List of Indian inventions and discoveries

8701:, National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science"Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder. Although the hammered soft iron he used was crude, the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction. Thus a greater internal pressure was possible, with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet. The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. Range was perhaps up to three-quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre). Although individually these rockets were not accurate, dispersion error became less important when large numbers were fired rapidly in mass attacks. They were particularly effective against cavalry and were hurled into the air, after lighting, or skimmed along the hard dry ground. Hyder Ali's son, 420: 4724: 4840: 16661: 26: 3001:, is credited by scholars to the Chinese, dating back to the 2nd century BCE. Like the Chinese, the Indians used negative numbers as subtrahend, but were the first to establish the "law of signs" with regards to the multiplication of positive and negative numbers, which did not appear in Chinese texts until 1299. Indian mathematicians were aware of negative numbers by the 7th century, and their role in mathematical problems of debt was understood. Mostly consistent and correct rules for working with negative numbers were formulated, and the diffusion of these rules led the Arab intermediaries to pass it on to Europe., for example (+)×(-)=(-),(-)×(-)=(+) etc. 4094:) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose. India was to melt the first derived from a long experience of the old alchemy zinc by the distillation process, an advanced technique. The ancient Persians had also tried to reduce zinc oxide in an open stove, but had failed. Zawar in Tiri valley of Rajasthan is the first known old zinc smelting site in the world. The distillation technique of zinc production dates back to the 12th century CE and is an important contribution of India in the world of science. 3036:"It is India that gave us the ingenuous method of expressing all numbers by the means of ten symbols, each symbol receiving a value of position, as well as an absolute value; a profound and important idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit, but its very simplicity, the great ease which it has lent to all computations, puts our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions, and we shall appreciate the grandeur of this achievement when we remember that it escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apollonius, two of the greatest minds produced by antiquity." 3031:– Modum indorum or the method of the Indians for arithmetic operations was popularised by Al-Khwarizmi and Al-Kindi by means of their respective works such as in Al-Khwarizmi's on the Calculation with Hindu Numerals (ca. 825), On the Use of the Indian Numerals (ca. 830) as early as the 8th and 9th centuries.They, amongst other works, contributed to the diffusion of the Indian system of arithmetic in the Middle-East and the West.The significance of the development of the positional number system is described by the French mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace (1749–1827) who wrote: 1324: 3007:– Symbols, signs and mathematical notation were employed in an early form in India by the 6th century when the mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata recommended the use of letters to represent unknown quantities. By the 7th century Brahmagupta had already begun using abbreviations for unknowns, even for multiple unknowns occurring in one complex problem. Brahmagupta also managed to use abbreviations for square roots and cube roots. By the 7th century fractions were written in a manner similar to the modern times, except for the bar separating the 4518:-treated-C&D, researchers at the Centre for Sustainable Technologies (CST), IISc, are exploring ways to store carbon dioxide from industrial flue gas in excavated soil in Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste. the effect of injecting carbon dioxide gas into clayey soil—typically excavated from construction sites. This resulted in better stabilization of clay by cement and lime, and reduced the surface area, pore volume and lime reactivity of clay in soil, thereby improving the bulk engineering performance of the material. 1585:– The earliest known manifestation of the stirrup, which was a toe loop that held the big toe was used in India in as early as 500 BCE or perhaps by 200 BCE according to other sources. This ancient stirrup consisted of a looped rope for the big toe which was at the bottom of a saddle made of fibre or leather. Such a configuration made it suitable for the warm climate of most of India where people used to ride horses barefoot. A pair of megalithic double bent iron bars with curvature at each end, excavated in 2921: 4646:(BHEL). The plant was inaugurated in BHEL's Hyderabad unit, The pilot project is the first that uses the gasification method for converting high-ash coal into methanol. Handling of high ash and heat required to melt this high amount of ash is a challenge in the case of Indian coal, which generally has high ash content. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited has developed the fluidized bed gasification technology suitable for high ash Indian coals to produce syngas and then convert syngas to methanol with 99% purity. 9232:"Geometry, and its branch trigonometry, was the mathematics Indian astronomers used most frequently. In fact, the Indian astronomers in the third or fourth century, using a pre-Ptolemaic Greek table of chords, produced tables of sines and versines, from which it was trivial to derive cosines. This new system of trigonometry, produced in India, was transmitted to the Arabs in the late eighth century and by them, in an expanded form, to the Latin West and the Byzantine East in the twelfth century." 2933: 1932:– The oldest applications and evidence of standardisation come from the Indus Valley Civilisation in the 5th millennium BCE characterised by the existence of weights in various standards and categories as well as the Indus merchants usage of a centralised weight and measure system. Small weights were used to measure luxury goods, and larger weights were used for buying bulkier items, such as food grains etc. The weights and measures of the Indus civilisation also reached 909: 5441: 16473: 5099: 3282:– The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics or the Kerala school was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Tirur, Malappuram, Kerala, India. Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a power series (apart from geometric series). However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation and integration. 4534:(I)-TM Tunneling technique:(I)-TM as Himalayan tunnelling method for tunnelling through the Himalayan geology to build tunnels in Jammu and Kashmir. Engineers decided to provide rigid supports using 'ISHB' as against the lattice girder method used in the New Austrian Tunnelling Method.ISHB uses nine-metre pipes in the mountains. It is called pipe roofing. Engineers made an umbrella using these perforated poles and filled them with PU grout. 398:. The process of producing crystallised sugar from sugar cane, in India, dates to at least the beginning of the common era, with 1st century CE Greek and Roman authors writing on Indian sugar. The process was soon transmitted to China with travelling Buddhist monks. Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647 CE, for obtaining technology for sugar-refining. Each mission returned with results on refining sugar. 4929:– An instant real-time payment system developed by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) facilitating person-to-merchant (P2M) transactions through inter-bank peer-to-peer (P2P) mechanism. UPI doesn't need an internet connection for financial transactions, and cardless ATM transactions can also occur using UPI. UPI is not an alternative to a wallet, but more of a solution to the money printing problem. 16485: 5381:, who discovered it in 1928. When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam. Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman effect." 408: 1949:, not including defective weights. They did not find statistically significant differences between weights that were excavated from five different layers, each about 1.5 m in thickness. This was evidence that strong control existed for at least a 500-year period. The 13.7-g weight seems to be one of the units used in the Indus valley. The notation was based on the 450:– While the early history of stepwells is poorly understood, water structures in Western India were their likely predecessor. The three features of stepwells in the subcontinent are evident from one particular site, abandoned by 2500 BCE, which combines a bathing pool, steps leading down to water, and figures of some religious importance into one structure. 5119: 1449:) and a new disease, post-kalaazar dermal leishmanoid.' Brahmachari's cure for Visceral leishmaniasis was the urea salt of para-amino-phenyl stibnic acid which he called Urea Stibamine. Following the discovery of Urea Stibamine, Visceral leishmaniasis was largely eradicated from the world, except for some underdeveloped regions. 1675:, tongs, door fittings etc. ranging from 600 BCE to 200 BCE have been discovered from several archaeological sites of India. Some scholars believe that by the early 13th century BCE, iron smelting was practised on a bigger scale in India, suggesting that the date the technology's inception may be placed earlier. In 1697:– Perhaps as early as 300 BCE—although certainly by 200 BCE—high quality steel was being produced in southern India, by what Europeans would later call the crucible technique. In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon. 4301:. Mukhopadhyay had been performing experiments on his own with primitive instruments and a household refrigerator. However, state authorities prevented him from presenting his work at scientific conferences, and it was many years before Mukhopadhyay's contribution was acknowledged in works dealing with the subject. 927:– Calico had originated in the subcontinent by the 11th century and found mention in Indian literature, by the 12th-century writer Hemachandra. He has mentioned calico fabric prints done in a lotus design. The Indian textile merchants traded in calico with the Africans by the 15th century and calico fabrics from 1304:, made references to soapberry tree and soap in 16th century. Washing of hair and body massage (champu) during a daily strip wash was an indulgence of early colonial traders in India. When they returned to Europe, they introduced their newly learnt habits, including the hair treatment they called shampoo. 4061:

