3967:
4384:"distinctive North African Jewish population clusters with proximity to other Jewish populations and variable degrees of Middle Eastern, European, and North African admixture. Two major subgroups were identified by principal component, neighbor joining tree, and identity-by-descent analysisâMoroccan/Algerian and Djerban/Libyanâthat varied in their degree of European admixture. These populations showed a high degree of endogamy and were part of a larger Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish group. By principal component analysis, these North African groups were orthogonal to contemporary populations from North and South Morocco, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. Thus, this study is compatible with the history of North African Jewsâfounding during Classical Antiquity with proselytism of local populations, followed by genetic isolation with the rise of Christianity and then Islam, and admixture following the emigration of Sephardic Jews during the Inquisition."
3812:
3857:
3883:
3129:, or a protected minority people. As a result, Algerian Jews resisted those French Jews attempting to settle in Algeria; in some cases, there was rioting, in others the local Jews refused to allow French Jewish burials in Algerian Jews' cemeteries. In 1865, the Senatus-Consulte liberalized rules of citizenship, to allow Jewish and Muslim "indigenous" peoples in Algeria to become French citizens if they requested it. Few did so, however, because French citizenship required renouncing certain traditional mores. The Algerians considered that a kind of
3943:
76:
3155:, and they embraced many aspects of French culture. In embracing "Frenchness," the Algerian Jews joined the colonizers, although they were still considered "other" to the French. Although some took on more typically European occupations, "the majority of Jews were poor artisans and shopkeepers catering to a Muslim clientele." Moreover, conflicts between Sephardic Jewish religious law and French law produced contention within the community. They resisted changes related to domestic issues, such as marriage.
3919:
3907:
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3895:
3871:
6000:
193:
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35:
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2851:) and were barred from gaining French citizenship unless highly specific conditions were met. However, the dhimma was abolished, and Jews became equal to Muslims under French law. Indeed, the Muslim law that governed the country put the former at a distinct disadvantage to the latter, especially in the legal sphere and their treatment as inhabitants of the country. Having become French citizens following the
337:
3803:
In 2014, the
Minister of Religious Affairs Mohammed Eissa announced that the Algerian government would foster the reopening of Jewish synagogues. However, this never came to fruition, with Eissa stating that it was no longer the interest of Algerian Jews. In 2017, there were an estimated 50 Jews remaining in Algeria, mostly in Algiers. In 2020, there are an estimated 200 Jews in Algeria.
2885:
3966:
3827:
A contemporary Jewess of
Algiers wears on her head a "takrita" (handkerchief), is dressed in a "bedenor" (gown with a bodice trimmed with lace) and a striped vest with long sleeves coming to the waist. The "mosse" (girdle) is of silk. The native Algerian Jew wears a "áčarbush" or oblong turban with
3802:
Since 2005, the
Algerian government has attempted to reduce discrimination against the Jewish population, by establishing a Jewish association, and passing a law that recognized freedom of religion. They also allowed a relaunching of Jewish pilgrimage, to the most holy Jewish sites in North Africa.
3658:
in
Algeria, an office called the "Special Department for the Control of the Jewish Problem" handled the execution of laws applying to Algeria's Jewish population. This was unique in French North Africa, and as such the laws covering the status of Jews were governed much more harshly in Algeria than
3634:
also limited the number of Jewish children in
Algeria's public school system, and eventually terminated all Jewish enrollment in public schools. In response, Jewish professors who had been forced from their jobs set up a Jewish university in 1941, only for its forced dissolution to occur at the end
3182:
set down strong roots among the expatriate French community in
Algeria, where every municipal council was controlled by anti-Semites, and newspapers were rife with xenophobic attacks on the local Jewish communities. Much of this was encouraged by the French colonial administration, in particular by
5306:
Cornell
University Press 2012 p.136:'It is because the FLN considers Algerian Jews as sons of our country that we hope the leaders of the Jewish community will have the wisdom to contribute to the construction of a free and truly fraternal Algeria. The FLN is convinced that leaders will understand
3763:
Between late 1961 and late summer 1962, 130,000 of
Algeria's approximately 140,000 Jews left for France, while about 10,000 of them emigrated to Israel. Moroccan Jews who were living in Algeria and Jews from the M'zab Valley in the Algerian Sahara, who did not have French citizenship, as well as a
3667:
regulations within Jewish communities, and was seen by much of the Jewish population as collaboration with the government. In response, many young Jews joined the
Algerian resistance movement, which itself had been founded by Jews in 1940. On November 8, 1942, the Algerian resistance to the Vichy
5287:
Vol. XIX Oxford
University Press/Hebrew Institute of Jerusalem 2004 pp.88-103 p.97:'A larger group... took up arms towards the end of the war, with the opposing French terror group, the Organisation Armée Secréte (OAS), even though this group contained members of some of the most antisemitic and
4504:— A 2011 French animated film directed by Joann Sfar and Antoine Delesvaux, based on volumes one, two and five of Sfar's comics series with the same title. It tells the story of a cat, who obtains the ability to speak after swallowing a parrot, and its owner who is a rabbi in 1920s Algeria.
3650:, two French officials who administered the French military in North Africa, the antisemitic legislation was applied more severely in Algeria than France itself, under the pretext that it enabled greater equality between Muslims and Jews and considered racial laws a condition sine qua non of the
4379:
The Moroccan/Algerian, Djerban/Tunisian and Libyan subgroups of North African Jewry were found to demonstrate varying levels of Middle Eastern (40-42%), European (37-39%) and North African ancestry (20-21%), with Moroccan and Algerian Jews tending to be genetically closer to each other than to
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in Southern Algeria. They established, in Southern Algeria, âlocal civil statusâ laws, with rabbis overseeing legal issues. The French government recognized Jewish laws pertaining to domestic issues, such as marriage and inheritance. While these laws allowed for Jews to be structured under
3221:
3689:
statutes on March 14, 1943, after the allies landed in North Africa, retained exceptionally the decree abolishing citizenship rights for Algerian Jews, claiming that they did not wish to incite violence between the Jewish and Muslim communities in Algiers. It was not until the arrival of
3117:
for each region, with the duty "to inculcate unconditional obedience to the laws, loyalty to France, and the obligation to defend it". Such oversight was an example of the French Jews' attempt to "civilize" Jewish Algerians, as they believed their European traditions were superior to
5674:
Campbell, Christopher L.; Palamara, Pier F.; Dubrovsky, Maya; Botigue, Laura R.; Fellous, Marc; Atzmon, Gil; Oddoux, Carole; Pearlman, Alexander; Hao, Li; Henn, Brenna M.; Burns, Edward; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David; Friedman, Eitan; Pe'er, Itsik; Ostrer, Harry (2012).
3740:
Some Algerian Jews responded positively to the call from the FLN, joining with local militias or making financial contributions. For these Jews, they recognized a common attachment to Algeria and the antisemitism prevalent among the French. For others, memories of the 1934
3705:, became a place for the concentration of Jewish Algerian soldiers, who were forced to perform hard labor. These prisoners formed the "Jewish Work Group," and worked on a Vichy plan for a trans-Saharan railroad; many died from hunger, exhaustion, disease, or beatings.
4376:, 9 and 11 from Libya and Egypt, respectively, which makes 381 people. This study showed that the Jews of North Africa showed frequencies of their paternal haplotypes almost equal to those of the Lebanese and Palestinian non-Jews when compared to European non-Jews.
3148:. The decision to extend citizenship to Algerian Jews was a result of pressures from prominent members of the liberal, intellectual French Jewish community, which considered the North African Jews to be "backward" and wanted to bring them into modernity.
3209:
was to comment later that,'that pogroms against Jews in Algeria were carried out not, as it was claimed, by ââbackward Arabsââ but by âthoroughly sophisticated officers of the French colonial administrationâ and by the mayor of Algiers, Max RĂ©gis.'
