31:
388:
447:. In southwestern China, his forces protected Sichuan from Ariq Böke's encroaching troops. Kublai paid Kadan and Lian Xixian handsomely for their military service in gifts and promotions. He rewarded Kadan with 300 packs of silk and 300 taels of silver, and appointed Lian Xixian to the position of Prime Minister of the Right in the Secretariat, also known as director of political affairs of the secretariat (
527:
for bodyguards, but Bayan advised that the more bodyguards Lian took with him, the more the likelihood that the Song might harm him. Lian obtained 500 soldiers, but once he arrived at Dusong-guan Pass, the Song general Zhang Ru killed Yan
Zhongfan on 12 April 1275. Just a year later he was
520:'s great-grandson and a cousin of Antong. However, several Mongol princes who had appanages in the region resisted his efforts of centralization. Lian even threatened to report Grand Princess of Lu, Nangiajin (daughter of Kublai) to throne over damaging crops during hunting.
497:, who was against censorial system. He was forced into retirement after Ahmad Fanakati accused him of embezzlement, adultery, and other improprieties in 1270. He spent 1270–1274 in his home, reading, writing and tutoring his children.
468:
Now effectively a vice-chancellor he started to reform governance of Yuan Empire, further centralizing the administration. During his service, he built a palace for himself, known as "Hall of 10,000 Willows" (currently, part of
492:
system and reestablishment of
Chinese conserial system, which came into the force in 1268. He even courageously criticized Kublai. This brought him to a direct conflict with other ministers of the court, especially
373:, to audit Kublai's officials. They found fault, listed 142 breaches of regulations, accused officials and executed over 20 of them, and thus Lian Xixian's new pacification commission was abolished.
207:
He was born to an aristocratic Uyghur family as the second son of Buyruq Qaya (1197-1265) in 1231 and a Khitan lady from Shimo (石抹) clan (d. 1264). His grandfather Qitay Qaya (
813:
631:
Chinese artist Lian Quan (1868-1932, 廉泉) who named his studio "Small
Cottage of 10,000 Willows" after Xixian's villa was Lian Xixian's descendant.
436:
370:
293:
474:
297:
439:, in northwestern China, seizing food supplies intended for Ariq Böke's army. Lian also drove supporters of Ariq Böke out of the towns of
215:
208:
537:
908:
547:
system. The plan was dropped because of Ahmad
Fanakati's objections. Finally after being sick for years, he died on 12 December 1280 in
1098:
586:
427:
as new pacification commissioner in May 1260. General
Qunduqai, former general of Möngke, whose 20,000-strong army were stationed in
323:
315:
508:, Wei Chu (魏初) and other Confucian officials. He was appointed as director of political affairs of the regional secretariat of
1056:
1029:
986:
959:
892:
865:
833:
757:
730:
705:
330:
1088:
322:, eventually leading to gain the moniker of Lian Mencius. Around 1250, he married to a fellow Uyghur lady - daughter of
30:
333:
in 1253. Later he was appointed as head of Kublai's pacification commission in 1254 with its headquarters in
300:
and others, all receiving
Chinese upbringing. His older brother Lian Ximin was married to a sister of famous
435:, Lian crushed rival forces and killed Qunduqai. He later won another victory against Ariq Böke's ally,
470:
229:. Buyruq Qaya was orphaned at an early age and raised by his uncle Alp Qaya. He served and accompanied
570:
1071:
485:
frequented. Zhao later painted "Scenic View of the Myriad Willow Hall", dedicated to Lian Xixian.
544:
505:
361:) and others. However, in 1257, Kublai was accused that he falsified tax revenues. In reaction,
774:
697:
In the
Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300)
412:. Xixian managed to gather support of major Borjigid princes, such as Taghachar, grandson of
380:
and was appointed as overseer of Kublai's
Chinese appanages. He joined the campaign against
529:
523:
Together with Yan
Zhongfan, he went to the Song to discuss a surrender. Lian Xixian asked
8:
552:
524:
387:
513:
318:(1190-1273) in 1244. During his studies, he adopted worldview of Confucian philosopher
1006:
Histoire générale des Huns, des Turcs, des
Mongols, et des autres Tartares occidentaux
1052:
1025:
1001:
982:
955:
888:
861:
829:
794:
753:
726:
701:
242:
230:
1072:
Charles Lang Freer Papers, Correspondence: Lien, Hui Ch'ing, Collection, 1911, p. 45
1093:
821:
786:
663:
448:
440:
409:
354:
342:
258:
250:
178:
162:
150:
126:
94:
1046:
1019:
978:
Representing Lives in China: Forms of Biography in the Ming-Qing Period 1368–1911
976:
949:
932:
882:
855:
747:
695:
559:
246:
790:
494:
112:
825:
362:
1082:
798:
478:
381:
59:
428:
307:
234:
170:
81:
405:
366:
482:
392:
142:
138:
667:
543:
He was recalled to capital in 1278, with Kublai's hopes to reestablish
338:
238:
725:(2. pr ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. p. 449.
951:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644
473:), where famous musicians like Jieyuhua (1264-1294) and artists like
276:
222:
55:
413:
655:
593:
592:
Lian Fu (廉孚) — Deputy Chief of the Regional Secretarial Council of
533:
489:
334:
812:
Atwood, Christopher P. (2023), Kim, Hodong; Biran, Michal (eds.),
775:"Some Notes on a Visit to a 'Mongolian' Village in Yunnan, China"
548:
509:
444:
424:
377:
350:
337:. He was aided by famous Chinese officials, including his deputy
319:
311:
196:
134:
77:
975:
Pidhainy, Ihor; Forges, Roger Des; Fong, Grace S. (2019-10-15).
500:
He was recalled to service in 1274 due to numerous petitions by
384:
in 1258, in which he managed to ransom 500 Confucian literati.
376:
Following the abolition, Xixian returned to Kublai's retinue in
887:(4 ed.). Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. p. 58.
604:
517:
501:
456:
420:
266:
226:
186:
102:
432:
302:
820:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 107–180,
749:
A Change in Dynasties: Loyalism in Thirteenth-century China
391:
Painting "Scenic View of the Myriad Willow Hall" (万柳堂图) by
245:'s appanages in North China and later adopted the surname
814:"The Empire of the Great Khan: The Yuan Ulus, 1260–1368"
141:, eventually rising to a position of vice-chancellor of
257:) after being appointed as Surveillance Commissioner (
408:
and Kublai both claimed the throne in 1260, starting
656:"Subjects and Masters: Uyghurs in the Mongol Empire"
292:
Growing up, had 12 siblings, including calligrapher
1021:
Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia under the Mongols
581:He was married twice and had at least 12 children:
974:
369:'s close friend and governor in North China) and
310:. At the age of 12, he was recruited to Kublai's
1080:
909:"Reagans staying at ancient royal fishing lodge"
341:, agricultural promotion commissioner Yao Shu (
948:Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (2014-03-13).
934:Ars Orientalis: The Arts of Islam and the East
700:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 488–499.
694:Rachewiltz, Igor de (1993). "Lien Hsi-hsien".
1048:Burying Autumn: Poetry, Friendship, and Loss
662:. Studies on East Asia, Volume 28: 122–135.
536:after its conquest by fellow Uyghur general
404:Following the death of Möngke, his brothers
195:) in comparison with Confucian philosopher
818:The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
693:
29:
937:. Freer Gallery of Art. 1996. p. 36.
349:) (1203–1280), superintendent of schools
121:, 26 June 1231 — 12 December 1280), born
1017:
981:. Cornell University Press. p. 30.
947:
386:
173:scholar, he was sometimes remembered as
880:
431:, Sichuan supported Ariq. Accompanying
117:
1081:
811:
772:
653:
551:and was buried in the Uyghur quarter
488:He urged for removal of Mongol style
1044:
720:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
649:
647:
645:
643:
853:
752:. Western Washington. p. 220.
745:
214:) and great-grandfather Yarp Qaya (
137:politician, general and advisor to
13:
314:and studied under Chinese scholar
14:
1110:
1099:Yuan dynasty government officials
1018:Robinson, David M. (2020-10-26).
954:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 173–174.
884:Khubilai Khan: his life and times
857:Imperial Chinese Military History
674:
640:
353:, first secretary Zhao Liangbi (
1065:
1038:
1011:
995:
968:
941:
925:
516:region together with Qurumshi,
399:
287:
901:
874:
847:
805:
766:
739:
714:
512:province. He administered the
461:
271:
191:
107:
1:
654:Brose, Michael (2007-01-01).
634:
202:
773:Sneath, David (1999-01-01).
7:
721:Mote, Frederick W. (2000).
462:Zhōngshū píngzhāng zhèngshì
10:
1115:
1089:13th-century Confucianists
860:. iUniverse. p. 394.
791:10.1163/146481799793646448
723:Imperial China: 900 - 1800
471:Diaoyutai State Guesthouse
826:10.1017/9781316337424.003
746:Jay, Jennifer W. (1991).
576:
571:Emperor Chengzong of Yuan
452:
358:
346:
282:
262:
254:
182:
166:
154:
130:
98:
66:
37:
28:
21:
881:Rossabi, Morris (1994).
660:East Asian Studies Press
395:dedicated to Lian Xixian
237:in 1211. His father was
145:. His courtesy name was
1045:Ying, Hu (2020-05-11).
16:Yuan dynasty politician
396:
1051:. BRILL. p. 27.
1024:. BRILL. p. 37.
540:(1226-1286) in 1276.
390:
233:when he submitted to
565:(文正) and created as
532:with its capital of
530:Jinghu North Circuit
553:Weigongcun, Beijing
429:Mountains of Liupan
419:Xixian was sent to
157:) and art name was
668:10.25710/24rw-6n39
560:posthumously named
416:to Kublai's side.
397:
331:conquest of Yunnan
169:). An influential
1058:978-1-68417-566-6
1031:978-1-68417-052-4
1002:Joseph de Guignes
988:978-1-942242-91-8
961:978-0-7656-4316-2
894:978-0-520-06740-0
867:978-0-595-22134-9
854:Whiting, Marvin.
