40:
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specifically focuses her attention on several Near
Eastern and Mesopotamian gods as examples which she argues have been largely ignored, both by Frazer (who would not have had access to most relevant texts) and his more recent critics. These examples include the goddess Inanna in Sumerian texts and Ba'al in Ugaritic texts, whose myths, Corrente argues, offer concrete examples of death and resurrection. Corrente also utilizes the example of Dionysus, whose connection to the category is more complicated, but has still been largely ignored or mischaracterized by other scholars including Frazer himself in her view.
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298:, who die every year. The annual death of Ishtar when she goes underground represents the lack of growth, and her return represents the rebirth of the farming cycle. Most scholars hold that although the gods suggested in this motif die, they do not generally return in terms of rising as the same deity, although scholars such as Mettinger contend that in some cases they do.
729:, players of the universe-creating game Sburb can attain conditional immortality and extraordinary power by ascending to "god tier", a process that requires dying on a special sacrificial bed. God tier players can be killed normally, but will return anew so long as the game does not judge their deaths "heroic" or "just".
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suggests that rather than being a stand-in for crops in general (and therefore the cycle of death and rebirth), these herbs (and Adonis) were part of a complex of associations in the Greek mind that centered on spices. These associations included seduction, trickery, gourmandizing, and the anxieties
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wrote the "Dying and rising gods" entry, where he dismisses the category as "largely a misnomer based on imaginative reconstructions and exceedingly late or highly ambiguous texts", suggesting a more detailed categorisation into "dying gods" and "disappearing gods", arguing that before
Christianity,
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festival and follow the ritual of his death and the scattering of his body to restart the vegetation cycle as a rebirth "experience the permanence and continuity of life which outlasts all changes of form". Jung wrote that Osiris provided the key example of the rebirth process in that initially only
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In the 2010s, Paola
Corrente conducted an extensive survey of the status of the dying and rising god category. Though she agrees that much of Frazer's specific evidence was faulty, she argues that the category as a whole is valid, though she suggests modifications to the specific criteria. Corrente
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which exaggerates the importance of trifling resemblances, long abandoned by mainstream scholars. Against this view, Mettinger (2001) affirms that many of the gods of the mystery religions do indeed die, descend to the underworld, are lamented and retrieved by a woman and restored to life. However,
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The category "dying-and-rising-god" was debated throughout the 20th century, and most modern scholars questioned its ubiquity in the world's mythologies. By the end of the 20th century the scholarly consensus was that most of the gods Frazer listed as "dying-and-rising" only died and did not rise.
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and the farming cycle. The cutting down of barley and wheat was related to the death of Osiris, and the sprouting of shoots was thought to be based on the power of Osiris to resurrect the farmland. In general rebirth analogies based on the vegetation cycle are viewed as the weakest elements in the
390:'s literal/physical death and resurrection. The overall view of Jung regarding religious themes and stories is that they are expressions of events occurring in the unconscious of the individuals â regardless of their historicity. From the symbolic perspective, Jung sees dying and rising gods as an
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to over-drink and then burn himself to death out of remorse for his own shameful deeds. Quetzalcoatl does not resurrect and come back to life as himself, but some versions of his story have a flock of birds flying away from his ashes. In some variants, Quetzalcoatl sails away on the ocean never to
167:
Frazer's interpretation of the category has been critically discussed in 20th-century scholarship, to the conclusion that many examples from the world's mythologies included under "dying and rising" should only be considered "dying" but not "rising", and that the genuine dying-and-rising god is a
630:, in that it subsumes a range of disparate myths under a single category and ignores important distinctions. Detienne argues that it risks making Christianity the standard by which all religion is judged, since death and resurrection are more central to Christianity than many other faiths.
332:
604:(1990). Smith's 1987 article was widely received, and during the 1990s, scholarly consensus seemed to shift towards his rejection of the concept as oversimplified, although it continued to be invoked by scholars writing about ancient Near Eastern mythology.
