Light rail - Knowledge

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ability of buses to travel closer to each other than rail vehicles and their ability to overtake each other at designated locations allowing express services to bypass those that have stopped at stations. However, to achieve capacities this high, BRT station footprints need to be significantly larger than a typical LRT station. In terms of cost of operation, each bus vehicle requires a single driver, whereas a light rail train may have three to four cars of much larger capacity in one train under the control of one driver, or no driver at all in fully automated systems, increasing the labor costs of BRT systems compared to LRT systems. BRT systems are also usually less fuel-efficient as they use non-electrified vehicles.

1541: 1246: 2775: 2691: 70: 1450: 1292:"light rail" has sections that could alternatively be described as a tramway, a light metro, and, in a narrow sense, rapid transit. This is especially common in the United States, where there is not a popularly perceived distinction between these different types of urban rail systems. The development of technology for low-floor and catenary-free trams facilitates the construction of such mixed systems with only short and shallow underground sections below critical intersections as the required clearance height can be reduced significantly compared to conventional light rail vehicles. 2714: 86: 2795: 1552: 102: 1787: 2733: 852: 1899: 2753: 6212: 2825: 804: 429: 1911: 2672: 2102:. The Bordeaux power system costs about three times as much as a conventional overhead wire system and took 24 months to achieve acceptable levels of reliability, requiring the replacement of all the main cables and power supplies. Operating and maintenance costs of the innovative power system still remain high. However, despite numerous service outages, the system was a success with the public, gaining up to 190,000 passengers per day. 1225: 1145: 1777:

employee fatalities from a fire in a workshed. Equivalent fatalities for the Air and Highway modes (fatalities at airports not caused by moving aircraft or fatalities from accidents in automobile repair shops) are not counted toward the totals for these modes. Thus, fatalities not necessarily directly related to in-service transportation are counted for the transit and rail modes, potentially overstating the risk for these modes.

1680:(BRT) is an alternative to LRT and many planning studies undertake a comparison of each mode when considering appropriate investments in transit corridor development. BRT systems can exhibit a more diverse range of design characteristics than LRT, depending on the demand and constraints that exist, and BRT using dedicated lanes can have a theoretical capacity of over 30,000 passengers per hour per direction (for example, the 216: 1674:. It achieves this volume by running four-car trains with a capacity of up to 1,350 passengers each at a frequency of up to 30 trains per hour. However, the Manila light rail system has full grade separation and as a result, has many of the operating characteristics of a metro system rather than a light rail system. A capacity of 1,350 passengers per train is more similar to the heavy rail than light rail. 1820:" in Boston, Massachusetts, which cost $ 200 million per lane mile for a total cost of $ 14.6 billion. A light rail track can carry up to 20,000 people per hour as compared with 2,000–2,200 vehicles per hour for one freeway lane. For example, in Boston and San Francisco, light rail lines carry 9,600 and 13,100 passengers per hour, respectively, in the peak direction during rush hour. 1301: 1641:, trains are usually limited by city block lengths to about four 180-passenger vehicles (720 passengers). Operating on two-minute headways using traffic signal progression, a well-designed two-track system can handle up to 30 trains per hour per track, achieving peak rates of over 20,000 passengers per hour in each direction. More advanced systems with separate rights-of-way using 2839: 1527:. An important advantage of the standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauges also allows light rail vehicles to be conveniently moved around using the same tracks as freight railways. Additionally, wider gauges (e.g. standard gauge) provide more floor clearance on 2623:, but many of the original tram and streetcar systems were closed down in the mid-20th century, except for many Eastern European countries. Even though many systems closed down over the years, there are still several tram systems that have been operating much as they did when they were first built over a century ago. Some cities (such as Los Angeles and 1808:

rail. At the other end of the scale, four systems (Baltimore, Maryland; Camden, New Jersey; Sacramento, California; and Salt Lake City, Utah) incurred construction costs of less than $ 20 million per mile. Over the US as a whole, excluding Seattle, new light rail construction costs average about $ 35 million per mile.

1849:, a comparably sized US system built at the same time, while by 2009 its ridership was approximately three times as high. Thus, Calgary's capital cost per passenger was much lower than that of San Diego. Its operating cost per passenger was also much lower because of its higher ridership. A typical C-Train vehicle costs only 1840:

used many common light rail techniques to keep costs low, including minimizing underground and elevated trackage, sharing transit malls with buses, leasing rights-of-way from freight railroads, and combining LRT construction with freeway expansion. As a result, Calgary ranks toward the less expensive

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rebuilt interstate highways 25 and 225 and added a light rail expansion for a total cost of $ 1.67 billion over five years. The cost of 17 miles (27 km) of highway improvements and 19 miles (31 km) of double-track light rail worked out to $ 19.3 million per highway lane-mile and $

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Low-floor light rail lines tend to follow a reserved right-of-way and with trains receiving priority at intersections, and tend not to operate in mixed traffic, enabling higher operating speeds. Light rail lines tend to have less frequent stops than tramways, and operate over a longer distance. Light

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is by far the most expensive in the US, at $ 179 million per mile, since it includes extensive tunneling in poor soil conditions, elevated sections, and stations as deep as 180 feet (55 m) below ground level. This results in costs more typical of subways or rapid transit systems than light

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Many light rail systems—even fairly old ones—have a combination of both on- and off-road sections. In some countries (especially in Europe), only the latter is described as light rail. In those places, trams running on mixed rights-of-way are not regarded as a light rail but considered distinctly as

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Compared to buses, costs can be lower due to lower labor costs per passenger mile, higher ridership (observations show that light rail attracts more ridership than a comparable bus service) and faster average speed (reducing the number of vehicles needed for the same service frequency). While light

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Most light rail systems in the United States are limited by demand rather than capacity (by and large, most American LRT systems carry fewer than 4,000 persons per hour per direction), but Boston's and San Francisco's light rail lines carry 9,600 and 13,100 passengers per hour per track during rush

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The most difficult distinction to draw is that between low-floor light rail and streetcar or tram systems. There is a significant amount of overlap between the technologies; similar rolling stock may be used for either, and it is common to classify streetcars or trams as a subcategory of light rail

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The difference between British English and American English terminology arose in the late 19th century when Americans adopted the term "street railway", rather than "tramway", with the vehicles being called "streetcars" rather than "trams". Some have suggested that the Americans' preference for the

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mile for two directions, with an average of $ 2.3 million. However, freeways are frequently built in suburbs or rural areas, whereas light rail tends to be concentrated in urban areas, where right of way and property acquisition is expensive. Similarly, the most expensive US highway expansion

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system operates up to 350 buses per hour per direction). For the effective operation of a bus or BRT system, buses must have priority at traffic lights and have their dedicated lanes, especially as bus frequencies exceed 30 buses per hour per direction. The higher theoretical of BRT relates to the

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Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail. A system described as a light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called "light rail" are

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that is similar to a traditional tram, while it operates at a higher capacity and speed and often on an exclusive right-of-way. In broader use, light rail transit includes tram-like operations mostly on streets. A few light rail networks tend to have characteristics closer to rapid transit or even

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When there is a bus driving on this route, the capacity of the lane will be higher and will increase when the traffic level increases. And because the capacity of a light rail system is higher than that of a bus, there will be even more capacity when there is a combination of cars and light rail.

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Such railways are characterized by exclusive rights of way, advanced train control systems, short headway capability, and floor-level boarding. These systems approach the passenger capacity of full metro systems but can be cheaper to construct due to LRVs generally being smaller in size, turning

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With its mix of right-of-way types and train control technologies, LRT offers the widest range of latitude of any rail system in the design, engineering, and operating practices. The challenge in designing light rail systems is to realize the potential of LRT to provide fast, comfortable service

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refusing (for crash safety reasons) to allow non-FRA compliant railcars (i.e., subway and light rail vehicles) to run on the same tracks at the same times as compliant railcars, which includes locomotives and standard railroad passenger and freight equipment. Notable exceptions in the US are the

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Caution must be exercised in comparing fatalities across modes because significantly different definitions are used. In particular, Rail and Transit fatalities include incident-related (as distinct from accident-related) fatalities, such as fatalities from falls in transit stations or railroad

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in the city center, where the tracks are not always segregated from pedestrians and cars. The third rail (actually two closely spaced rails) is placed in the middle of the track and divided into eight-metre sections, each of which is powered only while it is completely covered by a tram. This

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that have constricted pedestrian areas at the wheels, which is especially important for wheelchair access, as narrower gauges (e.g. metre gauge) can make it challenging or impossible to pass the tram's wheels. Furthermore, standard-gauge rolling stock can be switched between networks either

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The peak passenger capacity per lane per hour depends on which types of vehicles are allowed on the roads. Typically roadways have 1,900 passenger cars per lane per hour (pcplph). If only cars are allowed, the capacity will be less and will not increase when the traffic volume increases.

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An analysis of data from the 505-page National Transportation Statistics report published by the US Department of Transportation shows that light rail fatalities are higher than all other forms of transportation except motorcycle travel (31.5 fatalities per 100 million miles).

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The cost of light rail construction varies widely, largely depending on the amount of tunneling and elevated structures required. A survey of North American light rail projects shows that costs of most LRT systems range from $ 15 million to over $ 100 million per mile.