properties as the desirable qualities of a diamond. A Chinese work from the 3rd century BCE mentions: "Foreigners wear it in the belief that it can ward off evil influences". The Chinese, who did not find diamonds in their country, initially used diamonds as a "jade cutting knife" instead of as a jewel.

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is an unusual pattern in the ocean-atmosphere system of the equatorial Indian Ocean that influences the monsoon and can offset the adverse impact of El Nino. It is typically characterized by cooler than normal eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and warmer than normal west and unusual equatorial easterly

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When a ‘sign’ or ‘mark’ (linga) is identified, there are three possibilities: the sign may be present in all, some, or none of the sapakṣas. Likewise, the sign may be present in all, some or none of the vipakṣas. To identify a sign, we have to assume that it is present in the pakṣa, however; that is

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had the first mention of a combinatorics problem; the problem asked how many possible combinations of tastes were possible from selecting tastes in ones, twos, threes, etc. from a selection of six different tastes (sweet, pungent, astringent, sour, salt, and bitter). The Bhagavati is also the first

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described the Sanchi relief as "the earliest example by some five centuries of the use of stirrups in any part of the world". In the 1st century CE horse riders in northern India, where winters are sometimes long and cold, were recorded to have their booted feet attached to hooked stirrups. However

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for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE. Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and had holes pierced into them so that they could be attached to clothing by using a thread. Ian McNeil (1990) holds that: "The button, in fact, was originally used more as an ornament than as a fastening, the

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E-bomb – The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has been developing an e-bomb which will emit electromagnetic shock waves that destroy electronic circuits and communication networks of enemy force. The tow bodies in Lakshya-2 Weapon Delivery Configuration carry High Energy Weapon

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Single-crystalline Scandium Nitride, that has the ability to convert infrared light into energy, Scientists based in Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru have discovered a novel material that can emit, detect, and modulate infrared light with high efficiency

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is a fuel grade in which Methanol is blended with diesel. Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO), in collaboration with the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL), has developed a special cost-effective fuel that would not only minimize IR's dependency on diesel, but will also be emit fewer

4916:(e₹) or eINR or e-rupee is a tokenised digital version of the Indian rupee, to be issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a central bank digital currency (CBDC). Digital Rupee is using blockchain distributed-ledger technology. Digital rupee users to hit 50,000 by Jan-end on better acceptance. 3275:

used geometric methods to derive large sum approximations for sine, cosine, and arctangent. They found a number of special cases of series later derived by Brook Taylor series. They also found the second-order Taylor approximations for these functions, and the third-order Taylor approximation for

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are regarded as technological firsts developed within territory of India, as such does not include foreign technologies which India acquired through contact or any Indian origin living in foreign country doing any breakthroughs in foreign land. It also does not include technologies or discoveries

4273:. He called it dermal leishmanoid, marked by the appearance of sudden eruptions on the face of the patients without fever or other complaints. He observed it as a disease in partially cured cases of kala-azar, along with those who had no history of the disease at all. It has since been termed as 4060:

works dating from the 4th century BCE mention it as a well-known and precious stone but don't mention the details of diamond cutting. Another Indian description written at the beginning of the 3rd century describes strength, regularity, brilliance, ability to scratch metals, and good refractive

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Van Vuren, Petrus Jansen; McAuley, Alexander J.; Kuiper, Michael J.; Singanallur, Nagendrakumar B.; Bruce, Matthew P.; Riddell, Shane; Goldie, Sarah; Mangalaganesh, Shruthi; Chahal, Simran; Drew, Trevor W.; Blasdell, Kim R.; Tachedjian, Mary; Caly, Leon; Druce, Julian D.; Ahmed, Shahbaz; Khan,

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Sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (SESMR) – In April 2022, the scientists from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad developed a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) facility in Hyderabad to perform sorption enhanced steam methane reforming (SESMR) to achieve clean

