465:
statute punishes in the same way as adultery; as, for example, if he marries a woman who is detected in adultery and he declines to divorce her, or where he makes a profit from her adultery, or accepts a bribe to conceal illicit intercourse which he detects, or lends his house for the commission of adultery or illicit intercourse within it; youth, as I said, is no excuse in the face of clear enactments, when a man who, though he appeals to the law, himself transgresses it.
151:, popular support for the bill grew. Bibulus resorted instead to obstruction tactics by declaring negative omens on every day the bill could be voted on; one day, when moving to declare those omens, he – along with his political ally Cato – was attacked in the street by a mob (almost certainly organised by Caesar and his allies), forcing him to return home. In the absence of an announcement of negative omens, Caesar carried the bill in the assembly.
139:, his co-consul and political opponent, to debate the bill, he won a political victory when he forced Bibulus to admit that he had few reasons for opposing the bill while publicly expressing senseless and obstinate opposition: "You will not have this law this year, not even should you all want it!". With the support of
337:
insulas relegentur"), and part of their property was confiscated. Fathers were permitted to kill daughters and their partners in adultery. Husbands could kill the partners under certain circumstances and were required to divorce adulterous wives. Augustus himself was obliged to invoke the law against
78:
for the new citizens. This grant to citizenship had the effect of almost tripling the number of Roman citizens and annexing large swathes of Italy into the republic proper. The offer would be open to all
Italian towns which were not under arms or who would lay those arms down within a short period.
464:
4, 4, 37) But as regards the provisions of the Lex Julia… a man who confesses that he has committed the offence has no right to ask for a remission of the penalty on the ground that he was under age; nor, as I have said, will any remission be allowed if he commits any of those offences which the
426:
13–14) By the terms of the Lex Julia, senators and their descendants are forbidden to marry freedwomen, or women who have themselves followed the profession of the stage, or whose father or mother has done so; other freeborn persons are forbidden to marry a common prostitute, or a procuress, or a
452:
4, 18, 2–3) Public prosecutions are as follows… the Lex Julia for the suppression of adultery punishes with death not only those who dishonour the marriage bed of another but also those who indulge in unspeakable lust with males. The same Lex Julia also punishes the offence of seduction, when a
453:
person, without the use of force, deflowers a virgin or seduces a respectable widow. The penalty imposed by the statute on such offenders is the confiscation of half their estate if they are of respectable standing, corporal punishment and banishment in the case of people of the lower orders.
162:, arguing that it would be better for Rome if Cato swore and remained than withdrew to exile. In the face of obstructive tactics from Cato's allies, Caesar brought the bill expanding the public lands subject to redistribution straight to the assembly, bypassing the senate.
294:. Augustus instituted the "Law of the three sons" which held those in high regard who produced three male offspring. Marrying-age celibates and young widows who would not marry were prohibited from receiving inheritances and from attending public games.
223:
The law also expanded regulations on all kinds of public actions, including corruption before the permanent courts, the senate, and public contracts (especially as to public works and grain). It also banned the owning of ships by senators.
82:
The main purpose of the law was to prevent those who had not risen up against Roman rule from doing so. It also had the effect of weakening the
Italian war effort by making acceptable compromises. The next year, the Romans introduced the
193:
during his first consulship in 59 BC. It was a major piece of legislation containing over 100 clauses which dealt with a large number of provincial abuses, provided procedures for enforcement, and punishment for violations.
244:
It was passed with little dissent, receiving "high praise from contemporaries". Many senators contributed to it, including Cato, who may have proposed the addition of some regulations against extortion of provincial towns.
233:– diverse men including Cato and Pompey had previously tried and failed in passing such legislation. However, Caesar cooperated with an ally in introducing legislation to record the votes of the jury panels (senators,
73:
At the instruction of the Senate, Lucius Caesar proposed a law providing that each
Italian community would decide as to whether they would take Roman citizenship and establish new tribes – possibly eight – in the
402:
The extracts below are from later legal codes and textbooks, but are also valuable in the sense that they are based on, and frequently quote from, the actual text of
Augustus' laws.
271:
of 18–17 BC attempted to elevate both the morals and the numbers of the upper classes in Rome and to increase the population by encouraging marriage and having children (
315:(18 BC): Requiring (likely) all citizens to marry. Also limiting marriage across social class boundaries (and thus seen as an indirect foundation of Roman concubinage
227:
While it extended to judicial corruption, "Caesar was prudent" in keeping away from the "political hot potato" that was anti-bribery legislation applied to the
918:"The Romans: From Village to Empire: A History of Rome from Earliest Times to the End of the Western Empire" by M. Boatwright, et al. 2nd edition. 2011.
259:
This law may have set regulations for
Italian municipalities. The question of whether Julius Caesar was responsible for this law is "fiercely debated".
204:
required governors to produce detailed financial accounts, sealing and depositing them in two provincial cities with a third copy sent back to Rome,
1241:
116:. The first law was related to the distribution of public (both existing and purchased from willing sellers) lands to the urban poor and
108:
passed two pieces of agrarian legislation in 59 BC during his first consulship. They were two pieces of related legislation: a
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241:) separately, which "imposed a degree of indirect accountability without violating the secrecy of the individual verdict".
1202:
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333:(17 BC): This law punished adultery with banishment. The two guilty parties were sent to different islands ("dummodo in
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1113:
1016:
871:
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380:(AD 9): (to encourage and strengthen marriage) is usually seen as an integral part of Augustus' Julian Laws. The
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The passage of the first law was troubled. Caesar started his consulship by introducing it; it immediately met a
1273:
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established various procedures, including details on trial proceedings, witnesses, jury voting procedures, etc.