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singly (or in short, usually two-car or three-car, trains) on fixed rails in the right-of-way that is often separated from other traffic for part or much of the way. Light rail vehicles are typically driven electrically with power being drawn from an overhead electric line via a

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A variation considered by many cities is to use historic or replica cars on their streetcar systems instead of modern LRVs. A heritage streetcar may not have the capacity and speed of an LRV, but it will add to the ambiance and historic character of its location.

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LRT cost efficiency improves dramatically as ridership increases, as can be seen from the numbers above: the same rail line, with similar capital and operating costs, is far more efficient if it is carrying 20,000 people per hour than if it is carrying 2,400. The

1269:. Light rail is designed to address a gap in interurban transportation between heavy rail and bus services, carrying high passenger numbers more quickly than local buses and more cheaply than heavy rail. It serves corridors in which heavy rail is impractical. 1582:

One line of light rail (requires 7.6 m, 25' right of way) has a theoretical capacity of up to 8 times more than one 3.7 m (12 foot) lane on a freeway, excluding busses, during peak times. Roads have ultimate capacity limits that can be determined by

3716: 2134:(RRT) vehicles by their capability for operation in mixed traffic, generally resulting in a narrower car body and articulation to operate in a street traffic environment. With their large size, large turning radius, and often an electrified 1600:

periods of the day. This combination of factors limits roads carrying only automobile commuters to a maximum observed capacity of about 3,000 passengers per hour per lane. The problem can be mitigated by introducing high-occupancy vehicle

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mainly refers to rail cars that run through streets like ordinary streetcars (trams), but also between cities or towns, often through rural environments. In the period 1900–1930, interurbans were very common in the US, especially in the

1205:, bear little similarity to urban rail, and could alternatively be classified as commuter rail or even inter-city rail. In the United States, "light rail" has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. 2569:

Low-floor LRVs have the advantage of a low-floor design, allowing them to load passengers directly from low-rise platforms that can be little more than raised curbs. High-floor light rail systems also exist, featuring larger stations.

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Studies have attributed light rail with a number of health impacts. Research has associated light rail positively with increased walking and deceased obesity. Additionally, one electric light rail train produces nearly 99 percent less

1856: (equivalent to $ 235 in 2023) per hour to operate, and since it averages 600 passengers per operating hour, Calgary Transit estimates that its LRT operating costs are only 27 cents per ride, versus $ 1.50 per ride on its buses. 1860:

rail vehicles are more expensive to buy, they have a longer useful life than buses, sometimes making for lower life-cycle costs. Compared to heavy rail investment costs are lower, however operating costs are higher than heavy rail.

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However, Calgary's LRT ridership is much higher than any comparable US light rail system, at 300,000 passengers per weekday, and as a result, its capital efficiency is also much higher. Its capital costs were one-third those of the

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streetcars or trams. However, the requirement for saying that a rail line is "separated" can be quite low—sometimes just with concrete "buttons" to discourage automobile drivers from getting onto the tracks. Some systems such as

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in this context is used in the sense of "intended for light loads and fast movement", rather than referring to physical weight. The infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system.

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Serving as a fundamental component of metro and light rail networks, ATO utilises sensors and communication systems to monitor train positions and speeds, automatically adjusting train movements to ensure safe and efficient

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term "street railway" at that time was influenced by German emigrants to the United States (who were more numerous than British immigrants in the industrialized Northeast), as it is the same as the German term for the mode,

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behind another). Since most people who drive to work or on business trips do so alone, studies show that the average car occupancy on many roads carrying commuters is only about 1.5 people per car during the high-demand

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urban transit systems are considered "heavy rail". The main difference between light rail and heavy rail rapid transit is the ability for a light rail vehicle to operate in mixed traffic if the routing requires it.

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is one of the highest capacity ones, having been upgraded in a series of expansions to handle 40,000 passengers per hour per direction, and having carried as many as 582,989 passengers in a single day on its

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programs, but in most cases, policymakers have chosen to add more lanes to the roads, despite a small risk that in unfavorable situations an extension of the road network might lead to increased travel times

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The concept of a "limited tramway" was proposed by American transport planner H. Dean Quinby in 1962. Quinby distinguished this new concept in rail transportation from historic streetcar or tram systems as:

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in the 1970s was proven to have been a technical failure by the following decade. After World War II, the Germans retained many of their streetcar networks and evolved them into model light rail systems

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had on-road mixed sections but were closed to regular road traffic, with light rail vehicles and buses both operating along a common right-of-way (however, Link converted to full separation in 2019).

2627:) that once closed down their streetcar networks are now restoring, or have already rebuilt, at least some of their former streetcar/tram systems. Most light rail services are currently committed to 1958:; further projects exist. In some cases, tram trains use previously abandoned or lightly used heavy rail lines in addition to or instead of still in use mainline tracks. In 2022, Spain opened the 1014: 1284:

Many systems have mixed characteristics. Indeed, with proper engineering, a rail line could run along a street, then go underground, and then run along an elevated viaduct. For example, the

1946:. This allows commuters to ride directly into the city center, rather than taking a mainline train only as far as a central station and then having to change to a tram. In France, similar 2873: 4745: 2774: 3971: 4812: 303:

and elsewhere, the term "light rail" has come to mean a different type of rail system as modern light rail technology has primarily post-WWII West German origins. An attempt by

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and other North American LRT systems have a top speed of 55–71.5 miles per hour (88.51–115.1 km/h) depending on the system, while the trains on the all-underground

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where the power is only switched on beneath the trams, making it safe on city streets. Several systems in Europe and a few recently opened systems in North America use

1163:, used for higher-capacity, higher-speed systems, also avoids some incompatibilities in terminology between British and American English, for instance in comparing the 1499:

operated the same trains as Vancouver, but used drivers. In most discussions and comparisons, these specialized systems are generally not considered light rail but as

4364: 2930: 1523:. Older standard-gauge vehicles could not negotiate sharp turns as easily as narrow-gauge ones, but modern light rail systems achieve tighter turning radii by using 1057:

in the United States but is usually taken to mean a cart, particularly a shopping cart, in the UK and elsewhere. Many North American transportation planners reserve

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MacDonald, J. M., Stokes, R. J., Cohen, D. A., Kofner, A., and Ridgeway, G. K. (2010). "The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity".

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Combining highway expansion with LRT construction can save costs by doing both highway improvements and rail construction at the same time. As an example, Denver's

1434: 979:, long-used to distinguish railway operations carried out under a less rigorous set of regulations using lighter equipment at lower speeds from mainline railways. 3265:

Ye. N. Petrova. St. Petersburg in Focus: Photographers of the Turn of the Century; in Celebration of the Tercentenary of St. Petersburg. Palace Ed., 2003. p. 12

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to refer to more modern vehicles operating mostly in exclusive rights of way, since they may operate both side-by-side targeted at different passenger groups.

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temporarily or permanently, and both newly built and used standard-gauge rolling stock tends to be cheaper to buy, as more companies offer such vehicles.

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uses an inverted third rail for its electrical power, which allows the electrified rail to be covered and the power drawn from the underside. Trams in

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was introduced in North America in 1972 to describe this new concept of rail transportation. Prior to that time the abbreviation "LRT" was used for "

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on a street, an on-street corridor shared with other traffic, a corridor shared with other public transport, or a corridor shared with pedestrians.

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By contrast, light rail vehicles can travel in multi-car trains carrying a theoretical ridership up to 20,000 passengers per hour in much narrower

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Conversely, LRVs generally outperform traditional streetcars in terms of capacity and top-end speed, and almost all modern LRVs are capable of

1034: 4291: 3113: 283:, and elsewhere were decommissioned starting in the 1950s as subsidies for the car increased. Britain abandoned its tram systems, except for 3042: 4443: 2555:

is employed on light rail networks, tracking the position and speed of a train and hence adjusting its movement for safety and efficiency.

2138:, RRT vehicles cannot operate in the street. Since LRT systems can operate in existing streets, they can often avoid the cost of expensive 1665:

have higher light rail ridership than Boston or San Francisco. Systems outside North America often have much higher passenger volumes. The

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Around the world, there are many extant tram and streetcar systems. Some date from the beginning of the 20th century or earlier such as

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while avoiding the tendency to overdesign that results in excessive capital costs beyond what is necessary to meet the public's needs.

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rather than as a distinct type of transportation. However, some distinctions can be made, though systems may combine elements of both.

4614:. Commonwealth Government, Gold Coast City Council & Queensland Government Queensland Transport. 23 December 2004. Archived from 2231:

of their time, with an in-service speed of up to about 145 km/h (90 mph). In Europe, interurbans are making a comeback as "

3968:"Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey: A-15 Vehicle Occupancy Per Vehicle Mile by Time of Day and Weekend Status" 3478: 1938:

in Germany, dual-voltage light rail trains partly use mainline railroad tracks, sharing these tracks with heavy rail trains. In the

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for light rail may be 120 passenger miles per gallon of fuel (or equivalent), but variation is great, depending on circumstances.