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displays a cross, much like the modern '+' sign, except that it symbolised subtraction when written just after the number affected. The '=' sign for equality did not exist. Indian mathematics was transmitted to the Islamic world where this notation was seldom accepted initially and the scribes

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have all attempted to create steels with characteristics similar to Wootz, but without success. J.D Verhoeven and Al Pendray attained some success in the reconstruction methods of production, proved the role of impurities of ore in the pattern creation, and reproduced Wootz steel with patterns

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Triple-stack container freight train – In order to ensure new streams of traffic and commodities and to bring about a modal shift, the DFC is undertaking trials for running smaller than usual containers, known as dwarf containers (where the container height is lower by 660 mm than normal

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Critical Situation Response Vehicle (CSRV) – The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) has made and inducted a bomb/bulletproof armoured vehicle. The latest all-terrain highly sophisticated vehicle 'CSRV' has given a shot in the arm to the Central Reserve Police Force engaged in counter-terror

4346:'s commemorative lecture on Radio communication, following Hertz's death. Bose's revolutionary demonstration forms the foundation of the technology used in mobile telephony, radars, satellite communication, radios, television broadcast, WiFi, remote controls and countless other applications. 4827:

Electrically Excited Synchronous Motor (EESM) or Rare earth free motor: In 2021 deep-tech startup Chara Technologies has built scalable, cloud-controlled electric vehicle motors free of toxic rare-earth metals, thus cutting a massive dependency on imports to accelerate electric mobility in

1260:), and dates to 1762. A variety of herbs and their extracts were used as shampoos since ancient times in India, evidence of early herbal shampoo have been discovered from Indus Valley Civilization site of Banawali dated to 2750–2500 BCE. A very effective early shampoo was made by boiling 4663:

steel – For several high-technology applications, such as military hardware and aerospace, need to possess ultrahigh strength (UHS; minimum yield strength of 1380 MPa (200 ksi)) coupled with high fracture toughness in order to meet the requirement of minimum weight while ensuring high

1372:– Ayurveda and Siddha are ancient systems of medicine practised in South Asia. Ayurvedic ideas can be found in the Hindu text (mid-first millennium BCE). Ayurveda has evolved over thousands of years, and is still practised today. In an internationalised form, it can be thought of as a 729:

originated in India during prehistory. Suggestions on how it evolved into the modern form range from wrestling exercises, military drills, and collective self-defence but most authorities agree that the game existed in some form or the other in India during the period between 1500 and

5452:– Although the presence of water ice on the Moon has been conjectured by various scientists since the 1960s, inconclusive evidence of free water ice had also been identified. The first incontrovertible evidence of water on the Moon was provided by the payload Chace carried by the 3059:(c. 950~1000 CE). Jayadeva pointed out that Brahmagupta's approach to solving equations of this type would yield infinitely large number of solutions, to which he then described a general method of solving such equations. Jayadeva's method was later refined by Bhāskara II in his 4684:– The collective consensus of dairy experts worldwide was that buffalo milk could not be spray-dried due to its high fat content. Harichand Megha Dalaya & his invention of the spray dry equipment, led to the world's first buffalo milk spray-dryer, at Amul Dairy in Gujarat. 4923:

pollutants. IOCL developed the composition, adding 14% additives (developed indigenously by IOCL) along with 71% mineral diesel, 15% methanol. MD-15 fuelled engine has shown superior performance, emission and combustion characteristics than the mineral diesel fuelled engine.

11536:"The first-of-its-kind Controlled Shunt Reactor (CSR) has been developed by BHEL in-house, said a BHEL release. The device, which operates automatically, depending on system requirement in less than 10 milliseconds, improves power transfer capability of transmission lines" 4540:

are made entirely of plastic or of composites of plastic with other materials. Plastic roads are different from standard roads in the respect that standard roads are made from asphalt concrete, which consists of mineral aggregates and asphalt. Most plastic roads sequester

11170: 4479:(FTP) – A standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer network. FTP is built on a client–server model architecture using separate control and data connections between the client and the server. 4714:

containers), in triple-stack formation to further improve the profitability of train operations. It may be possible to run these as double-stack on conventional routes and triple-stack on routes with high-rise OHE, once the trials are successfully completed.

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plant: Tuticorin Alkali Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited (TFL) partnered with Carbon Clean to create the world's first fully commercial CCU plant. The 10 MW facility captures coal-fired boiler flue gas and uses it to deliver industrial quality

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for bead making dated more than 2500 BP. Beads are made by attaching molten glass gather to the end of a blowpipe, a bubble is then blown into the gather. The glass blown vessels were rarely attested and were imported commodity in 1st millennium CE

1719:– The technology of cutting and polishing diamonds was invented in India, Ratnapariksha, a text dated to 6th century talks about diamond cutting and Al-Beruni speaks about the method of using lead plate for diamond polishing in the 11th century CE. 4823:

Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) was accidentally discovered in 1988 at Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, India. SCS involves an exothermic redox chemical reaction between an oxidizer like metal nitrate and a fuel in an aqueous

3079:, relevant to the cyclic nature of the algorithm. With reference to the Chakravala method, E. O. Selenuis held that no European performances at the time of Bhāskara, nor much later, came up to its marvellous height of mathematical complexity. 1036:

of India yield evidence of a single roller cotton gin in use by the 5th century. This cotton gin was used in India until innovations were made in form of foot powered gins. The cotton gin was invented in India as a mechanical device known as

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has been defined as the number of times a given number can be divided evenly by two. This definition gives rise to a function that coincides with the binary logarithm on the powers of two, but it is different for other integers, giving the

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noted: "One reason for the excitement within the mathematical community is not only does this algorithm settle a long-standing problem, it also does so in a brilliantly simple manner. Everyone is now wondering what else has been similarly

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has successfully developed a first-of-its-kind in the world device for improving power transfer capability and reducing transmission losses in the country's highest rating (400 kV) transmission lines.The device is called Controlled Shunt

