Justus von Liebig - Knowledge

4489: 1184:(organic decomposition), describing the rearrangement of atoms as a result of unstable "affinities" reacting to external causes such as air or already decaying substances. Liebig identified the blood as the site of the body's "chemical factory", where he believed processes of synthesis and degradation took place. He presented a view of disease in terms of chemical process, in which healthy blood could be attacked by external contagia; secreting organs sought to transform and excrete such substances; and failure to do so could lead to their elimination through the skin, lungs, and other organs, potentially spreading contagion. Again, although the world was much more complicated than his theory, and many of his individual ideas were later proved wrong, Liebig managed to synthesize existing knowledge in a way that had implications for doctors, sanitarians, and social reformers. The English medical journal 1659:. He also became the Royal scientific advisor to King Maxilimian II, who hoped to transform the University of Munich into a center for scientific research and development. In part, Liebig accepted the post because, at age 50, he was finding supervision of large numbers of laboratory students increasingly difficult. His new accommodations in Munich reflected this shift in focus. They included a comfortable house suitable for extensive entertaining, a small laboratory, and a newly built lecture theatre capable of holding 300 people with a demonstration laboratory at the front. There, he gave lectures to the university and fortnightly to the public. In his position as a promoter of science, Liebig was appointed president of the 908: 1247: 829:

oxygen. A charcoal furnace (a sheet steel tray in which the combustion tube was laid) was used for the combustion. Weighing carbon and hydrogen directly, rather than estimating them volumetrically, significantly increased the method's accuracy of measurement. Liebig's assistant, Carl Ettling, perfected glass-blowing techniques for producing the Kaliapparat and demonstrated them to visitors. Liebig's kaliapparat simplified the method of quantitative organic analysis and rendered it routine. Brock suggests that the availability of a superior technical apparatus was one reason why Liebig was able to attract so many students to his laboratory. His method of

716: 765: 1153:, presenting a chemical theory of metabolism. The experimental techniques used by Liebig and others often involved controlling and measuring diet, and monitoring and analyzing the products of animal metabolism, as indicators of internal metabolic processes. Liebig saw similarities between plant and animal metabolism, and suggested that nitrogenous animal matter was similar to, and derived from, plant matter. He categorized foodstuffs into two groups, nitrogenous materials which he believed were used to build animal tissue, and non-nitrogenous materials which he believed were involved in separate processes of respiration and generation of heat. 1097:), stating that plant growth is not determined by the total resources available, but by the scarcest available resource. A plant's development is limited by the one essential mineral that is in the relatively shortest supply. This concept of limitation can be visualized as "Liebig's barrel", a metaphorical barrel in which each stave represents a different element. A nutrient stave that is shorter than the others will cause the liquid contained in the barrel to spill out at that level. This is a qualitative version of the principles used for determining the application of fertilizer in modern agriculture. 900: 891:. Liebig developed blemish-free mirrors by adding copper to ammoniated silver nitrate and sugar. An attempt to commercialize the process and "drive out mercury mirror-making and its injurious influence on workers' health" was unsuccessful. Liebig's mirrors struggled commercially due to poor glass, which produced an off-color, greenish-yellow reflection. Rudely, Liebig commented that Frenchwomen especially hated his mirrors because Frenchwomen already looked yellow and sickly, and the mirrors just reminded them how ugly they were. 658: 708: 1724: 728:

of 17 December 1825, they ruled that any such institution would have to be a private venture. This decision worked to Liebig's advantage. As an independent venture, he could ignore university rules and accept matriculated and unmatriculated students. Liebig's institute was widely advertised in pharmaceutical journals and opened in 1826. Its classes in practical chemistry and laboratory procedures for chemical analysis were taught in addition to Liebig's formal courses at the university.

793: 1064:(1804), suggested that carbon was obtained from atmospheric rather than soil-based sources. It also indicated that water was a likely source of hydrogen. He also studied the absorption of minerals by plants, and observed that mineral concentrations in plants tended to reflect their presence in the soil in which the plants were grown. However, the implications of De Saussure's results for theories of plant nutrition were neither clearly discussed nor easily understood. 51: 781: 1716: 536: 4557: 1258: 1219:(1847) Liebig argued that eating not only meat fibre, but also meat juices, which contained various inorganic chemicals, was important. These vital ingredients would be lost during conventional boiling or roasting in which cooking liquids were discarded. For optimum nutritional quality, Liebig advised that cooks should either sear the meat initially to retain fluids, or retain and use cooking liquids (as in soups or stews). 1086: 4508: 991:"The production of all organic substances no longer belongs just to living organisms. It must be seen as not only probable, but as certain, that we shall be able to produce them in our laboratories. Sugar, salicin, and morphine will be artificially produced. Of course, we do not yet know how to do this, because we do not yet know the precursors from which these compounds arise, but we shall come to know them." 963:

isolated individual substances, but also studied their interrelationships and the ways in which they degraded and metamorphosed into other substances, looking for clues to the understanding of both chemical composition and physiological function. Other significant contributions by Liebig during this time include his examination of the nitrogen content of bases; the study of chlorination and the isolation of

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within a healthy body and result in pathological imbalances in cases of illness or inappropriate nutrition. This proposed model was justifiably criticized. Berzelius stingingly stated that "this facile kind of physiological chemistry is created at the writing table". Some of the ideas that Liebig had enthusiastically incorporated were not supported by further research. The third and last edition of

629:(a nationalist student organization), but also because of his hopes for more advanced chemical studies. The circumstances are clouded by possible scandal. Some scholars argue that he fled to Paris because of his involvement in radical student groups. In late October 1822, Liebig went to Paris to study on a grant obtained for him by Kastner from the 685:

in which pharmacy was taught by Liebig and became the responsibility of the faculty of arts, rather than the faculty of medicine. Zimmermann found himself competing unsuccessfully with Liebig for students and their lecture fees. He refused to allow Liebig to use existing space and equipment and finally committed

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at Munich and members of the Liebig family. They were empowered to award gold and silver Liebig Medals to deserving German scientists "for the purpose of encouraging research in agricultural science". Silver medals could be awarded to scientists from other countries. Some of those who received medals

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Liebig and several associates proposed to create an institute for pharmacy and manufacturing within the university. The Senate, however, uncompromisingly rejected their idea, stating that training "apothecaries, soapmakers, beer-brewers, dyers and vinegar-distillers" was not the university's task. As

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reviewed Liebig's work and translated his chemical lectures as part of its mission to establish a new era of medicine. Liebig's ideas stimulated medical research, led to the development of better techniques for testing experimental models of metabolism, and pointed to chemistry as fundamental to the

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believed that animals assimilated sugars, proteins, and fats from plant materials and that animals could not synthesize complex molecules. Liebig's work suggested a common ability of plants and animals to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones. His experiments on fat metabolism convinced him

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was not intended as a guide to practical agriculture. Liebig's lack of experience in practical applications, and differences between editions of the book, fueled considerable criticism. Nonetheless, Liebig's writings had a profound impact on agriculture, spurring experiment and theoretical debate in

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Liebig reaffirmed the importance of De Saussures' findings, and used them to critique humus theories, while regretting the limitations of De Saussure's experimental techniques. Using more precise methods of measurement as a basis for estimation, he pointed out contradictions such as the inability of

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before the creation of any particular company. The judge asserted that "Purchasers must use their eyes", and considered the presentation of the products to be sufficiently different to enable the discriminating consumer to determine which of the products bore Liebig's signature and was supported by