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minimizes the risk of a person or animal coming into contact with a live rail. In outer areas, the trams switch to conventional

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power supply of the track to the power used by the vehicles (frequently different voltages, rarely third rail vs overhead wires)

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supply electricity to the vast majority of light rail systems. This avoids the danger potentially presented by an electrified

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However, low top speed is not always a differentiating characteristic between light rail and other systems. For example, the

1021:, for instance, is generally used in the UK and many former British colonies to refer to what is known in North America as a 782: 5850: 2062:

was one of the first ways of supplying power, but it proved to be much more expensive, complicated, and trouble-prone than

1584: 774: 3915: 928:; driven by an operator onboard the vehicle; and may have either high platform loading or low-level boarding using steps." 6241: 2858: 2610: 1869: 871:) to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany, the term 153:. Different definitions exist in some countries, but in the United States, light rail operates primarily along exclusive 1966:

and long-distance trains from the main terminus in the city and curve off to serve cities without a railway connection.

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phrase for types of rail systems using modern streetcars/trams, which means more or less the same thing throughout the

4005: 4103: 3847: 2671: 2002: 1152: 4660:"99% AVAILABILITY AND EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH PASSENGER LEVELS : THE BORDEAUX URBAN TRAMWAY IS A RESOUNDING SUCCESS" 3146: 1772:

However, the National Transportation Statistics report published by the US Department of Transportation states that:

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is a separate technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role.

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Light rail systems may also exhibit attributes of heavy rail systems, including having downtown subways, as in

868: 622: 462: 308: 300: 42: 3434: 3171: 5667: 5035: 4837: 4667: 2994: 2960: 2809: 1622: 715: 74: 4471:"Is Light Rail More Attractive to Users than Bus Transit?: Arguments Based on Cognition and Rational Choice" 4333: 3256:

C. N. Pyrgidis. Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction, and Operation. CRC Press, 2016. p. 156

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The first of the new light rail systems in North America began operation in 1978 when the Canadian city of

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tighter curves and climbing steeper grades than standard RRT vehicles, and having a smaller station size.

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to emerge in the United States was the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio, which opened in 1889.

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27.6 million per LRT track-mile. The project came in under budget and 22 months ahead of schedule.

6101: 5992: 5915: 5900: 5023: 4145: 3016: 2905: 2853: 2759: 2705: 2635: 2059: 2006: 1289: 846: 825: 617: 244: 4765: 887:) was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, which is 143:

The term was coined in 1972 in the United States, to create an English equivalent for the German word

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By comparison, a freeway lane expansion typically costs $ 1.0 million to $ 8.5 million per

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was coined in 1972 by the U.S. Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA; the precursor to the

6058: 3572: 2762: 2620: 2156:. The latest generation of LRVs is considerably larger and faster, typically 29 metres (95 ft 1082: 1073:(meaning "street railway"). A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its 1061:

for traditional vehicles that operate exclusively in mixed traffic on city streets, while they use

1050: 745: 681: 477: 4298: 2746:) was separated from the streets, but later it was upgraded to be compatible with common tramways. 6246: 6162: 6122: 6068: 4690: 4396:. Joint International Light Rail Conference, St. Louis, Missouri. Calgary Transit. Archived from 3952: 3657:

Track Design Handbook for Light Rail Transit, Second Edition | Blurbs New | Blurbs | Publications

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freight service only at night, with several hours separating one operation from the other. The

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There is a history of what would now be considered light rail vehicles operating on heavy rail

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p.c., Metro Tech Consulting Services Engineering Architecture; Consultants, Track Guy (2012).

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was built along a freight railway and is still occasionally used by freight traffic overnight.

915:...a mode of transit service (also called streetcar, tramway, or trolley) operating passenger 6177: 6157: 5972: 5805: 5465: 5147: 4953: 4637: 4416: 3632: 3419: 1998: 1516: 1312:

Reference speed from major light rail systems, including station stop time, is shown below.

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have been used to describe these medium-capacity systems. Some "light rail" systems, such as

1098: 984: 818: 755: 374: 248: 154: 4693:. Circular E-C058: 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference. Transportation Research Board 4575: 3201: 3117: 6152: 6117: 5845: 5815: 5770: 5581: 5460: 5174: 5137: 4958: 3818: 2697: 2682: 2643: 2631:

like modern LRVs, i.e. trams, except for large underground metro or rapid transit systems.

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Metro trains are larger and faster than light rail trains, with stops being further apart.

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light rail runs on a mix of a dedicated right of way, tunnels, and at grade intersections.

85: 8: 6236: 6192: 6172: 5987: 5682: 5561: 5354: 5349: 5045: 4995: 4943: 4509: 3304:(1. paperback print ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. pp. 8–9. 2650: 2639: 2236: 2220: 2026: 1903: 1615: 1544: 1046: 735: 533: 489: 389: 220: 202: 3742: 1551: 101: 5946: 5747: 5374: 5179: 5162: 5085: 4490: 3690: 2987:"Defining an Alternative Future: The Birth of the Light Rail Movement in North America" 2785: 2658: 2175: 2170: in) long with a maximum speed of around 105 kilometres per hour (65.2 mph). 2022: 1164: 1134: 693: 252: 125: 4297:. Washington State Department of Transportation. April 2002. p. 3. Archived from 4268:. Sound Transit (Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority). 2006. Archived from 396:(DLR) in London in 1987, continuing into the 1990s including the establishment of the 388:

In Britain, modern light rail systems began to appear in the 1980s, starting with the

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American Public Transit Association. (1993) Transit Fact Book, Washington, D.C. 104.

3083: 1587:, and usually experience a chaotic breakdown inflow and a dramatic drop in speed (a 851: 6216: 6132: 6096: 6086: 6043: 6038: 6018: 6013: 5895: 5840: 5810: 5301: 5261: 5199: 5080: 5065: 5060: 4980: 4938: 4890: 4813:"Edinburgh tram expansion backed by Scottish Government in new transport blueprint" 4514:

United States Department of Transportation Urban Mass Transportation Administration

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NCHRP Report 599: Default Values for Highway Capacity and Level of Service Analyses

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Quinby, Henry D. (January 1962). "Major Urban Corridor Facilities: A New Concept".

2830: 2678: 2590: 2419: 2090: 1980: 1478: 1126: 808: 659: 560: 543: 370: 319: 232: 190: 38: 37:"Light Rail" and "Light Rail Transit" redirect here. For the Hong Kong system, see 4326:"Reinventing a Corridor: Denver's T-REX project nears completion after five years" 3897: 3770: 5931: 5765: 5601: 5422: 5306: 5276: 5219: 5107: 5092: 4583: 4064: 3935: 3929:

Comparison of Energy Use & CO2 Emissions From Different Transportation Modes

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Defining an Alternative Future: Birth of the Light Rail Movement in North America

2662: 2228: 2139: 1876: 1851: 1804: 1795: 1662: 1524: 1463: 1266: 1172: 970: 612: 607: 592: 240: 177:; yet only when these systems are fully grade-separated, they are referred to as 1898: 1308:

operates over almost 70 km (43 mi) and connects multiple town centres.

6147: 6048: 6028: 5864: 5785: 5576: 5501: 5430: 5224: 5015: 4535: 2986: 2578: 2099: 2063: 1630: 1528: 1520: 1496: 1430: 1130: 1125:

since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Since the 1980s,

1030: 627: 501: 420: 276: 236: 94: 3525: 1935: 1437:

light rail vehicles have higher top and average speeds than Montreal Metro or

322:, all large and most medium-sized German cities maintain light rail networks. 6230: 6197: 6142: 5737: 5722: 5702: 5697: 5440: 5326: 5209: 5169: 5157: 5050: 4916: 3399: 2844: 2598: 2131: 2125: 2079: 2041: 1990: 1943: 1915: 1634: 1556: 1208:

Light rail corridors may constitute a fully segregated corridor, a dedicated

1194: 1180: 1176: 975: 936: 676: 602: 597: 575: 524: 484: 472: 428: 304: 280: 256: 174: 169: 158: 137: 129: 57: 4314:

Traffic and Highway Engineering By Nicholas J. Garber, Lester A. Hoel, p. 37

2720: 2315: 2191:

A derivative of LRT is light rail rapid transit (LRRT), also referred to as

6211: 6182: 6167: 5967: 5951: 5941: 5910: 5890: 5874: 5835: 5795: 5790: 5775: 5732: 5455: 5234: 5142: 5055: 4970: 4933: 2824: 2224: 1642: 1626: 1606: 1482: 1470: 994: 932:

However, some diesel-powered transit is designated light rail, such as the

921: 803: 765: 555: 3326: 1910: 1841:

end of the scale with capital costs of around $ 24 million per mile.

1591:) if they exceed about 2,000 vehicles per hour per lane (each car roughly 6187: 5825: 5687: 5657: 5647: 5435: 5402: 5382: 5239: 5000: 3873:"Low-clearance Rapid Transit: Cheaper than subways, faster than trolleys" 2781: 2654: 2624: 2310: 1939: 1588: 1512: 1419: 1270: 1254: 1198: 496: 352: 348: 228: 61: 4269: 4243: 3598: 3550: 3479:"Light rail? Heavy rail? Subway? Rail transit modes fall on a continuum" 911:(APTA), in its Glossary of Transit Terminology, defines light rail as: 299:

Although some traditional trolley or tram systems continued to exist in

6127: 5997: 5717: 5712: 5632: 5534: 5412: 5392: 5344: 5311: 5281: 5246: 5189: 5112: 5075: 5005: 4990: 4965: 4948: 4911: 2739: 2582: 2259: 2232: 2201: 2135: 2067: 2015: 1955: 1947: 1893: 1519:

common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now

1433:

can only reach a top speed of 72 kilometres per hour (44.74 mph).