4639:, has fabricated a prototype reactor which operates under natural sunlight to produce hydrogen at a scale of around 6.1 litres in eight hours. They have used an earth-abundant chemical called carbon nitrides as a catalyst for the purpose. 1388:)". Siddha medicine is mostly prevalent in South India, and is transmitted in Tamil, not Sanskrit, texts. Herbs and minerals are basic raw materials of the Siddha therapeutic system whose origins may be dated to the early centuries CE. 4772:, is a multi-stage solid propellent rocket that is cost-effective and very less complex used to deliver micro-satellites less than 500 kg weight. it is innovative as its three stages are solid propellent making it very efficient. 10805: 4900:- Featuring a plastic top and built-in-fan-like structure, the AC helmets are powered by a battery pack, which is worn by the traffic police officials on their waist. These helmets work for around 8 hours on a single full charge. 4706:. The technology has been developed by Carbon Clean Solutions, headquartered in London – a start-up by two Indian engineers focusing on carbon dioxide separation technology.There are many chemicals exported out of India where CO 541:(from 321 to 185 BC), a commercial instrument called the "Adesha" was in use, which was an order on a banker desiring him to pay the money of the note to a third person (now known as or referred to as a "Negotiable Instrument"). 4796:

Low-threshold gain lasers, researchers from IISER, Bhopal have made a breakthrough in field of low threshold gain lasers using crystals of cesium lead bromide they are able to produce high-intensity lasers with very low energy

3490:(the author of an earlier work on prosody) to the "Meru-prastaara", or the "Staircase of Mount Meru", in relation to binomial coefficients. (It was also independently discovered in the 10th or 11th century in Persia and China.) 823:– Vaikunta pali Snakes and ladders originated in India as a game based on morality. During British rule of India, this game made its way to England, and was eventually introduced in the United States of America by game-pioneer 4009:

Palindromic Novel: The Ramakrishna Vilomakavyam by Dyvagnya Surya Pandita is an example of a narrative that, when read forward, relate the story of the Ramayana and, when read backward, relate the story of the Mahabharata.

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discovered the number 6174 is reached after repeatedly subtracting the smallest number from the largest number that can be formed from any four digits not all the same. The number 495 is similarly reached for three digits

4122:(c.600 CE), give the average length of the sidereal year (the length of the Earth's revolution around the Sun) as 365.2563627 days, which is only a negligible 1.4 seconds longer than the modern value of 365.256363004 days. 4034:. It is unclear when diamonds were first mined in India, although estimated to be at least 5,000 years ago. India remained the world's only source of diamonds until the discovery of diamonds in Brazil in the 18th century. 15444:"On the Hindu Quadrature of the Circle, and the infinite Series of the proportion of the circumference to the diameter exhibited in the four shastras: the Tantra Sangraham, Yukti-Bhasa, Carana Padhati, and Sadratnamala" 5210:

and K.N. Mathur in 1928, the so-called 'Bhatnagar-Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance' was a modern instrument used for measuring various magnetic properties. The first appearance of this instrument in Europe was at a

5231:, in which he performed the first calculation to determine the cross section of electron-positron scattering. Electron-positron scattering was later named Bhabha scattering, in honour of his contributions in the field. 5181:

in its pure form, and became the first scientist to have done so. Prior to Ray's synthesis of Ammonium nitrite it was thought that the compound undergoes rapid thermal decomposition releasing nitrogen and water in the

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originated in India by the 6th century. The earliest evidence of this game in India is the depiction of boards on the caves of Ajanta. A variant of this game, called Ludo, made its way to England during the British

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Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell air-independent propulsion (PAFC AIP) is a 270 kilowatt phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) air-independent propulsion (AIP) system to power the Kalvari-class submarines is developed by the

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Ramasubramanian, K.; Srinivas, M. D.; Sriram, M. S. (1994). "Modification of the earlier Indian planetary theory by the Kerala astronomers (c. 1500 AD) and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion".

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Low Mobility Large cell (LMLC), is a feature of 5G and is designed to enhance the signal transmission range of a basestation several times, helping service providers cost-effectively expand coverage in rural

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was used as herb for ayurverdic medicine development for last 2,000 years. The Sushruta Samhita, an ancient medical treatise, recommends cannabis plant extract for treating respiratory ailments and diarrhoea.

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developed elsewhere and later invented separately in India, nor inventions by Indian emigres in other places. Changes in minor concepts of design or style and artistic innovations do not appear in the lists.

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has developed what it bills as "a first-of-its-kind rifle-rated ballistic helmet", MKU states that the Kavro Doma 360 is "the first anti-rifle helmet in the world that does not have bolts or any metal parts"

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hydrogen in its purest form. The team of scientists have designed a hybrid material to simulate capturing carbon dioxide in-situ (onsite) and converting it into clean hydrogen from non-fuel grade bioethanol.

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Periodicity in Nuclear Properties: A sharp pattern is discovered by an Indian researcher regarding the nuclear properties of chemical elements. The remarkable deviations are noticed near the magic numbers.

1819:, it was invented in India in between 1589 and 1590 CE. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern metallurgists to be technically impossible to produce metal globes without any 949:

ascribes the invention of bow-instruments used in textile technology to India. The earliest evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE). These carding devices, called

11793: 4293:– the second successful birth of a 'test tube baby' occurred in India just 67 days after Louise Brown was born. The girl, named Durga, was conceived in vitro using a method developed independently by 2166:), concerning a single object and its particular properties, composed of assertions and denials, either simultaneously or successively, and without contradiction. These seven claims are the following. 1100:—from India. In 17th-century England these hand painted cotton fabrics influenced native crewel work design. Shipping vessels from India also took palampore to colonial America, where it was used in 11260: 6503: 1117:, written on cloth in India, were transmitted to other regions of the world. These sutras, written on banners, were the origin of prayer flags. Legend ascribes the origin of the prayer flag to the 2084:– The four-cornered system of logical argumentation with a suite of four distinct functions that refers to a logical proposition P, with four possibilities that can arise. The tetralemma has many 16010: 11970: 4687:

Jackal steel – An advanced grade high-strength, low-alloy steel. The technology of Jackal steel has been passed on to Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and MIDHANI for its bulk production.