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He later became convinced that nitrogen was sufficiently supplied by precipitation of ammonia from the atmosphere, and argued vehemently against the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers for many years. An early commercial attempt to produce his own fertilizers was unsuccessful, due to lack of nitrogen

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His situation was complicated by the presence of existing faculty: Professor Wilhelm Zimmermann (1780–1825) taught general chemistry as part of the philosophy faculty, leaving medical chemistry and pharmacy to Professor Philipp Vogt in the medical faculty. Vogt was happy to support a reorganization

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substitute for babies who could not breast-feed. However, the product proved controversial, even though Liebig did not make any royalties off it. Liebig first came up with the idea based on the struggles of his favorite daughter, Johanna, who struggled to breastfeed her daughter, Carolina, who was

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Liebig also studied respiration, at one point measuring the "ingesta and excreta" of 855 soldiers, a bodyguard of the Grand Duke of Hessen-Darmstadt, for an entire month. He outlined an extremely speculative model of equations in which he attempted to explain how protein degradation might balance

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were using Liebig's methods of combustion analysis to assess manures, concluding that their value could be attributed to their constituent minerals. Liebig synthesized ideas about the mineral theory of plant nutrition and added his own conviction that inorganic materials could provide nutrients as

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The 1830s were a period of intense investigation of organic compounds by Liebig and his students, and of vigorous debate about the theoretical implications of their results. Liebig published on a wide variety of topics, personally averaging 30 papers per year between 1830 and 1840. Liebig not only

1681:. Liebig had previously scorned philologists like Thiersch in articles. (Liebig promoted science over supposedly impractical fields like the classics.) But Liebig's most beloved daughter, Johanna, fell in love with Thiersch's second son, Karl, who had studied medicine in several cities, including 1055:

Early studies of photosynthesis had identified carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen as important, but disagreed over their sources and mechanisms of action. Carbon dioxide was known to be taken in and oxygen released during photosynthesis, but researchers suggested that oxygen was obtained from

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Building on his theories of the nutritional value of meat fluids, and seeking an inexpensive nutrition source for Europe's poor, Liebig developed a formula for producing beef extract. The details were published in 1847 so that "the benefit of it should ... be placed at the command of as large a

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Liebig's book discussed chemical transformations within living systems, both plant and animal, outlining a theoretical approach to agricultural chemistry. The book's first part focused on plant nutrition; the second was on chemical mechanisms of putrefaction and decay. Liebig's awareness of both

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From 1825 to 1835, the laboratory was housed in the guardroom of a disused barracks on the edge of town. The main laboratory space was about 38 m (410 sq ft) in size and included a small lecture room, a storage closet, and a main room with ovens and work tables. An open colonnade

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Some organizations have granted medals in honor of Liebig. In 1871, the Versammlung deutscher Land- und Forstwirte (Assembly of German Farmers and Foresters) was first awarded a Liebig Gold Medal, given to Theodor Reuning. The image was struck from a portrait commissioned in 1869 from Friedrich

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in plant nutrition, which held that decayed plant matter was the primary source of carbon for plant nutrition. Fertilizers were believed to act by breaking down humus, making it easier for plants to absorb. Associated with such ideas was the belief that some sort of "vital force" distinguished

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solution in the three lower bulbs and used to measure the weight of carbon in the sample. For any substance consisting only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the percentage of oxygen was found by subtracting the carbon and hydrogen percentages from 100%; the remainder must be the percentage of

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Liebig was one of the first chemists to organize a laboratory in its present form, engaging with students in empirical research on a large scale through a combination of research and teaching. His methods of organic analysis enabled him to direct the analytical work of many graduate students.

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Liebig married Henriette "Jettchen" Moldenhauer (1807–1881), the daughter of a state official, in May 1826. They had five children: Georg (1827–1903), Agnes (1828–1862), Hermann (1831–1894), Johanna (1836–1925), and Marie (1845–1920). Although Liebig was Lutheran and Jettchen Catholic, their

1400:, a common but controversial practice at the time.) Carolina, according to Liebig, thrived on the formula. But other scientists were skeptical. One of them, a French doctor in Paris named Jean-Anne-Henri Depaul, decided to test his formula on four infants whose mothers could not suckle. 946:

In 1832, Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler published an investigation of the oil of bitter almonds. They transformed pure oil into several halogenated compounds, which were further transformed in other reactions. Throughout these transformations, "a single compound" (which they named

1115:. In the first two editions of his book (1840, 1842), Liebig reported that the atmosphere contained insufficient nitrogen, and argued that nitrogen-based fertilizer was needed to grow the healthiest possible crops. Liebig believed that nitrogen could be supplied in the form of 1450:

has written, "He worried that the substance would either spoil in liquid form or lose its nutritive quality and convenience in solid form." Upon hearing Guibourt speak, Depaul felt it incumbent upon him to speak as well, and mentioned his experiments with Liebig's formula.

951:) "preserves its nature and composition unchanged in nearly all its associations with other bodies." Their experiments proved that a group of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms could behave like an element, take the place of an element, and can be exchanged for elements in 1850:, "for his numerous valuable researches and writings, which have contributed most importantly to the development of food-economy and agriculture, to the advancement of chemical science, and to the benefits derived from that science by Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce." 1081:

O). In addition to emphasizing the importance of minerals in the soil, he argued that plants feed on nitrogen compounds derived from the air. This assertion was a source of contention for many years, and turned out to be true for legumes, but not for other plants.

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in part because it promoted science as a means to social and political progress, but also because Mill featured several examples of Liebig's research as an ideal for the scientific method. In this way, he sought to reform politics in the German states.

645:(1769–1832). Liebig's doctorate from Erlangen was conferred on 23 June 1823, a considerable time after he left, as a result of Kastner's intervention on his behalf. Kastner pleaded that the requirement of a dissertation be waived and the degree granted 1076:

In his theory of mineral nutrients, Liebig identified the chemical elements of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) as essential to plant growth. He reported that plants acquire carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) from the atmosphere and from water

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His laboratory became renowned as a model institution for the teaching of practical chemistry. It was also significant for its emphasis on applying discoveries in fundamental research to the development of specific chemical processes and products.

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was among the hardest-hit nations in the global famine that ensued, and the experience is said to have shaped Liebig's later work. Due in part to Liebig's innovations in fertilizers and agriculture, the 1816 famine became known as "the last great

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Other companies also attempted to market meat extracts under the name "Liebig's Extract of Meat". In Britain, a competitor's right to use the name was successfully defended on the grounds that the name had fallen into general use and become a

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Writing about the analysis of urine, a complex organic product, he made a declaration that reveals both the changes that were occurring in chemistry over a short time and the impact of his own work. At a time when many chemists such as

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Liebig's company initially promoted their "meat tea" for its curative powers and nutritional value as a cheap, nutritious alternative to real meat. But such claims did not hold up to scrutiny. In 1868 the German physiologist

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ran an experiment involving feeding the extract to dogs, every one of which died. After claims of its nutritional value were questioned, the company emphasized its convenience and flavor, marketing it as a comfort food.

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and elsewhere, in newspapers and journals. Most of his books were published concurrently in both German and English, and many were translated into other languages, as well. Some of his most influential titles include:

487:, he devised the modern laboratory-oriented teaching method, and for such innovations, he is regarded as one of the most outstanding chemistry teachers of all time. He has been described as the "father of the 1887:

In 1953, the third General Assembly of the International Scientific Centre of Fertilizers (CIEC), founded in 1932, was organized in Darmstadt to honor Justus von Liebig on the 150th anniversary of his birth.