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Garry and El-Shamy (2004:19f.), citing
Mettinger (2001:217f.): "The world of ancient Near Eastern religions actually knew a number of deities that may be properly described as dying and rising ne should not hypostasize these gods into a specific type '
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summarizes the current scholarly consensus as ambiguous, with some scholars rejecting Frazer's "broad universalist category" preferring to emphasize the differences between the various traditions, but others continue to view the category as applicable.
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The general applicability of the death and resurrection of Osiris to the dying-and-rising-god analogy has been criticized, on the grounds that it derived from the harvesting rituals that related the rising and receding waters of the
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by
Lanikuala departed for the skies. In contrast, Kaili leaves the world by canoe and is never seen again. The Japanese god Izanami dies giving birth to the child Kagu-tsuchi (incarnation of fire) or Ho-Musubi (causer of fire) and
256:-tipped arrow at him. Baldr's body is then set aflame on a ship as it sails out to sea. Baldr does not come back to life because not all living creatures shed tears for him, and his death then leads to the "doom of the gods".
347:
argued that there are similarities between the
Egyptian dying-and-rising god myths and Jesus, but Massey's factual errors often render his works mistaken. For example, Massey stated that the biblical references to
469:
who lured him with toys, then boiled and ate him. Zeus then destroyed the Titans by thunderbolt as a result of their action against
Dionysus and from the ashes humans were formed. However, Dionysus' grandmother
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Ackerman 2002, 163, lists divine kingship, taboo, and the dying god as "key concepts" of not only Frazer, but
Harrison and others of the ritualist school, in contrast to differences among these scholars.
638:, actually died as ordinary mortals, only to become gods of various stature after they were resurrected from the dead. Not dying as gods, they thus defy the definition of "dying-and-rising-gods".
286:
Some traditions tie the cycle of life and death brought about by the seasons to deities which themselves undergo a cycle of death and rebirth. In effect, these gods take the form of a
879:
Motif-index of folk-literature : a classification of narrative elements in folktales, ballads, myths, fables, medieval romances, exempla, fabliaux, jest-books, and local legends
248:
The methods of death vary. In
Germanic mythology, for example, Baldr (whose account was likely first written down in the 12th century), is inadvertently killed by his blind brother
580:
in 1933, and was the subject of controversial debate over the following decades. One of the leading scholars in the deconstruction of Frazer's "dying-and-rising god" category was
283:, the land of gloom, to retrieve her, but she has already changed to a deteriorated state and Izanagi will not bring her back, and she pursues Izanagi, but he manages to escape.
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of diverse cultures â perhaps because attributes of deities were derived from everyday experiences, and the ensuing conflicts often included death. These examples include
437:
for all individuals in
Christianity. Jung believed that Christianity itself derived its significance from the archetypal relationship between Osiris and Horus versus
513:. While there, she is "struck down" and turns into a corpse. For three days and three nights, Inanna is dead, until she is resurrected with the help of her father,
328:, Frazer and Harrison argued that all myths are echoes of rituals, and that all rituals have as their primordial purpose the manipulation of natural phenomena.
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supports the category of dying and rising gods, and stated in 2001 that there was a scholarly consensus that the category is inappropriate. As of 2009, the
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of childbirth. From his point of view, Adonis's death is only one datum among the many that must be used to analyze the festival, the myth, and the god.
406:(which he saw as a case of dying and rising) may be true or not, but that has no relevance to the psychological analysis of the process, and its impact.
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1601:, Biblical Studies in Honor of J. J. M. Roberts, edited by Bernard Frank Batto, Kathryn L. Roberts and J. J. M. Roberts (July 2004)
634:, a scholar of religion, points out how a number of those often defined as dying-and-rising-deities, such as a number of figures in
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in 1986 argued that the oft-made connection between the mystery religions and the idea of dying and rising divinities is defective.
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managed to put some of his pieces back together (principally from his heart that was spared) and brought him back to life. In other
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permeates the later religious psychology of Carl Jung more than any other element. In 1950 Jung wrote that those who partake in the
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Tryggve Mettinger, "The 'Dying and Rising God': A survey of Research from Frazer to the Present Day", in Batto et al. (eds.),
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1683:", The Religious Studies Project (Podcast Transcript). 3 June 2019. Transcribed by Helen Bradstock. Version 1.1, 28 May 2019.
