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toxicity (note that toxicity levels exist but are not precisely confirmed), and the fact that the fermentation process for renewable butanol emits a foul odour. The
Weizmann organism can only tolerate butanol levels up to 2% or so, compared to 14% for ethanol and yeast. Making butanol from oil produces no such odour, but the limited supply and environmental impact of oil usage defeat the purpose of alternative fuels. The cost of butanol is about $ 1.25–$ 1.32 per kilogram ($ 0.57-$ 0.58 per pound or $ 4 approx. per US gallon). Butanol is much more expensive than ethanol (approximately $ 0.40 per litre or 1.50 per gallon) and methanol.
205:
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locality, economic situation, government stance on biodiesel and a host of other factors- and it has been proven to be viable at much lower costs in some countries. Also, it yields about 10% less energy than ordinary diesel. Analogous to the use of higher compression ratios used for engines burning higher octane alcohols and petrol in spark-ignition engines, taking advantage of biodiesel's high cetane rating can potentially overcome the energy deficit compared to ordinary Number 2 diesel.
312:. Engines with a higher compression ratio, commonly used in race cars and high-performance regular-production automobiles, can produce more power; however, such engines require a higher octane fuel. Increasing the octane rating has, in the past, been achieved by adding 'anti-knock' additives such as lead-tetra-ethyl. Because of the environmental impact of lead additives, the octane rating is increased today by refining out the impurities that cause knocking.
122:
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25:
450:, both of which are easily compressible gases under standard atmospheric conditions. It offers many of the advantages of compressed natural gas (CNG), but does not burn as cleanly, is denser than air and is much more easily compressed. Commonly used for cooking and space heating, LP gas and compressed propane are seeing increased use in motorized vehicles; propane is the third most commonly used motor fuel globally.
1285:
1181:) has been used as a fuel before at times when gasoline is unavailable (e.g. for buses in Belgium during WWII). It has a volumetric energy density of 17 Megajoules per liter (compared to 10 for hydrogen, 18 for methanol, 21 for dimethyl ether and 34 for gasoline). It must be compressed or cooled to be a liquid fuel, although it does not require
543:
Carbon dioxide has a molar mass of 44g/mol as it consists of 2 atoms of oxygen (16 g/mol) and 1 atom of carbon (12 g/mol). So 12 g of carbon yield 44 g of Carbon dioxide. Diesel has a density of 0.838 kg per liter. Putting everything together the mass of carbon dioxide that is produced by burning 1
330:
is similar to gasoline in that it is a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum. Diesel may cost more or less than gasoline, but generally costs less to produce because the extraction processes used are simpler. Some countries (particularly Canada, India and Italy) also have lower
1004:
The advantages of butanol are its high octane rating (over 100) and high energy content, only about 10% lower than gasoline, and subsequently about 50% more energy-dense than ethanol, 100% more so than methanol. Butanol's only major disadvantages are its high flashpoint (35 °C or 95 °F),
458:
Petroleum fuels, when burnt, release carbon dioxide that is necessary for plant growth, but which (given the large scale of global emissions) is potentially harmful to world climate. The amount of carbon dioxide released when one liter of fuel is combusted can be estimated: As a good approximation
419:
In the mid-20th century, kerosene or "TVO" (Tractor
Vaporising Oil) was used as a cheap fuel for tractors. The engine would start on gasoline, then switch over to kerosene once the engine warmed up. A "heat valve" on the manifold would route the exhaust gases around the intake pipe, heating the
342:
and higher emissions of soot from the tail pipe (exhaust pipe). Historically, in Europe lower sulfur levels than in the United States were legally required. However, recent US legislation reduced the maximum sulfur content of diesel from 3,000 ppm to 500 ppm in 2007, and 15 ppm by 2010. Similar
816:
rating (45-60 compared to 45-50 for crude-oil-derived diesel) and it acts as a cleaning agent to get rid of dirt and deposits. It has been argued that it only becomes economically feasible above oil prices of $ 80 (£40 or €60 as of late
February, 2007) per barrel. This does, however, depend on
1008:
On June 20, 2006, DuPont and BP announced that they were converting an existing ethanol plant to produce 9 million gallons (34 000 cubic meters) of butanol per year from sugar beets. DuPont stated a goal of being competitive with oil at $ 30–$ 40 per barrel ($ 0.19-$ 0.25 per liter) without
480:. Note that diesel is a mixture of different molecules. As carbon has a molar mass of 12 g/mol and hydrogen (atomic!) has a molar mass of about 1 g/mol, so the fraction by weight of carbon in diesel is roughly 12/14. The reaction of diesel combustion is given by:
427:
Kerosene is sometimes used as an additive in diesel fuel to prevent gelling or waxing in cold temperatures. However, this is not advisable in some recent vehicle diesel engines, as doing so may interfere with the engine's emissions regulation equipment.
