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562:. They opposed this union victory at a time when downsizing was happening all over France. The previous Minister of Industrial Development, Jean Charbonnel, testified that Giscard had declared: "LIP must be punished. Let them be unemployed and stay that way. Otherwise they will infect all of society." According to Charbonnel, the employers and Chirac's government had deliberately "assassinated LIP."
357:, the national leader of the CFDT metallurgist section, was wary of the Action Committee. At request of the striking workers, he sent a representative, Fredo Coutet, a metal worker, to discuss the strike with the local section of the CFTC. After a week, Coutet was convinced by his experience, but Chérêque remained wary. At that time, the workers were still skeptical about trying
592:
241:(government labor inspection office) which would eliminate all of the sector of the company to which most of the union workers belonged, including Charles Piaget. However, he offered Piaget a promotion, naming him head of the workshop. For the next year, the workers blocked attempts to eliminate the department, opposing those who tried to move the machines out of the factory.
235:(works council, the workers' representation in the factory), in order to have younger representatives. Although this was illegal, the union workers agreed, and elections were organized. Although Fred Lip had believed this would allow him more control of the workers, in less than a year all the young representatives joined the CFTC. Fred Lip then submitted a proposal to the
100:
441:, named Henri Giraud as mediator of the conflict. The government then proposed a new plan, which included the firing of 159 employees (or 180, out of a total of 1,200.) On 3 August 1973 the workers refused this offer. Negotiations between the trade-unions, the Action Committee and the mediator Giraud started again on 11 August. Four days later, the
636:
participation of all sorts. It must be pointed out that at LIP, the workers are in charge of approximately thirty jobs, from the restaurant, which serves 300 meals a day for 4 francs, to a hairdresser for the unemployed, to a judicial commission for these same unemployed, to various artisanal activities, one being the game
644:
The second struggle did not end until 1980, when six cooperatives, employing 250 workers out of a total of 850, were created. Most of the other workers who had joined the struggle (around 400) were either hired by the city, or signed agreements granting them early retirement. The cooperatives lasted
635:
A few more than 500 workers are effectively in battle, gathering every day, and this, nineteen months after having been fired. It is living proof of democracy. It is impossible to have such a collective force without the sustained practice of democracy, without sharing responsibilities, and without
426:
The national leadership of the CGT union now tried to take control, calling meetings during the day against the workers' will. Finally, a large part of the members of the CGT moved to the CFDT, and the CGT decided to let them go. Despite these tensions with the leadership of the CGT, Charles Piaget
187:(CFTC, French Confederation of Christian Workers) trade union. He later recalled that during national strikes, only 30 or 40 workers at LIP out of a total of 1200 would go on strike. Those who did strike were listed by the management and called in to explain themselves. Semi-skilled workers on the
448:
After this violent occupation, many firms of Besançon and of the region decided to go on strike, and workers rushed to the LIP factory to fight the military forces. Union leaders tried to intercede to prevent any confrontation, but the government proceeded to order arrests, which led to court
547:(European Clockwork Co.), directed by Claude Neuschwander, took control of LIP. Neuschwander had 850 former workers rehired in March, and the strike ended. By December 1974, the conflict appeared to be finished: the workers no longer ran the factory, and all of the employees were rehired.
456:(March of 100,000). Chérêque of the CFDT disapproved of this demonstration, fearing that the police would be provoked. An old farmer then went to see Michel Rocard and told him that he had heard, during a family meeting, a member of the special police forces boast that he had thrown
345:
movements. They included
Charles Piaget, Roland Vittot, Raymond Burgy, worker-priest Jean Raguenes, and an executive of the company, Michel Jeanningros. Two women, Jeannine Pierre-Emile and Fatima Demougeot, were also CFDT leaders at LIP. Noëlle Dartevelle and Claude Mercet were the
307:
Having lost their human hostages, the workers decided to take materials hostage to block the restructuring plans. They seized 65,000 watches and hid them in various remote locations. They discussed the moral legitimacy of the action, wondering if it was a theft or a
412:(Lip-Unity), this newspaper would help popularize the movement. To be able to restart production at the factory, this time without an employer, they sold the watches that they had seized. In six weeks, they made the equivalent of half the revenue of a normal year.