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By contrast, most variations of Quetzalcoatl's story (first written down in the 16th century) have Quetzalcoatl tricked by
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and Jesus, his son. However, Jung also postulated that the rebirth applied to Osiris (the father), and not Horus, the son.
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the two categories were distinct and gods who "died" did not return, and those who returned never truly "died".
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Though the concept of a "dying-and-rising god" has a longer history, it was significantly advocated by Frazer's
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Smith gave a more detailed account of his views specifically on the question of parallels to Christianity in
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serpent. However, the existence of Herod the Great is well established independently of Christian sources.
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Thompson's categories A192. Death or departure of the gods and A193. Resurrection of gods. S. Thompson,
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Lee W. Bailey, "Dying and rising gods" in: David A. Leeming, Kathryn Madden and Stanton Marlan (eds.)
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demon who first uses its power to " death upon the land", before dying and returning as a great hero.
39:
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433:"had an Osiris" but later other Egyptians nobles acquired it and eventually it led in the concept of
681:. the works do not describe themselves as examples of dying-and-rising gods; find a secondary source
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and H.-P. MĂŒller, "Sterbende ud auferstehende Vegetationsgötter? Eine Skizze", TZ 53 (1997:374)
1253:(Collected Works of C. G. Jung Vol. 9 Part 1) by C. G. Jung and R. F. C. Hull (August 1, 1981)
1233:(Collected Works of C. G. Jung Vol. 9 Part 1) by C. G. Jung and R. F. C. Hull (August 1, 1981)
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Drudgery Divine: On the Comparison of Early Christianities and the Religions of Late Antiquity
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A dying-and-rising god is born, suffers a death-like experience, and is subsequently reborn.
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deities can die and depart the world in a number of ways. Some gods who were killed on
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to bring her back. The galla serve Inanna food and water and bring her back to life.
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Egyptian Mythology, a Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt
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110:. Examples of gods who die and later return to life are most often cited from the
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1917:. Ed. Walter Hooper. Reprint ed. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1994.
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The oldest known example of the "dying god rising myth" is the Sumerian myth of
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576:(1906–1914). At first received very favourably, the idea was attacked by
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The Gospel and the Greeks: Did the New Testament Borrow from Pagan Thought?
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characteristic feature of ancient Near Eastern mythologies and the derived
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The Riddle of Resurrection: Dying and Rising Gods in the Ancient Near East
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by David A. Leeming, Kathryn Madden and Stanton Marlan (November 6, 2009)
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The Riddle of Resurrection: Dying and Rising Gods in the Ancient Near East
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Frazer, quoted in Mettinger 2001:18, cited after Garry and El-Shamy, p. 19
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states that surface-level application of analogous symbolism is a case of
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505:'s Descent to the Underworld. The Sumerian goddess Inanna travels to the
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surrounding the yearly cycle of vegetation. Frazer cited the examples of
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by Marcel Detienne, Janet Lloyd and Jean-Pierre Vernant (April 4, 1994)
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Care for the Soul: Exploring the Intersection of Psychology and Theology
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The Myth and Ritual School: J.G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists.
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The Glory, Jest and Riddle. James George Frazer and The Golden Bough
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through which the rising god becomes the greater personality in the
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by Kiki Gounaridou (September 3, 1998) University Press of America
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Alane Sauder-MacGuire, "Osiris and the Egyptian Religion" in the
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Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology
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Mettinger also disincludes Christianity from this influence.
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Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of Christianity.
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is a religious motif in which a god or goddess dies and is
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gods who symbolically died and resurrected foreshadowed
27:
Religious motif in which a deity dies and is resurrected
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Smith, Jonathan Z. (1987). "Dying and Rising Gods", in
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have suggested Dionysus as an example of resurrection.
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A main criticism charges the group of analogies with
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The term "dying god" is associated with the works of
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ritual of growing and withering herb gardens at the
1740:
Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual
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1319:, Bruce Manning Metzger, p. 19, Brill Archive, 1960
950:Garry, Jane; M El-Shamy, Hasan (December 1, 2004).