179:
Some common properties of liquid fuels are that they are easy to transport, and can be handled with relative ease. Physical properties of liquid fuels vary by temperature, though not as greatly as for gaseous fuels. Some of these properties are:
741:
768:. Synthetic fuels from coal were strategically important during World War II for the German military. Today synthetic fuels produced from natural gas are manufactured, to take advantage of the higher value of liquid fuels in transportation.
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fuels, but the fuel's low boiling point requires the fuel to be kept at high pressures to keep it in the liquid state. Though it has a much lower flash point than fuels such as gasoline, it is in many ways safer due to its higher
624:
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There is increasing interest in the use of a blend of 85% fuel ethanol blended with 15% gasoline. This fuel blend called E85 has a higher fuel octane than most premium types of gasoline. When used in a modern
920:. However, it may also be used as a fuel, most often in combination with gasoline. For the most part, it is used in a 9:1 ratio of gasoline to ethanol to reduce the negative environmental effects of gasoline.
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which ignites fuel by injecting it into a combustion chamber previously compressed with air (which in turn raises the temperature) as opposed to using an outside ignition source, such as a spark plug.
416:) that are kerosene-type mixtures. One form of the fuel known as RP-1 is burned with liquid oxygen as rocket fuel. These fuel grade kerosenes meet specifications for smoke points and freeze points.
1227:
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For gasoline, with a density of 0.75 kg/L and a ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms of about 6 to 14, the estimated value of carbon emission if 1 liter of gasoline is burnt gives:
144:; they also must take the shape of their container. It is the fumes of liquid fuels that are flammable instead of the fluid. Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from
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and then burn. Gasoline is extremely volatile and easily combusts, making any leakage potentially extremely dangerous. Gasoline sold in most countries carries a published
226:. Scientists generally accept that petroleum formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.
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which can be used as a fuel in most gasoline internal combustion engines without engine modification. It is typically a product of the fermentation of
928:, it delivers more performance to the gasoline it replaces at the expense of higher fuel consumption due to ethanol's lesser specific energy content.
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Ethanol for use in gasoline and industrial purposes may be considered a fossil fuel because it is often synthesized from the petroleum product
789:, can be compressed to a liquid and used as a substitute for other traditional liquid fuels. Its combustion is very clean compared to other
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have been lower volumetric energy, the hydrogen volumes needed for combustion are large. Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by
812:
Biodiesel is similar to diesel but has differences akin to those between petrol and ethanol. For instance, biodiesel has a higher
196:, the temperature below which the fuel is too thick to pour freely. These properties affect the safety and handling of the fuel.
308:. The higher the octane rating, the more resistant the fuel is to autoignition under high pressures, which allows for a higher
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160:, which are also categorized as a liquid fuel. Many liquid fuels play a primary role in transportation and the economy.
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The number of 2.63 kg of carbon dioxide from 1 liter of Diesel is close to the values found in the literature.
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872:. Its application is limited primarily due to its toxicity (similar to gasoline), but also due to its high
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are found naturally in gasoline and cause the health risks associated with prolonged exposure to the fuel.
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736:{\displaystyle 0.75kg/L\cdot {{\frac {6\cdot 12}{6\cdot 12+14}}\cdot 1}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.3kg/L}
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Liquid gasoline itself is not actually burned, but its fumes ignite, causing the remaining liquid to
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changes are also underway in Canada, Australia, New
Zealand and several Asian countries. See also
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is the most widely used liquid fuel. Gasoline, as it is known in United States and Canada, or
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and miscibility with water. Small amounts are used in some types of gasoline to increase the
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281:. Crude oil is extracted from the ground in several processes, the most commonly seen may be
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for diesel fuels, the temperature at which dissolved waxy compounds begin to coalesce, and
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129:(grain alcohol), a type of liquid fuel also found in all alcoholic drinks
880:. Methanol-based fuels are used in some race cars and model aeroplanes.
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and its low density, which causes it to dissipate when released in air.
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When petroleum is not easily available, chemical processes such as the
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and as a fuel for cooking, heating, and small engines. It displaced
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are the most common, being sufficiently inexpensive to be useful.
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The Diesel Engine, in series: commercial vehicle technology
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277:. The desirable liquid is separated from the crude oil in
254:(compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only) forming
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A worker collecting fuel samples for testing aboard a ship
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Generally, the term alcohol refers to ethanol, the first
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subsidies, so the price gap with ethanol is narrowing.
891:, the latter because it was formerly produced from the
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kerosene to the point where it can be ignited by an
218:Most liquid fuels used currently are produced from
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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338:in the fuel. Sulfur causes corrosion in vehicles,
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454:Carbon dioxide formation from petroleum fuels.