1038: 956: 948: 671: 538: 511: 260: 255:

who contacted Pirotsky. It initially drew current from the rails, with

210: 162: 53: 4219:"Dissected: Charting transportation mayhem in its many gory varieties" 4122:. Manila Light Rail Transit Authority. 12 January 2009. Archived from 3276:"The Gross Lichterfelde Tramway was the worlds first electric tramway" 1117:

systems. When these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it

5830: 5780: 5727: 5642: 5596: 5566: 5556: 5496: 5450: 5407: 5397: 5316: 5286: 5271: 5214: 5070: 4928: 3503: 2805: 2634:

Several UK cities have substantial light rail networks including the

2564: 1927: 1597: 1486: 1426: 1237:

rail cars are often coupled into multiple units of two to four cars.

1022: 873: 467: 314: 272: 145: 5251: 4486: 3938:

page 7, Results of Analysis. M.J. Bradley & Associates, May 2007

1232:

runs on dedicated tracks, mostly along a former heavy rail corridor.

5662: 5652: 5637: 5627: 5606: 5586: 5551: 5529: 5491: 5482: 5445: 5359: 5132: 5102: 4859: 4615: 4158: 3954:

A Probabilistic Approach to Defining Freeway Capacity and Breakdown

3898:"Light Rail Schedule Speed – Faster Than Bus, Competitive With Car" 3665: 3179: 2915: 2874:

List of modern tramway and light rail systems in the United Kingdom

2665:

is also a single line route, currently looking to add other lines.

2086: 2058:

When electric streetcars were introduced in the late 19th century,

1951: 1224: 1144: 998: 792: 198: 4470: 5977: 5854: 5692: 5622: 5524: 5364: 5336: 5266: 5256: 5152: 3418:. Edmonton, Alberta: The University Practicum in Rapid Transit – 3235: 2766: 2743: 2724: 2212: 2038: 1837: 1833: 1817: 1658: 1655: 1493: 1423: 1273:

systems are essentially hybrids of light rail and rapid transit.

933: 916: 206: 3363:. 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference. Portland, Oregon: 3234:. BlackNova Internet Services. 11 September 2008. Archived from 2604: 5677: 5672: 5591: 5296: 5122: 4975: 4833: 4630:"Bordeaux Light Rail Route Will Operate Without Overhead Lines" 3357:

Continuing Developments in Light Rail Transit in Western Europe

2863: 2075: 1931: 1919: 1906:, trams sometimes share mainline tracks with heavy rail trains. 1454: 940: 879: 688: 367: 215: 4691:"Designing New Light Rail – Taking Engineering Beyond Vanilla" 2142:

subway and elevated segments that would be required with RRT.

251:

near Berlin in Germany, which opened in 1881. It was built by

161:

coupled together, with a lower capacity and speed than a long

5387: 3145:. Transportation Research Board. pp. 7–9. Archived from 1879:

and hydrocarbon emissions per mile than one automobile does.

1148: 587: 550: 336:

having more doors to facilitate full utilization of the space

2953:"Place of light rail transit in the family of transit modes" 2649:

A smaller network between Birmingham and The Black Country (

1887: 1300: 377:. The concept proved popular, with there now being numerous 333:

operating with "three-section, articulated" transit vehicles

5752: 5707: 5321: 5184: 2258:

generally considered to be a "light rail" vehicle (it is a

2251: 2147: 2009:). Such arrangements are almost impossible now, due to the 1812: 1798:

spurred massive development along its route before opening.

654: 133: 4292:"Highway Construction Cost Comparison Survey Final Report" 3393:(1). Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Control: 242–259. 2838: 1004: 895:, means the same). However, UMTA finally adopted the term 4906: 4760: 4758: 4688: 4538:, obesity, and medical costs: Assessing the magnitudes". 4510:"Light Rail Transit Systems: A Definition and Evaluation" 4031:"Ontario is finally widening Highway 401 through the GTA" 2931:

History of tram and light rail transit systems by country

2105: 2972:

National Conference of the Transportation Research Board

2262:

vehicle), and is only included for comparison purposes.

4843: 4153:. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM. 2008. 3993:

https://homepage.rub.de/Dietrich.Braess/Paradox-BNW.pdf

3416:

Light Rapid Transit – the Immediate Answer for Edmonton

1492:

was an early adopter of driverless vehicles, while the

1129:, has built all three types of system: a high-capacity 4755: 2047: 1577: 136:

technology while also having some features from heavy

3794:"Streetcars vs Light Rail ... Is There a Difference?" 2044:

in Ottawa also has freight service at certain hours.

1693:

Table 3 shows an example of peak passenger capacity.

1133:

in dedicated lanes and rights-of-way, a low-capacity

2820: 1485:, have dispensed with the need for an operator. The 1047:

ground-level car pulled along by subterranean cables

239:, invented and operated on an experimental basis by 4391:"Calgary's C-Train – Effective Capital Utilization" 4191:. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from 2653:), with plans to add 6 new lines and extend out to 1781: 1041:. (The usual British term for an aerial tramway is 4578:Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology 3043:"Fact Book Glossary – Mode of Service Definitions" 2130:Light rail vehicles (LRVs) are distinguished from 3970:. US Department of Transportation. Archived from 2879:List of rail transit systems in the United States 1969:Some of the issues involved in such schemes are: 1645:can exceed 25,000 passengers per hour per track. 6228: 3006:From: 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference 3916:"Link Light Rail in the North American Context" 3653: 3631:. American Planning Association. Archived from 4240:"Status of North American Light Rail Projects" 4093: 4089: 4087: 4078:Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual 1625:, not much more than two car lanes wide for a 1013:avoids some serious incompatibilities between 93:was the first modern light rail system in the 4875: 4666:. Net Resources International. Archived from 4384: 4382: 3114:International Association of Public Transport 2605:Tram and light rail transit systems worldwide 1979:width of the vehicles to the position of the 1444: 826: 4717:Light Rail Vehicle System Houston/Texas, USA 4006:"Ontario Expanding Highway 401 in Cambridge" 3995:(1968) end of chapter 4 retrieved 2023/02/27 3599:"Trams, Streetcars, and Light Rail Vehicles" 2541: 1993:tracks in the US, especially in the case of 330:having the capacity to carry more passengers 227:The world's first electric tram operated in 109:, was the first light rail system in Africa. 4094:Hanson, Susan; Giuliano, Genevieve (2004). 4084: 3302:The electric interurban railways in America 2890:List of tram and light rail transit systems 2615:List of tram and light rail transit systems 2070:technology was investigated for use on the 1648: 1295: 1171:. Conventional rail technologies including 4882: 4868: 4854:American Public Transportation Association 4746:"Siemens S70 Low-floor Light Rail Vehicle" 4634:American Public Transportation Association 4501: 4388: 4379: 4332:. McGraw-Hill Construction. Archived from 4120:"LRT-1 sets 25-year high record ridership" 3349: 3347: 3047:American Public Transportation Association 3037: 3035: 3033: 3017:"New railway bridge over the Neckar river" 2980: 2978: 997:are even "lighter", in terms of capacity. 909:American Public Transportation Association 833: 819: 30:"LRT" redirects here. For other uses, see 4612:"Gold Coast Light Rail Feasibility Study" 4186:"National Transportation Statistics 2013" 3398: 3324: 3299: 2944: 2082:was ultimately utilized for that system. 1888:Light rail operating on mainline railways 1547:in front of the Gate of Kaohsiung, Taiwan 165:passenger train or rapid transit system. 4234: 4232: 4216: 4180: 4178: 3300:Hilton, George W.; Due, John F. (2000). 2984: 2245: 1942:, this concept was first applied on the 1909: 1897: 1785: 1550: 1539: 1448: 1299: 1244: 1223: 1143: 1121:to differentiate it from their existing 850: 291:(one of the largest in Europe) in 1962. 214: 100: 84: 68: 4810: 4740: 4738: 4553:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 4468: 4446:. Calgary Transit. 2006. Archived from 3476: 3432: 3353: 3344: 3030: 2975: 1137:integrated with street traffic, and an 1005:British English versus American English 379:light rail systems in the United States 157:and uses either individual tramcars or 77:has been driven in large part by light 14: 6229: 4846:(UK-based, international organization) 4507: 4242:. Light Rail Now. 2002. Archived from 3791: 3724:Department of Transport and Main Roads 3413: 3384: 2950: 2106:Comparison to other rail transit modes 1654:hour. Elsewhere in North America, the 1629:system. They can often be run through 1515:has had considerable variations, with 1045:, which in the US usually refers to a 366:system, followed three years later by 4863: 4780:"ATO: The Key to the Future of Rail?" 4354: 4229: 4175: 4096:The geography of urban transportation 3957:(PDF), Transportation Research Board. 3842: 3840: 3765: 3763: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3622: 3472: 3470: 3464:(PDF), Transportation Research Board. 3440:. House of Commons Library. p. 2 3132: 1197:; in recent years, new terms such as 1081:, eight major North American cities ( 4889: 4735: 4689:Fazio, A. E.; Hickey, T. R. (2003). 4573: 4323: 4054:Tom Parkinson and Ian Fisher (1996) 3073:"National Transit Database Glossary" 2758:A light-rail vehicle, a part of the 2005:high-speed third rail line (now the 27:Form of passenger urban rail transit 4508:Vuchic, Vukan R. (1 October 1972). 3717:"Light rail station infrastructure" 3553:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 3506:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 3433:Butcher, Louise (25 January 2012). 3218: 2859:General Motors streetcar conspiracy 2611:Tram and light rail transit systems 2048:Ground-level power supply for trams 1973:compatibility of the safety systems 1870:Health impact of light rail systems 1578:Comparison with high capacity roads 259:being installed in 1883. The first 243:in 1880. The first tramway was the 45:. For the Manila (LRT) system, see 24: 6054:Transit-oriented development (TOD) 3837: 3760: 3730: 3596: 3467: 3065: 2254:railcar in the following chart is 1240: 25: 6258: 4827: 4355:Flynn, Kevin (17 November 2006). 3792:Walker, Jarrett (26 March 2010). 3082:. 18 October 2013. Archived from 3077:U.S. Department of Transportation 2328:3.2 metres (10 ft 6 in) 2003:Philadelphia and Western Railroad 1215: 6210: 6064:Transportation demand management 4811:Swanson, Ian (9 December 2022). 4469:Scherer, Milena (January 2010). 4389:McKendrick; et al. (2006). 4361:Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO) 4217:Sabatini, Jeff (25 April 2014). 4081:, Transportation Research Board. 4067:, Transportation Research Board. 2991:Transportation Research Circular 2837: 2823: 2793: 2773: 2751: 2731: 2712: 2689: 2670: 2595:special third-rail configuration 2573: 1863: 1825:Transportation Expansion Project 1782:Construction and operation costs 1667:Manila Light Rail Transit System 1279: 802: 427: 47:Manila Light Rail Transit System 41:. For the Singapore system, see 4804: 4772: 4719:. Siemens. 2008. Archived from 4705: 4682: 4652: 4622: 4604: 4567: 4558: 4545: 4528: 4462: 4436: 4348: 4317: 4308: 4284: 4258: 4210: 4138: 4112: 4070: 4048: 4023: 3998: 3986: 3960: 3941: 3922: 3908: 3890: 3865: 3848:"Light Rail Transit (LRT) FAQs" 3811: 3785: 3747:Edmonton Radial Railway Society 3709: 3647: 3616: 3590: 3565: 3543: 3518: 3496: 3452: 3426: 3407: 3378: 3318: 3293: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3226:"Welcome to Saskrailmuseum.org" 2558: 2011:Federal Railroad Administration 1962:, where trams share track with 1805:Seattle's new light rail system 1631:existing city streets and parks 1053:is often used as a synonym for 339:faster and quieter in operation 309:new American light rail vehicle 4844:Light Rail Transit Association 4475:Transportation Research Record 3852:Toronto Environmental Alliance 3823:Transportation Policy Research 3477:Johnson, Matt (4 April 2019). 3435:"Railways: light rail schemes" 3365:Light Rail Transit Association 3194: 3176:Light Rail Transit Association 3164: 3098: 3080:Federal Transit Administration 3009: 2078:light rail, though power from 1506: 869:Federal Transit Administration 392:from 1980 and followed by the 43:Light Rail Transit (Singapore) 13: 1: 5036:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 4838:Transportation Research Board 3623:Plous, F.K. Jr. (June 1984). 3280:Media Storehouse Photo Prints 2995:Transportation Research Board 2985:Thompson, Gregory L. (2003). 2961:Transportation Research Board 2937: 2518:48 km/h (29.8 mph) 2512:106 km/h (65.9 mph) 2509:125 km/h (77.7 mph) 1882: 1566: 1113:) continued to operate large 1077:after World War II except in 618:Passenger traffic terminology 407: 6092:Passenger information system 4850:"This Is Light Rail Transit" 4834:Light Rail Transit Committee 4357:"T-REX trains ready to roll" 4324:Shaw, Mark (May–June 2006). 3458:Gregory L. Thompson (2003), 3414:Wright, Gerald (Fall 1972). 3140:"This Is Light Rail Transit" 2884:List of town tramway systems 2800:A light-rail vehicle of the 2780:A light-rail vehicle of the 2719:A light-rail vehicle on the 2696:A light-rail vehicle of the 2515:70 km/h (43.5 mph) 1151:'s 101 trolley pulling into 1015:British and American English 1009:The use of the generic term 294: 289:Glasgow Corporation Tramways 107:light rail in Tunis, Tunisia 7: 5230:Demand-responsive transport 5128:Medium-capacity rail system 4856:(APTA) (2000; updated 2003) 3526:"The Yesterland Hotel Tram" 3231:Saskatchewan Railway Museum 2926:Streetcars in North America 2901:Medium-capacity rail system 2869:Light rail in North America 2816: 2239:is one well-known example. 1757:Edson & Tennyson, 2003 1682:Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit 1535: 1373:Denver (Downtown-Littleton) 959:, United States, which use 195:Light rail in North America 10: 6263: 6242:Sustainable urban planning 5993:Public transport timetable 5024:Passenger rail terminology 4497:– via SAGE Journals. 4266:"Link Light Rail Projects" 3819:"Light-Rail Transit (LRT)" 3625:"A Desire Named Streetcar" 3483:Greater Greater Washington 2906:Passenger rail terminology 2854:Capacitor electric vehicle 2706:Newcastle, New South Wales 2704:, an urban development in 2636:Nottingham Express Transit 2608: 2562: 2545: 2271:Rapid transit (heavy rail) 2060:conduit current collection 2051: 2007:Norristown High-Speed Line 1891: 1867: 1469:Some systems, such as the 1445:System-wide considerations 1362:Denver (Alameda-Littleton) 1035:the Disney amusement parks 961:diesel multiple unit (DMU) 877:(to be distinguished from 847:Passenger rail terminology 844: 266: 245:Gross-Lichterfelde tramway 188: 184: 51: 36: 29: 6206: 6110: 6077: 6024:Green transport hierarchy 6006: 5960: 5924: 5883: 5761:Automated fare collection 5746: 5615: 5515: 5481: 5421: 5373: 5335: 5198: 5014: 4897: 4768:. Gomaco Trolley Company. 3773:. Seashore Trolley Museum 3325:Courtenay, Peter (2006). 