374:were part of the "trans-personal symbolism" of the
339:-bed is where he renews the harvest cycle in Egypt.
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190:(1932), and "resurrection of gods" is motif A193.
1670:". PhD thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
1668:Dioniso y los Dying gods: paralelos metodolĂłgicos
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1276:by Stanley E. Porter and Stephen J. Bedard 2006
1134:by Stanley E. Porter and Stephen J. Bedard 2006
114:. The traditions influenced by them include the
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465:, was a horned child who was torn to pieces by
402:. In Jung's view, a biblical story such as the
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1996:
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584:, whose 1969 dissertation discusses Frazer's
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352:were based on the myth of "Herrut" the evil
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318:. At the end of the 19th century, in their
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1545:Jonathan Z. Smith "On Comparing Stories",
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132:(1890). Frazer associated the motif with
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1399:by Barry B. Powell (January 2002)
1013:by John Lindow (October 17, 2002)
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1895:Leeming, David. "Dying god".
1329:Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
786:
541:
2323:Expressions related to death
2276:Medical declaration of death
1913:(1970). "Myth Become Fact."
1708:Ace Combat 5: The Unsung War
1499:The Encyclopedia of Religion
735:Ace Combat 5: The Unsung War
394:process resonating with the
370:processes such as death and
7:
2343:Preventable causes of death
799:Leeming, "Dying god" (2004)
749:
691:the claims made and adding
343:Early in the 20th century,
193:
10:
3429:
3388:Life-death-rebirth deities
1274:Unmasking the Pagan Christ
1155:Crowley, Vivianne (2000).
1132:Unmasking the Pagan Christ
482:is depicted as the son of
226:mythology to the Japanese
218:and the feathered serpent
3332:
3058:
2988:
2874:
2828:
2710:Consciousness after death
2690:
2633:
2578:
2520:
2469:
2458:
2451:
2366:
2303:
2197:
2018:
2010:
1854:New York: Henry Schuman.
1724:Ackerman, Robert (2002).
450:death-rebirth analogies.
82:
64:
56:
37:
32:
3111:Personification of death
2333:People by cause of death
1864:Godwin, Joscelyn. 1994.
1666:Corrente, Paola. 2012. "
1509:Macmillan, pages 521â527
1331:by Margaret Bunson 1999
1299:by Geraldine Pinch 2004
1057:The Myth of Quetzalcoatl
958:. M.E. Sharpe. pp.
738:, Razgriz is a powerful
594:Encyclopedia of religion
45:The Return of Persephone
18:Life-death-rebirth deity
3393:Mythological archetypes
3188:Death-positive movement
3033:Post-mortem photography
2313:Causes of death by rate
2241:Death by natural causes
1941:Miles, Geoffrey. 2009.
1901:Oxford Reference Online
1780:The Mysteries of Mithra
1693:Hussie, Andrew (2009).
1564:The Ugaritic Baal Cycle
1521:"Dying and Rising Gods"
1221:Springer, pages 651-653
917:Springer, pages 266â267
868:dying and rising god'."
3223:Fascination with death
2861:Reincarnation research
2856:Out-of-body experience
2318:Notable deaths by year
2159:Immunogenic cell death
2075:Temporal lobe necrosis
1976:. Westport: Greenwood.
1948:Nash, Ronald H. 2003.
1778:Cumont, Franz (1903).
1775:. Chicago: Open Court.
1352:Euripides and Alcestis
636:ancient Greek religion
615:festival, in his book
552:
417:
396:collective unconscious
376:collective unconscious
340:
245:
3383:Comparative mythology
3028:Post-mortem chemistry
2841:Near-death experience
2737:Desecration of graves
2673:Postmortem caloricity
2638:Beating heart cadaver
2082:Programmed cell death
2050:Liquefactive necrosis
1782:. London: Kegan Paul.
1750:Ancient Mystery Cults
1710:. Bandai Namco. 2004.