275:), influenced by the May 1968 movement, was founded. During an extraordinary works council meeting on 12 June 1973, workers stumbled upon the management's plans to restructure and downsize, which had been kept secret from them (one note said "
657:, which employs about twenty persons. SCOP focuses on precision mechanics. According to Charles Piaget, the difficulties of the second conflict, compared to the large victory obtained in 1974, could be explained by the May 1974 election of
300:(government labor inspector) as hostages. The workers wanted to exchange them for "more precise information," declared Piaget (as shown in the 2007 film documentary). However, around midnight, the three hostages were quickly rescued by the
327:
The workers also took the plans of the factory, to avoid any risk of the competition obtaining these industrial secrets. The following day, the workers held a general assembly and decided to occupy the factory day and night.
379:
A large demonstration of 12,000 persons in the average-size town of Besançon, took place on 15 June 1973. Three days later, a general assembly of the workers decided to continue production of watches, under the
645:
between 3 and 12 years. Three of them, which have since become incorporated, still exist today, employing a hundred workers each. For instance, some former LIP workers returned to work in
Palente with the
616:" (Lip, it's starting again!). No one offered to take over LIP this time. The firm was definitively liquidated on 12 September 1977. After long internal debates, on 28 November 1977 the workers created a
262:
In the following weeks, the struggles at the LIP factory drew a national audience, thus beginning one of the emblematic social conflicts of the era after May 1968. The conflict was to last several years.
156:
However, in the 1960s, this highly specialized company began to have financial troubles. Fred
Lipmann, who changed his name to Fred Lip, took the company public in 1967, and Ebauches S.A. (subsidiary of
2185:
2175:
681:
then bought the brand in 1990, and relaunched the production with modern marketing methods. The sales increased to a million watches a year. The LIP reissued
Charles de Gaulle's watch, which
602:
started liquidation proceedings in April. Problems between workers and management began again. On 5 May 1976 LIP workers again occupied the factory, restarting the production of watches.
419:"The question of women was a revolution inside the revolution," Piaget declared later. The clock factory had a majority of female workers, especially among semi-skilled workers (OS,
337:
512:(PSU), agreed to become the factory's manager. LIP became a subsidiary of BSN, and Neuschwander managed to have Antoine Riboud bypass the regular control of weekly accounts.
460:
and burned more cars than the May '68 demonstrators. Rocard decided to send a letter to the organizers of the demonstration, warning them. The demonstration was non-violent.
304:
riot police in a violent assault. According to Piaget, this assault shocked the workers, who had been careful during previous strikes not to damage the factory in any way.
184:
362:
231:
294:
However, the workers were angry at the secret restructuring plan and immediately occupied the factory. On the same day, June 12, they took two administrators and an
284:
65:
40:
in eastern France, began to experience financial problems in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and management decided to attempt a factory shutdown. However, after
354:
528:
In the meanwhile, beside the PSU, all the far-left movements supported the LIP self-management experiment. LIP workers took part in the 1973-74 struggle in the
1329:
501:
573:, withdrew its orders, and the Ministry of Industry refused promised funding. In contradiction to the DĂ´le agreement of January 1974, the commercial court (
404:
335:. Half the workers were by then affiliated with a union, either the CFDT or the CGT; most belonged to the CFDT. The leaders were mostly members of the
497:
1796:
244:
However, Ebauches became the biggest shareholder in 1970, taking control of 43% of the stock. Ebauches then fired 1,300 workers. The next year, the
3293:
481:
1320:
738:
489:
452:
On 29 September 1973 there was a national protest at Besançon; 100,000 persons demonstrated under pouring rain. The protest was nicknamed the
2200:
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1065:
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in 1896. Thereafter Lip became the brand name of the company. They built approximately 2,500 pieces per year. The company launched the first
624:" (Palente's Industries) – Palente was the neighborhood of Besançon where the factory was located. The LIP acronym remained.
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301:
2295:
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3150:
52:
employees were rehired by March 1974, but the firm was liquidated again in the spring of 1976. This led to a new struggle, called "
2150:
1246:
1280:
905:
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1673:
1190:
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is a French watch and clock company whose turmoil became emblematic of the conflicts between workers and capital in France.
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2044:
353:
The workers now decided to open up the factory to outsiders, including journalists. This made them more popular. At first,
77:
640:("ChĂ´mage" means unemployment in French), which has already sold more than 6,000 games, and finally industrial production.