276:
66:, a conflict between the Italians and the Romans over the withholding of Italian citizenship, the consul
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also explicitly promoted offspring (within lawful marriage), thus also discriminating against celibacy.
154:
Added to the law was then the requirement that senators swear an oath to uphold the law. Cato and an
136:
135:. After being blocked in the senate, Caesar brought the bill before the popular assemblies. Inviting
63:
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213:
limited governor rights to declare war or attack other realms without senatorial or popular consent,
886:
It has sometimes been suggested that he laid down a template for the constitutions of the towns or
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adds the reproach that
Augustus was stricter for his own relatives than the law actually required (
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For centuries, the law remained "the basis of the Roman law of provincial administration".
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set limits on how much money governors could take from provincial treasuries and towns,
372:) instituted a 5 per cent tax on testamentary inheritances, exempting close relatives.
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and the provincial copies were sealed so that they could be compared if needed.
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390:: concerning the embezzlement of public property and sacrilege for trial by a
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limited the possibilities that governors might demand ships, grain, and cash,
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expanded the enforcement of the law to all officials on public business, and
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required governors to remain in their provinces until a replacement arrived,
427:
woman manumitted by a procurer or procuress, or a woman caught in adultery.
318:
1169:
1132:
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934:
Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art
506:
The storm before the storm: the beginning of the end of the Roman
Republic
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147:, two influential senators with which Caesar was cooperating in a then-
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324:
94:
31:) was an ancient Roman law that was introduced by any member of the
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Cato the
Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic
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passed a law to grant all
Italians not under arms citizenship.
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offered inducements to marriage and imposed penalties upon the
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959:"Digesta Iustiniani : Liber 48 ( Mommsen & Krueger )"
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309:(18 BC): Penalising bribery when acquiring political offices.
32:
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1011:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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Pina Polo, Francisco; Díaz Fernández, Alejandro (2019).
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Wiseman, TP. "Caesar, Pompey, and Rome, 59–50 BC". In
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508:(1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. p. 178.
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of Italy, although this question is fiercely debated.
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Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in
Ancient Rome
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1034:Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the Social War". In
986:Crawford, Michael Hewson; et al. (1996).
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120:'s veterans; the latter added public lands in
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1242:Oxford RE, lex Julia de Maritandis Ordinibus
1108:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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97:– in an attempt to further stem rebellion.
990:. London: Institute of Classical Studies.
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1225:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161328.003.0005
1105:The last generation of the Roman republic
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43:refer to moral legislation introduced by
1213:"The Lex lulia de Adulteriis Coercendis"
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1161:The Quaestorship in the Roman Republic
866:. Yale University Press. p. 481.
729:, p. 240, for the following list.
690:, pp. 240, 242, using both names.
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47:in 23 BC, or to a law related to
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346:) and against her eldest daughter (
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1125:Julius Caesar and the Roman People
963:droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr
591:, p. 341, for names in index.
417:The lex Julia relating to marriage
331:Lex Julia de adulteriis coercendis
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273:lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus
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279:as a private and public crime (
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1127:. Cambridge University Press.
1123:Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021).
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158:refused until intercession by
1:
1211:McGinn, Thomas A. J. (2003).
1203:The Roman Law Library, incl.
1008:The Cambridge ancient history
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35:. Most often, "Julian laws",
1081:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006).
862:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006).
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342:(relegated to the island of
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1084:Caesar: Life of a Colossus
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1087:. Yale University Press.
443:The lex Julia on adultery
275:). They also established
137:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
114:lex Julia de agro Campano
1279:Marriage in ancient Rome
1054:Drogula, Fred K (2019).
905:The Women of the Caesars
197:Among other things, it:
432:Justinian (6th century)
281:lex Julia de adulteriis
182:lex Julia de repetundis
175:Lex Julia de repetundis
167:Lex Julia de repetundis
1269:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1102:Gruen, Erich (1995) .
187:lex Julia repetundarum
1274:Roman nationality law
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1133:10.1017/9781108943260
852:, p. 139 n. 132.
789:, p. 167 n. 205.
504:Duncan, Mike (2017).
323:, later regulated by
253:Lex Julia municipalis
56:Lex Julia de civitate
1219:. pp. 140–215.
603:, pp. 128, 136.
406:Ulpian (3rd century)
267:Under Augustus, the
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931:Greg Woolf (2007).
410:As written down by
388:Lex Julia peculatus
307:Lex Julia de ambitu
191:Gaius Julius Caesar
1038:, pp. 104–28.
840:, pp. 242–43.
826:Morstein-Marx 2021
787:Morstein-Marx 2021
715:Morstein-Marx 2021
651:, pp. 133–34.
481:List of Roman laws
436:Under the rule of
338:his own daughter,
327:, see also below).
185:, also called the
124:for distribution.
1234:978-0-19-516132-8
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487:References
449:Institutes
344:Pandateria
129:filibuster
64:Social War
33:gens Julia
1259:Roman law
1188:203212723
1151:242729962
888:municipia
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524:972386931
492:Citations
476:Roman law
392:quaestio.
325:Justinian
298:Augustan
95:Lucanians
37:lex Julia
25:(plural:
22:lex Julia
1264:Natalism
470:See also
335:diversas
292:celibate
277:adultery
122:Campania
91:Samnites
45:Augustus
979:Sources
423:Epitome
360:III 24)
352:Tacitus
255:(45 BC)
235:equites
230:equites
169:(59 BC)
145:Crassus
58:(90 BC)
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112:and a
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1184:S2CID
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340:Julia
131:from
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742:2019
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179:The
156:ally
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