1619:Comparative Criticism
1586:Princeton pages ivâxi
1576:The Gardens of Adonis
1480:(Yale dissertation).
1195:Intervarsity page 287
617:The Gardens of Adonis
532:
412:
404:resurrection of Jesus
334:
236:
120:comparative mythology
116:Greco-Roman mythology
3413:Agricultural deities
3218:Festival of the Dead
3116:Dying-and-rising god
3071:Chinese burial money
2960:Prohibition of dying
2912:Death-qualified jury
2678:Post-mortem interval
2338:Premature obituaries
2045:Coagulative necrosis
1829:Frazer, James George
1728:New York: Routledge.
1653:Dag Ăistein EndsjĂž.
517:, who sends the two
490:, and is the god of
316:Cambridge Ritualists
96:dying-and-rising god
33:Dying-and-rising god
3278:Philosophy of death
3143:Death from laughter
2443:Perinatal mortality
2184:Mitotic catastrophe
2164:Ischemic cell death
2107:Intrinsic apoptosis
2055:Gangrenous necrosis
1848:Gaster, Theodor, H.
1812:EndsjĂž, Dag Ăistein
525:Scholarly criticism
494:. Scholars such as
413:Bronze figurine of
314:, and their fellow
312:Jane Ellen Harrison
290:. Examples include
240:whispers to a dead
206:appears within the
180:" is motif A192 in
3378:Christ myth theory
3373:1890 introductions
3324:Thanatosensitivity
3228:Hierarchy of death
3168:Death notification
3076:Coins for the dead
3008:Forensic pathology
2892:Capital punishment
2846:Near-death studies
2438:Mortality salience
2070:Fibrinoid necrosis
2040:Avascular necrosis
1963:Smith, Jonathan Z.
1527:. Encyclopedia.com
732:In the video game
676:possibly contains
657:In popular culture
632:Dag Ăistein EndsjĂž
553:
509:to see her sister
418:
341:
246:
104:resurrection deity
3360:
3359:
3096:Death anniversary
3091:Death and culture
2935:Dying declaration
2917:Death certificate
2824:
2823:
2686:
2685:
2538:Neuropreservation
2328:Natural disasters
2299:
2298:
1937:978-91-22-01945-9
1824:978-0-230-61729-2
1168:978-0-8356-0782-7
1118:978-1-4588-1251-3
721:
720:
713:
678:original research
642:Tryggve Mettinger
582:Jonathan Z. Smith
92:
91:
77:Tryggve Mettinger
49:Frederic Leighton
16:(Redirected from
3420:
3403:Death of deities
3350:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3320:
3305:Assisted suicide
3203:Death trajectory
3018:Mortuary science
3013:Funeral director
3004:
2970:Suspicious death
2742:Eternal oblivion
2528:Cryopreservation
2467:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2394:Infant mortality
2384:Excess mortality
2286:Terminal illness
2271:Lazarus syndrome
2256:End-of-life care
2207:Accidental death
2060:Caseous necrosis
2023:
2022:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1834:The Golden Bough
1808:
1796:
1787:Detienne, Marcel
1763:
1745:
1743:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1616:
1610:
1596:
1587:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1516:
1510:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1468:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1439:Gerald O'Collins
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1394:
1388:
1374:
1363:
1349:
1340:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1294:
1285:
1271:
1262:
1248:
1242:
1228:
1222:
1207:
1196:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1152:
1143:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1068:
1054:
1045:
1031:
1022:
1008:
997:
983:
974:
973:
957:
947:
918:
903:
886:
875:
869:
861:
852:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
818:
817:Stookey 2004, 99
815:
809:
808:Burkert 1979, 99
806:
800:
797:
723:In the webcomic
716:
709:
705:
702:
696:
693:inline citations
669:
668:
661:
562:Gerald O'Collins
546:
543:
420:The analysis of
321:The Golden Bough
288:vegetation deity
129:The Golden Bough
42:
30:
29:
21:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3328:
3314:
3258:Museum of Death
3208:Dignified death
3163:Death messenger
3138:Death education
3054:
2998:
2984:
2922:Declared death
2870:
2820:
2777:Online mourning
2682:
2648:Cadaveric spasm
2629:
2574:
2516:
2507:Skeletonization
2447:
2379:Child mortality
2374:Birthday effect
2362:
2295:
2291:Unnatural death
2222:Brainstem death
2193:
2132:Pseudoapoptosis
2014:
2009:
1979:
1805:
1760:
1732:Burkert, Walter
1720:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1637:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1597:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1519:Gale, Thomson.