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At the third World Congress of CIEC, held at Heidelberg in 1957, the "Sprengel-Liebig Medal" was awarded to Dr. E. Feisst, president of CIEC, for outstanding contributions in agricultural chemistry.

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Liebig's difficulties in reconciling theory and practice reflected that the real world of agriculture was more complex than was at first realized. By the publication of the seventh German edition of

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Liebig's arguments against any chemical distinction between living (physiological) and dead chemical processes proved a great inspiration to several of his students and others who were interested in

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Liebig enjoyed a personal friendship with Maximilian II, who died on 10 March 1864. After Maximilian's death, Liebig and other liberal Protestant scientists in Bavaria were increasingly opposed by

1032:) (1840) promoted the idea that chemistry could revolutionize agricultural practice, increasing yields and lowering costs. It was widely translated, vociferously critiqued, and highly influential. 1134:

for nitrogen. In 1863 he published the book "Es ist ja die Spitze meines lebens" in which he revised his early perceptions, now appreciating soil life and in particular the biological N fixation.

812:, before Liebig developed his version of an apparatus for determining the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen content of organic substances in 1830. It involved an array of five glass bulbs, called a 816:, to trap the oxidation product of the carbon in the sample following its combustion. Before reaching the Kaliapparat, the combustion gases were conducted through a tube containing hygroscopic 681:. Liebig's appointment was part of an attempt to modernize the University of Giessen and attract more students. He received a small stipend, without laboratory funding or access to facilities. 1689:. Johanna and Karl reportedly had a happy marriage, producing six children: four daughters and two sons. It was fairly common for the sons and daughters of academics to marry in Germany then. 590:

Liebig attended grammar school at the Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasium in Darmstadt, from the ages of 8 to 14. Leaving without a certificate of completion, he was apprenticed for several months to the

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carbon dioxide, rather than from water. Hydrogen was believed to come primarily from water. Researchers disagreed about whether sources of carbon and nitrogen were atmospheric or soil-based.

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he had moderated some of his views, admitting some mistakes and returning to the position that nitrogen-based fertilizers were beneficial or even necessary.He was instrumental in the use of

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was the lack of instruments and methods of analysis to support accurate, replicable analyses of organic materials. Many chemists worked on the problem of organic analysis, including French

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outside could be used for dangerous reactions. Liebig could work there with eight or nine students at a time. He lived in a cramped apartment with his wife and children on the floor above.

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on 19 July 1825. The deaths of Zimmermann and Professor Blumhof, who taught technology and mining, opened the way for Liebig to apply for a full professorship. Liebig was appointed to the

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that animals must be able to synthesize fats from sugars and starches. Other researchers built upon his work, confirming the abilities of animals to synthesize sugar and build fat.

507:, which states that plant growth is limited by the scarcest nutrient resource, rather than the total amount of resources available. He also developed a manufacturing process for 5216: 3812:

Biographical dictionary of medallists : coin-, gem-, and seal-engravers, mint-masters, &c., ancient and modern, with references to their works : B.C. 500-A.D. 1900

4669: 1419:) and 2.64 kg (5.82 lbs.). Both died within two days. Depaul tried it on a third baby, born full-term at 3.37 kg (7.43 lbs.); it soon began passing green " 1135: 2749: 1423:" and died within three days. A fourth child, weighing 2.76 kg, also developed green stools and died within four days. At this point, Depaul stopped the experiment. 4611: 4581: 1288: 749: 5196: 3900:

History of the University of Michigan, by the late Burke A. Hinsdale, with biographical sketches of the regents and members of the university Senate from 1837 to 1906

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Kirschke, Martin (2003), "Liebig, his university professor Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner (1783–1857) and his problematic relation with romantic natural philosophy.",

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to include the institute within the university. In 1839, he obtained government funds to build a lecture theatre and two separate laboratories designed by architect

472:(12 May 1803 – 20 April 1873) was a German scientist who made major contributions to the theory, practice, and pedagogy of chemistry, as well as to agricultural and 3006: 3872:

Agricultural investigations at Rothamsted, England, during a period of fifty years: Six lectures delivered under the provisions of the Lawes agricultural trust

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found by Wöhler, was not. After reviewing the disputed analyses together, they agreed that both were valid. The discovery of these and other substances led

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Liebig drew upon his work in plant nutrition and plant and animal metabolism to develop a theory of nutrition, which had implications for cookery. In his

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Liebig's students were from many of the German states, as well as Britain and the United States. They helped create an international reputation for their

1359:" trademark. Oxo was trademarked worldwide in 1899 and in the United Kingdom in 1900. Originally a liquid, Oxo was released in cubed solid form in 1911. 2256: 849: 673:

Liebig left Paris to return to Darmstadt in April 1824. On 26 May 1824, at the age of 21 and with Humboldt's recommendation, Liebig became a professor

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Jackson, Catherine M. (September 2014). "Synthetical Experiments and Alkaloid Analogues: Liebig, Hofmann, and the Origins of Organic Synthesis".

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By the 1840s, Liebig was attempting to apply theoretical knowledge from organic chemistry to real-world problems of food availability. His book

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differences in religion appear to have been resolved amicably by bringing their sons up in the Lutheran faith and their daughters as Catholics.

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for revealing "the true principles of cookery", and physicians promoted "rational diets" based on his ideas. Well-known British cookery writer

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Liebig studied other foods, as well. He promoted the use of baking powder to make lighter bread, studied the chemistry of coffee-making and

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and venting chimneys. By 1852, when he left Giessen for Munich, more than 700 students of chemistry and pharmacy had studied with Liebig.

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questions were quickly raised. Publications in France generally supported Depaul, while German publications rallied to Liebig's defense.

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approached Liebig in 1856 to see if he could develop a silvering technique capable of producing high-quality optical mirrors for use in

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Nitrogen fertilizers are now widely used throughout the world, and their production is a substantial segment of the chemical industry.

1598: 1563: 943:, substances that are defined not simply by the number and kind of atoms in the molecule, but also by the arrangement of those atoms. 209: 4626: 1533:

to more accurately reflect its content. It became the leading journal of organic chemistry, and still exists, albeit under the name

4815: 4707: 427: 820:, which absorbed and retained the oxidation product of the hydrogen of the sample, namely water vapor. Next, in the Kaliapparat, 5191: 4655: 3685: 2753: 1320:

The Liebig company worked with popular cookery writers in various countries to popularize their products. German cookery writer

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extolled the benefits of Liebig's extract. Colorful calendars and trading cards were also marketed to popularize the product.

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was used pharmaceutically, and certainly made possible many contributions to organic, agricultural and biological chemistry.

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that reflects or covers a debt or purchase obligation). He worked with his father for the next two years, then attended the

4550: 1843: 255: 2529: 1004:. Though Liebig distanced himself from the direct political implications of materialism, he tacitly supported the work of 3659: 3206: 1430:. And while didn't want to say anything at first, he felt he had to after another member of the Academy rose to speak, a 1427: 1292: 1270: 1251: 1145:

Liebig's work on applying chemistry to plant and animal physiology was especially influential. By 1842, he had published

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existing soil humus to provide enough carbon to support the plants growing in it. By the late 1830s, researchers such as

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Although it was not widely adopted until after Liebig's death, when safety legislation finally prohibited the use of

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Liebig also popularized the use of a counter-current water-cooling system for distillation, still referred to as a

4453: 3774:. International Scientific Centre of Fertilizers Centre International des Engrais Chimiques (CIEC). Archived from 5151: 1969: 1829: 1467: 84: 3084: 1057: 4616: 3959: 3824: 3351: 3287: 2227: 1836: 1094: 512: 1943:, United States, "for meritorious work in the investigation of the physical and chemical properties of soils." 1276:

number of persons as possible by the extension of the manufacture, and consequently a reduction in the cost".