4565:
The spelling âJewsâ (with a capital) designates members of a national or ethnic identity. The spelling âJewsâ (without capital) designates practitioners of the Jewish religion. See on this subject the articles Jews and Use of capital letters in
6470:
3662:
On March 31, 1942, the Vichy government issued a decree demanding the creation of a local Jewish government called the Union GĂ©nĂ©rale des IsraĂ©lites dâAlgĂ©rie (UGIA). The UGIA was intended to be a body of Jews that would execute the
4551:
La graphie « Juifs » (avec une capitale) désigne les membres d'une identité nationale ou ethnique. La graphie « juifs » (sans capitale) désigne les pratiquants de la religion juive. Voir à ce propos les articles
3676:
landed and took control of Algiers and the rest of Algeria. However, Jews were not returned all of their former civil rights and liberties, nor their French citizenships until 1943. This can partially be explained by the fact that
3635:
of that same year. The Jewish communities of Algeria also set up a system of Jewish primary schools for children, and by 1942 some 20,000 Jewish children were enrolled in 70 elementary and 5 secondary schools all over Algeria. The
2805:, which was completed in Algeria in the 8th century, brought North Africa into the realm of Islamic civilization and had a lasting impact on the identity of local Jewish communities, whose status was henceforth governed by the
5307:
that it is the duty and of course in the interest of the entire Jewish community not to remain "above the fray", to condemn without fail the dying French colonial regime, and to proclaim their choice of Algerian nationality.'
2960:. It is debated whether Jews influenced the Berber population, making converts among them. In that century, Islamic armies conquered the whole Maghreb and most of the Iberian peninsula. The Jewish population was placed under
116:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
4371:
The largest study to date on the Jews of North Africa has been led by Gerard Lucotte et al. in 2003. Sephardi population studied is as follows: 58 Jews from Algeria, 190 from Morocco, 64 from Tunisia, 49 from the island of
6225:
3732:
The FLN published declarations guaranteeing a place in Algeria for Jews as an integral constituent of the Algerian people, hoping to attract their support. Algerian Muslims had assisted Jews during their trials under the
3494:
3832:), and a large silk handkerchief, the tassels of which hang down to his feet. At an earlier stage the Algerian Jewess wore a tall cone-shaped hat resembling those used in England in the fifteenth century.
2793:
in the 1st and 2nd centuries certainly led to the arrival of Jewish immigrants from these regions. The vast majority of scholarly sources reject the notion that there were any large-scale conversions of
3659:
in Morocco or Tunisia. A bureau for "Economic Aryanization" was also installed in order to eradicate the Jewish community's significance in the economy, mostly by taking control of Jewish businesses.
6260:
3079:. While Muslims resisted the French occupation, some Algerian Jews aided in the conquest, serving as interpreters or suppliers. After their conquest, the French government rapidly restructured the
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laws ensured that Jews were forbidden from holding public office or other governmental positions, as well as from holding jobs in industries such as insurance and real estate. In addition, the
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3201:, sympathy for whom was widespread in the Arabic press, over 158 Jewish owned shops were looted and burned and two Jews were killed, while the army stood by and refused to intervene (see
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In addition to the discriminatory and antisemitic laws faced by Jews all over Algeria, some 2,000 Jews were placed in concentration camps at Bedeau and Djelfa. The camp at Bedeau, near
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By 1969, fewer than 1,000 Jews were still living in Algeria. By 1975 the government had seized all but one of the country's synagogues and converted them to mosques or libraries.
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6500:
6370:
3162:, the French government in Algeria legally categorized southern Algerian Jews, like the Muslims, as "indigĂšnes", and thus subject to restricted and decreased rights under the
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5456:
Jewish participation in the OAS has been widely acknowledged by historians, though just how many actually joined the organization and why, remain difficult to know exactly
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silken tassel, a "áčŁadriyyah" or vest with large sleeves, and "sarwal" or pantaloons fastened by a "áž„izam" (girdle), all being covered by a mantle, a burnus (also spelled
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The fear of Spanish invasions in the 18th century caused Jews in Algeria to face potential expulsion and confiscation of property, similar to what had occurred in Spain.
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eventually created legislation allowing the government to control school curriculum, and schedules, which helped dampen efforts to educate young Jews in Algeria.
2944:
In the 7th century, Jewish settlements in North Africa were reinforced by Jewish immigrants that came to North Africa after fleeing from the persecutions of the
3721:, against the Arab Independence movement, though they rejected that part of the official policy which proposed independence for Algeria. Some Jews did join the
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3772:
3125:
This marked a change in the Jewish relationship with the state. They were separated from the Muslim court system, where they had previously been classified as
2991:, they thronged to the ports of North Africa, and mingled with native Jewish people. In the 16th century there were large Jewish communities in places such as
2007:
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1662:
1357:
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3037:'s demands that the French government pay its large outstanding wheat debts to two Jewish merchants. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, richer Jews from
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movements in Algeria proved active in trying to turn Muslims against Algerian Jews by publishing tracts in Arabic, and were responsible for inciting the
3140:, while maintaining an inferior status for Muslims who, though technically French nationals, were required to apply for French citizenship and undergo a
3166:
compared to their northern Jewish counterparts, who were still French citizens under the Crémieux Decree of 1870. In 1881, there were only about 30,000
2757:
5555:
Jessica Hammerman. "Ben, Myriam." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2015. Reference. <
4180:
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521:
136:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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in 1830, Algerian Jews, like other Algerians, faced discrimination by the colonial state. Like Muslims, they were given the status of "indigéne" (
1792:
210:
48:
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280730558_Narrating_The_Past_Serving_the_Present_The_Berber_Identity_Movement_and_the_Jewish_Connection
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2871:. This exile virtually put an end to more than 2,000 years of presence on Algerian soil. A few dozen very discreet Jews still live in Algeria.
2932:, note that Jews were found there, as they would be in any other major Muslim city of North Africa. Centuries later, the letters found in the
5596:"A Site for Sore Eyes The Israel21c Web site aims to show Americans that there's much more to Israel than the war-torn images they see on TV"
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In 1830, the Algerian Jewish population was between 15,000 and 17,000, mostly congregated in the coastal area. Some 6,500 Jews lived in
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3592:
3090:
At the time, the French government distinguished French citizens (who had national voting rights and were subject to French laws and
2777:, although it is not possible to trace with any certainty the time and circumstances of the arrival of the first Jews in what is now
1970:
5799:
4665:
3175:, it prevented southern Jews from accessing âeliteâ opportunities, as their indigenous status established them as lesser citizens.
1993:
5909:
The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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2824:
settled in Algeria, mixing with the local Jewish population and influencing its traditions. In the 18th century, other Jews, the
1343:
3753:, together with arson attacks on the Batna and Orleanville synagogues, played a role in their decisions to turn down the offer.
243:
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1920:
1855:
1737:
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In 1931, Jews made up less than 2% of Algeria's total population. This population was more represented in the largest cities:
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Shepard, Todd. The invention of decolonization: the Algerian War and the remaking of France. Cornell University Press, 2008.
3094:) from Jewish and Muslim "indigenous" peoples, who each were allowed to keep their own laws and courts. By 1841, the Jewish
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5014:'The Colonized Semites and the Infectious Disease: Theorizing and Narrativizing Anti-Semitism in the Levant, 1870â1914,'
88:
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3605:, on October 7, 1940, thereby abolishing French citizenship for Algerian Jews, affecting some 110,000 Algerians. Under
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government took part in the takeover of Algiers in preparation for the Allied liberation of North Africa, known as "
157:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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5497:"Community in Algeria." WJC, World Jewish Congress, Jan. 2018, www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/DZ.