1517:
1513:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1443:New Blackfriars
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1395:
1391:
1377:The Greek World
1375:
1366:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1295:
1288:
1272:
1265:
1249:
1245:
1229:
1225:
1208:
1199:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1153:
1146:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1055:
1048:
1032:
1025:
1009:
1000:
984:
977:
970:
948:
921:
904:
889:
876:
872:
862:
855:
850:
846:
841:
837:
833:Miles 2009, 193
832:
821:
816:
812:
807:
803:
798:
794:
789:
752:
717:
706:
700:
697:
682:
670:
666:
659:
620:Marcel Detienne
602:Drudgery Divine
544:
527:
455:Greek mythology
350:Herod the Great
304:
216:Norse mythology
196:
134:fertility rites
87:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3426:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Apparent death
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Cause of death
2894:
2889:
2887:Administration
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:Death erection
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:Natural burial
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2426:Mortality rate
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2404:Maternal death
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Unusual deaths
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:Organ donation
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2229:Clinical death
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1960:
1946:
1939:
1925:
1908:
1893:
1876:
1862:
1845:
1826:
1809:
1803:
1783:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1746:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1700:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1631:
1611:
1599:David and Zion
1588:
1568:
1555:
1538:
1511:
1490:
1463:
1447:
1431:
1409:
1389:
1364:
1341:
1321:
1309:
1286:
1263:
1243:
1223:
1197:
1174:
1167:
1144:
1124:
1117:
1103:Massey, Gerald
1094:
1085:
1069:
1046:
1023:
998:
975:
968:
919:
887:
870:
853:
844:
835:
819:
810:
801:
791:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
761:Mother goddess
758:
751:
748:
719:
718:
701:September 2024
673:
671:
664:
658:
655:
578:Roland de Vaux
566:parallelomania
526:
523:
439:God the Father
303:
300:
195:
192:
182:Stith Thompson
174:late antiquity
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3425:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Death deities
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Death anxiety
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Darwin Awards
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:Biostratinomy
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Necropolitics
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2789:Reincarnation
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2692:Other aspects
2689:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Body donation
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Dismemberment
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Mummification
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2512:Fossilization
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Decomposition
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Pallor mortis
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
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1958:0-87552-559-8
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1923:0-8028-0868-9
1920:
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1906:
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1898:
1894:
1892:
1891:0-226-39823-4
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:Jensen, Adolf
1877:
1875:
1874:0-7914-2151-1
1871:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:0-87752-188-3
1857:
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1844:
1843:0-684-82630-5
1840:
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1813:
1810:
1806:
1804:0-391-00611-8
1800:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:Cumont, Franz
1767:
1761:
1759:0-674-03386-8
1755:
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1663:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1639:Detienne 1994
1635:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1609:pages 381â383
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
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1494:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:373–386
1457:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1420:
1413:
1407:pages 105â107
1406:
1402:
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1371:
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1028:
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1016:
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1007:
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1003:
996:pages 106-107
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
971:
965:
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956:
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779:
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764:
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757:
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753:
747:
745:
741:
737:
736:
730:
728:
727:
715:
712:
704:
694:
690:
686:
680:
679:
674:This section
672:
663:
662:
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
621:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
598:
595:
591:
590:Mircea Eliade
588:, and who in
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
567:
563:
559:
550:
547:, are at the
545: 410 BC
539:
535:
531:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
464:
461:, the son of
460:
456:
451:
448:
442:
440:
436:
432:
427:
423:
416:
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
361:psychoanalyst
357:
355:
351:
346:
345:Gerald Massey
338:
333:
329:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
273:
269:
265:
262:
257:
255:
251:
243:
239:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
191:
189:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:mystery cults
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3198:Death threat
3081:Dark tourism
3023:Necrobiology
2965:Right to die
2923:
2882:Abortion law
2806:Resurrection
2794:Palingenesis
2691:
2653:Coffin birth
2560:Plastination
2521:Preservation
2497:Putrefaction
2492:Rigor mortis
2487:Algor mortis
2482:Livor mortis
2459:
2415:Memento mori
2413:
2266:Lazarus sign
2246:Death rattle
2189:Suicide gene
2174:Karyorrhexis
2065:Fat necrosis
1973:
1966:
1949:
1942:
1928:
1914:
1911:Lewis, C. S.