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Bondyopadhyay, Probir K (September 1998). "Sir J C Bose's Diode Detector Received Marconi's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal of December 1901 (The 'Italian Navy Coherer' Scandal Revisited)".

560:– This variation of tag was being played as early as 100 CE, and was possibly invented by farmers as a way of practicing driving away birds. It was later used as a form of military training in 5049:

is a linear time algorithm to find the strongly connected components of a directed graph. Aho, Hopcroft and Ullman credit it to S. Rao Kosaraju and Micha Sharir. Kosaraju suggested it in 1978.

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Coppa, A.; Bondioli, L.; Cucina, A.; Frayer, D. W.; Jarrige, C.; Jarrige, J. -F.; Quivron, G.; Rossi, M.; Vidale, M.; Macchiarelli, R. (April 2006). "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry".

1018:. The Indus cotton industry was well developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be practised until the modern industrialisation of India. Well before the 4789:

SEBEX 2, is a high performance explosive, it is said to be 2.01 times more lethal than TNT and most powerful non-nuclear explosives in the world.The Indian Navy has certified the explosive.

699:

where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares. Chaturanga reached Europe through Persia, the

2108:,the founder of the Pyrrhonist school lived in India for 18 months and likely learned the language, which allowed him to carry these teachings to Greece. However, other scholars, such as 516:. Considered by historians to be the world's first residential university and among the greatest centres of learning in the ancient world, it was located near the city of Rajagriha (now 15995: 3303:

had begun using abbreviations for unknowns by the 7th century. He employed abbreviations for multiple unknowns occurring in one complex problem. Brahmagupta also used abbreviations for

320: 2980:. The usage of the zero in the Bakhshali manuscript was dated from between 3rd and 4th centuries, making it the earliest known usage of a written zero, in a decimal place value system. 16515: 11775: 11455: 4580:. The snake was estimated to be between 10.9 and 15.2 metres in length and lived 47 million years ago. The fossilised vertebrae of Vasuki indicus were discovered in a lignite mine in 456:– The origin of the stupa can be traced to 3rd-century BCE India. It was used as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics. The stupa architecture was adopted in 8408:

Bellina, B. (March 2018). "The elaboration of political models in maritime Southeast Asia and of pan-regional culture: Contribution from Khao Sek stone ornament craft system study".

11202: 1520:– Tonsillectomies have been practiced for over 2,000 years, with varying popularity over the centuries. The earliest mention of the procedure is in "Hindu medicine" from about 1000 11825: 11811: 4411:

an Indian computer scientist contributed to the development of the language in Bangalore while also actively involved in the initial design of the Aadhaar project in India using

4145:– Indian astronomers by the 6th century CE believed that comets were apparitions that re-appeared periodically. This was the view expressed in the 6th century by the astronomers 12002: 3558: 1514:. Moreover, two centuries later, contemporary practices of otoplastic praxis were derived from the techniques and procedures developed and established in antiquity by Sushruta. 5335:(29 June 1893 – 28 June 1972), this distance measure, based upon the correlation between variables, is used to identify and analyze differing pattern with respect to one base. 4690:

High-Rise Pantograph – The new-design world record pantograph, developed completely in-house for use in DFC & other freight routes with height of 7.5 metres (25 ft).

4208:

containing fruits or fruit juice that can be both alcoholic and non-alcoholic originated in the Indian subcontinent before making its way into England by passage through the

3269: 2952:– Zero and its operation are first defined by (Hindu astronomer and mathematician) Brahmagupta in 628. The Babylonians used a space, and later a zero glyph, in their written 1683:) iron appeared as early as 11th to 12th centuries BCE; these developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country. In the time of 1225:

the British officers in India performed calisthenic exercises with clubs to keep in physical condition. From Britain the use of club swinging spread to the rest of the world.

12094: 10912: 13171:

Brown, W. Norman (1964). "The Indian Games of Pachisi, Chaupar, and Chausar". Expedition, 32–35. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 32 (35).

12076: 11125:

https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/coal-india-and-nhpc-join-forces-to-convert-abandoned-mines-into-pump-storage-projects-boosting-energy-transition-11695059193255.html

7649:"The origins of Iron Working in India: New evidence from the Central Ganga plain and the Eastern Vindhyas by Rakesh Tewari (Director, U.P. State Archaeological Department)" 1713:– in the 12th century BCE or 7th century BCE, Indians not only innovated use of diamond tipped drills but also invented double diamond tipped drills for bead manufacturing. 17156: 17138: 16240: 11188: 3242: 1572:, Chandragupta's teacher and adviser, made up his mind that the baby should survive. He cut open the belly of the queen and took out the baby, thus saving the baby's life. 1272:(Sanskrit: क्षुण) in ancient Indian texts and its fruit pulp contain saponins, a natural surfactant. The extract of Ksuna, creates a lather which Indian texts identify as 316: 12108: 11220: 9849: 617:. State-level competitions were being held in the different states of India during the early part of the twentieth century. Serious carrom tournaments may have begun in 3202: 1863:

in its microstructure and is characterised by its ultra-high carbon content exhibiting properties such as superplasticity and high impact hardness. Archaeological and

791:

grips in concert with a vertical stationary or hanging wooden pole, cane, or rope.The earliest literary known mention of Mallakhamb is in the 1135 CE Sanskrit classic

11867: 5377:– The Encyclopædia Britannica (2008) reports: "change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. The phenomenon is named for 9691:

Datta, Bibhutibhusan; Singh, Awadhesh Narayan (2019). "Use of permutations and combinations in India". In Kolachana, Aditya; Mahesh, K.; Ramasubramanian, K. (eds.).