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2790:
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2222:
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555:
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73:
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French: «Il faut les punir . Qu'ils soient chômeurs et qu'ils le restent. Ils vont véroler tout le corps social.»
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658:
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This was done by confronting the left-wing employer, Neuschwander, and the firm with unforeseen difficulties.
551:
255:
in 1973 but had to face increasing competition from the United States and Japan. The firm was forced to start
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1941:
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445:(a military unit) occupied the factory and expelled the workers. The military remained until February 1974.
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1911:
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In 1964, the CFTC became the CFDT, a secular trade union. Piaget participated in some meetings of the ACO (
707:), a union of unemployed people, while the Dominican Jean Raguenès lives in Brazil, where he supports the
533:
3120:
2635:
1991:
1718:
1632:
819:
804:
381:
358:
88:
17:
1936:
1806:
3190:
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2257:
2115:
2003:
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654:
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291:(PSU), opposed a strike, preferring a slowdown, in which workers would pause for ten minutes an hour.
191:
were not allowed to talk or move more than 25 centimeters (less than ten inches) during their shifts.
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49:
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in 1952, called "Electronic" (considered 'electronic' rather than electric due to the presence of a
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115:. Sixty years later, Emmanuel Lipman and his sons founded a clockwork workshop under the name of
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80:
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183:, who began working at the factory in 1946 as a skilled worker, became a representative of the
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2160:
1606:
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1416:
1406:
1401:
1307:
1013:
525:, the transition from paternalistic capitalism, under Fred Lip, to modern finance capitalism
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237:
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3000:
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2800:
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2415:
2385:
2375:
2131:
2105:
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756:
682:
678:
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Meanwhile, workers started organizing to improve labor conditions. This proved difficult.
8:
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3055:
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3005:
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2076:
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1801:
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1611:
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1004:
692:
In 2002, Sensemat signed a LIP world license contract with Jean-Luc
Bernerd, who created
854:
3228:
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2019:
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628:
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229:(scientific management), and proposed to increase the number of representatives on the
225:
Fred Lip tried to smooth down the growing discontent. He spoke to the union workers of
45:
2400:
661:, whose government decided not to help companies in a difficult situation, and by the
259:
formalities on 17 April 1973, leading
Jacques Saint-Esprit to resign on the same day.
3200:
3130:
2975:
2880:
2770:
2485:
2355:
2140:
2093:
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1586:
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752:
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342:
150:
142:
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2405:
2277:
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2195:
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2071:
2013:
1981:
1966:
1901:
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1759:
1723:
1706:
1694:
1601:
1561:
1471:
1466:
900:
609:
570:
500:, deputy president of the CNPF, tried to find a solution to the conflict. Finally,
457:
384:, to insure "survival wages." The LIP struggle was thereafter popularized with the
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1861:
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218:. During the nationwide unrest of May 1968, the workers at LIP voted to join the
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1961:
1956:
1946:
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809:
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332:
280:
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173:
134:
69:
741:,and produced from 1933 to 1949 – a T18 was offered in 1948 to
214:, a popular left-wing figure who had been President of the Council during the
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2535:
2500:
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2435:
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1976:
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1501:
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1073:
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Shareholders forced Claude
Neuschwander to resign on 8 February 1976 and the
580:
515:
Neuschwander advocated "the death of enterprise capitalism and the advent of
413:
408:
magazine to assist them in making a newspaper dedicated to the strike. Named
188:
41:
859:
604:
416:, then national secretary of the PSU, took part in the sale of the watches.
58:
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3115:
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1986:
1951:
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1971:
1926:
1891:
1581:
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728:
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617:
476:" (LIP, it's over!). Behind the scenes, some progressive managers of the
313:
279:", "get rid of 450"). The company then employed 1,300 workers. At first,
256:
37:
3155:
3140:
3135:
2575:
2049:
1699:
1576:
1546:
1441:
1072:, ("They wanted a boss, not a cooperative enterprise.") interview with
540:
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368:
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3145:
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2034:
1591:
1486:
1378:
677:'s presidency. However, the new firm was liquidated six years later.
536:). However, tensions increased between the CFDT and the CGT unions.
226:
206:(1954–62). The UGS later merged with other organizations to form the
177:
130:
1102:"Les Lip, l'imagination au pouvoir": le samedi soir et le grand soir
248:
forced Fred Lip to resign, replacing him with
Jacques Saint-Esprit.