1900:
1896:
1882:
1865:
1851:
1832:
1815:
1792:
1779:
1772:
1749:
1739:
1725:
1718:Bibliography
1707:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1675:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1643:Burkert 1987
1634:
1618:
1614:
1598:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1551:85–115
1546:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1524:
1514:
1498:
1493:
1473:
1466:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1412:
1396:
1392:
1376:
1351:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1296:
1273:
1250:
1246:
1230:
1226:
1210:
1184:
1157:
1131:
1127:
1107:
1097:
1088:
1080:
1056:
1033:
1010:
985:
953:
906:
878:
873:
865:
847:
838:
813:
804:
795:
744:Ace Combat 5
743:
733:
731:
724:
722:
707:
698:
675:
651:
645:
640:
628:reductionism
625:
616:
606:
601:
599:
593:
586:Golden Bough
585:
574:Golden Bough
573:
571:
558:Kurt Rudolph
554:
500:
496:Barry Powell
452:
443:
419:
400:Jungian self
372:resurrection
366:argued that
358:
342:
325:
319:
308:James Frazer
305:
285:
266:
261:Tezcatlipoca
258:
247:
220:Quetzalcoatl
197:
185:
166:
127:
124:James Frazer
103:
99:
95:
93:
69:James Frazer
44:
3315: [
3273:Necrophobia
3268:Necrophilia
3238:Immortality
3193:Death squad
3173:Death panel
3158:Death march
3153:Death knell
3133:Death drive
3106:Death deity
3050:Thanatology
2999: [
2945:Legal death
2924:in absentia
2902:Civil death
2747:Examination
2732:Crematorium
2615:Excarnation
2452:After death
2251:Dysthanasia
2217:Brain death
2149:Autoschizis
2127:Phenoptosis
2122:Parthanatos
2112:Necroptosis
2019:In medicine
1641:; see also
1424:January 21,
1021:pages 66-68
426:Osiris myth
302:Development
202:of a dying
126:'s seminal
108:resurrected
57:Description
3367:Categories
3243:Last rites
3213:Extinction
3183:Death pose
3178:Death poem
3148:Death hoax
3128:Death camp
3121:Psychopomp
2996:Death tech
2851:Necromancy
2829:Paranormal
2811:Underworld
2663:Dissection
2625:Resomation
2620:Promession
2598:Sky burial
2565:Prosection
2550:Maceration
2261:Euthanasia
2179:Karyolysis
2137:Pyroptosis
2117:Paraptosis
2027:Cell death
1627:0521222966
1607:1575060922
1584:0691001049
1531:10 October
1507:0029097002
1405:0130258393
1385:0415170427
1360:0761812318
1337:0517203804
1305:0195170245
1282:1894667719
1259:0691018332
1239:0691018332
1219:038771801X
1193:0830815538
1140:1894667719
1065:0801871018
1042:1576074676
1019:0195153820
994:0313315051
969:0765612607
915:038771801X
787:References
781:Sky father
740:fairy tale
685:improve it
511:Ereshkigal
507:Underworld
488:Persephone
447:Nile river
392:archetypal
368:archetypal
359:The Swiss
296:Persephone
86:Mythology
65:Proponents
3288:Sacrifice
3283:Predation
3248:Longevity
3038:Taphonomy
2975:Trust law
2930:Death row
2715:Afterlife
2668:Gibbeting
2605:Cremation
2570:Taxidermy
2545:Embalming
2421:Micromort
2367:Mortality
2144:Autolysis
2102:Autophagy
2097:Apoptosis
1695:Homestuck
771:Ouroboros
726:Homestuck
689:verifying
534:Aphrodite
364:Carl Jung
254:mistletoe
208:mythology
73:Carl Jung
3398:Dionysus
3342:Category
3312:Thanabot
3263:Necronym
3233:Homicide
2784:Obituary
2772:Mourning
2762:Internet
2705:Cemetery
2580:Disposal
2533:Cryonics
2202:Abortion
2169:Pyknosis
2035:Necrosis
1881:(1963).
