.blackloyalist.com 2730:Robert Middlekauff, 2108:. Crown. p. 29. 2075:Chopra, Ruma (2013). 2004:Godfrey–Milliken Bill 1934:British Empire portal 1782:James Fenimore Cooper 1667:John Singleton Copley 1447:1st Earl of Rochester 1437:1st Earl of Clarendon 1392:Divine right of kings 1118:in 1793 entitled the 1027: 962: 873:after the failure of 772: 625:issued a proclamation 602: 525: 470:in the colony and in 448: 425: 415: 373:in August, defeating 152:British North America 136: 58: 33: 6697:American nationalism 6597:A Choice Not an Echo 6537:Our Enemy, the State 6507:Democracy in America 6435:Sutherland Institute 6430:State Policy Network 6390:Leadership Institute 6253:Reactionary feminism 6049:Booker T. Washington 5220:Classical liberalism 4993:Sierra Leone Company 4881:General Samuel Birch 4520:Haldimand Collection 4325:60#3 (1998) pp 561+. 4169:25 (1968): 259–277. 4124:Peck, Epaphroditus; 4069:Moore, Christopher. 3968:Early America Review 3232:Agricultural History 3114:The French Canadians 3008:historycambridge.org 2844:on November 10, 2002 2811:on November 17, 2007 2681:Ray Raphael (2012). 2602:Georgia Encyclopædia 2458:Bright Hub Education 2209:G. Patrick O'Brien. 1031:Treaty of Separation 988:Prince Edward Island 722:Sierra Leone Creoles 706:Sierra Leone Company 617:Governor of Virginia 426:A jury finding from 409:Numbers of Loyalists 203:Motives for Loyalism 146:; especially to the 47:after a painting by 19:For other uses, see 6736:Conservatism portal 6667:The Benedict Option 6567:God and Man at Yale 6456:Historical factions 6395:Manhattan Institute 6346:Heartland Institute 6341:Gatestone Institute 6316:Claremont Institute 6216:Hispanic and Latino 5366:Adams (John Quincy) 5257:Gender essentialism 5068:The Book of Negroes 5003:Sierra Leone people 4929:Black Nova Scotians 4754:Slavery in the U.S. 4454:Palmer, Gregory S. 4406:Crary, Catherine S. 4342:Wright, J. Leitch. 4138:Quarles, Benjamin; 4093:Nelson, William H. 4021:2002 30(1): 30–49. 3931:Calhoon, Robert M. 3865:History of Maryland 3342:(1959), pp. 150–151 3312:, "Loyalists"; and 2194:The Coming of Peace 2158:"Divided Loyalties" 1998:partial finding aid 1990:Frederick Haldimand 1948:Conservatism portal 1823:The Book of Negroes 1789:(1940), a novel by 1737:John Eardley Wilmot 1701:Annapolis Royal, NS 1373:Cavalier Parliament 1120:Act Against Slavery 914:Battles of Saratoga 751:History of the Rise 494:, a fair number of 305:De Lancey's Brigade 6527:I'll Take My Stand 6487:Southern Agrarians 6425:Rockford Institute 6420:R Street Institute 6370:Hoover Institution 6258:Tea Party movement 6201:Dark Enlightenment 6138:Southern Democrats 6098:Anti-Masonic Party 6088:Constitution Party 5324:Right to bear arms 5284:Limited government 5262:Complementarianism 4825:Ethiopian Regiment 4561:2013-06-11 at the 4478:American Loyalists 3955:10.1111/hic3.12105 3791:A Reader's Delight 3621:Francis Cogliano, 2764:2020-12-30 at the 2718:2018-10-01 at the 2667:2007-09-30 at the 2607:2008-09-19 at the 2460:. 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Allen 4563:Wayback Machine 4474: 4335:Skemp, Sheila. 4258: 4220:Sabine, Lorenzo 4031:Kerber, Linda. 4008:Jensen, Merrill 3983:Gould, Philip. 3947:History Compass 3925: 3871:Bailyn, Bernard 3844: 3842:Further reading 3839: 3838: 3829: 3827: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3708: 3706: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3664:Allen, Thomas. 3662: 3658: 3649: 3647: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3546: 3542: 3533: 3529: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3454:Ontario History 3451: 3447: 3438: 3434: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3350: 3346: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3247: 3243: 3228: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3191:Wilson, David. 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3129:(Toronto: 1972) 3124: 3120: 3116:(1955) 1:67–69. 3111: 3107: 3097: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3050: 3046: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2986: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2872:History Compass 2864: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2775: 2771: 2766:Wayback Machine 2756: 2752: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2725: 2720:Wayback Machine 2706: 2702: 2695: 2679: 2675: 2669:Wayback Machine 2656: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2615: 2609:Wayback Machine 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2569:"The Loyalists" 2567: 2566: 2562: 2553: 2551: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2490:on May 15, 2013 2482: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2425: 2421: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2395: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2357: 2352:Wayback Machine 2338: 2334: 2321: 2317: 2313:Jassanoff, ch 1 2312: 2308: 2304:Andrews, p. 284 2303: 2299: 2290: 2286: 2277: 2275: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2232: 2228: 2218:Wayback Machine 2208: 