3203:Glossary of Transit Terms 2788:in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2553:Automatic train operation 2548:Automatic train operation 2542:Automatic train operation 2437:15.16 metres (49 ft 2424:20.13 metres (66 ft 2215:. Some of them, like the 2054:Ground-level power supply 1763: 1753: 1497:Scarborough rapid transit 951:, United States, and the 731:List of high-speed trains 318:). With the exception of 124:) is a form of passenger 75:expansion of mass transit 6059:Transportation authority 4766:"Gomaco Trolley Company" 4574:Post, Robert C. (2007). 4534:Edwards, R. D. (2008). " 2621:Toronto streetcar system 2404:27.7 metres (90 ft 2387:22.9 metres (75 ft 1649:Practical considerations 1395:Los Angeles (Green Line) 1296:Speed and stop frequency 1187: 1029:can instead refer to an 353:Light Rail Rapid Transit 168:Narrowly defined it has 52:Not to be confused with 6123:Bus rapid transit creep 6069:Transportation planning 4063:11 January 2009 at the 3577:Encyclopædia Britannica 2911:Railway electrification 2587:Docklands Light Railway 2365:2.62 metres (8 ft 2154:multiple-unit operation 1997:. Notable examples are 1985:height of the platforms 1950:are planned for Paris, 1384:Los Angeles (Blue Line) 1251:Docklands Light Railway 1025:, but in North America 633:Railway nationalization 394:Docklands Light Railway 271:Many original tram and 5821:Manual fare collection 5801:Farebox recovery ratio 5292:Personal rapid transit 4852:(PDF) brochure by the 4817:Edinburgh Evening News 4664:Railway-Technology.com 4636:. 2003. Archived from 4424:Cite journal requires 3551:"Trolley (definition)" 3354:Bottoms, Glen (2000). 3178:(LRTA). Archived from 3116:. 2008. Archived from 3049:. 2015. Archived from 2802:Changchun Rail Transit 2348:2.6 metres (8 ft 2331:2.7 metres (8 ft 2085:In the French city of 2001:trains running on the 1923: 1907: 1799: 1779: 1643:moving block signaling 1563: 1548: 1473:in New York City, the 1458: 1309: 1286:Los Angeles Metro Rail 1258: 1233: 1156: 989:English-speaking world 930: 860: 741:Longest train services 623:Named passenger trains 287:, with the closure of 224: 110: 98: 82: 6178:Sustainable transport 6158:Passenger load factor 5973:Clock-face scheduling 5806:Free public transport 5658:Bus turnout (bus bay) 5355:Real-time ridesharing 5148:Platform screen doors 4540:Preventative Medicine 4057:Rail Transit Capacity 3420:University of Alberta 3172:"What is Light Rail?" 3106:"What is light rail?" 2951:Vuchic, V.R. (1975). 2893:(operational systems 2563:Further information: 2546:Further information: 2434: in) articulated 2246:Typical rolling stock 2074:of Australia for the 1999:Lehigh Valley Transit 1995:interurban streetcars 1913: 1901: 1789: 1774: 1612:Downs–Thomson paradox 1554: 1543: 1452: 1324:Average speed (km/h) 1303: 1248: 1230:Inner West Light Rail 1227: 1147: 1033:, or, in the case of 985:international English 913: 891:(the Norwegian term, 857:Buenos Aires Premetro 854: 756:Platform screen doors 375:San Diego, California 362:, adopted the German 218: 104: 88: 72: 6217:Transport portal 6153:Outline of transport 5846:Reduced fare program 5816:Integrated ticketing 5771:Contract of carriage 5582:Personal transporter 5138:Narrow-gauge railway 4986:Rail replacement bus 4444:"LRT technical data" 4304:on 5 September 2009. 3902:www.lightrailnow.org 3573:"Light Rail Transit" 3110:Public transport A-Z 2698:Newcastle Light Rail 2683:Greater Buenos Aires 2644:Manchester Metrolink 2629:articulated vehicles 1794:system in Ontario's 1439:New York City Subway 1169:New York City Subway 1159:The opposite phrase 1153:69th Street Terminal 809:Transport portal 761:Railway speed record 398:Manchester Metrolink 91:Manchester Metrolink 32:LRT (disambiguation) 6193:Transport economics 5988:On-time performance 5983:Night (owl) service 5683:Interchange station 5562:Horse-drawn vehicle 5350:Flexible carpooling 5158:Metro/Rapid Transit 4403:on 18 December 2011 4272:on 17 November 2006 3934:29 May 2015 at the 3918:. 30 December 2009. 3743:"Streetcars vs LRT" 3504:"Tram (definition)" 3086:on 13 November 2013 3053:on 25 February 2018 2651:West Midlands Metro 2640:Sheffield Supertram 2297:Gomaco Trolley Co. 2280:Heritage streetcar 2237:Karlsruhe Stadtbahn 2229:high-speed railcars 2176:Heritage streetcars 2148:Streetcars or trams 1904:Karlsruhe Stadtbahn 1633:, or placed in the 1585:traffic engineering 1545:Circular light rail 1321:Average speed (mph) 883:, which stands for 736:List of train songs 613:High-speed railways 566:Couplers by country 415:Part of a series on 402:Sheffield Supertram 390:Tyne and Wear Metro 349:Light Rapid Transit 221:Preston Car Company 219:Streetcar built by 203:Cable car (railway) 5947:Standing passenger 5210:Auto rickshaw taxi 5180:Suspension railway 5163:Rubber-tyred metro 5086:Heritage streetcar 4991:Share taxi/Taxibus 4640:on 1 December 2008 4450:on 23 October 2006 4336:on 19 October 2006 4246:on 28 October 2006 4098:. Guilford Press. 3603:citytransport.info 3422:Extension Service. 3238:on 15 October 2008 3120:on 13 October 2008 2957:TRB Special Report 2786:Avenida Rio Branco 2659:Birmingham Airport 2501:40 seats, 50 max. 2498:30 seats, 157 max. 2495:72 seats, 220 max. 2277:Tram, or streetcar 2219:, the J. G. Brill 2132:rapid rail transit 1924: 1908: 1800: 1564: 1549: 1511:Historically, the 1459: 1351:Dallas (Blue Line) 1310: 1259: 1234: 1165:London Underground 1157: 1139:aerial tram system 969:is similar to the 861: 571:Coupler conversion 345:light rail transit 253:Werner von Siemens 225: 126:urban rail transit 118:light rail transit 111: 99: 83: 6224: 6223: 5916:Transport network 5906:Non-revenue track 5572:Inclined elevator 5507:Inclined elevator 5473:Inclined elevator 5098:Higher-speed rail 5041:Airport rail link 4924:Bus rapid transit 4787:Critical Software 4632:(Press release). 4618:on 19 March 2003. 4597:978-0-313-33916-5 4555:, 39(2), 105–112. 4168:978-0-309-43229-0 3949:Lily Elefteriadou 3825:. 19 January 2016 3675:978-0-309-25824-1 3597:Smiler, Simon P. 3387:Traffic Quarterly 3327:"Trams in the UK" 3311:978-0-8047-4014-2 3206:. 1992. p. 9 2921:Rubber-tyred tram 2601:-powered trains. 2539: 2538: 2243: 2242: 2031:Capital MetroRail 1847:San Diego Trolley 1816:project was the " 1761: 1760: 1707:Car + light rail 1678:Bus rapid transit 1572:Energy efficiency 1562:train on boarding 1453:The Gold Coast's 1422:LRVs used in the 1416: 1415: 1340:Dallas (Red Line) 1155:near Philadelphia 1131:light rail system 843: 842: 561:Railway couplings 544:Steam locomotives 364:Siemens-Duewag U2 360:Edmonton, Alberta 273:streetcar systems 120:, abbreviated to 16:(Redirected from 6254: 6215: 6214: 6133:Destination sign 6097:Platform display 6087:Destination sign 6044:Transit district 6039:Street hierarchy 6019:Complete streets 6014:Airport security 5896:Cross-city route 5841:Proof-of-payment 5811:Free travel pass 5302:Public light bus 5262:Hackney carriage 5081:Heritage railway 5066:Elevated railway 5061:Cross-city route 4981:Public light bus 4939:Cross-city route 4891:Public transport 4884: 4877: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4821: 4820: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4784: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4762: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4723:on 27 April 2008 4713:"Technical Data" 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4581: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4549: 4543: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4367:on 22 March 2007 4363:. Archived from 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4190: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4152: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4126:on 26 March 2009 4116: 4110: 4109: 4091: 4082: 4074: 4068: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3964: 3958: 3947:Matt Lorenz and 3945: 3939: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3739: 3728: 3727: 3721: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3439: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400:2027/uc1.$ b3477 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3152:on 17 April 2018 3151: 3144: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3039: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3013: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2948: 2886:(all-time lists) 2847: 2842: 2841: 2833: 2831:Transport portal 2828: 2827: 2797: 2777: 2763:streetcar system 2755: 2735: 2716: 2693: 2679:Tren de la Costa 2674: 2593:, France, use a 2523:Typical consist 2483: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2265: 2264: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2114: 2113: 2093:is powered by a 1855: 1696: 1695: 1635:medians of roads 1616:Braess's paradox 1525:articulated cars 1479:Kelana Jaya Line 1315: 1314: 1193:very similar to 1135:streetcar system 1127:Portland, Oregon 885:Stadtschnellbahn 835: 828: 821: 807: 806: 507:Gauge conversion 431: 412: 411: 400:in 1992 and the 383:in North America 371:Calgary, Alberta 233:Saint Petersburg 191:History of Trams 73:In Los Angeles, 39:Light Rail (MTR) 21: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6209: 6202: 6106: 6079: 6073: 6002: 5956: 5932:Checked baggage 5920: 5879: 5766:Bus advertising 5750: 5742: 5611: 5602:Trackless train 5545:Scooter-sharing 5540:Bicycle-sharing 5517: 5511: 5477: 5417: 5369: 5331: 5307:Pulled rickshaw 5277:Motorcycle taxi 5220:Combination bus 5201: 5194: 5108:Inter-city rail 5093:High-speed rail 5010: 4893: 4888: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4809: 4805: 4791: 4789: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4670:on 13 June 2008 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4584:Greenwood Press 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4546: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4506: 4502: 4487:10.3141/2144-02 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4230: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4092: 4085: 4075: 4071: 4065:Wayback Machine 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4010:news.ontario.ca 4004: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3974:on 28 June 2017 3966: 3965: 3961: 3946: 3942: 3936:Wayback Machine 3927: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3740: 3731: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3698: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3635:on 3 March 2006 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3468: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3412: 3408: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3041: 3040: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2999: 2997: 2983: 2976: 2965: 2963: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2892: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2812: 2798: 2789: 2778: 2769: 2756: 2747: 2736: 2727: 2717: 2708: 2694: 2685: 2675: 2663:Edinburgh Trams 2661:& Walsall. 