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2016:
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4177:, (Algerian Jew mother), President of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) Group in the French National Assembly
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and the Ottoman Empire reinforced the Jewish community. Later again in the 19th century, many Sephardic Jews from
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Lucotte, G; David, F (October 1992). "Y-chromosome-specific haplotypes of Jews detected by probes 49f and 49a".
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Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XIX: Jews and the State: Dangerous Alliances and the Perils of Privilege,
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Within a generation, despite initial resistance, most Algerian Jews came to speak French rather than Arabic or
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The French government granted the Jews, who by then numbered some 33,000, French citizenship in 1870 under the
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1940:
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in October 1943 that Jewish Algerians finally regained their French citizenship with the reinstatement of the
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and present-day Algeria before the Roman conquest, but the development of Jewish communities is linked to the
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http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/ben-myriam-SIM_000694
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250:
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2781:. In any case, several waves of immigration helped to increase the population. There may have been Jews in
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1955:
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1642:
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In 1845, the French colonial government reorganized communal structure, appointing French Jews, who were
2900:). Epitaphs have been found in archaeological excavations that attest to Jews in the first centuries CE.
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and Jews who had converted to another religion were subject to anti-semitic laws, known collectively as
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Nationalism, Identity and Politics: Israel and the Middle East. Studies in Honor of Prof. Asher Susser
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Nationalism, Identity and Politics: Israel and the Middle East. Studies in Honor of Prof. Asher Susser
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in 117, reinforced Jewish settlement in North Africa and the Mediterranean. Early descriptions of the
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Pierre Birnbaumn, 'French Jews and the "Regeneration" of Algerian Jewry,' in Ezra Mendelsohn (ed.)
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Later many Sephardic Jews were forced to take refuge in Algeria from the persecutions in Spain of
6102:
6081:
5881:"Narrating The Past, Serving the Present: The Berber Identity Movement and the Jewish Connection"
5528:
4612:"Narrating The Past, Serving the Present: The Berber Identity Movement and the Jewish Connection"
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Inscribing devotion and death: archaeological evidence for Jewish populations of North Africa
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New immigrants later strengthened the Algerian Jewish community: Jews fled Spain during the
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Jews, who had been excluded from the Cremieux Decree, were also given French citizenship.
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in the south, with the permission of the Muslim authorities. Some Jews in Oran preserved
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5677:"North African Jewish and non-Jewish populations form distinctive, orthogonal clusters"
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North African Jewry in the Twentieth Century: The Jews of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria
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3672:." Of the 377 resistance members who took Algiers, 315 were Jewish. In November 1942,
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4693:"Algérie : Juifs, chrétiens⊠Comment le pays encadre les religions minoritaires"
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Les juifs dans l'histoire de France : Premier colloque internationale de HaĂŻfa
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Orit Bashkin, 'The Colonized Semites and the Infectious Disease,' 2021 pp.202-203.
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in WW2, when their citizenship rights under the Crémieux Degree had been revoked.
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5800:"Genetics study of North African Jews tells migratory tale - Los Angeles Times"
4816:
4529:
4341:
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4323:
4287:
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3314:
3213:
Under French rule, some Muslim anti-Jewish riots still occurred, as in 1897 in
3198:
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3041:
in Italy started settling in Algeria. Commercial trading and exchanges between
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2816:
of the 5th and 6th centuries, and again during the persecutions linked to the
6563:
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2828:, were few in number, but played a role as commercial intermediaries between
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5234:
4870:"The Nineteenth Century and the Impact of the West / Social Transformations"
3243:, which each had Jewish populations of over 7%. Many smaller cities such as
3188:
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2859:, and despite their forced return to second-class indigenous status during
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5657:
5441:
Decolonization and the French of Algeria: Bringing the Settler Colony Home
5346:
Decolonization and the French of Algeria: Bringing the Settler Colony Home
3184:
3163:
3058:
5395:"Marking the 60th Anniversary of the Mass Jewish Emigration from Algeria"
4553:
4353:
4329:
4281:
4239:
4113:
3725:
fighting for independence, but a larger group made common cause with the
3439:
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2996:
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1167:
5933:
Algeria Sephardim Deported from France or Executed in France during WWII
5774:"International genetic study traces Jewish roots to ancient Middle East"
5119:
Muslim anti Jewish riots in Constantine in 1934 when 25 Jews were killed
3144:
process. For this reason, they are sometimes incorrectly categorized as
3098:"religious courts" were placed under French jurisdiction, linked to the
5372:
The Burdens of Brotherhood Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France
5217:
French civilization and its discontents: nationalism, colonialism, race
5168:
4981:
The Extreme Right in Interwar France: The Faisceau and the Croix de Feu
4793:
Jewish questions: responsa on Sephardic life in the early modern period
4264:
4083:
4037:
4013:
3627:
set strict limitations on Jewish people working as doctors or lawyers.
3294:
2965:
2352:
1366:
1295:
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621:
528:
448:
155:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
5823:
5188:
2892:
There is evidence of Jewish settlements in Algeria since at least the
4227:
3651:
3012:
2976:
2969:
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2913:
2790:
2515:
2500:
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settled in Algeria, creating new communities, particularly in Oran.
1268:
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2904:
lands were said to welcome Christians and Jews very early from the
2782:
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516:
5862:
Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria, 1870-1962
3764:
small number of Algerian Jews from Constantine, also emigrated to
3271:, in which 25 Jews were killed and some 200 stores were pillaged.
6017:
6013:
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5533:
3779:
secured Algerian independence. Some Algerian Jews had joined the
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3000:
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626:
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2863:, they opted en masse to be repatriated to France on the eve of
113:
4373:
4268:
4261:
4105:
3765:
3742:
3586:
3537:
3372:
3042:
3003:. Jews were also present in the cities of the interior such as
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2829:
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2320:
2315:
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2260:
1371:
1263:
683:
649:
635:
570:
374:
336:
5215:
Stovall, Tyler Edward; Van den Abbeele, Georges, eds. (2003).
4070:, businessman, CEO of 3Com, venture capitalist, philanthropist
2884:
2840:
arrived in Algeria, strengthening the ranks of the community.
4109:
3252:
3244:
3191:
was brought to trial for his defense in an 1898 open letter,
2917:
1283:
712:
616:
585:
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4046:, immunologist, Nobel prize (1980) (Algerian Jewish mother)
3756:
In 1961, with the French National Assembly Law 61-805, the
3240:
3214:
3068:
2992:
435:
410:
4795:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 15.
3033:
Algiers. The French attack on Algeria was provoked by the
125:
to this template: there are already 1,494 articles in the
5915:
Site multilingue sur la Hazanout des Juifs de Constantine
5303:
Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France,
3034:
5921:
4666:"Les Juifs d'Algérie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale"
3255:
also had small Jewish populations. By the mid-thirties,
2855:
of 1870, the Algerian Jews increasingly identified with
5019:, Winter 2021, Vol. 47 Issue 2, pp.189-217, pp.199-202
4916:
How to Be French: Nationality in the Making since 1789,
4190:, author, wrote the first theatre play in Arabic (1847)
5843:
Decadent Orientalisms: The Decay of Colonial Modernity
4380:
Djerban Jews and Libyan Jews. According to the study:
3745:, and incidents of violent Muslim assault on Jews in
3106:
were put in place, operating under French oversight.
3067:, where they made up 20% of the population; 2,000 in
5826:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
4939:
4636:
2299:
2280:
703:
109:
4858:. South Hadley, Massachusetts: Bergen, 1988. Print.
217:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2879:
6170:
4771:"The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews - 1492 Spain"
4585:
4583:
4230:, actress (mother was of Algerian Jewish descent)
6561:
5738:"Study completes genetic map of N. African Jews"
5052:. Cornell University Press. 2004. pp. 10â.