5299:, was publicly first described in "Microstructure and tensile properties of high strength duplex ferrite–martensite (DFM) steels" by P.C. Chakraborti and M.K. Mitra. 206: 11853: 7830: 4022:

and diamond tools: Diamonds were first recognised and mined in central India, where significant alluvial deposits of the stone could then be found along the rivers

10697: 1635:

show iron implements in the period between 1800 BCE—1200 BCE. Early iron objects found in India can be dated to 1400 BCE by employing the method of

12122: 11236:"What Are Plastic Roads | How to Make Plastic Roads | Who Invented Plastic Roads | First Man Made Plastic Road | Advantages & Disadvantages of Plastic Roads" 8295:

Wood, Marilee; Panighello, Serena; Orsega, Emilio F.; Robertshaw, Peter; van Elteren, Johannes T.; Crowther, Alison; Horton, Mark; Boivin, Nicole (August 2017).

11496: 4786:

scientists recombine following mechanical fracture without any external intervention, autonomously self-healing in milliseconds with crystallographic precision.

3402: 3382: 9247: 12292: 11059: 8705:, continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000. In battles at 11615: 2118:– Trairūpya is a logical argument that contains three constituents which a logical ‘sign’ or ‘mark’ (linga) must fulfill to be 'valid source of knowledge' ( 1539:, composed in the early 1st millennium CE, mentions post-mortem caesarean sections. The first available non-mythical record of a C-section is the mother of 15931: 14491: 11941: 8977: 12974: 8005: 1221:: The Indian club—which appeared in Europe during the 18th century—was used long by India's native soldiery before its introduction to Europe. During the 17202: 12537: 11601: 4783: 3178:

is now attributed to Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340 – 1425) and his Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. He made use of the series expansion of

11535: 4483:

is the author of the File Transfer Protocol (which he started working on while he was a student at IIT-Kanpur) and the early versions of email protocols

4153:

listed the names and estimated periods of certain comets, but it is unfortunately not known how these figures were calculated or how accurate they were.

3364:(also Chandahsutra) which asked how many ways a six-syllable metre could be made from short and long notes. Pingala found the number of metres that had 16047: 15926: 11669: 4674:

with a minimum guaranteed hardness of 500 HB. It can be used in aerospace, small arms, and engineering solutions. It is mainly used in armoured jacket.

6184: 3415:– the infinite in one direction, the infinite in two directions, the infinite in area, the infinite everywhere, and the infinite perpetually. and the 16055: 15936: 8484: 12519: 11456:

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/mohali-institute-develops-reactor-for-cost-effective-production-of-hydrogen-using-sunlight-water-318138

10175: 5563:(c. 190 – c. 120 BC) centuries earlier also calculated sidereal year to be 365 + 1/4 + 1/144 days (365.25694... days ie., 365 days 6 hours 10 min) . 16488: 16268: 16000: 15890: 10152: 10125: 4531:

has developed a flyover design which allows to save cost, time, minimum material usage and allows light under the flyover using the same technique.

252: 131: 121: 13569:

The History of Chess: From the Time of the Early Invention of the Game in India Till the Period of Its Establishment in Western and Central Europe

12358:

Chakraborti, P.C.; Mitra, M.K. (September 2007). "Microstructure and tensile properties of high strength duplex ferrite–martensite (DFM) steels".

12030: 6966: 4642:

High ash coal gasification (coal to methanol) – The central government gave the country world's first 'coal to methanol' (CTM) plant built by the

17102: 11001: 8912: 7062: 4766:

vehicle which will reduce the cost by factor of 10 and as well as the world's first rocket with the first stage reusable, first designed in 2012.

1909:, precise standards were set as to grain production. Each state storehouse was equipped with a rain gauge to classify land for taxation purposes. 276: 146: 15609: 11468:"Large-scale reactor developed for cost-effective production of hydrogen using sunlight and water | Department of Science & Technology" 9126: 4723: 841:

literally means "painted rags for playing." Paper playing cards first appeared in East Asia during the 9th century. The medieval Indian game of

16925: 15692: 15687: 11467: 7136: 11839: 10254: 7307:

Scharf, Hartmut (1999). "The Doctrine of the Three Humors in Traditional Indian Medicine and the Alleged Antiquity of Tamil Siddha Medicine".

419: 16457: 16452: 16060: 15915: 15863: 15781: 15243:

South Indian wootz: evidence for high-carbon steel from crucibles from a newly identified site and preliminary comparisons with related finds

199: 8516: 3154: 16522: 16442: 15905: 15848: 15816: 15786: 15697: 5309:

effectively used Galena crystals for constructing radio receivers. The Galena receivers of Bose were used to receive signals consisting of

5269:. Einstein, recognizing the importance of the paper translated it into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the prestigious 11136: 10962: 8633:

In the third millennium BCE the Indus measuring system was further developed in the ancient regions of Iran and Afghanistan – Iwata, 2254.

6435:

The manual of dates: a dictionary of reference to all the most important events in the history of mankind to be found in authentic records

6209: 621:

in 1935 but by 1958, both India and Sri Lanka had formed official federations of carrom clubs, sponsoring tournaments and awarding prizes.

17197: 16092: 15853: 15806: 15801: 15756: 15746: 15724: 15712: 15702: 15682: 15667: 6255: 5409:

Process of formation of the E layer of the ionosphere and night sky luminiscence: Discovered by the Indian physicist, Sisir Kumar Mitra.

5031:

representation of a function on a bounded interval. Stochastic processes given by infinite series of this form were first considered by

3212:

for the finite sum of their series are of particular interest. They manipulated the error term to derive a faster converging series for

17128: 16437: 16175: 16117: 16072: 16067: 15895: 15885: 15821: 15796: 15791: 15729: 15707: 12268: 10864: 8694: 5525: 5341:– The compound mercurous nitrite was discovered in 1896 by the Bengali chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy, who published his findings in the 4177: 3449: 3272: 3136: 338:– Indigo, a blue pigment and a dye, was used in India, which was also the earliest major centre for its production and processing. The 33: 15206: 11171:"Chenab Rail Bridge Achieves Big Milestone! Indian Railways Conducts Train Trials on World's Highest Railway Bridge - Check Top Facts" 8435: 6240: 6156:

Meera, Sethumadhavan; Vinodan, A. (23 September 2019). "Attitude towards alternative medicinal practices in wellness tourism market".