4959: 1747: 1652: 1287:, meat was an inexpensive byproduct of the leather industry. In 1865, Liebig partnered with Belgian engineer 695:

chair in chemistry on 7 December 1825, receiving a considerably increased salary and a laboratory allowance.

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Janus; revue internationale de l'histoire des sciences, de la médecine, de la pharmacie, et de la technique

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in the mixtures. When tested in a farmer's field, Liebig's manure was found to have no appreciable effect.

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from 1935 until 1945. Printing ceased in 1945 but the note remained in circulation until the issue of the

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Liebig had a close friendship with the Vieweg family publishing house. He arranged for his former student

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Schmidgen, H. (2003). "Wundt as chemist? A fresh look at his practice and theory of experimentation".

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after several mergers with other journals. The volumes from his lifetime are often referenced just as

1510: 1486: 4689: 3600: 2838:"Politics by Other Means: Justus von Liebig and the German Translation of John Stuart Mill's "Logic"" 1644: 919:. They met in 1826 in Frankfurt, after independently reporting on the preparation of two substances, 884: 626: 567: 356: 1873:

In 1946, after the end of World War II, the University of Giessen was officially renamed after him,

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In addition to books and articles, he wrote thousands of letters, most of them to other scientists.

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In 1838, he became a correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands; when that became the

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Glas, E. (1976), "The Liebig-Mulder controversy. On the methodology of physiological chemistry",

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still insisted on a hard and fast separation between the organic and inorganic, Liebig asserted:

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Engberts, Jan B. F. N.; Hafner, Klaus; Hopf, Henning (20 September 1997). Temme, Robert (ed.).

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For several years, the Liebig Trust Fund, established by Baron Liebig, was administered by the

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was fermentation and putrefaction. Liebig proposed chemical explanations for processes such as

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to develop a related product, which it registered some years after Liebig's death, under the "

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Esteban, Soledad (September 2008). "Liebig–Wöhler Controversy and the Concept of Isomerism".

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family of Johann Georg Liebig and Maria Caroline Möser in early May 1803. His father was a

523:. He popularized an earlier invention for condensing vapors, which came to be known as the 291: 179: 159: 3089: 2618: 1972:(Association of German Chemists) also had a medal struck using Brehmer's portrait. Their 1704: 1420: 8: 5047: 4967: 4939: 3810: 1881: 1822: 1157: 830: 825: 662: 571: 376: 351: 189: 184: 3468: 2724: 2672: 2576: 916: 5095: 4368: 3425: 2865: 2614: 2506: 2206: 2108: 1951: 1947: 1674: 1583:

Animal chemistry, or, Organic chemistry in its applications to physiology and pathology

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Liebig himself prepared the first batches of formula. Depaul first gave it to a set of

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Animal Chemistry, or, Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Physiology and Pathology

607: 584: 504: 194: 121: 106: 3375: 3106:"The Liebig chromolithographs, origins of bouillon, Marmite, Oxo and Campbell's soups" 1589:

Familiar letters on chemistry and its relation to commerce, physiology and agriculture

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Production was not economically feasible in Europe, where meat was expensive, but in

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Ueber das Studium der Naturwissenschaften und über den Zustand der Chemie in Preußen

1230:

responded to Liebig by modifying the cookery techniques in the third edition of her

1013: 927:, that apparently had the same composition, but very different characteristics. The 875:

that eventually became the basis of modern mirror-making. In 1835, he reported that

5087: 5039: 4883: 4807: 4767: 4493: 4462: 4432: 4408: 4384: 4352: 4278: 4262: 4235: 4203: 4115: 3994: 3472: 3417: 3218: 2849: 2796: 2788: 2728: 2676: 2606: 2580: 2001: 1977: 1900: 1892: 1608: 1009: 928: 837: 817: 745: 657: 524: 301: 199: 4110:

Buttner, J. (2000), "Justus von Liebig and his influence on clinical chemistry.",

1663:, becoming perpetual president of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1858. 1426:

At first, Depaul kept the experiment to himself. But he attended a meeting of the

422: 5063: 5055: 5003: 4979: 4947: 4855: 4542: 4304:

The Emergence of Agricultural Science: Justus Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880

3998: 3751: 3155: 2694: 2030: 1984:

of the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik. As of 2024, it continues to be awarded.

1776: 1521: 1505: 1481: 1443: 1329: 1284: 959:, which can be seen as an early step in the development of structural chemistry. 707: 575: 386: 371: 229: 224: 4699: 4019: 3452: 840:. Liebig himself attributed the vapor condensation device to German pharmacist 4839: 4480: 4325:

Schmidt, F. (1953), "To Justus von Liebig on his 150th birthday, 12 May 1953",

4207: 4119: 3207:""They Perished in the Cause of Science": Justus von Liebig's Food for Infants" 2930: 2659: 2610: 1799:

ennobled Liebig on 29 December 1845, conferring on him the hereditary title of

1388: 956: 932: 920: 853: 821: 753: 642: 598:

before returning home, possibly because his father could not afford to pay his

4412: 4388: 4075:

Berghoff, E. (1954), "Justus von Liebig, founder of physiological chemistry",

3663: 2853: 5120: 5079: 4927: 4875: 4871: 4743: 4466: 4436: 4356: 4348:

Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft

4266: 4239: 4150:

Guggenheim, K. Y. (1985), "Johannes Müller and Justus Liebig on nutrition.",

3637: 3484: 2861: 2792: 2584: 1867: 1761: 1723: 1408: 1376: 1181: 1069: 975:(1835); the polybasic theory of organic acids (1838); and the degradation of 968: 924: 857: 520: 381: 346: 336: 239: 4513: 3222: 4791: 4775: 4730: 4517: 4444: 4420: 4396: 4364: 4334: 4292: 4215: 4175: 4159: 4143: 4127: 4084: 3437: 3230: 2801: 1973: 1784: 1765: 1739: 1693: 1416: 1345: 1304: 1093:

Liebig also popularized Carl Sprengel's "theorem of minimum" (known as the

880: 548: 508: 219: 164: 4379:

Sonntag, O. (1974), "Liebig on Francis Bacon and the utility of science",

4191: 2105:(in German), vol. 14, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 497–501 792: 4919: 4847: 4277:, vol. 49, no. 10 (published October 2003), pp. 1696–707, 4224:"Zur Hundertsten Wiederkehr: Justus von Liebig nach dem Leben gezeichnet" 1392: 1296: 1227: 1001: 813: 214: 4383:, vol. 31, no. 5 (published September 1974), pp. 373–86, 4249:"Nekrolog: Justus von Liebig. Eigenhändige biographische Aufzeichnungen" 1313: 780: 50: 4407:, vol. 24, no. 3 (published November 1977), pp. 159–69, 4283: 4186:, vol. 114, no. 22 (published 3 June 1973), pp. 1312–7, 3429: 2934: 2869: 2837: 2732: 1961: 1863: 1859: 1569:

Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie

1431: 1356: 1186: 1112: 1026:

Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie

599: 595: 591: 516: 488: 4079:, vol. 66, no. 23 (published 11 June 1954), pp. 401–2, 3769:"80 years dedicated to enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity" 1715: 1579:

Chimie organique appliquée à la physiologie animale et à la pathologie

1238:

meat seals in the juices", though still widely believed, is not true.