2617: 2609:Main articles: 2607: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2550: 2544: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2460: 2456:Weight (empty) 2447: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2320:Replica Birney 2248: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2140:grade-separated 2108: 2091:tramway network 2056: 2050: 1960:Cádiz TramBahia 1896: 1890: 1885: 1877:carbon monoxide 1872: 1866: 1850: 1796:Waterloo Region 1784: 1766: 1663:Monterrey Metro 1651: 1580: 1569: 1538: 1529:low-floor trams 1509: 1477:in London, and 1447: 1298: 1282: 1243: 1241:Higher capacity 1218: 1190: 1007: 971:British English 941:Ottawa, Ontario 859:, built in 1987 849: 839: 801: 698: 647:Special systems 642: 608:Inter-city rail 593:Passenger train 518: 473:Railway station 450: 449: 410: 307:to introduce a 297: 269: 241:Fyodor Pirotsky 213: 187: 65: 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6260: 6250: 6249: 6247:Tram transport 6244: 6239: 6222: 6221: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6148:Land transport 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6083: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6049:Transit police 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6029:Rail subsidies 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5901:Network length 5898: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5865:Ticket machine 5862: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5786:Fare avoidance 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5668:Ferry terminal 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5577:Moving walkway 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5532: 5527: 5521: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5502:Moving walkway 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5431:Aerial tramway 5427: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5227: 5225:Cycle rickshaw 5222: 5217: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5175:Street running 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5020: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4847: 4841: 4829: 4828:External links 4826: 4823: 4822: 4803: 4771: 4754: 4734: 4704: 4681: 4651: 4621: 4603: 4596: 4566: 4557: 4544: 4536:Public transit 4527: 4500: 4461: 4435: 4426:|journal= 4378: 4347: 4316: 4307: 4283: 4257: 4228: 4223:Car and Driver 4209: 4198:on 25 May 2017 4174: 4167: 4159:10.17226/22061 4137: 4111: 4104: 4083: 4069: 4047: 4035:www.blogto.com 4022: 3997: 3985: 3959: 3940: 3921: 3907: 3889: 3864: 3836: 3810: 3784: 3759: 3729: 3708: 3699:|website= 3674: 3666:10.17226/22800 3646: 3615: 3589: 3564: 3542: 3530:Yesterland.com 3517: 3495: 3466: 3451: 3425: 3406: 3377: 3343: 3331:thetrams.co.uk 3317: 3310: 3292: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3217: 3193: 3182:on 5 June 2016 3163: 3131: 3097: 3064: 3029: 3008: 2974: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2887: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2834: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2757: 2750: 2748: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2676: 2669: 2606: 2603: 2579:Overhead lines 2575: 2572: 2560: 2557: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2435: 2422: 2402: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2363: 2346: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2107: 2104: 2100:overhead wires 2080:overhead lines 2064:overhead wires 2052:Main article: 2049: 2046: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1868:Main article: 1865: 1862: 1783: 1780: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1650: 1647: 1639:run in streets 1579: 1576: 1568: 1565: 1537: 1534: 1521:standard gauge 1508: 1505: 1464:Seattle's Link 1446: 1443: 1431:Montreal Metro 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1406:Salt Lake City 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1297: 1294: 1281: 1278: 1242: 1239: 1217: 1216:Lower capacity 1214: 1189: 1186: 1031:aerial tramway 1006: 1003: 943:, Canada, the 841: 840: 838: 837: 830: 823: 815: 812: 811: 798: 797: 796: 795: 790: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 705: 704: 700: 699: 697: 696: 691: 686: 685: 684: 674: 669: 664: 663: 662: 649: 648: 644: 643: 641: 640: 635: 630: 628:Rail subsidies 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 579: 578: 573: 568: 558: 553: 548: 547: 546: 536: 528: 527: 520: 519: 517: 516: 515: 514: 509: 504: 502:Variable gauge 494: 493: 492: 482: 481: 480: 470: 465: 457: 456: 455:Infrastructure 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 436: 433: 432: 424: 423: 421:Rail transport 417: 416: 409: 406: 341: 340: 337: 334: 331: 296: 293: 277:United Kingdom 268: 265: 186: 183: 159:multiple units 95:United Kingdom 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6259: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6205: 6199: 6198:Micromobility 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6143:Hail and ride 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5738:Transport hub 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5723:Train station 5721: 5719: 5718:Taxicab stand 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5703:Park and ride 5701: 5699: 5698:Metro station 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5441:Cable railway 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5170:Regional rail 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5051:Commuter rail 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4954:Intercity bus 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4788: 4781: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4692: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4431: 4418: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4311: 4300: 4293: 4287: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4194: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4105:1-59385-055-7 4101: 4097: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4079: 4073: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3799: 3798:Human Transit 3795: 3788: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3726:. p. 19. 3725: 3718: 3712: 3704: 3692: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3650: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3552: 3546: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3505: 3499: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3471: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3436: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3366: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3205: 3204: 3197: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3018: 3012: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2943: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2845:Trains portal 2840: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2821: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2738:Metrotram in 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2574:Power sources 2571: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2549: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2526:4–10 vehicles 2525: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2436: 2423: 2421: 2403: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2364: 2347: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2285:Manufacturer 2284: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:Electroliners 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2126:Rapid transit 2124: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2042:Trillium Line 2040: 2036: 2032: 2029:and Austin's 2028: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991:rapid transit 1984: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:RijnGouweLijn 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1916:Trillium Line 1912: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1880: 1878: 1871: 1864:Health impact 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1778: 1773: 1770: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1726:Medium volume 1725: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623:rights-of-way 1619: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1575: 1573: 1561: 1558: 1557:Crystal Mover 1553: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1456: 1451: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1280:Mixed systems 1277: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:San Francisco 1256: 1252: 1247: 1238: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:rapid transit 1185: 1182: 1181:rapid transit 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:San Francisco 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1002: 1000: 996: 995:People movers 992: 990: 986: 983:is a generic 982: 978: 977: 976:light railway 972: 968: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 937:Trillium Line 935: 929: 927: 923: 918: 912: 910: 905: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881: 876: 875: 870: 866: 858: 853: 848: 836: 831: 829: 824: 822: 817: 816: 814: 813: 810: 805: 800: 799: 794: 791: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 707: 706: 702: 701: 695: 692: 690: 687: 683: 680: 679: 678: 677:Rapid transit 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 661: 658: 657: 656: 653: 652: 651: 650: 646: 645: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 603:Regional rail 601: 599: 598:Commuter rail 596: 594: 591: 589: 588:Bogie (truck) 586: 584: 581: 577: 576:Dual coupling 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 562: 559: 557: 556:Railroad cars 554: 552: 549: 545: 542: 541: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 530: 529: 526: 525:rolling stock 522: 521: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 498: 495: 491: 488: 487: 486: 485:Railway track 483: 479: 476: 475: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 459: 458: 454: 453: 446: 445:Company types 443: 441: 438: 437: 435: 434: 430: 426: 425: 422: 419: 418: 414: 413: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 338: 335: 332: 329: 328: 327: 323: 321: 317: 316: 310: 306: 305:Boeing Vertol 302: 301:San Francisco 292: 290: 286: 282: 281:United States 278: 274: 264: 262: 258: 257:overhead wire 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 222: 217: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 182: 180: 176: 175:commuter rail 171: 170:rolling stock 166: 164: 160: 156: 155:rights-of-way 152: 148: 147: 141: 139: 138:rapid transit 135: 132:derived from 131: 130:rolling stock 127: 123: 119: 115: 108: 103: 96: 92: 87: 80: 76: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:Light railway 55: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6208: 6183:Timing point 6168:Request stop 6111:Other topics 5968:Bus bunching 5952:Travel class 5911:Radial route 5891:Circle route 5875:Transit pass 5836:Penalty fare 5796:Fare evasion 5791:Fare capping 5776:Dead mileage 5733:Transit mall 5456:Gondola lift 5235:Microtransit 5143:People mover 5117: 5056:Circle route 4971:Open top bus 4934:Circle route 4816: 4806: 4797: 4790:. Retrieved 4774: 4725:. Retrieved 4721:the original 4716: 4707: 4695:. Retrieved 4684: 4672:. Retrieved 4668:the original 4663: 4654: 4642:. Retrieved 4638:the original 4624: 4616:the original 4606: 4577: 4569: 4560: 4552: 4547: 4542:, 46, 14–21. 