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2054:
1738:
1556:
1220:(Lip, Imagination to Power – film documentary, 2007)
1106:
1078:
505:
266:
112:
149:; while previously in 1948, LIP's iconic T18 model was offered to
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1396:
566:
374:
180:
2345:
2282:
814:
529:
385:
321:
166:
785:
2570:
673:
The LIP cooperative was bought back by Kiplé in 1984, during
393:
It is possible: we make them, we sell them, we pay ourselves!
158:
138:
1347:
1289:
1268:
477:
99:
591:
427:
later declared that the "Communists remained essential.".
365:, the CFDT now tried to find an employer to buy the firm.
1342:
770:
539:
The LIP delegation and the factory management signed the
309:
912:(Autogestion Lessons), interview with Charles Piaget on
1063:"Ils voulaient un patron, pas une coopérative ouvrière"
751:: 1952 – the first models were worn by
56:
social conflict of the 1970s" by the daily newspaper
781:
369:
An experience in workers' self-management (1973–74)
320:and worker Jean Raguenès, who himself was close to
185:Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens
668:
389:C'est possible: on fabrique, on vend, on se paie!
198:, Workers' Catholic Action), and then joined the
111:of Besançon offered a mechanical pocket watch to
3250:
267:1973: beginning of the strike and demonstrations
579:) requested that LIP honor a debt of 6 million
285:Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail
66:Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail
202:(UGS, Union of the Socialist Left) during the
141:). The first 'Electronic' models were worn by
1363:
896:
894:
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890:
888:
886:
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882:
880:
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872:
586:
463:
48:in 1973, LIP became worker-managed. All the
1238:, Postscript by Michel Rocard, Syros, 1975.
1149:Chez Lip: On fabrique; on vend; on se paye!
3151:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
1370:
1356:
930:, «Un an de lutte chez Lip», supplĂ©ment Ă
532:against the extension of a military base (
27:French watchmaking and clockmaking company
1200:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
869:
627:Charles Piaget testified in 1977, in the
608:newspaper, founded three years before by
554:, representing free enterprise, had been
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
631:, about the self-management experiment:
590:
519:". – or, in the words of
472:wistfully declared on 15 October 1973: "
98:
3294:Watch manufacturing companies of France
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1028:
1026:
433:'s Minister of Industrial Development,
341:(AOC, Workers' Catholic Action) and of
14:
3251:
2151:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
850:
848:
846:
844:
583:owed by the former firm to providers.
271:In May 1973, an Action Committee (CA,
1351:
1047:
971:
1088:
1023:
934:(Revue théorique du PSU), n°5, 1971.
699:Charles Piaget is today a member of
508:advertising group and member of the
361:, and requested an employer. Led by
1122:PSU, « Lip au féminin »,
937:
841:
696:in Lectoure Gers for the occasion.
449:convictions in the following days.
324:, absolved the workers in advance.
316:was strong in this region. But the
24:
800:History of clockmaking in Besançon
543:agreement on 29 January 1974. The
126:(Lipmann Brothers Clock Factory).
25:
3325:
1271:Les LIP, l'imagination au pouvoir
1258:
1218:Les Lip, l'imagination au pouvoir
694:La Manufacture Générale Horlogère
651:Société coopérative de production
600:Compagnie européenne d'horlogerie
545:Compagnie européenne d'horlogerie
348:Confédération générale du travail
3215:
2186:International Conference of Rome
2176:International Conference of Rome
784:
714:
423:) working on the assembly line.
1129:
829:France in the twentieth century
705:Agir ensemble contre le chĂ´mage
2296:Australian Anarchist Centenary
2223:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1254:(How I saved Lip) (1990–2005).