1147:

Chimie organique appliquée à la physiologie animale et à la pathologie

535: 5031: 4891: 4403:

Sonntag, O. (1977), "Religion and science in the thought of Liebig",

3476: 2680: 1671: 1397: 1005: 876: 872: 560: 555:

and hardware merchant who compounded and sold paints, varnishes, and

552: 544: 539:

The young Liebig: 1843 lithograph after an 1821 painting (Liebighaus)

476: 442: 273: 234: 80: 4248: 4223: 3421: 2560: 1632: 1375:, because of his discovery that yeast could be concentrated to form 1173:(1846) was substantially revised and did not include the equations. 4502: 4498: 4114:, vol. 47, no. 2 (published July 2000), pp. 96–117, 3660:"Civilian or Peace Class Order pour le Merite for Arts and Science" 1801: 1789: 1667: 1412: 1108: 972: 625:

in March 1822, in part because of his involvement with the radical

622: 603: 500: 492: 4556: 4202:, vol. 50, no. 1 (published March 2003), pp. 3–24, 3897:

Hinsdale, B. A. (Burke Aaron) (1906). Demmon, Isaac Newton (ed.).

3528:

Acolytes of Nature: Defining Natural Science in Germany, 1770-1850

3501:

Acolytes of Nature: Defining Natural Science in Germany, 1770-1850

2819:

Jacob Moleschott and the conception of science in the 19th century

1573:

Organic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology

1257: 1030:

Organic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology

752:. The new chemistry laboratory featured innovative glass-fronted 5222:

Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

1780: 1372: 1368: 1280: 1235: 1199: 1116: 1107:

One of his most recognized accomplishments is the development of

1036:

synthesis and degradation led him to become an early advocate of

964: 948: 940: 686: 579: 556: 496: 473: 4329:, vol. 8, no. 5 (published May 1953), pp. 445–6, 4273:

Rosenfeld, Louis (2003), "Justus Liebig and animal chemistry.",

1085: 4427:

Thomas, U. (1988), "Philipp Lorenz Geiger and Justus Liebig.",

1828:

He was honored with the Prussian Order of Merit for Science by

1700: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1455: 1262: 1234:, and subtitling the edition accordingly. Liebig's idea that " 1052:

reactions involving organic as opposed to inorganic materials.

1041: 868: 102: 515:, was founded to exploit the concept; it later introduced the 5202:

Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

4170:, vol. 104 (published 11 August 1963), pp. 1523–4, 4095:(1st ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 2437:(1st ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 1809: 1131: 1048: 630: 614:, his father's business associate. When Kastner moved to the 5187:

Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

3662:. Gretchen Winkler and Kurt M. von Tiedemann. Archived from 1439: 1404: 976: 1607:

Liebig also directly influenced the German publication of

1543:; following his death the title was officially changed to 1371:. He is considered to have made possible the invention of 3580:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2779:[Investigations of the radical of benzoic acid]. 1805: 883:

to metallic silver. After working with other scientists,

796:

Modern Liebig condenser (left) and West condenser (right)

3383:

Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry

2123: 1047:

Liebig argued against prevalent theories about role of

5217:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

4525:

from the Encyclopædia Britannica, 10th Edition (1902).

3815:(Reprinted. ed.). London: Spink and Son. p. 3211:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

2752:. Science History Institute. June 2016. Archived from 2479:

The last great subsistence crisis in the Western World

2067:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 124. 1438:. Guibourt had grave doubts about Liebig's artificial 711:

Liebig's laboratory at Giessen, by Wilhelm Trautschold

3279:

Terrors of the table the curious history of nutrition

2992:"Solving the Mystery of Spontaneous Human Combustion" 2184:(3rd ed.). Boston: Kluwer Academic. p. 46. 1250:

Memorial tradecard commemorating Justus Liebig, from

911:

Liebig-Museum, the pharmaceutical laboratory, Giessen

1899:. It was presented to the society's forerunner, the 479:; he is considered one of the principal founders of 3136:. Vol. VI. Philadelphia: s.n. pp. 184–186 2229:

Justus Liebig, Georg Giebert und der Fleischextrakt

1241: 1205: 931:investigated by Liebig, was explosive, whereas the 702: 633:government. He worked in the private laboratory of 3875:. Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 3309: 2119: 2117: 1666:In the 1850s, Liebig moved next door to the noted 1198:, dismissing the simplistic explanations based on 971:(1834); the oxidation of alcohol and formation of 4729: 4529:The National Agricultural Center and Hall of Fame 4341:Schneider, W. (1953), "Justus von Liebig and the 3762: 3760: 3605:Endl. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" 3065:. Vol. VI. Philadelphia: s.n. pp. 55–58 2777:"Untersuchungen über das Radikal der Benzoesäure" 5207:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 5118: 4345:; in memory of Liebig's birthday, 12 May 1803", 4138:, vol. 63, no. 1–2–3, pp. 27–46, 4093:Justus von Liebig : the chemical gatekeeper 3555:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 3373: 2435:Justus von Liebig : the chemical gatekeeper 2064:Indigo plantations and science in colonial India 4154:, vol. 8, no. 11–12, pp. 66–76, 2947:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 2889: 2114: 2094: 1808:Liebig. In English, the closest translation is 1525:, which he edited from 1832. Originally titled 955:. This laid the foundation for the doctrine of 770:Manuel pour l'analyse des substances organiques 5197:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 4351:, vol. 286, no. 4, pp. 165–72, 4254:Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 4228:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 3838: 3836: 3757: 3054: 3052: 3031:McGee, Harold (2004). "The Searing Question". 2842:The British Journal for the History of Science 2657:(2006), "The Origin of the Liebig Condenser", 1755:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1719:German stamp picturing Justus von Liebig, 1953 1396:born in 1864. (Johanna did not want to seek a 1344:for the Liebig Company. In the United States, 1140: 4715: 3947: 3573: 3346:. New York: Dover Publications. p. 214. 2890:Hill, Jane F.; de Saussure, Theodore (2012). 2704: 2634:"Organic chemistry in the nineteenth century" 2481:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1351:The company also worked with British chemist 30:"Liebig" redirects here. For other uses, see 4431:, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 77–90, 3711:"Announcements by the Council: Albert Medal" 3567: 3450: 3123: 2774: 2211:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 800:A significant challenge facing 19th-century 5232:Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences 5182:Academic staff of the University of Giessen 4543:Newspaper clippings about Justus von Liebig 4534:There is literature about Justus von Liebig 3975: 3862: 3833: 3703: 3652: 3049: 3035:(Revised ed.). Scribner. p. 161. 2530:"The First Century of Chemical Engineering" 1858:Liebig's portrait appeared on the 100 1661:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities 1040:, promoting ideas such as the recycling of 915:One of Liebig's frequent collaborators was 652: 530: 4722: 4708: 4149: 3915: 3453:"The story of Liebig's Annalen der Chemie" 2952: 2815: 2599:Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 2130:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 2124:Royal Society of London (1 January 1875). 1957:1899, gold, Albert Schultz-Lupitz, Germany 1387:Liebig produced some of the world's first 49: 4340: 4282: 4272: 3948:Killy, Walther; Vierhaus, Rudolf (2005). 3407: 3401: 3339: 3333: 3024: 2800: 2451: 2250: 2248: 2246: 1950:, professor of agricultural chemistry in 1907:, née Harley, daughter of Emma Muspratt. 719:Liebig's laboratory, Chimistes Celebres, 570:, when the majority of food crops in the 511:, and with his consent a company, called 4197: 4074: 3954:. München: K.G. Saur. pp. 196–197. 3903:. Ann Arbor: Published by the University 3896: 3890: 3524: 3497: 3204: 3129: 3097: 3058: 2983: 2750:"Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler" 2744: 2742: 2625: 2470: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2148: 2035: 1757:in 1851, he joined as a foreign member. 1727:Justus von Liebig grave, Munich, Germany 1722: 1714: 1631: 1256: 1245: 1084: 906: 898: 791: 779: 763: 714: 706: 656: 534: 428:Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 2nd Baronet 5177:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni 4523:Justus Liebig, German chemist (1803–73) 4451:"Zur Erinnerung an Justus von Liebig", 4402: 4378: 4324: 4181: 4109: 4012: 3921: 3868: 3376:"Liebig or How to Popularize Chemistry" 3275: 3269: 3170: 3164: 3160:. Munn & Company. 1878. p. 25. 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2710: 2596: 2590: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2254: 2177: 1599:University and State Library Düsseldorf 1564:University and State Library Düsseldorf 1332:wrote an Austro-Hungarian recipe book, 1291:, and was named scientific director of 566:At the age of 13, Liebig lived through 14: 5119: 4426: 4246: 4165: 3808: 3802: 3343:The historical background of chemistry 2958: 2835: 2653: 2647: 2558: 2527: 2521: 2500: 2498: 2243: 2126:"Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased" 1738:He became a first-class member of the 1657:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 1651:, Liebig accepted an appointment from 1436:Nicholas-Jean-Baptiste-Gaston Guibourt 1334:Die Praktische Verwerthung Kochrecepte 1062:Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation 4703: 4576: 4221: 4090: 3941: 3030: 2739: 2631: 2457: 2432: 2225: 2154: 2060: 2023: 1773:Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher 1597:(1844) Digital edition (1865) by the 1536:European Journal of Organic Chemistry 1340:was commissioned in England to write 1210: 1191:understanding of health and disease. 744:In 1833, Liebig convinced chancellor 5212:Foreign members of the Royal Society 5162:People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse 4166:Halmai, J. (1963), "Justus Liebig", 4133: 3622: 3451:Van Klooster, H. S. (January 1957). 3367: 3103: 2989: 2876: 2692: 2504: 2476: 2283: 2171: 2054: 1853: 1710: 894: 4490:Works by or about Justus von Liebig 4026:. Dighton, Kansas. 1 September 1904 3922:Lockyer, Sir Norman (14 May 1896). 3282:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3252:"Family tree of Johanna von Liebig" 3205:Lieffers, Caroline (12 July 2023). 2495: 1875:"Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen" 1731:Liebig was elected a member of the 1232:Modern Cookery for Private Families 1217:Researches on the Chemistry of Food 768:Drawing of apparatus from Liebig's 24: 3869:Gilbert, Sir Joseph Henry (1895). 3444: 3340:Leicester, Henry Marshall (1971). 3130:Mattison, Richard V., ed. (1883). 3059:Mattison, Richard V., ed. (1883). 2959:Travis, Anthony S. (Spring 2013). 1921:Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences 1891:A portrait of Liebig hangs in the 1835:He was elected as a member of the 1545:Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie 1019: 967:(1832); the identification of the 759: 25: 5243: 4474: 3374:Blondel-Mégrelis, Marika (2007). 2933:series 2, volume 4, page 208 via 2896:Chemical research on plant growth 2158:"Liebig, Justus, Baron von" 2155:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). 1775:(1804–1849) published a genus of 1733:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 5227:Burials at the Alter Südfriedhof 4555: 4506: 3766: 3574:Bowyer, W.; Nichols, J. (1840). 3525:Phillips, Denise (4 June 2012). 3498:Phillips, Denise (4 June 2012). 3177:. Weinheim: Wiley. p. 394. 1910: 1842:In 1869, Liebig was awarded the 1815:In 1850, he received the French 1531:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 1446:, "lait factice"). As historian 1293:Liebig's Extract of Meat Company 1271:Liebig's Extract of Meat Company 1252:Liebig's Extract of Meat Company 1242:Liebig's Extract of Meat Company 1206:Liebig and the chemistry of food 1073:effectively as organic sources. 871:, Liebig proposed a process for 842:Johann Friedrich August Gottling 721:Liebig's Extract of Meat Company 703:Transforming chemistry education 594:Gottfried Pirsch (1792–1870) in 503:, and his popularization of the 4050:Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker 4038: 3793: 3743: 3729: 3678: 3593: 3545: 3531:. University of Chicago Press. 3518: 3504:. University of Chicago Press. 3491: 3303: 3244: 3198: 3148: 3077: 2939: 2919: 2829: 2809: 2768: 2686: 2552: 1830:Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia 1647:to take over management of the 85:Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt 5192:Recipients of the Copley Medal 5024:Jacques Charles François Sturm 4617:New International Encyclopedia 4590:. Vol. 14 (9th ed.). 