4539: 4530: 4518:. Retrieved 4513: 4503: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4452:. Retrieved 4448:the original 4438: 4417:cite journal 4405:. Retrieved 4398:the original 4369:. Retrieved 4365:the original 4360: 4350: 4338:. Retrieved 4334:the original 4329: 4319: 4310: 4299:the original 4286: 4274:. Retrieved 4270:the original 4260: 4248:. Retrieved 4244:the original 4222: 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4193:the original 4146: 4140: 4128:. Retrieved 4124:the original 4114: 4095: 4077: 4072: 4056: 4050: 4038:. Retrieved 4034: 4025: 4013:. Retrieved 4009: 4000: 3988: 3976:. Retrieved 3972:the original 3962: 3953: 3943: 3924: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3880:. Retrieved 3876: 3867: 3855:. Retrieved 3851: 3827:. Retrieved 3822: 3813: 3801:. Retrieved 3797: 3787: 3775:. Retrieved 3771:"Light Rail" 3750:. Retrieved 3746: 3711: 3679:. Retrieved 3656: 3649: 3637:. Retrieved 3633:the original 3628: 3618: 3606:. Retrieved 3602: 3592: 3580:. Retrieved 3576: 3567: 3555:. Retrieved 3545: 3533:. Retrieved 3529: 3520: 3508:. Retrieved 3498: 3486:. Retrieved 3482: 3460: 3454: 3442:. Retrieved 3428: 3415: 3409: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3368:. Retrieved 3356: 3334:. Retrieved 3330: 3320: 3301: 3295: 3283:. Retrieved 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3240:. Retrieved 3236:the original 3229: 3220: 3208:. Retrieved 3202: 3196: 3184:. Retrieved 3180:the original 3166: 3154:. Retrieved 3147:the original 3134: 3122:. Retrieved 3118:the original 3109: 3100: 3088:. Retrieved 3084:the original 3067: 3055:. Retrieved 3051:the original 3020:. Retrieved 3011: 2998:. Retrieved 2990: 2964:. Retrieved 2956: 2946: 2894: 2648: 2633: 2618: 2577: 2568: 2559:Floor height 2551: 2529:2–5 vehicles 2255: 2249: 2207: 2193:light metro. 2192: 2120:Differences 2117:Alternative 2109: 2084: 2057: 1988: 1968: 1925: 1873: 1858: 1843: 1830: 1822: 1810: 1801: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1754: 1691: 1687: 1676: 1652: 1627:double track 1620: 1607:ride-sharing 1605:) lanes and 1581: 1570: 1517:narrow gauge 1510: 1483:Kuala Lumpur 1471:AirTrain JFK 1468: 1460: 1417: 1311: 1283: 1275: 1260: 1235: 1219: 1210:right-of-way 1207: 1191: 1160: 1158: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1091:Philadelphia 1074: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049:.) The word 1042: 1026: 1018: 1010: 1008: 993: 980: 974: 966: 965: 931: 914: 906: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 878: 872: 864: 862: 666: 523:Service and 387: 357: 344: 342: 324: 313: 298: 270: 249:Lichterfelde 226: 179:light metros 167: 151:City railway 150: 144: 142: 121: 117: 113: 112: 66: 6188:Transit map 6163:Public good 6080:and signage 5937:First class 5851:Smart cards 5826:Money train 5688:Kassel kerb 5648:Bus station 5436:Cable ferry 5403:Ocean liner 5383:Cable ferry 5240:Paratransit 5001:Transit bus 4996:Shuttle bus 4944:Express bus 4899:Bus service 4799:operations. 4697:10 November 4674:26 December 4644:21 December 4586:. pp. 4520:21 February 4407:11 February 4371:20 November 4340:20 November 4330:Constructor 4276:23 November 4250:23 November 4202:24 February 3978:24 February 3882:15 November 3681:15 February 3370:26 December 3336:26 December 3242:26 December 3000:26 December 2782:VLT Carioca 2702:Honeysuckle 2655:Stourbridge 2625:Jersey City 2420:articulated 2233:tram-trains 2227:, were the 2202:Interurbans 2187:Light metro 1948:tram-trains 1940:Netherlands 1936:Saarbrücken 1836:, Alberta, 1740:High volume 1593:two seconds 1589:traffic jam 1513:track gauge 1507:Track gauge 1501:light metro 1420:Siemens S70 1271:Light metro 1255:light metro 1199:light metro 1175:, freight, 1111:New Orleans 1071:Straßenbahn 1017:. The word 771:Terminology 716:Attractions 703:Miscellanea 539:Locomotives 497:Track gauge 490:Maintenance 404:from 1994. 315:Stadtbahnen 229:Sestroretsk 62:Light metro 6237:Light rail 6231:Categories 6138:Dwell time 6128:Crush load 6078:Technology 5998:Short turn 5961:Scheduling 5925:Facilities 5713:Queue jump 5633:Bus garage 5535:Carsharing 5413:Water taxi 5393:Hovercraft 5345:Car jockey 5337:Carpooling 5312:Share taxi 5282:Marshrutka 5247:Dollar van 5190:Tram-train 5118:Light rail 5113:Interurban 5076:Heavy rail 5006:Trolleybus 4966:Marshrutka 4949:Guided bus 4751:. Siemens. 4454:14 October 4040:2 December 4015:2 December 3877:TreeHugger 3535:7 February 2993:(E-C058). 2938:References 2740:Kryvyi Rih 2723:street in 2721:Hämeenkatu 2583:third rail 2535:1 vehicle 2506:Top speed 2451: in) 2418: in) 2379: in) 2306:BART A-Car 2274:Light rail 2260:heavy rail 2223:, and the 2217:Red Devils 2208:interurban 2136:third rail 2095:third rail 2072:Gold Coast 2068:Third rail 2019:River Line 2016:NJ Transit 1956:Strasbourg 1894:Tram train 1892:See also: 1883:Variations 1712:Low volume 1567:Efficiency 1306:Coast Tram 1304:Belgium's 1173:high-speed 1161:heavy rail 1123:streetcars 1119:light rail 1099:Pittsburgh 1063:light rail 1039:land train 1011:light rail 981:Light rail 967:Light rail 957:California 949:New Jersey 945:River Line 926:pantograph 897:light rail 865:light rail 845:See also: 721:By country 672:Interurban 667:Light rail 512:Dual gauge 463:Management 408:Definition 261:interurban 223:in Ontario 211:Interurban 189:See also: 163:heavy rail 114:Light rail 54:Interurban 6102:Timetable 5831:Paid area 5781:Exit fare 5748:Ticketing 5728:Tram stop 5643:Bus stand 5616:Locations 5597:Slope car 5567:Hyperloop 5557:Escalator 5518:transport 5497:Escalator 5485:transport 5451:Funicular 5408:Vaporetto 5398:Hydrofoil 5317:Songthaew 5287:Nanny van 5272:Limousine 5215:Boda boda 5071:Funicular 5046:Cable car 4929:Charabanc 4495:109351210 4481:: 11–19. 3701:ignored ( 3691:cite book 3639:14 August 3186:6 January 3156:6 January 3090:6 January 3057:6 January 2806:Changchun 2565:Low floor 2532:1 vehicle 2489:Capacity 2401: in) 2362: in) 2345: in) 2206:The term 1981:platforms 1928:Karlsruhe 1704:Car + bus 1598:rush hour 1503:systems. 1487:Vancouver 1427:METRORail 1329:Baltimore 1228:Sydney's 1115:streetcar 1107:Cleveland 1079:Blackpool 1059:streetcar 1055:streetcar 1043:cable car 1037:, even a 1023:streetcar 917:rail cars 899:instead. 889:city rail 874:Stadtbahn 863:The term 746:Modelling 726:Companies 711:Accidents 534:Operating 468:Rail yard 343:The term 295:Emergence 285:Blackpool 146:Stadtbahn 18:Lightrail 6118:Boarding 6034:Security 6007:Politics 5870:Transfer 5663:Dry dock 5653:Bus stop 5638:Bus lane 5628:Bus bulb 5607:Vactrain 5587:Robotaxi 5552:Elevator 5530:Airliner 5492:Elevator 5483:Building 5466:tricable 5446:Elevator 5360:Slugging 5202:for hire 5200:Vehicles 5133:Monorail 5103:Horsecar 5029:glossary 4727:18 March 4130:14 March 4061:Archived 3932:Archived 3629:Planning 2916:Premetro 2817:See also 2591:Bordeaux 2492:150 max. 2087:Bordeaux 1964:commuter 1952:Mulhouse 1790:The new 1536:Capacity 1490:SkyTrain 1441:trains. 1203:Sprinter 1177:commuter 1167:and the 999:Monorail 953:Sprinter 922:trolley 793:Vactrain 583:Wheelset 199:Horsecar 149:meaning 6173:Service 5978:Headway 5942:Sleeper 5884:Routing 5859:Calypso 5855:CIPURSE 5693:Layover 5623:Airport 5525:Airline 5461:bicable 5365:Vanpool 5327:Tuk tuk 5267:Jeepney 5257:Gondola 5153:Railbus 4836:of the 4792:24 July 3951:(2000) 3857:24 July 3829:24 July 3803:22 July 3777:22 July 3752:22 July 3608:18 July 3582:18 July 3557:18 July 3510:18 July 3488:24 July 3444:24 July 3285:18 July 3210:24 June 3124:29 July 3022:24 June 2959:(161). 2767:Toronto 2744:Ukraine 2725:Tampere 2446:⁄ 2429:⁄ 2413:⁄ 2396:⁄ 2384:Length 2374:⁄ 2357:⁄ 2340:⁄ 2291:Siemens 2221:Bullets 2213:Midwest 2165:⁄ 2039:O-Train 2035:Conrail 2027:Trenton 1926:Around 1902:On the 1838:C-Train 1834:Calgary 1818:Big Dig 1755:Source: 1659:C-Train 1656:Calgary 1494:Toronto 1424:Houston 1267:Seattle 1257:system. 1083:Toronto 1051:trolley 934:O-Train 893:by bane 766:Suicide 751:Museums 682:History 660:History 638:Freight 440:History 351:" and " 320:Hamburg 275:in the 267:Postwar 207:PCC car 185:History 5678:Harbor 5673:Hangar 5592:Shweeb 5297:Pesero 5252:Dolmuş 5123:Maglev 4976:Pesero 4959:driver 4912:driver 4594: 4493: 4165: 4102: 3672: 3308: 2966:1 July 2864:H-Bahn 2599:diesel 2585:. The 2482: 2475: 2468: 2461: 2325:Width 2302:Model 2089:, the 2076:G:link 2023:Camden 1954:, and 1934:, and 1932:Kassel 1920:Ottawa 1764:Safety 1749:4,600 1735:3,250 1721:2,250 1672:Line 1 1455:G:Link 1435:LACMTA 1318:System 1290:A Line 1179:, and 1109:, and 1103:Newark 1087:Boston 963:cars. 880:S-Bahn 689:Maglev 551:Trains 373:, and 368:CTrain 237:Russia 209:, and 128:using 5753:fares 5516:Other 5423:Cable 5388:Ferry 4783:(PDF) 4749:(PDF) 4590:–47. 4516:(730) 4491:S2CID 4401:(PDF) 4394:(PDF) 4302:(PDF) 4295:(PDF) 4196:(PDF) 4189:(PDF) 4151:(PDF) 3720:(PDF) 3438:(PDF) 3361:(PDF) 3150:(PDF) 3143:(PDF) 2810:China 2294:Skoda 2268:Type 2021:from 1746:3,400 1732:2,350 1718:1,650 1637:. 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