5496:

of black holes. These modes of black hole vibrations are one of the main targets of observation using the gravitational wave detector.

17166: 16132: 16127: 15858: 15826: 15811: 15766: 15761: 5354: 4660: 4612:

mango – A named mango cultivar introduced in 1971 by Dr. Pijush Kanti Majumdar at the Indian Agriculture Research Institute in Delhi.

8807:

Charles Goodman, "Neither Scythian nor Greek: A Response to Beckwith's Greek Buddha and Kuzminski's "Early Buddhism Reconsidered"",

5444:

Direct evidence of lunar water in the Moon atmosphere obtained by the Chandrayaan-1's Altitudinal Composition (CHACE) output profile

5016: 17187: 16476: 16112: 16097: 15900: 15831: 15771: 15751: 15717: 15056:

Shukla, R.P. in "Laser Interferometers for Measuring Refractive Index of Transparent Materials and Testing of Optical Components",

4636: 4245:

NexCAR19, is designed to target cancer cells carrying the CD19 protein, a marker on cancer cells, enhancing precision in treatment.

584: 236: 192: 16735: 14567:

Pinkney, Andrea Marion (1 July 2015). "Looking West to India: Asian education, intra-Asian renaissance, and the Nalanda revival".

8244:

The Production and Distribution of Stoneware Bangles at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa as Monitored by Chemical Characterization Studies

8173:

Kenoyer, J. M. & H. M.-L. Miller, (1999). Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India., in

1804:

in the district of Ahmedabad of Gujarat, and likely a covered cart with wheels missing and a complete cart with a driver found at

17022: 16967: 16825: 16263: 16142: 16080: 15910: 9297: 9255: 415:(4th–1st century BCE). The dome shaped stupa was used in India as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics. 264: 94: 12585: 11573: 7094: 5933: 4735:– The crescograph, a device for measuring growth in plants, was invented in the early 20th century by the Bengali scientist Sir 2160:

The seven predicate theory consists in the use of seven claims about sentences, each preceded by "arguably" or "conditionally" (

12391: 4759: 1887: 1373: 1340: 13498: 13232: 7213: 6409:

The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific – Vol 6

4407:

is a high-level, dynamic programming language. Its features are well suited for numerical analysis and computational science.

1601:

dating back between the 1st and 2nd century BCE figure horsemen riding with elaborate saddles with feet slipped under girths.

1041:, more technically the "wooden-worm-worked roller". This mechanical device was, in some parts of India, driven by water power. 16291: 15943: 15287: 14150: 14112: 13990: 13941: 13769: 13673: 12960: 12714: 11336:"IIT scientist unearth ancient Indian dinosaur; here's what they discovered about the earliest dinosaur, Tharosaurus Indicus" 10324: 9881: 9708: 9490: 8776: 8734: 8582: 8155: 8107: 7291: 7254: 6488: 6461: 6417: 6391: 6365: 6334: 5314: 4959: 4649: 4042:. Diamonds then were exported to other parts of the world, including Europe. Early references to diamonds in India come from 1859:– Wootz steel is an ultra-high carbon steel and the first form of crucible steel manufactured by the applications and use of 1847:

technology: Indians used tube drawn technology for glass bead manufacturing which was first developed in the 2nd century BCE.

1435: 7484:

Lurie, Samuel (April 2005). "The changing motives of cesarean section: from the ancient world to the twenty-first century".

1606:

the form, the conception of the primitive Indian stirrup spread west and east, gradually evolving into the stirrup of today.

17207: 17032: 16897: 16356: 16344: 15646: 11287: 11099: 9609: 5954: 5585: 5396: 4528: 1870:

evidence suggests that this manufacturing process was already in existence in South India well before the common era, with

817:– An Indian subcontinent game also called Pitthu is played in rural areas has its origins in the Indus Valley Civilization. 679:. Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape. This game was introduced to the 368:

was the major centre for Jute cultivation, and remained so before the modernisation of India's jute industry in 1855, when

58: 16712: 8709:

in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British." – Encyclopædia Britannica (2008).

6698:

The first improvement in spinning technology was the spinning wheel, which was invented in India between 500 and 1000 A.D.

5883: 4839: 1761:

is attested earlier than Western Asian counterparts(where it is attested not earlier than 1st century BCE) in the form of

1593:

have been regarded as stirrups although they could as well be something else. Buddhist carvings in the temples of Sanchi,

16687: 16682: 11354:

Mohammad Suhail; Malladi, Sameer Kumar; Singh, Randhir; Pandey, Suman; Varadarajan, Raghavan; Vasan, Seshadri S. (2022).

8603: 4872: 4846: 4274: 4266: 1149:

by 800 CE, and the actual flags were introduced no later than 1040 CE, where they were further modified. The Indian monk

8062:"Interconnections: glass beads and trade in southern and eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean - 7th to 16th centuries AD" 5192:

who invented them, represent an unusual way to rewrite the metric on the three-dimensional spatial slices in terms of a

4443:

ISA (microprocessor) implementations (a US standard, not from India, but some implementations are such as those below):

16920: 16835: 16447: 16421: 15978: 14317: 9582: 8927: 8226: 7375: 7183: 7167: 7121: 6691: 5265:, which showed how it could be used to derive the Planck blackbody spectrum from the assumption that light was made of 4426: 3327: 292: 63: 17027: 10757:"McDonald transvaginal cervical cerclage since 1957: from its roots in Australia into worldwide contemporary practice" 7519:

Lurie S (April 2005). "The changing motives of cesarean section: from the ancient world to the twenty-first century".