2204: 2191: 2187: 2173: 2171: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2073: 2069: 2064: 1962:Politics portal 1960: 1953: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1896: 1876:science fiction 1856: 1815: 1791:Kenneth Roberts 1752: 1746: 1739: 1735:as a detail of 1729: 1720: 1714: 1663: 1646: 1617: 1616: 1612:Veronese Easter 1512: 1509: 1502: 1501: 1477:Stanley Baldwin 1427: 1424: 1417: 1416: 1407:Oxford Movement 1363: 1360: 1353: 1352: 1327:Noblesse oblige 1311:Interventionism 1276: 1274:Characteristics 1273: 1253: 1244:Politics series 1237: 1204: 1019:Lord Dorchester 957: 951: 922: 851:Benedict Arnold 767: 730: 702:Shelburne Riots 678:Book of Negroes 670:Black Loyalists 661:serving in the 641:Elizabeth River 607:wood cutter at 597: 591: 571:William Drayton 496:Anglican clergy 452:middle colonies 411: 397:(1778–83), and 332: 326: 314:Black Loyalists 205: 188: 43:, engraving by 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6786: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6673: 6663: 6653: 6643: 6637:The Bell Curve 6633: 6623: 6613: 6603: 6593: 6583: 6573: 6563: 6553: 6543: 6533: 6523: 6513: 6502: 6500: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6440:Tax Foundation 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6073:American Party 6069: 6067: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6044:Robert A. 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Brebner, 3144: 3131: 3118: 3105: 3095: 3069: 3062: 3044: 3025: 2995: 2969: 2960: 2953: 2935: 2927: 2901: 2878:(3): 583–603. 2855: 2822: 2796: 2790:978-0198021582 2789: 2769: 2759:online NPS.gov 2750: 2748:Calhoon (1973) 2736: 2734:(1985) p. 550. 2723: 2700: 2694:978-1595588517 2693: 2673: 2655:978-0390597731 2654: 2626: 2613: 2594: 2592:Calhoun (1973) 2585: 2560: 2531: 2501: 2475: 2445: 2419: 2415:Choosing Sides 2406: 2404:(1978), p. 352 2402:Choosing Sides 2393: 2368: 2355: 2332: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2284: 2255: 2248: 2226: 2202: 2185: 2148: 2142:978-1595585974 2141: 2121: 2114: 2094: 2087: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2013: 2010:Lorenzo Sabine 2007: 2001: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1951: 1937: 1923: 1907: 1904: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1868:The Domination 1864: 1854: 1841: 1830: 1819: 1813: 1793: 1787:Oliver Wiswell 1784: 1773: 1767:Rip Van Winkle 1763: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1716:John Copley's 1715: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1693:James DeLancey 1689:Gilbert Stuart 1686: 1676: 1662: 1659: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1630: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1587:Tory socialism 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1513: 1510:Related topics 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1457:Samuel Johnson 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1397:Family Compact 1394: 1389: 1384: 1380:Château Clique 1375: 1370: 1364: 1361:General topics 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1333:Traditionalism 1330: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1258: 1248: 1247: 1236: 1233: 1229:George Clinton 1217:Maine District 1209:Samuel Seabury 1203: 1200: 1188:discrimination 1171:, the largest 1153: 1152: 1144: 1143: 1067:Peter Matthews 953:Main article: 950: 947: 921: 918: 776:by Howard Pyle 766: 763: 729: 728:Loyalist women 726: 659:Black Patriots 605:Black Loyalist 595:Black Loyalist 593:Main article: 590: 587: 583:South Carolina 556:North Carolina 488:Highland Scots 456:tenant farmers 410: 407: 381:and capturing 328:Main article: 325: 322: 321: 320: 317: 311: 308: 301:New York Dutch 289: 282: 281: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 239: 220:British Empire 212: 204: 201: 187: 184: 150:itself, or to 144:British Empire 132:Woodrow Wilson 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6785: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6738: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6608: 6607:Losing Ground 6604: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6415:Ripon Society 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6248:Radical Right 6246: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837:Other figures 5835: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561:Intellectuals 5559: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5319:Republicanism 5317: 5315: 5314:Protectionism 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279:Law and order 5277: 5275: 5274:Individualism 5272: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240:Family values 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134:Compassionate 5132: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:Thomas Peters 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783:Proclamations 4781: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538:published in 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 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