1195:(Lip, the dream and the story)
1116:
921:
669:LIP in the 1980s and the 1990s
13:
1:
1937:Decentralized planned economy
1377:
1317:Magazine article in English:
1299:LIP, l'imagination au pouvoir
1269:Christian Rouaud's Film Site
1173:"Lip, une mémoire ouvrière",
1034:Lip, héros des Temps Modernes
1005:LIP, l'imagination au pouvoir
834:
398:The CGT-CFDT union alliance (
200:Union de la gauche socialiste
76:(PSU), which included former
3279:Watch movement manufacturers
1532:Proletarian internationalism
1265:Le grand conflit Lip de 1973
480:employers' union, including
7:
3274:Contemporary French history
2233:1919 United States bombings
805:List of watch manufacturers
777:
556:elected President of France
251:LIP built the first French
124:d'Horlogerie Lipmann Frères
10:
3330:
3304:Labor relations by company
3191:Situationist International
2258:Spanish Revolution of 1936
2116:Self-managed social center
1211:Les paroissiens de Palente
1193:Lip, le rĂŞve et l'histoire
1142:
709:Landless Workers' Movement
685:offered to U.S. President
372:
338:Action Catholique Ouvrière
196:Action Catholique Ouvrière
169:) took 33% of the shares.
129:The firm launched the Lip
94:
36:The LIP factory, based in
3210:
3095:
2650:
2600:
2325:
2311:Really Really Free Market
2306:1999 Seattle WTO protests
2130:
2002:
1910:
1874:
1827:
1750:
1681:
1672:
1622:
1597:Temporary autonomous zone
1522:Permanent autonomous zone
1457:Consensus decision-making
1385:
622:Les Industries de Palente
612:, printed the headline, "
587:1976: the second movement
464:End of the first conflict
283:, now an official of the
3259:Labor disputes in France
2301:Carnival Against Capital
2228:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2217:Manifesto of the Sixteen
2111:Radical environmentalism
2060:Independent Media Center
1992:Workers' self-management
1437:Autonomous social center
1343:The official LIP website
1236:Lip: affaire non classée
820:Workers' self-management
659:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
552:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
287:union and active in the
119:. In 1893 it became the
89:workers' self-management
44:and a highly publicized
1932:Cost the limit of price
1334:Socialist Unified Party
1213:, Grasset, 1974 (novel)
959:(Lip hour by hour), in
825:Fifth Republic (France)
792:Organized labour portal
655:Lip Précision Industrie
510:Unified Socialist Party
504:, then number 2 at the
437:, a historic figure of
350:(CGT) representatives.
289:Unified Socialist Party
208:Unified Socialist Party
83:, was then in favor of
74:Unified Socialist Party
3289:Cooperatives in France
2726:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1537:Propaganda of the deed
1527:Prefigurative politics
1517:Participatory politics
1462:Conscientious objector
1244:Comment j'ai sauvé Lip
1241:Jean-Claude Sensemat,
1201:Bibliography and films
769:, the designer of the
642:
595:
558:, with the support of
550:However, in May 1974,
331:The strike was led by
210:(PSU), which included
104:
3181:Libertarian socialism
2291:Kate Sharpley Library
2268:Red inverted triangle
2211:High Treason Incident
2201:Congress of Amsterdam
1607:Voluntary association
1417:Anti-authoritarianism
1407:Anarchist criminology
1402:Anarchist Black Cross
1308:Le Monde diplomatique
1231:, Lutter Stock, 1973.
1014:Le Monde diplomatique
633:
594:
297:inspecteur du travail
238:inspection du travail
102:
3222:Anarchism portal
2621:Fictional characters
2106:Radical cheerleading
1338:University of Nantes
1336:(PSU) hosted by the
1281:Leçons d'autogestion
1183:History of the brand
902:Leçons d'autogestion
757:Dwight D. Eisenhower
683:Jean-Claude Sensemat
679:Jean-Claude Sensemat
576:tribunal de commerce
212:Pierre Mendès-France
147:Dwight D. Eisenhower
81:Pierre Mendès-France
72:led the strike. The
68:(CFDT) union leader
3299:Squatting in France
3284:Anarchism in France
3269:Recovered factories
3264:Former cooperatives
3171:Left-libertarianism
2243:Kronstadt rebellion
2181:Trial of the Thirty
2146:Revolutions of 1848
2088:No gods, no masters
1897:Synthesis anarchism
1887:Anarcho-syndicalism
1875:Types of federation
1161:Le Monde libertaire
1124:Critique Socialiste
956:Lip heure par heure
932:Critique Socialiste
855:Lip Lip Lip hourra!
755:and U.S. President
675:François Mitterrand
614:Lip, c'est reparti!
502:Claude Neuschwander
232:comité d'entreprise
165:which later became
145:and U.S. President
3121:Anti-globalization
2791:Dominican Republic
2611:Anarcho-punk bands
2273:Labadie Collection
2263:Barcelona May Days
2166:Cantonal rebellion
2100:Property is theft!