4876:. The Jewish Publication Society. Archived from
4640:Le processus d'acculturation des Juifs d'Algérie
5684:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5669:
5667:
4658:
2964:domination in constant cultural exchanges with
163:{{Translated|fr|Histoire des Juifs en Algérie}}
5878:
5219:. Lanham: Lexington Books. pp. 258, 259.
4709:
4609:
4580:
4016:, film director, actor (Algerian born parents)
3029:Jewish merchants did well financially in late
151:accompanying your translation by providing an
100:Click for important translation instructions.
87:expand this article with text translated from
6156:
5982:
5948:Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
5907:Resources > Jewish communities > Magreb
5437:
5342:
4977:
4712:"Y a-t-il encore des Juifs au Maghreb ?"
4690:
3567:
2751:
5664:
5643:
3587:Holocaust in Algeria, under the Vichy regime
2836:. Later in the 19th century, many Jews from
325:
318:
5296:
5294:
5274:
5272:
4943:Saharan Jews and the Fate of French Algeria
995:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6163:
6149:
5989:
5975:
5481:"Behind the Headlines the Jews of Algeria"
5369:
5363:
5323:. New York: Grove Press. pp. 155â157.
5165:"The Jews of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia"
4904:University of California Press, 1998 p.83.
4284:, Chief Rabbi of France (Algerian parents)
3574:
3560:
2956:, which was at the time still part of the
2758:
2744:
335:
5713:
5703:
5570:"This domain was registered by Youdot.io"
5374:. Harvard University Press. p. 212.
5336:
5094:
4973:
4971:
3972:Rabbi Ephraim Ankawa Synagogue in Tlemcen
3681:himself, along with the Governor-General
3597:One of the first moves of the pro-German
3593:Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation
295:Learn how and when to remove this message
277:Learn how and when to remove this message
5957:The Jewish Population of Algeria in 1931
5924:French site for Jews of Algerian origins
5431:
5291:
5288:reactionary of French Algerian circles.'
5269:
5104:The Martyrdom of a Moroccan Jewish Saint
4984:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 210.
4919:Duke University Press 2008 pp. 128, 253.
4850:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4842:
3977:
3836:
3810:
3601:regime was to revoke the effects of the
3219:
2952:and his successors. They escaped to the
2883:
5859:
5410:
5071:
5069:
4815:
4790:
4144:, French film director and scriptwriter
2939:
2936:mention many Algerian Jewish families.
14:
6562:
5246:
5244:
5210:
5208:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
4968:
4874:The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times
4224:, French born author and screenwriter.
4052:, philosopher (Algerian Jewish mother)
3794:
3685:, in promulgating the cancellation of
3100:Israelite Central Consistory of France
6144:
5970:
5840:
5797:
5761:A New Genetic Map Of Jewish Diasporas
5610:
5594:Hallé, Charlotte (24 December 2004).
5593:
5587:
5316:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5100:
4930:, University of California Santa Cruz
4839:
4388:
4290:, film director (Algerian Jew father)
3310:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
2820:of the 14th and 16th centuries. Many
5771:
5461:
5349:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 84â.
5066:
4907:
4867:
4236:, boxer: World Bantamweight Champion
4156:, boxer: World Bantamweight Champion
4104:, Algerian-born rabbi and head of a
3992:, member of the anti-Nazi resistance
3806:
357:Regions with significant populations
215:adding citations to reliable sources
186:
69:
28:
5491:
5241:
5205:
5049:Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History
4940:Sarah Abrevaya Stein (6 May 2014).
4520:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
3287:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
2888:A Jew of Algiers, late 19th century
326:
319:
24:
5816:
5444:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 84.
5438:Sung-Eun Choi (19 November 2015).
5343:Sung-Eun Choi (19 November 2015).
5124:
4267:player, a superstar in Israel and
25:
6581:
5952:Documents from Old Jewish Algeria
5900:
4703:
4684:
3052:
786:Historical population comparisons
44:This article has multiple issues.
6471:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
6241:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6004:
5998:
4643:(in French). CIEMI. p. 41.
4558:Usage des majuscules en français
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3855:
3843:
3293:
2920:in 70 CE, and thereafter by the
2910:destruction of the Second Temple
1430:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1344:Historical population by country
226:"History of the Jews in Algeria"
191:
74:
33:
5791:
5765:
5754:
5730:
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5562:
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5500:
5473:
5404:
5388:
5327:
5310:
5181:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5006:
4946:. University of Chicago Press.
4933:
4922:
4892:
4861:
4809:
4784:
4763:
4515:History of the Jews in Carthage
4171:, physicist, Nobel prize (1997)
3986:, singer, actor, make up artist
3533:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
3158:After the 1882 conquest of the
2880:Early Jewish history in Algeria
2822:Jews from the Iberian Peninsula
2803:Muslim conquest of North Africa
2789:. Jewish revolts in Israel and
202:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
6172:History of the Jews in Africa
5879:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2014).
5864:. Cambridge University Press.
5742:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
5285:Studies in Contemporary Jewry,
4742:
4729:
4691:MaĂŻna Fauliot (11 July 2014).
4670:northafricanjews-ww2.org.il/fr
4630:
4610:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2014).
4603:
4542:
3727:OAS, secret paramilitary group
3363:Antisemitism in the Arab world
3102:. Regional Algerian courts or
2845:French colonization of Algeria
2771:The history of Jews in Algeria
161:You may also add the template
13:
1:
5101:Vance, Sharon (10 May 2011).
4710:Benjamin Roger (2013-04-26).
4637:Jean-Jacques Deldyck (2000).
4573:
4493:
4344:, sociologist and philosopher
4162:, academic and biographer of
3815:Jewish women in Algeria, 1851
3708:
1001:Christianity and Judaism
5939:The Jewish Community of Oran
5845:. Fordham University Press.
5626:(in French). 24 January 2002
5411:Laskier, Michael M. (1994).
3543:Historical Jewish population
7:
5860:Roberts, Sohpie P. (2017).
5772:Even, Dan (8 August 2012).
4508:
4360:
4320:, jazz pianist and composer
4242:, film actor & director
4004:, jazz pianist and composer
3912:Belcourt Synagogue, Algiers
2987:in 1492. Together with the
2867:, with a minority choosing
2300:
2281:
2008:Latin America and Caribbean
704:
133:will aid in categorization.
10:
6586:
6098:Great Synagogue of Algiers
5834:
5798:Brown, Eryn (2008-04-13).
5618:"Un Nul bourré de talents"
4901:The Jews of Modern France,
4364:
4271:, currently head coach of
3876:Grande Synagogue, Algiers
3781:Organisation armée secrÚte
3590:
3056:
2874:
2613:Jewish political movements
2310:Conversion to Judaism
108:Machine translation, like
6484:
6459:
6178:
6111:
6090:
6062:
6024:
5895:– via ResearchGate.
5485:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
4626:– via ResearchGate.
3863:Grande Synagogue, Algiers
3850:Grande Synagogue, Algiers
3183:the militant antisemitic
1016:Hinduism and Judaism
409:
404:
397:
392:
373:
368:
361:
356:
351:
346:
334:
315:
89:the corresponding article
6226:Central African Republic
6052:AlgeriaâIsrael relations
5510:. JewishEncyclopedia.com
5470:, Jewish Virtual Library
4752:. JewishEncyclopedia.com
4535:
4086:(Jewish Algerian father)
4040:, activist and novelist
3948:SĂ©tif synagogue interior
3900:Sanya Synagogue, Algiers
3548:IslamicâJewish relations
842:Temple in Jerusalem
535:Bar and bat mitzvah
6570:Jewish Algerian history
6103:Great Synagogue of Oran
5705:10.1073/pnas.1204840109
5401:. Accessed 7 Dec. 2023.