3715:Journal of the Society of Arts 3410:American Journal of Psychology 3157:Scientific American, "Oatmeal" 2695:"Justus Liebig: Life and Work" 2219: 2088: 2014: 1837:American Philosophical Society 1703:in 1873, and is buried in the 1562:(1840) Digital edition by the 1461: 1104:Germany, England, and France. 848:in 1771, by French scientist, 513:Liebig Extract of Meat Company 491:industry" for his emphasis on 13: 1: 5147:19th-century German inventors 4960:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana 4661:Biographies of Scientific Men 4454:Journal für Praktische Chemie 3457:Journal of Chemical Education 2713:Journal of Chemical Education 2226:Judel, Günther Klaus (2003). 2097:"Liebig, Justus Freiherr von" 2047: 1976:was first awarded in 1903 to 1884:issued a stamp in his honor. 1825:, the French trade minister. 1653:King Maximilian II of Bavaria 1627: 1442:, calling it "fake milk" (in 1326:Improved and Economic Cookery 1194:In 1850, Liebig investigated 56: 5142:19th-century German chemists 4046:"Liebig commemorative medal" 3999:10.1126/science.28.708.114-a 3312:"What is going to become of 3171:Boulton, Chris, ed. (2012). 2528:Peppas, Nicholas A. (2008). 2507:"Justus Liebig (our Eponym)" 1636:Liebig was president of the 1511:Resources in other libraries 1487:Resources in other libraries 1196:spontaneous human combustion 1176:The third area discussed in 1060:'s experiments, reported in 1058:Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure 612:Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner 307:Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner 7: 4605:. Vol. 40. March 1892. 4547:20th Century Press Archives 4505:(public domain audiobooks) 3983:"Scientific Notes and News" 3553:"J. von Liebig (1803–1873)" 3104:Skye, Nick (25 June 2012). 2927:Liebig's System of Manuring 2925:Matter-of-Fact (July 1847) 2892:"Translator's Introduction" 2458:Evans, Robert (July 2002). 2255:Cansler, Clay (Fall 2013). 2025:[ˈjʊstʊsfɔnˈliːbɪç] 1990: 1638:Bavarian Academy of Science 1550:Liebig published widely in 1519:Liebig founded the journal 1156:French researchers such as 1141:Plant and animal physiology 846:Christian Ehrenfried Weigel 784:Modern reproduction of the 637:and was also befriended by 404:Other notable students 175:Benzilic acid rearrangement 10: 5248: 4690:Collier's New Encyclopedia 4514:Works by Justus von Liebig 4499:Works by Justus von Liebig 4481:Works by Justus von Liebig 4247:Liebig, Georg von (1890), 4208:10.1179/000269803790220066 4120:10.1179/000269800790418385 4091:Brock, William H. (1997). 4068: 3993:(708): 115. 24 July 1908. 3609:Plants of the World Online 3314:Chemische Berichte/Recueil 3093:(in Spanish). 2 July 2018. 3005:(2): 63–72. Archived from 2965:Chemical Heritage Magazine 2816:Meneghello, Laura (2010). 2619:10.1525/hsns.2014.44.4.319 2611:10.1525/hsns.2014.44.4.319 2534:Chemical Heritage Magazine 2509:. Justus Liebig University 2433:Brock, William H. (1997). 2261:Chemical Heritage Magazine 1897:Royal Society of Chemistry 1783:, belonging to the family 1428:French Academy of Medicine 1362: 1268: 1162:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 1149:, published in English as 903:Liebig laboratory, Giessen 543:Justus Liebig was born in 448:Max Joseph von Pettenkofer 438:Julius Eugen Schlossberger 29: 27:German chemist (1803–1873) 5172:University of Bonn alumni 5157:Scientists from Darmstadt 4738: 4685:Liebig, Justus, Baron von 4670:Liebig, Justus, Baron von 4413:10.1179/amb.1977.24.3.159 4389:10.1080/00033797400200331 3085:"Liebig's in Fray Bentos" 2854:10.1017/S0007087498003379 1970:Verein deutscher Chemiker 1880:In 1953, the West German 1797:King Ludwig II of Bavaria 1506:Resources in your library 1482:Resources in your library 1407:, who were born somewhat 885:Carl August von Steinheil 568:the year without a summer 459: 403: 357:Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp 312: 300: 279: 269: 262: 251: 135: 114: 91: 66: 48: 41: 4632:The Nuttall Encyclopædia 4467:10.1002/prac.18740080148 4437:10.1179/amb.1988.35.2.77 4357:10.1002/ardp.19532860402 4267:10.1002/cber.18900230391 4240:10.1002/cber.19030360202 4182:Kempler, K. (1973), "", 3809:Forrer, Leonard (1904). 3276:Gratzer, Walter (2006). 2793:10.1002/jlac.18320030302 2585:10.1002/andp.18310970102 2102:Neue Deutsche Biographie 2095:Priesner, Claus (1985), 2007: 1939:1894, silver, Professor 1289:George Christian Giebert 1222:Liebig was acclaimed in 653:Research and development 531:Early life and education 483:. As a professor at the 210:Liebig's theory of acids 4988:Antoine César Becquerel 4816:Benjamin Collins Brodie 4647:Encyclopædia Britannica 4602:Popular Science Monthly 4587:Encyclopædia Britannica 4077:Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 3844:"Honors to Californian" 3318:Liebigs Annalen/Recueil 3174:Encyclopedia of brewing 2990:Ford, Brian J. (2012). 2775:Wöhler; Liebig (1832). 2061:Kumar, Prakash (2012). 1997:History of soil science 1941:Eugene Woldemar Hilgard 1903:, by his god-daughter, 1862:banknote issued by the 1821:, presented by chemist 1328:and other cookbooks. 939:to suggest the idea of 806:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 635:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 618:, Liebig followed him. 587:in the Western world". 32:Liebig (disambiguation) 5152:German soil scientists 4752:William Hyde Wollaston 4675:Encyclopedia Americana 4650:(11th ed.). 1911. 2898:. New York: Springer. 2477:Post, John D. (1977). 2164:Encyclopedia Americana 1946:1896, gold, Professor 1728: 1720: 1643:In 1852, after asking 1640: 1342:Practical Cookery Book 1266: 1261:Justus Liebig statue, 1254: 1128:Agricultural Chemistry 1090: 998: 912: 904: 797: 789: 777: 724: 712: 670: 661:Justus von Liebig, by 639:Alexander von Humboldt 616:University of Erlangen 540: 155:Agricultural chemistry 127:University of Erlangen 4992:John Frederic Daniell 4864:Hans Christian Ørsted 4824:William Thomas Brande 4560:Texts on Wikisource: 4308:Yale University Press 4222:Knapp, G. F. (1903), 3223:10.1093/jhmas/jrad035 3110:nickyskye meanderings 2781:Annalen der Pharmacie 2632:Forrester, Rochelle. 2505:Felschow, Eva-Marie. 2460:"Blast from the Past" 2237:University of Giessen 2021:German pronunciation: 1980:, and in 1904 to Dr. 1848:Royal Society of Arts 1726: 1718: 1635: 1527:Annalen der Pharmacie 1260: 1249: 1088: 989: 910: 902: 889:reflecting telescopes 795: 783: 767: 718: 710: 679:University of Giessen 660: 538: 485:University of Giessen 287:University of Giessen 5104:Peter Andreas Hansen 5000:Carl Friedrich Gauss 4976:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 4952:Siméon Denis Poisson 4784:Thomas Andrew Knight 4538:Hessian Bibliography 4461:(1): 428–458, 1873, 4343:Archiv der Pharmazie 3717:: 491. 26 April 1872 3690:search.amphilsoc.org 3686:"APS Member History" 2945:Charles Mann (2011) 2836:Munday, Pat (1998). 2464:Smithsonian Magazine 1934:Joseph Henry Gilbert 1895:headquarters of the 1495:By Justus von Liebig 1353:Henry Enfield Roscoe 985:Jöns Jakob Berzelius 937:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 810:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 574:were destroyed by a 292:University of Munich 180:Barking dog reaction 160:Analytical chemistry 109:, German Empire 5048:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 4968:William Snow Harris 4940:George Biddell Airy 4020:"Medal for Chemist" 3848:Pacific Rural Press 3781:on 12 November 2014 3630:"Justus von Liebig" 3469:1957JChEd..34...27V 3033:On Food and Cooking 2725:2008JChEd..85.1201E 2673:2006JChEd..83...23J 2577:1831AnP....97....1L 2559:Liebig, J. (1831), 2271:on 20 November 2018 2267:(3). Archived from 2257:"Where's the Beef?" 1823:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 1675:Friederich Thiersch 1202:due to alcoholism. 1158:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 831:combustion analysis 826:potassium hydroxide 663:Wilhelm Trautschold 572:Northern Hemisphere 499:as essential plant 377:Heinrich Ritthausen 352:Hermann von Fehling 190:Fermentation theory 185:Combustion analysis 5096:Roderick Murchison 4642:Liebig, Justus von 4612:Liebig, Justus von 4299:Rossiter, Margaret 4284:10.1373/49.10.1696 4024:The Dighton Herald 3640:on 6 November 2014 2733:10.1021/ed085p1201 2693:Gebelein, Helmut. 