2066:The Internationale
2020:Anarchist bookfair
1819:Without adjectives
1674:Schools of thought
1323:2015-05-01 at the
1249:2006-12-02 at the
1216:Christian Rouaud,
1154:2007-05-07 at the
1068:2007-10-22 at the
965:, 22 October 2005
908:2007-07-07 at the
629:Quotidien de Paris
596:
517:finance capitalism
454:marche des 100,000
443:Mobile Gendarmerie
439:left-wing Gaullism
421:ouvrier spécialisé
312: –
246:board of directors
105:
46:factory occupation
3244:
3243:
3201:Spontaneous order
3131:Anti-war movement
2631:Jewish anarchists
2141:French Revolution
2094:Popular education
1870:
1869:
1587:Spontaneous order
1447:Classless society
1284:. Interview sith
1110:, March 20, 2007
773:high-speed train.
753:Charles de Gaulle
743:Winston Churchill
458:Molotov cocktails
363:François Chérêque
343:popular education
151:Winston Churchill
143:Charles de Gaulle
16:(Redirected from
3321:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3111:Anti-consumerism
3106:Anti-corporatism
2253:Amakasu Incident
2196:Strandza Commune
2171:Haymarket affair
2072:Jewish anarchism
2014:A las Barricadas
1982:Social ownership
1967:Market socialism
1942:Free association
1902:Union of egoists
1679:
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1612:Workers' council
1602:Union of egoists
1562:Security culture
1472:Decentralization
1467:Critique of work
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852:
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610:Jean-Paul Sartre
571:state enterprise
474:LIP, c'est fini!
402:) now asked the
382:workers' control
355:Jacques Chérêque
318:Dominican priest
161:, a large Swiss
135:electronic watch
117:Comptoir Lipmann
109:Jewish community
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1427:Anti-militarism
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468:Prime Minister
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435:Jean Charbonnel
377:
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405:Cahiers de Mai
400:intersyndicale
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3314:Watch brands
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3126:Anti-statism
3116:Anti-fascism
3021:South Africa
2516:Pi i Margall
2215:
2064:
2025:Anarcho-punk
2012:
1987:Wage slavery
1952:Gift economy
1847:Postcolonial
1829:Contemporary
1782:Independence
1729:Collectivist
1648:Love and sex
1477:Deep ecology
1412:Anationalism
1306:
1303:Serge Halimi
1279:
1270:
1264:
1242:
1235:
1234:Collective,
1224:
1223:Ch. Piaget,
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1186:(in English)
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767:Roger Tallon
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749:l'Electronic
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687:Bill Clinton
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3036:Switzerland
2996:Puerto Rico
2981:Philippines
2946:New Zealand
2941:Netherlands
2811:El Salvador
2641:Periodicals
2206:Tragic Week
2077:Lifestylism
1972:Mutual bank
1927:Cooperative
1892:Platformism
1842:Free-market
1770:Primitivist
1653:Nationalism
1582:Somatherapy
1492:Freethought
1313:(in French)
1294:(in French)
1275:(in French)
1169:(in French)
1126:, n°5, 1971
1112:(in French)
1084:(in French)
1043:(in French)
1019:(in French)
967:(in French)
917:(in French)
865:(in French)
739:André Donat
729:Jean Mermoz
618:cooperative
314:Catholicism
257:liquidation
85:autogestion
18:Lip factory
3253:Categories
3156:Dual Power
3141:Autonomism
3136:Autarchism
2796:East Timor
2761:Costa Rica
2706:Bangladesh
2701:Azerbaijan
2411:Feyerabend
2050:Freeganism
1700:Illegalist
1638:Capitalism
1577:Sociocracy
1547:Revolution
1512:Mutual aid
1442:Black bloc
1039:L'Humanité
962:L'Humanité
914:Mouvements
860:Libération
835:References
605:Libération
522:L'Humanité
373:See also:
163:consortium
59:Libération
3196:Socialism
3146:Communism
3081:Venezuela
3016:Singapore
2951:Nicaragua
2876:Indonesia
2856:Hong Kong
2851:Guatemala
2691:Australia
2681:Argentina
2652:By region
2636:Musicians
2541:Santillán
2491:Malatesta
2461:Kropotkin
2441:Guillaume
2121:Symbolism
2035:DIY ethic
1912:Economics
1857:Post-left
1802:Christian
1797:Religious
1734:Communist
1719:Mutualist
1683:Classical
1643:Education
1592:Squatting
1552:Rewilding
1487:Free love
1379:Anarchism
1176:Les Echos
763:Mach 2000
731:'s plane.