1150:applications and can be used as a fuel in an
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148:; however, there are several types, such as
384:for jet engines is made in several grades (
1185:cooling as hydrogen does to be liquefied.
1119:Learn how and when to remove this message
760:can be used to produce liquid fuels from
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Liquids that can be used to create energy
1206:. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer.
935:, which is cheaper than production from
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459:the chemical formula of e.g. diesel is
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895:of wood. It is also known by the name
544:liter of diesel can be calculated as:
289:must first be removed from crude oil.
269:Production of gasoline is achieved by
262:(carbon chains forming rings) such as
247:virtually everywhere else, is made of
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1057:adding citations to reliable sources
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125:A flaming cocktail works by burning
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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163:Liquid fuels are contrasted with
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300:. The octane number is an
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1202:Hilgers, Michael (2020).
1001:, a smokeless gunpowder.
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1142:. It is a common liquid
883:Methanol is also called
796:autoignition temperature
758:Fischer–Tropsch process
442:LP gas is a mixture of
438:Liquefied petroleum gas
345:Ultra-low-sulfur diesel
785:, composed chiefly of
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778:Liquefied natural gas
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1292:at Wikimedia Commons
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864:, produced from the
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372:Kerosene is used in
156:uses), ethanol, and
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1230:. Accessscience.com
918:alcoholic beverages
380:for lighting use.
256:aliphatic compounds
1158:. Various concept
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1306:Liquid fuels
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1164:James Dewar
1144:rocket fuel
997:for making
874:corrosivity
866:natural gas
791:hydrocarbon
783:Natural gas
766:natural gas
322:Diesel fuel
249:hydrocarbon
190:cloud point
182:flash point
165:solid fuels
99:August 2018
1234:2008-11-06
1189:References
1109:March 2008
1079:newspapers
1023:See also:
961:See also:
868:component
283:beam pumps
279:refineries
194:pour point
186:fire point
154:automotive
69:newspapers
1183:cryogenic
1166:in 1898.
1156:fuel cell
980:bacterium
945:sugarcane
808:Biodiesel
802:Biodiesel
701:⋅
694:⋅
679:⋅
668:⋅
658:⋅
584:⋅
571:⋅
378:whale oil
340:acid rain
302:empirical
294:evaporate
287:petroleum
275:crude oil
252:molecules
220:petroleum
214:Petroleum
158:biodiesel
1300:Category
1265:9 August
1140:hydrogen
1013:Hydrogen
933:ethylene
858:Methanol
847:Methanol
841:methanol
821:Alcohols
382:Jet fuel
368:Kerosene
362:Kerosene
306:knocking
241:Gasoline
236:Gasoline
230:Gasoline
224:gasoline
1175:Ammonia
1170:Ammonia
1134:is the
1093:scholar
999:cordite
991:acetone
978:by the
976:biomass
972:alcohol
968:Butanol
957:Butanol
951:Butanol
914:Ethanol
903:Ethanol
870:methane
862:alcohol
837:Ethanol
787:methane
444:propane
394:Jet A-1
264:benzene
127:ethanol
83:scholar
1210:
1148:rocket
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1066:
995:starch
970:is an
941:grains
814:cetane
448:butane
336:sulfur
328:diesel
316:Diesel
245:petrol
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1100:JSTOR
1086:books
993:from
554:0.838
398:Jet B
390:Jet A
386:Avtur
152:(for
90:JSTOR
76:books
1267:2012
1208:ISBN
1146:for
1072:news
839:and
762:coal
641:0.75
600:2.63
528:+ 2n
516:⇌ 2n
504:+ 3n
446:and
414:JP-8
410:JP-7
406:JP-5
402:JP-4
167:and
62:news
1248:E85
1177:(NH
1154:or
1055:by
943:or
939:of
887:or
764:or
717:2.3
412:or
273:of
45:by
1302::
947:.
899:.
709:12
706:44
688:14
682:12
671:12
592:12
589:44
579:14
576:12
518:CO
499:2n
475:2n
424:.
408:,
404:,
400:,
396:,
392:,
388:,
350:A
347:.
171:.
1269:.
1237:.
1216:.
1179:3
1122:)
1116:(
1111:)
1107:(
1097:·
1090:·
1083:·
1076:·
1049:.
731:L
727:/
723:g
720:k
714:=
697:1
685:+
676:6
665:6
655:L
651:/
647:g
644:k
614:L
610:/
606:g
603:k
597:=
568:L
564:/
560:g
557:k
539:O
535:2
530:H
523:2
511:2
506:O
494:H
490:n
485:C
483:2
470:H
466:n
461:C
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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