2655:Jensen, William B. 2565:Annalen der Physik 2037:[-ˈliːbɪk] 1952:Leipzig University 1948:Friedrich Stohmann 1860:ℛ︁ℳ︁ 1771:In 1841, botanist 1729: 1721: 1649:Annalen der Chemie 1641: 1522:Annalen der Chemie 1324:wrote recipes for 1267: 1255: 1211:Methods of cookery 1095:law of the minimum 1091: 953:chemical compounds 913: 905: 824:was absorbed in a 798: 790: 778: 725: 723:Trading Card, 1929 713: 671: 608:University of Bonn 585:subsistence crisis 541: 505:law of the minimum 362:August von Hofmann 195:Law of the Minimum 122:University of Bonn 107:Kingdom of Bavaria 5127:Justus von Liebig 5114: 5113: 5072:Urbain Le Verrier 5020:Justus von Liebig 4731:Copley Medallists 4627:Liebig, Baron von 4597:Justus von Liebig 4570:The Chemical News 4485:Project Gutenberg 4381:Annals of Science 4317:978-0-300-01721-2 3749:Germany No. 695, 3538:978-0-226-66737-9 3511:978-0-226-66737-9 3184:978-1-4051-6744-4 2905:978-1-4614-4136-6 2191:978-0-7923-5011-8 2181:Fertilizer manual 2074:978-1-107-02325-3 1870:on 21 June 1948. 1854:Posthumous honors 1750:on 24 July 1837. 1746:, and awarded by 1711:Awards and honors 1705:Alter Südfriedhof 1473:Justus von Liebig 1468:Library resources 1448:Caroline Lieffers 1421:starvation stools 1411:and weighed 2.24 1322:Henriette Davidis 1101:Organic Chemistry 1012:(1822–1893), and 957:compound radicals 895:Organic chemistry 610:, studying under 481:organic chemistry 463: 462: 433:Augustus Voelcker 392:Wilhelm Henneberg 313:Doctoral students 264:Scientific career 170:Organic chemistry 43:Justus von Liebig 16:(Redirected from 5239: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5088:John Couch Adams 5083: 5075: 5067: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5040:James MacCullagh 5035: 5027: 5015: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4943: 4935: 4923: 4915: 4903: 4895: 4887: 4884:William Buckland 4879: 4867: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4808:Edward Troughton 4803: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4768:Smithson Tennant 4763: 4760:Richard Chenevix 4755: 4747: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4679: 4651: 4636: 4621: 4606: 4591: 4559: 4510: 4509: 4494:Internet Archive 4470: 4447: 4423: 4399: 4375: 4337: 4321: 4295: 4286: 4269: 4243: 4234:(2): 1315–1330, 4218: 4194: 4178: 4162: 4146: 4130: 4106: 4087: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3773: 3767:Hera, Cristian. 3764: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3636:. 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Poisonnier 838:Liebig condenser 818:calcium chloride 802:organic chemists 746:Justin von Linde 525:Liebig condenser 414: 323: 302:Doctoral advisor 200:Liebig condenser 146: 98: 76: 74: 61: 58: 53: 39: 38: 21: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5102: 5094: 5086: 5078: 5070: 5064:Theodor Schwann 5062: 5056:Carlo Matteucci 5054: 5046: 5038: 5030: 5018: 5010: 5004:Michael Faraday 4998: 4986: 4980:Francis Kiernan 4974: 4966: 4958: 4948:Michael Faraday 4946: 4938: 4926: 4918: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4870: 4862: 4856:Robert Seppings 4854: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4682: 4667: 4639: 4624: 4609: 4594: 4507: 4477: 4450: 4318: 4302: 4103: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3758: 3752:Scott catalogue 3748: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3666:on 16 July 2012 3658: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3496: 3492: 3449: 3445: 3422:10.2307/1423504 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3338: 3334: 3322: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3169: 3165: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3133:The Quinologist 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3102: 3098: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3062:The Quinologist 3057: 3050: 3043: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3009: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2957: 2953: 2949:, p. 214, Knopf 2944: 2940: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2888: 2877: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802:2027/hvd.hxdg3f 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2756:on 20 June 2018 2748: 2747: 2740: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2595: 2591: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2489: 2475: 2471: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2431: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2253: 2244: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2176: 2172: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2122: 2115: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2031:southern German 2029: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2010: 1993: 1982:Rudolf Knietsch 1913: 1856: 1793:in his honour. 1713: 1699:Liebig died in 1677:in the city of 1630: 1552:Liebigs Annalen 1541:Liebigs Annalen 1517: 1516: 1515: 1492: 1491: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1365: 1338:Hannah M. Young 1330:Katharina Prato 1285:New South Wales 1273: 1244: 1213: 1208: 1143: 1089:Liebig's barrel 1080: 1022: 1020:Plant nutrition 997: 995: 897: 762: 760:Instrumentation 705: 675:extraordinarius 655: 576:volcanic winter 533: 455: 452: 416: 415: 410: 399: 396: 387:Adolph Strecker 372:Emil Erlenmeyer 342:Victor Regnault 325: 324: 319: 296: 247: 244: 230:Plant nutrition 225:Organocatalysis 148: 147: 142: 131: 115:Alma mater 110: 100: 96: 87: 78: 72: 70: 62: 59: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5245: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5092: 5084: 5076: 5068: 5060: 5052: 5044: 5036: 5028: 5016: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4944: 4936: 4924: 4916: 4908:François Arago 4904: 4896: 4888: 4880: 4868: 4860: 4852: 4844: 4840:David Brewster 4836: 4828: 4820: 4812: 4804: 4796: 4788: 4780: 4772: 4764: 4756: 4748: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4727: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4680: 4665: 4652: 4637: 4622: 4607: 4592: 4582:Liebig, Justus 4578:Brown, A. Crum 4574: 4553: 4540: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4511: 4496: 4487: 4476: 4475:External links 4473: 4472: 4471: 4448: 4424: 4400: 4376: 4338: 4322: 4316: 4296: 4270: 4261:(3): 817–828, 4244: 4219: 4195: 4184:Orvosi Hetilap 4179: 4168:Orvosi Hetilap 4163: 4147: 4131: 4107: 4101: 4088: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4037: 4011: 3974: 3960: 3951:Schmidt-Theyer 3940: 3914: 3889: 3861: 3832: 3825: 3801: 3799:Label on frame 3792: 3756: 3742: 3728: 3702: 3677: 3651: 3634:Tous Les Faits 3621: 3592: 3566: 3544: 3537: 3517: 3510: 3490: 3443: 3416:(3): 469–476. 3400: 3366: 3352: 3332: 3302: 3288: 3268: 3243: 3197: 3183: 3163: 3147: 3122: 3096: 3076: 3048: 3041: 3023: 3012:on 10 May 2013 2999:The Microscope 2982: 2951: 2938: 2931:The Cultivator 2918: 2904: 2875: 2848:(4): 403–418. 2828: 2808: 2787:(3): 249–282. 2767: 2738: 2703: 2685: 2660:J. Chem. Educ. 2646: 2624: 2605:(4): 319–363. 2589: 2551: 2520: 2494: 2487: 2469: 2450: 2443: 2282: 2242: 2218: 2190: 2170: 2147: 2136:: xxvii–xxxvii 2113: 2087: 2073: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1955: 1944: 1937: 1930:Sir John Lawes 1928:1893, silver, 1912: 1909: 1855: 1852: 1712: 1709: 1629: 1626: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1586: 1581:; in English, 1576: 1571:; in English, 1566: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1389:infant formula 1383:Infant Formula 1364: 1361: 1269:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1142: 1139: 1078: 1021: 1018: 1014:Ludwig Büchner 993: 933:silver cyanate 896: 893: 822:carbon dioxide 776:in lower right 761: 758: 754:fume cupboards 704: 701: 654: 651: 643:Georges Cuvier 627:Korps Rhenania 532: 529: 461: 460: 457: 456: 454: 453: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 419: 409: 408: 407: 405: 401: 400: 398: 397: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 328: 318: 317: 316: 314: 310: 309: 304: 298: 297: 295: 294: 289: 283: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 260: 259: 253: 249: 248: 246: 245: 243: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 205:Liebig process 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 151: 141: 140: 139: 137: 136:Known for 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 118: 116: 112: 111: 101: 99:(aged 69) 93: 89: 88: 79: 68: 64: 63: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5244: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167:German barons 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5080:John Herschel 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4928:William Prout 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4900:John Brinkley 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4876:John Herschel 4873: 4872:Edward Sabine 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4800:William Henry 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4744:Astley Cooper 4741: 4740: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4565:Justus Liebig 4562: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4306:. 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