620:, named "
492:, CEO of
484:, CEO of
410:Lip-Unité
227:taylorism
178:clockwork
131:stopwatch
103:LIP brand
3229:Category
2991:Portugal
2971:Paraguay
2931:Mongolia
2916:Malaysia
2756:Colombia
2736:Bulgaria
2526:Proudhon
2486:Maksimov
2466:Landauer
2416:Giovanni
2366:Bookchin
2283:May 1968
2055:Infoshop
1807:Buddhist
1792:Pacifist
1760:Feminist
1739:Magonist
1707:Naturist
1663:Violence
1658:Religion
1557:Sabotage
1387:Concepts
1330:Archives
1321:Archived
1247:Archived
1152:Archived
1107:Le Monde
1079:Le Monde
1066:Archived
906:Archived
778:See also
506:Publicis
113:Napoleon
38:Besançon
3236:Outline
3186:Marxism
3086:Vietnam
3076:Uruguay
3061:Ukraine
3051:Tunisia
3001:Romania
2956:Nigeria
2936:Morocco
2886:Ireland
2866:Iceland
2861:Hungary
2841:Germany
2836:Georgia
2821:Finland
2816:Estonia
2801:Ecuador
2786:Denmark
2766:Croatia
2721:Bolivia
2716:Belgium
2711:Belarus
2696:Austria
2686:Armenia
2676:Andorra
2671:Algeria
2666:Albania
2586:Yarchuk
2561:Tolstoy
2556:Thoreau
2551:Stirner
2546:Spooner
2511:Parsons
2436:Graeber
2426:Goldman
2386:Durruti
2371:Chomsky
2361:Bonanno
2356:Berkman
2351:Bakunin
2132:History
2082:May Day
2004:Culture
1397:Anarchy
1332:of the
1143:Sources
711:(MST).
567:Renault
375:Work-in
181:artisan
95:History
78:Radical
42:strikes
3056:Turkey
3046:Taiwan
3031:Sweden
3011:Serbia
3006:Russia
2986:Poland
2966:Panama
2961:Norway
2926:Monaco
2921:Mexico
2911:Latvia
2891:Israel
2846:Greece
2826:France
2776:Cyprus
2741:Canada
2731:Brazil
2661:Africa
2591:Zerzan
2581:Warren
2566:Tucker
2536:Rocker
2531:Reclus
2521:Pouget
2501:Michel
2481:Makhno
2456:KĹŤtoku
2446:He-Yin
2421:Godwin
2406:Ferrer
2376:Cleyre
2341:Armand
2336:Alston
2327:People
1812:Jewish
1724:Social
1695:Egoist
1624:Issues
815:May 68
581:Francs
534:photos
530:Larzac
386:slogan
322:Maoism
167:Swatch
3041:Syria
3026:Spain
2906:Korea
2901:Japan
2896:Italy
2871:India
2806:Egypt
2751:China
2746:Chile
2626:Films
2616:Books
2602:Lists
2571:Volin
2476:MagĂłn
2451:Kanno
2401:Faure
2396:Ervin
2391:Ellul
2278:Provo
2045:Films
1862:Queer
1837:Black
1765:Green
159:ASUAG
139:diode
50:fired
2976:Peru
2881:Iran
2771:Cuba
2576:Ward
2506:Most
2496:Mett
2030:Arts
1290:CFDT
827:and
647:SCOP
569:, a
541:Dole
496:and
478:CNPF
2471:Liu
2381:Day
2287:LIP
1507:Law
1305:in
1267::
1225:Lip
1164:by
1076:in
1037:in
1011:in
928:PSU
771:TGV
735:T18
721:T10
701:AC!
486:BSN
395:).
310:sin
302:CRS
91:).
54:the
31:LIP
3255::
2346:Ba
1288:,
1209:,
1104:,
1090:^
1049:^
1025:^
973:^
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871:^
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843:^
689:.
665:.
488:,
222:.
153:.
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