4856:Colonialism & After
4367:Genetic studies on Jews
4254:, cabalist and moralist
4108:in the Israeli town of
3269:1934 Constantine Pogrom
3225:Great Synagogue of Oran
2898:Mauretania Caesariensis
2814:Visigothic persecutions
804:Twelve Tribes of Israel
172:For more guidance, see
6047:1934 Constantine riots
5317:Fanon, Frantz (1967).
5107:. BRILL. p. 182.
5081:Jewish Virtual Library
4978:Samuel Kalman (2008).
4791:Goldish, Matt (2008).
4773:. Sephardicstudies.org
4596:Jewish Virtual Library
4386:
4273:Israel's national team
4169:Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
3888:Houma Keramane, BĂ©jaĂŻa
3834:
3816:
3516:The Forgotten Refugees
3228:
3227:, turned into a mosque
2889:
6386:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
6246:Republic of the Congo
5841:Fieni, David (2020).
5824:"The Jews of Algeria"
5189:"The Jews of Algeria"
4854:Friedman, Elizabeth.
4382:
4216:Jean-Pierre Elkabbach
3978:Notable Algerian Jews
3837:Synagogues in Algeria
3825:
3814:
3337:ArabâIsraeli conflict
3257:François de La Rocque
3223:
3011:and as far spread as
2887:
2865:Algerian Independence
1550:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1545:Republic of the Congo
939:Second Temple Judaism
810:Kingdom of Judah
781:Modern historiography
405:Related ethnic groups
174:Knowledge:Translation
145:copyright attribution
18:List of Algerian Jews
5529:"Fear Was My Father"
4825:(in French). BRILL.
4076:, double bass player
2940:Muslim dominance era
2652:World Agudath Israel
1793:United Arab Emirates
880:Second Temple period
870:Babylonian captivity
341:Algerian Jew (1892).
211:improve this article
6461:States with limited
6042:1898 Algerian riots
5696:2012PNAS..10913865C
5370:Ethan Katz (2015).
5320:A Dying Colonialism
4300:Reinette L'Oranaise
4022:, economist, writer
3821:Jewish Encyclopedia
3795:Independent Algeria
3265:French Social Party
3203:1898 Algerian riots
2985:Spanish Inquisition
2857:metropolitan France
2818:Spanish Reconquista
945:Hellenistic Judaism
523:Land of Israel
482:Principles of faith
312:
5944:2018-06-12 at the
5537:. 22 November 2007
4880:on August 28, 2006
4868:Stillman, Norman.
4739:, Bril, 2008, p.88
4399:Jewish Population
4389:Population numbers
4294:Bernard-Henri LĂ©vy
4204:post-structuralist
4175:Jean-François Copé
4082:, philosopher and
3924:Synagogue, Algiers
3817:
3719:French citizenship
3477:Hurum air disaster
3229:
3187:. In Algiers when
2890:
2506:Jewish Koine Greek
2048:Dominican Republic
1329:Judaism by country
1008:Jews and Christmas
863:Assyrian captivity
310:
153:interlanguage link
6557:
6556:
6488:other territories
6261:Equatorial Guinea
6138:
6137:
5928:Rabbis of Algeria
5804:Los Angeles Times
5451:978-1-137-57289-9
5381:978-0-674-08868-9
5356:978-1-137-57289-9
5114:978-90-04-20700-4
5077:"Jews of Algeria"
5059:978-0-8014-8916-7
4991:978-0-7546-6240-2
4953:978-0-226-12388-2
4802:978-0-691-12264-9
4650:978-2-7384-9677-5
4591:"Jews of Algeria"
4491:
4490:
4338:, humorist, actor
4160:Annie Cohen-Solal
4150:, feminist writer
4032:Jean-Pierre Bacri
3984:Jean-Pierre Barda
3960:Tlemcen synagogue
3819:According to the
3807:Traditional dress
3785:Charles de Gaulle
3692:Charles De Gaulle
3609:in Algeria, even
3584:
3583:
3417:Exodus by country
2826:Granas of Livorno
2768:
2767:
2717:
2716:
2465:
2464:
2212:Reconstructionist
2156:
2155:
1308:
1307:
1115:
1114:
952:JewishâRoman wars
900:Hasmonean dynasty
816:Kingdom of Israel
720:
719:
421:
420:
305:
304:
297:
287:
286:
279:
261:
185:
184:
101:
97:
67:
16:(Redirected from
6577:
6549:
6548:(United Kingdom)
6544:Tristan da Cunha
6540:Ascension Island
6532:
6519:
6510:
6486:Dependencies and
6179:Sovereign states
6165:
6158:
6151:
6142:
6141:
6091:Historical sites
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5968:
5967:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5875:
5856:
5828:
5827:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5769:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5717:
5707:
5690:(34): 13865â70.
5681:
5671:
5662:
5661:
5641:
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5634:
5632:
5631:
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5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5572:. Archived from
5566:
5560:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5487:. 15 April 1975.
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5435:
5429:
5428:
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5402:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5308:
5300:Naomi Davidson,
5298:
5289:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5248:
5239:
5238:
5212:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5161:
5122:
5121:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5017:Critical Inquiry
5010:
5004:
5003:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4937:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4911:
4905:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4865:
4859:
4852:
4837:
4836:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4746:
4740:
4735:Karen B. Stern,
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4716:JeuneAfrique.com
4707:
4701:
4700:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4587:
4567:
4546:
4393:
4392:
4332:, Israeli singer
4189:
4164:Jean-Paul Sartre
4056:Maurice Benayoun
4044:Baruj Benacerraf
3969:
3957:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3859:
3847:
3789:Jean-Paul Sartre
3683:Marcel Peyrouton
3637:Vichy government
3616:Statut des Juifs
3576:
3569:
3562:
3435:Operation Yachin
3389:Oujda and Jerada
3297:
3274:
3273:
3263:and, later, the
2983:in 1391 and the
2981:Balearic Islands
2958:Byzantine Empire
2760:
2753:
2746:
2609:
2608:
2490:
2311:
2305:
2286:
2250:
2249:
2197:
2144:New Zealand
2096:
2059:El Salvador
2049:
1981:Northern America
1973:
1567:
1323:
1322:
1234:Crimean Karaites
1130:
1129:
1108:
1106:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1002:
990:Rabbinic Judaism
971:
965:
959:
947:
935:
901:
894:Maccabean Revolt
871:
864:
858:
850:
843:
837:
829:
811:
735:
734:
709:
604:
603:
536:
524:
423:
422:
347:Total population
339:
329:
328:
323:
322:
321:
313:
309:
300:
293:
282:
275:
271:
268:
262:
260:
219:
195:
187:
164:
158:
132:
131:|topic=
129:, and specifying
114:Google Translate
99:
95:
78:
77:
70:
59:
37:
36:
29:
21:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6530:
6517:
6508:
6489:
6487:
6480:
6464:
6462:
6455:
6174:
6169:
6139:
6134:
6107:
6086:
6082:Algerian rabbis
6058:
6037:Crémieux Decree
6020:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5946:Wayback Machine
5903:
5890:
5888:
5872:
5853:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5808:
5806:
5796:
5792:
5782:
5780:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5755:
5746:
5744:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5642:
5638:
5629:
5627:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5592:
5588:
5579:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5538:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5409:
5405:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5368:
5364:
5357:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5315:
5311:
5299:
5292:
5277:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5242:
5227:
5213:
5206:
5197:
5195:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5173:
5171:
5163:
5162:
5125:
5115:
5099:
5095:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5011:
5007:
4992:
4976:
4969:
4954:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4923:
4912:
4908:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4866:
4862:
4853:
4840:
4833:
4817:Yardeni, Myriam
4814:
4810:
4803:
4789:
4785:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4734:
4730:
4721:
4719:
4708:
4704:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4608:
4604:
4589:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4561:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4511:
4501:The Rabbi's Cat
4496:
4391:
4369:
4363:
4356:, film director
4234:Alphonse Halimi
4222:David Foenkinos
4200:Jacques Derrida
4183:
4181:Abraham Daninos
4136:André Chouraqui
4126:, singer, actor
4050:Paul Benacerraf
4010:, French singer
4008:Françoise Atlan
4002:Franck Amsallem
3980:
3973:
3970:
3961:
3958:
3949:
3946:
3937:
3936:SĂ©tif synagogue
3934:
3925:
3922:
3913:
3910:
3901:
3898:
3889:
3886:
3877:
3874:
3865:
3860:
3851:
3848:
3839:
3809:
3797:
3773:1961 referendum
3711:
3696:Crémieux Decree
3670:Operation Torch
3603:Crémieux Decree
3595:
3589:
3580:
3430:Operation Mural
3138:Crémieux Decree
3061:
3055:
3021:Ladino language
2979:, Valencia and
2942:
2882:
2877:
2853:Crémieux Decree
2764:
2719:
2718:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2586:Judeo-Malayalam
2566:Judaeo-Georgian
2486:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2367:Yiddish theatre