1831:(1890).
1789:(1994).
1771:(1911).
1629:page 301
1549:(1990),
1482:Archived
1458:(2004),
1387:page 494
1339:page 290
1261:page 128
1241:page 117
1105:(1907).
1044:page 174
776:Pandeism
750:See also
609:Athenian
592:'s 1987
459:Dionysus
431:Pharaohs
279:goes to
268:Hawaiian
264:return.
194:Overview
158:Dionysus
88:Religion
3352:Outline
3300:Suicide
2940:Inquest
2907:Coroner
2799:SaáčsÄra
2767:Midwife
2752:Funeral
2727:Customs
2700:Carrion
2399:Karoshi
2212:Autopsy
2092:Anoikis
1362:page 71
1284:page 24
1142:page 18
1067:page 42
909:(2009)
766:Mytheme
756:Dumuzid
683:Please
492:rebirth
480:Zagreus
478:tales,
382:of the
277:Izanagi
228:Izanami
154:Zagreus
83:Subject
3253:Martyr
2989:Fields
2950:Murder
2866:SĂ©ance
2836:Ghosts
2720:Tukdam
2588:Burial
2470:Stages
2154:Eschar
1956:
1935:
1921:
1889:
1872:
1858:
1850:1950.
1841:
1822:
1814:2009.
1801:
1756:
1625:
1605:
1582:
1505:
1403:
1383:
1358:
1335:
1303:
1280:
1257:
1237:
1217:
1191:
1165:
1138:
1115:
1063:
1040:
1017:
992:
966:
913:
883:p. 106
613:Adonis
549:Louvre
538:Adonis
503:Inanna
476:Orphic
467:Titans
422:Osiris
415:Osiris
388:Christ
337:Osiris
292:Ishtar
160:, and
146:Adonis
142:Tammuz
138:Osiris
102:, or
51:(1891)
3319:]
3293:human
3059:Other
3003:]
2875:Legal
2816:Vigil
2757:Grief
2305:Lists
2012:Death
1485:(PDF)
1478:(PDF)
962:â20.
519:galla
484:Hades
384:pagan
380:myths
354:hydra
272:Lanai
242:Baldr
224:Aztec
212:Baldr
204:deity
200:motif
162:Jesus
150:Attis
2980:Will
2461:Body
2431:RAMR
2087:AICD
1954:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1907:>
1887:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1533:2016
1503:ISBN
1426:2022
1401:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1015:ISBN
990:ISBN
964:ISBN
911:ISBN
536:and
515:Enki
486:and
472:Rhea
463:Zeus
435:soul
429:the
335:The
324:and
294:and
281:Yomi
250:Höðr
238:Odin
198:The
148:and
2234:DOA
866:the
687:by
453:In
222:in
214:in
184:'s
176:. "
172:of
122:by
47:by
3369::
3317:ca
3001:pt
1591:^
1523:.
1367:^
1344:^
1289:^
1266:^
1200:^
1177:^
1147:^
1072:^
1049:^
1026:^
1001:^
978:^
960:19
922:^
890:^
856:^
822:^
542:c.
540:,
457:,
310:,
230:.
164:.
156:,
152:,
144:,
140:,
98:,
94:A
75:,
71:,
2004:e
1997:t
1990:v
1807:.
1762:.
1697:.
1553:.
1535:.
1428:.
1171:.
1121:.
972:.
885:.
714:)
708:(
703:)
699:(
551:.
20:)
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