835:978-1-107-11648-1
759:978-0-914584-18-6
732:978-0-674-44515-4
707:978-3-447-03339-8
569:(魏国公) in 1304 by
243:Sorghaghtani Beki
231:Barchuq Art Tegin
88:
87:
70:December 12, 1280
1106:
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463:
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410:Toluid Civil War
360:
348:
329:He took part in
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733:
719:
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652:
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625:Three daughters
598:Three daughters
579:
528:transferred to
525:Bayan of Baarin
402:
290:
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225:and served the
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84:
75:
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62:
53:
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5:
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785:(1): 121–130.
765:
758:
738:
731:
713:
706:
673:
638:
636:
633:
629:
628:
627:
626:
623:
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619:Lian Heng (廉恆)
617:
614:
613:Lian Chen (廉忱)
611:
601:
600:
599:
596:
585:A daughter of
578:
575:
495:Ahmad Fanakati
401:
398:
365:sent Alamdar (
289:
286:
284:
281:
204:
201:
118:Lien Hsi-hsien
86:
85:
76:
74:(aged 49)
68:
64:
63:
54:
41:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
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9:
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3:
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680:
678:
669:
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661:
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650:
648:
646:
644:
639:
632:
624:
622:Lian Dun (廉惇)
621:
618:
616:Lian Xun (廉恂)
615:
612:
609:
608:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
590:
588:
584:
583:
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541:
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442:
438:
434:
430:
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411:
407:
394:
389:
385:
383:
382:Southern Song
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
356:
352:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
326:(1206-1267).
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:
299:
296:, councillor
295:
280:
278:
274:
272:Lián fǎng shǐ
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128:
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120:
114:
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96:
92:
83:
79:
69:
65:
61:
60:Mongol Empire
57:
52:June 26, 1231
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1067:
1047:
1040:
1020:
1013:
1008:, 3: p. 152.
1005:
997:
977:
970:
950:
943:
933:
927:
916:. Retrieved
912:
903:
883:
876:
856:
849:
839:, retrieved
817:
807:
782:
778:
768:
748:
741:
722:
716:
696:
659:
630:
610:Lian Ke (廉恪)
603:A lady from
589:(1206-1267)
580:
566:
562:
557:
542:
522:
499:
487:
467:
460:
418:
403:
400:Under Kublai
375:
328:
308:Sevinch Qaya
301:
291:
288:Under Möngke
270:
235:Genghis Khan
221:) were from
206:
190:
175:Lian Mencius
174:
158:
146:
122:
116:
106:
90:
89:
82:Yuan dynasty
72:(1280-12-12)
567:Duke of Wei
545:chancellery
483:Zhao Mengfu
465:) in 1263.
437:Liu Taiping
393:Zhao Mengfu
371:Liu Taiping
363:Möngke Khan
294:Lian Xigong
275:) in 1231,
219: 1180
212: 1200
192:Lián Mèngzǐ
143:Yuan Empire
139:Kublai Khan
108:Lián Xīxiàn
91:Lian Xixian
23:Lian Xixian
1083:Categories
918:2024-01-27
841:2024-01-27
779:Inner Asia
635:References
475:Xianyu Shu
339:Shang Ting
298:Lian Xishu
239:darughachi
203:Background
113:Wade–Giles
48:1231-06-26
799:2210-5018
538:Ariq Qaya
534:Jiangling
441:Liangzhou
406:Ariq Böke
367:Ariq Böke
223:Beshbalik
171:Confucian
133:) was an
594:Liaoyang
563:Wenzheng
514:Liaodong
506:Wang Yun
490:appanage
335:Jingzhao
1094:Uyghurs
587:Mengsuz
558:He was
549:Shangdu
510:Beijing
449:Chinese
445:Ganzhou
425:Sichuan
378:Shangdu
355:Chinese
351:Xu Heng
343:Chinese
324:Mengsuz
320:Mencius
306:author
259:Chinese
251:Chinese
197:Mencius
179:Chinese
163:Chinese
151:Chinese
127:Chinese
95:Chinese
78:Shangdu
1055:
1028:
985:
958:
891:
864:
832:
797:
756:
729:
704:
605:Wanyan
577:Family
518:Muqali
502:Antong
479:Lu Zhi
459::
457:pinyin
453:中書平章政事
451::
421:Shanxi
414:Temüge
357::
345::
316:Wang O
312:keshig
283:Career
277:Yan'an
269::
267:pinyin
261::
253::
227:Idiqut
189::
187:pinyin
181::
165::
153::
147:Shanfu
135:Uyghur
129::
115::
105::
103:pinyin
97::
56:Yan'an
607:clan
433:Kadan
303:sanqu
159:Yeyun
123:Hindu
42:Hindu
1053:ISBN
1026:ISBN
983:ISBN
956:ISBN
889:ISBN
862:ISBN
830:ISBN
795:ISSN
754:ISBN
727:ISBN
702:ISBN
481:and
443:and
423:and
247:Lian
67:Died
38:Born
913:UPI
822:doi
787:doi
664:doi
359:趙良弼
263:廉访使
241:of
216:fl.
209:fl.
183:廉孟子
99:廉希憲
1085::
1004:,
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255:廉
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