2309:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2195:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2094:
2047:
1971:
1565:
1349:Genetic studies
1320:
1310:
1309:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1103:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1005:
1000:
982:and Middle Ages
980:Rabbinic period
967:
961:
954:
942:
913:
899:
869:
862:
853:
845:
841:
832:
827:in Judaism
824:
809:
732:
722:
721:
601:
591:
590:
534:
522:
467:
342:
330:
324:
317:
308:
301:
290:
289:
288:
283:
272:
266:
263:
220:
218:
208:
196:
181:
180:
179:
162:
156:
130:
102:
96:(December 2023)
79:
75:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6583:
6573:
6572:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6533:
6520:
6511:
6497:Canary Islands
6493:
6492:
6490:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6168:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6145:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6124:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6021:
5994:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5936:
5930:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5912:
5910:
5902:
5901:External links
5899:
5898:
5897:
5876:
5870:
5857:
5851:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5815:
5790:
5764:
5753:
5729:
5663:
5636:
5609:
5586:
5561:
5548:
5520:
5499:
5490:
5472:
5460:
5450:
5430:
5423:
5403:
5387:
5380:
5362:
5355:
5335:
5326:
5309:
5290:
5268:
5240:
5226:978-0739106464
5225:
5204:
5180:
5123:
5113:
5093:
5065:
5058:
5039:
5030:
5021:
5012:Orit Bashkin,
5005:
4990:
4967:
4952:
4932:
4921:
4913:Patrick Weil,
4906:
4891:
4860:
4838:
4832:978-9004060272
4831:
4808:
4801:
4783:
4762:
4741:
4728:
4702:
4683:
4657:
4649:
4629:
4602:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4530:Sephardic Jews
4527:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4365:Main article:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4342:Shmuel Trigano
4339:
4336:Patrick Timsit
4333:
4327:
4324:Benjamin Stora
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4288:Claude Lelouch
4285:
4279:
4255:
4249:
4246:MarlĂšne Jobert
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4197:
4191:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4142:Ălie Chouraqui
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4112:and doctor of
4106:Hesder Yeshiva
4099:
4093:
4087:
4080:Daniel BensaĂŻd
4077:
4071:
4065:
4062:Jean Benguigui
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4020:Jacques Attali
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3808:
3805:
3796:
3793:
3768:at that time.
3710:
3707:
3703:Sidi-bel-Abbes
3648:General Giraud
3644:Admiral Darlan
3621:Vichy regime's
3591:Main article:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3525:Related topics
3522:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3199:Alfred Dreyfus
3153:Judaeo-Spanish
3142:naturalization
3111:Ashkenazi Jews
3075:; and 1000 in
3054:
3053:French Algeria
3051:
2941:
2938:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2834:Ottoman Empire
2787:Roman presence
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2647:Territorialism
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Judaeo-Spanish
2528:
2526:Judaeo-Iranian
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:United Kingdom
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Bilad-el-Sudan
1402:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1358:Land of Israel
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1216:Related groups
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:Jewish atheism
1070:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:IslamicâJewish
1019:
1012:
997:
992:
984:
983:
976:
975:
974:
973:
949:
936:
908:
903:
896:
891:
889:Yehud Medinata
883:
882:
876:
875:
874:
873:
866:
859:
851:
838:
830:
818:
813:
806:
798:
797:
795:Ancient Israel
791:
790:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
751:Land of Israel
748:
740:
739:
733:
728:
727:
724:
723:
718:
717:
716:
715:
710:
706:Shulchan Aruch
701:
696:
691:
686:
678:
677:
676:
675:
670:
662:
661:
655:
654:
653:
652:
647:
639:
638:
632:
631:
630:
629:
624:
619:
611:
610:
602:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
531:
526:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
484:
479:
472:God in Judaism
468:
463:
462:
459:
458:
457:
456:
451:
443:
442:
432:
431:
419:
418:
407:
406:
402:
401:
395:
394:
390:
389:
387:Tetuani Ladino
371:
370:
366:
365:
359:
358:
354:
353:
352:<200 (2020)
349:
348:
344:
343:
340:
332:
331:
320:ŚŚŚŚŚȘ ŚŚŚ'ŚŚšŚŚ
316:
306:
303:
302:
285:
284:
199:
197:
190:
183:
182:
178:
177:
170:
159:
137:
134:
122:adding a topic
117:
106:
103:
84:
83:
82:
80:
73:
68:
42:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6582:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6515:
6512:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6483:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6458:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:Guinea-Bissau
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6161:
6159:
6154:
6152:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6070:Algerian Jews
6068:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
5992:
5987:
5985:
5980:
5978:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5886:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5871:9781107188150
5867:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5852:9780823286409
5848:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5825:
5819:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5779:
5775:
5768:
5762:
5757:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5668:
5659:
5655:
5652:(5): 757â61.
5651:
5647:
5640:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5597:
5590:
5576:on 2011-01-28
5575:
5571:
5565:
5558:
5552:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5509:
5503:
5494:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5469:
5464:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5434:
5426:
5424:9780814750728
5420:
5417:. NYU Press.
5416:
5415:
5407:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5358:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5339:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5313:
5305:
5304:
5297:
5295:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5273:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5209:
5194:
5193:dbs.bh.org.il
5190:
5184:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5097:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5043:
5034:
5025:
5018:
5015:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4974:
4972:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4902:
4898:Paula Hyman,
4895:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4772:
4766:
4751:
4745:
4738:
4732:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4697:Jeune Afrique
4694:
4687:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4652:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4579:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:Maghrebi Jews
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4368:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4318:Martial Solal
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4306:Enrico Macias
4304:
4301:
4298:
4296:, philosopher
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Panathinaikos
4274:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:GĂ©rard Darmon
4192:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4148:HĂ©lĂšne Cixous
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4124:Patrick Bruel
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4090:Richard Berry
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4074:Michel Benita
4072:
4069:
4068:Ăric Benhamou
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3990:José Aboulker
3988:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3853:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:Ăvian Accords
3774:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3674:Allied forces
3671:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Awareness day
3493:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3259:'s extremist
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3207:Hannah Arendt
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3168:Mozabite Jews
3165:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:goes back to
2772:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Judeo-Aramaic
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Judeo-Italian
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:Denominations
2162:
2161:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:United States
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Guinea-Bissau
1478:
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455:
454:Who is a Jew?
452:
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429:
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415:Maghrebi Jews
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311:Algerian Jews
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228: â
227:
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222:Find sources:
216:
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200:This article
198:
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128:
127:main category
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85:You can help
81:
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57:
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51:
50:
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40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6536:Saint Helena
6507:
6411:South Africa
6401:Sierra Leone
6206:Burkina Faso
6185:
6126:
6118:
6031:
5889:. Retrieved
5884:
5861:
5842:
5818:
5807:. Retrieved
5803:
5793:
5781:. Retrieved
5777:
5767:
5756:
5745:. Retrieved
5741:
5732:
5687:
5683:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5628:. Retrieved
5621:
5612:
5600:. Retrieved
5589:
5578:. Retrieved
5574:the original
5564:
5551:
5539:. Retrieved
5532:
5523:
5512:. Retrieved
5502:
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5455:
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5365:
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5338:
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5319:
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5302:
5284:
5280:
5259:. Retrieved
5257:. Yad Vashem
5216:
5196:. Retrieved
5192:
5183:
5172:. Retrieved
5118:
5103:
5096:
5085:. Retrieved
5083:. 2000-09-05
5048:
5042:
5033:
5028:Hyman p.105.
5024:
5008:
4980:
4942:
4935:
4924:
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4909:
4900:
4894:
4882:. Retrieved
4878:the original
4873:
4863:
4855:
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4811:
4792:
4786:
4775:. Retrieved
4765:
4754:. Retrieved
4744:
4736:
4731:
4720:. Retrieved
4715:
4705:
4696:
4686:
4674:. Retrieved
4669:
4660:
4639:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4615:
4605:
4594:
4562:
4548:
4544:
4499:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4350:, journalist
4348:Ăric Zemmour
4312:Elissa RhaĂŻs
4258:Oded Kattash
4218:, journalist
4154:Robert Cohen
4130:Alain Chabat
4102:Eliyahu Zini
4096:Lili Boniche
4028:, politician
4026:Danny Ayalon
3996:Alon Abutbul
3826:
3820:
3818:
3801:
3798:
3771:Following a
3770:
3762:
3755:
3739:
3735:Vichy régime
3731:
3715:Algerian War
3712:
3700:
3661:
3656:Vichy regime
3654:. Under the
3641:
3632:Vichy regime
3629:
3625:Vichy regime
3614:
3596:
3514:
3440:
3394:Tripolitania
3371:
3261:Croix-de-Feu
3230:
3212:
3192:
3180:antisemitism
3177:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3126:
3124:
3115:chief rabbis
3108:
3104:consistoires
3103:
3092:conscription
3089:
3082:
3062:
3028:
3025:
2974:
2943:
2934:Cairo Geniza
2906:Roman Empire
2891:
2861:World War II
2842:
2811:
2800:
2798:to Judaism.
2770:
2769:
2710:Post-Zionism
2581:Judeo-Berber
2576:Judeo-Arabic
2536:Judeo-Gascon
2283:Pidyon haben
2202:Conservative
1748:Saudi Arabia
1566:South Africa
1555:Sierra Leone
1394:
1377:Israeli Jews
1291:Mosaic Arabs
1244:Kaifeng Jews
1105:ArabâIsraeli
1078:Emancipation
957:Great Revolt
766:Anti-Judaism
761:Antisemitism
756:Name "Judea"
551:Baal teshuva
327:ÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰŹŰČۧۊ۱
307:Ethnic group
291:
273:
267:October 2023
264:
254:
247:
240:
233:
221:
209:Please help
204:verification
201:
149:edit summary
140:
120:
94:
86:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
6463:recognition
6416:South Sudan
6306:Ivory Coast
4718:(in French)
4672:(in French)
4354:Claude Zidi
4330:Avraham Tal
4326:, historian
4282:Haim Korsia
4252:Judah Kalaáș
4240:Roger Hanin
4210:Pascal Elbé
4206:philosopher
4184: [
4114:mathematics
3775:, the 1962
3747:Constantine
3713:During the
3487:Remembrance
3352:Six-Day War
3347:Suez Crisis
3237:Constantine
3146:pieds-noirs
3122:practices.
3073:Constantine
3071:; 3,000 in
3009:Constantine
2705:Revisionist
2695:Neo-Zionism
2302:Zeved habat
2095:Puerto Rico
1921:Netherlands
1753:South Korea
1738:Philippines
1618:Afghanistan
1485:Ivory Coast
1259:Crypto-Jews
1224:Bnei Anusim
1203:Bene Israel
1168:Beta Israel
1125:Communities
1032:Middle Ages
771:Persecution
546:Bereavement
6518:(Portugal)
6476:Somaliland
6396:Seychelles
6361:Mozambique
6346:Mauritania
6331:Madagascar
6286:The Gambia
6221:Cape Verde
5922:Zlabia.com
5809:2013-04-12
5783:2 December
5747:2017-05-28
5630:2021-09-06
5580:2020-11-26
5541:16 January
5514:2012-06-10
5261:2 December
5198:2018-12-02
5174:2018-12-02
5169:Yad Vashem
5087:2012-06-10
5000:1120553086
4962:1014071469
4884:January 5,
4777:2012-06-10
4756:2012-06-10
4722:2019-02-04
4574:References
4494:In culture
4314:, novelist
4265:basketball
4098:, musician
4084:trotskyist
4038:Myriam Ben
4014:Yvan Attal
3998:, an actor
3709:After WWII
3607:Vichy rule
3302:Background
3194:J'AccuseâŠ!
3189:Ămile Zola
3057:See also:
2966:Al Andalus
2946:Visigothic
2849:indigenous
2843:After the
2690:Maximalism
2642:Secularism
2622:Autonomism
2439:Literature
2232:Humanistic
1836:Azerbaijan
1798:Uzbekistan
1773:Tajikistan
1693:Kyrgyzstan
1678:Kazakhstan
1525:Mozambique
1500:Madagascar
1420:Cape Verde
1372:New Yishuv
1367:Old Yishuv
1318:Population
1296:Subbotniks
1254:Samaritans
1193:Romanyotim
1136:Ashkenazim
1083:Old Yishuv
1063:Sabbateans
1050:Modern era
1042:Golden Age
969:Bar Kokhba
689:Beit Yosef
556:Philosophy
237:newspapers
49:improve it
6351:Mauritius
5646:Hum. Biol
5623:L'Express
5598:. Haaretz
5508:"Costume"
5468:"Algeria"
5252:"Algeria"
4750:"Algeria"
4248:, actress
4228:Eva Green
4116:from the
3652:armistice
3185:Max RĂ©gis
3164:indigénat
3120:Sephardic
3096:batei din
3059:Indigénat
3013:Touggourt
2977:Catalonia
2970:Near East
2928:capital,
2922:Kitos War
2914:Jerusalem
2791:Cyrenaica
2775:Antiquity
2700:Religious
2556:Zarphatic
2546:Bukharian
2516:Judeo-Tat
2501:Yeshivish
2475:Languages
2430:Sephardic
2420:Israelite
2410:Ethiopian
2400:Ashkenazi
2339:Religious
2129:Australia
2111:Venezuela
2017:Argentina
1999:Greenland
1911:Lithuania
1763:Sri Lanka
1758:Singapore
1683:Kurdistan
1648:Indonesia
1638:Hong Kong
1591:Abayudaya
1515:Mauritius
1249:Igbo Jews
1239:Krymchaks
1158:Sephardim
1026:relations
920:Sadducees
916:Pharisees
906:Sanhedrin
821:Jerusalem
581:Synagogue
449:Etymology
369:Languages
167:talk page
119:Consider
91:in French
55:talk page
6564:Category
6542: /
6538: /
6531:(France)
6525: /
6503: /
6499: /
6451:Zimbabwe
6426:Tanzania
6276:Ethiopia
6271:Eswatini
6251:Djibouti
6216:Cameroon
6201:Botswana
6128:El Gusto
6120:Free Men
6075:category
5942:Archived
5724:22869716
5235:52109410
4819:(1980).
4563:English:
4509:See also
4463:130,000
4455:140,000
4447:110,000
4361:Genetics
4308:, singer
4302:, singer
4138:, writer
4118:Technion
4058:, artist
3830:burnoose
3758:Mozabite
3611:Karaites
3473:Tunisia
3342:1948 war
3315:Sephardi
3279:a series
3277:Part of
3131:apostasy
3081:Ottoman
2989:Moriscos
2968:and the
2926:Rustamid
2896:period (
2832:and the
2783:Carthage
2727:Category
2685:Kahanism
2632:Feminism
2604:Politics
2488:Biblical
2458:American
2405:Bukharan
2395:American
2295:Shidduch
2271:Clothing
2227:Haymanot
2173:Orthodox
2101:Suriname
2084:Paraguay
2037:Colombia
1936:Portugal
1846:Bulgaria
1783:Thailand
1733:Pakistan
1713:Mongolia
1708:Malaysia
1628:Cambodia
1602:Zimbabwe
1577:Tanzania
1455:Eswatini
1445:Ethiopia
1435:Djibouti
1415:Cameroon
1410:Botswana
1339:Diaspora
1301:Noahides
1274:Marranos
1198:Cochinim
1183:Bukharim
1173:Gruzinim
1163:Teimanim
1153:Mizrahim
1141:Galician
1107:conflict
1068:Hasidism
1058:Haskalah
963:Diaspora
834:timeline
746:Timeline
659:Rabbinic
566:Kabbalah
541:Marriage
517:Tzedakah
507:Holidays
465:Religion
428:a series
426:Part of
393:Religion
143:provide
6527:RĂ©union
6523:Mayotte
6514:Madeira
6509:(Spain)
6505:Melilla
6436:Tunisia
6406:Somalia
6391:Senegal
6376:Nigeria
6366:Namibia
6356:Morocco
6321:Liberia
6316:Lesotho
6266:Eritrea
6236:Comoros
6211:Burundi
6186:Algeria
6032:History
6025:History
6018:Algeria
6014:Judaism
5835:Sources
5778:Haaretz
5715:3427049
5692:Bibcode
5658:1398615
5534:Haaretz
4566:French.
4549:French:
4479:10,000
4471:50,000
4439:96,000
4431:52,000
4423:38,500
4415:26,000
4407:26,000
4262:Israeli
4212:, actor
4196:, actor
4132:, actor
4092:, actor
4064:, actor
4034:, actor
3464:Lebanon
3425:Morocco
3409:Tripoli
3404:Baghdad
3332:Zionism
3320:Mizrahi
3249:Tlemcen
3233:Algiers
3178:French
3173:halakha
3127:dhimmis
3077:Tlemcen
3065:Algiers
3047:Tetouan
3039:Livorno
3031:Ottoman
3005:Tlemcen
3001:Algiers
2954:Maghreb
2950:Sisebut
2875:History
2838:Tetouan
2796:Berbers
2779:Algeria
2670:General
2661:Zionism
2637:Leftism
2627:Bundism
2551:Knaanic
2511:Yevanic
2496:Yiddish
2453:Yiddish
2448:Israeli
2425:Mizrahi
2415:Israeli
2386:Cuisine
2362:Ancient
2344:Secular
2290:Kashrut
2266:Wedding
2253:Customs
2245:Culture
2222:Science
2217:Renewal
2207:Karaite
2188:Hasidic
2120:Oceania
2106:Uruguay
2074:Jamaica
2054:Ecuador
2022:Bolivia
1966:Ukraine
1941:Romania
1916:Moldova
1896:Hungary
1886:Germany
1881:Georgia
1871:Finland
1866:Estonia
1861:Denmark
1856:Czechia
1841:Belarus
1831:Austria
1826:Armenia
1803:Vietnam
1718:Myanmar
1703:Lebanon
1623:Bahrain
1582:Tunisia
1560:Somalia
1535:Nigeria
1530:Namibia
1520:Morocco
1450:Eritrea
1395:Algeria
1279:Neofiti
1188:Italkim
1178:Juhurim
1088:Zionism
1037:Khazars
932:Sicarii
928:Zealots
924:Essenes
911:Schisms
776:Leaders
738:General
730:History
673:Tosefta
668:Midrash
645:Mishnah
627:Ketuvim
622:Nevi'im
571:Customs
502:Shabbat
497:Halakha
489: (
487:Mitzvot
474: (
440:Judaism
399:Judaism
363:Algiers
251:scholar
165:to the
147:in the
93:.
6546:
6529:
6516:
6446:Zambia
6441:Uganda
6381:Rwanda
6336:Malawi
6296:Guinea
6191:Angola
6131:(2012)
6123:(2011)
6063:People
5868:
5849:
5722:
5712:
5656:
5602:13 May
5448:
5421:
5378:
5353:
5233:
5223:
5111:
5056:
4998:
4988:
4960:
4950:
4829:
4799:
4676:4 June
4647:
4374:Djerba
4269:Greece
3766:Israel
3743:pogrom
3679:Giraud
3642:Under
3619:. The
3538:Aliyah
3500:JIMENA
3379:Aleppo
3373:Farhud
3325:Yemeni
3085:system
3083:millet
3043:Europe
2997:BejaĂŻa
2962:Muslim
2930:Tahert
2908:. The
2902:Berber
2869:Israel
2830:Europe
2807:dhimma
2732:Portal
2591:Domari
2521:Shassi
2482:Hebrew
2377:Humour
2321:Hiloni
2316:Aliyah
2276:Niddah
2261:Minyan
2196:Reform
2183:Haredi
2178:Modern
2079:Mexico
2064:Guyana
2027:Brazil
1989:Canada
1961:Sweden
1951:Serbia
1946:Russia
1931:Poland
1926:Norway
1906:Latvia
1891:Greece
1876:France
1851:Cyprus
1817:Europe
1788:Turkey
1778:Taiwan
1688:Kuwait
1673:Jordan
1663:Israel
1597:Zambia
1587:Uganda
1505:Malawi
1475:Guinea
1465:Gambia
1400:Angola
1386:Africa
1269:Dönmeh
1264:Anusim
1208:Berber
1146:Litvak
1098:Israel
1004:
941:
855:Second
823:
684:Targum
650:Gemara
636:Talmud
608:Tanakh
561:Ethics
512:Prayer
383:Berber
379:French
375:Arabic
253:
246:
239:
232:
224:
6501:Ceuta
6421:Sudan
6371:Niger
6326:Libya
6311:Kenya
6291:Ghana
6281:Gabon
6256:Egypt
6196:Benin
6112:Films
5935:(PDF)
5891:1 May
5887:: 106
5680:(PDF)
5255:(PDF)
4622:1 May
4618:: 106
4554:Juifs
4536:Notes
4487:5500
4484:2020
4188:]
4110:Haifa
3751:Batna
3687:Vichy
3665:Vichy
3599:Vichy
3510:WOJAC
3459:Egypt
3449:Yemen
3399:Cairo
3253:Setif
3245:Blida
3197:, of
3160:M'zab
3113:, as
3017:M'zab
2948:king
2918:Titus
2894:Roman
2680:Labor
2675:Green
2372:Dance
2330:Music
2149:Palau
2069:Haiti
2032:Chile
1956:Spain
1901:Italy
1808:Yemen
1768:Syria
1743:Qatar
1723:Nepal
1668:Japan
1643:India
1633:China
1572:Sudan
1495:Libya
1490:Kenya
1470:Ghana
1460:Gabon
1440:Egypt
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1284:Xueta
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