5980: 5023:) The Kosambi-Karhunen-Loève theorem is a representation of a stochastic process as an infinite linear combination of 4843:

A diagram of the fuel-cell AIP module developed by the DRDO of India, it can power ships or any other marine transport

4222:

or water pipe: according to Cyril Elgood (PP.41, 110), the physician Irfan Shaikh, at the court of the Mughal emperor

1268:(aamla) and a few other herbs, using the strained extract. Sapindus, also known as soapberries or soapnuts, is called 17118: 16765: 16378: 16303: 16032: 15968: 15677: 15585: 15570: 15555: 15511: 15435: 15420: 15398: 15384: 15369: 15354: 15336: 15320: 15305: 15178: 15163: 15149: 15130: 15109: 15065: 15050: 15031: 15008: 14990: 14975: 14960: 14906: 14886: 14871: 14847: 14832: 14814: 14796: 14719: 14705: 14690: 14660: 14645: 14631: 14475: 14460: 14445: 14430: 14406: 14391: 14376: 14361: 14341: 14325: 14303: 14285: 14270: 14256: 14237: 14222: 14207: 14184: 14169: 14127: 14097: 14047: 13960: 13887: 13872: 13853: 13838: 13820: 13805: 13791: 13750: 13736: 13721: 13706: 13691: 13657: 13642: 13627: 13612: 13558: 13543: 13528: 13491: 13467: 13452: 13438: 13423: 13352: 13290: 13275: 13221: 13198: 13183: 13114: 13100: 13044: 12940: 12922: 12907: 12892: 12877: 12859: 12839: 12820: 12805: 12790: 12762: 12747: 12732: 12697: 12682: 12664: 12649: 12634: 12480: 12063:"Air independent propulsion system for submarines based on phosphoric acid fuel cell with onboard hydrogen generator" 10943: 10848: 10557:

Mallapaty, Smriti (28 March 2024). "Cutting-edge CAR-T cancer therapy is now made in India — at one-tenth the cost".

10541: 10495: 10351: 10281: 9948: 9915: 9795: 9761: 9413: 9159: 9028: 8829: 7971: 7702: 7681: 7427: 6773: 6606: 6585: 6076: 5282: 4591:

and the Indian Institute of Technology discovered the fossil remains of a previously unknown dinosaur species in the

16740: 12017:"Milipol Paris 2023: MKU unveils 'first-of-its-kind' rifle-rated ballistic helmet - European Security & Defence" 11731:

Riley, M. E.; Gusinow, M. A. (1 October 1977). "Laser beam divergence utilizing a lateral shearing interferometer".

10983: 1276:(Sanskrit: फेनक), leaves the hair soft, shiny and manageable. Other products used for hair cleansing were shikakai ( 17089: 16885: 16702: 16363: 9244: 5909: 5378: 4653: 4643: 4294: 3109:, adapted from the full-chord Greek versions (to the modern half-chord versions). They were described in detail by 744:

in India. It is believed to be the oldest surviving martial art in India, with a history spanning over 3,000 years.

12287: 11074: 1784:

area, which produced one of the earliest known examples of lost-wax casting, an Indian bronze figurine named the "

17146: 17077: 17057: 16862: 16815: 16790: 16411: 16406: 16339: 16184: 15985: 15873: 15599: 14142: 12049:"LAKSHYA-2 | Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India" 9902: 9695:. Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Springer Singapore. pp. 356–376. 5530: 4619:, capable of withstanding 37 °C (99 °F) for a month and neutralise all coronavirus variants of concern. 4577: 4504: 2983: 551: 284: 141: 53: 15014:

Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1992). "Part 2: South Asian Cartography: 15. Introduction to South Asian Cartography".

8373:

Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, L. (1993). "Beads, Scarabs, and Amulets: Methods of Manufacture in Ancient Egypt".

6071:

Sapra, Rahul (2000). "Sports in India". Students' Britannica India (Vol. 6). Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. p. 106.

2139:

the first condition is already satisfied. Combining these, Dignaga constructed his ‘Wheel of Reason’ (Sanskrit:

1916: 16810: 16539: 16168: 15880: 14824: 12989: 9020:

Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages

4769: 4694: 4467:– India's first indigenous 64-bit, superscalar, out-of-order, multi-core RISC-V Processor design, developed by 4364:

using waveguides, and in 1897 described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Kolkata.

3715: 3703: 1498:

were practiced throughout Asia until the late 18th century; the October 1794 issue of the contemporary British

1488:, lips, and genitalia that were amputated as criminal, religious, and military punishments. The ancient Indian 1420:– The earliest operation for treating lithiasis, or the formations of stones in the body, is also given in the 1394:: Kearns & Nash (2008) state that the first mention of leprosy is described in the Indian medical treatise 12545: 9537: 4910:

launched the first 'commercial' lot of its CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) autorickshaws in Delhi on 29 May 2000.

4342:, in Calcutta, in 1895, two years before a similar demonstration by Marconi in England, and just a year after 1957:

systems. 83% of the weights which were excavated from the above three cities were cubic, and 68% were made of

364:

and cordage. The Indian jute industry, in turn, was modernised during the British Raj in India. The region of

16730: 16107: 15245:. Material Issues in Art and Archaeology-V, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series Vol. 462. 15023: 14943:

Saliba, George (1997). "Interfusion of Asian and Western Cultures: Islamic Civilization and Europe to 1500".

14923:

Roy, Ranjan (December 1990). "The Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory and Nilakantha".

5535: 5520: 5039: 3687: 3441: 1747:

with an etched design in white. They were made according to a technique of alkaline-etching developed by the

1616: 1602: 324: 223:

details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of India, including those from the historic

11794:"Space to learn: The Hindu Editorial on the failure of ISRO's maiden small satellite launch vehicle mission" 9473:

Ramasubramanian, K. (2019). "Second-Order Interpolation in Indian Mathematics up to the Fifteenth Century".

5020: 1886:

in Europe. Reproduction research is undertaken by scientists Dr. Oleg Sherby and Dr. Jeff Wadsworth and the

17072: 16848: 16805: 16319: 15990: 15973: 14482: 14352: 12586:"Chandrayaan first discovered water on moon, but… | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis" 10229: 7151: 5359: 5332: 5238: 5234: 5082: 4404: 3601: 3314: 853:– It has been suggested that makeshift versions of the game were developed by British military officers in 280: 11221:"Engineers Develop Himalayan Tunnelling Method for Katra-Banihal Section of the Kashmir rail Link Project" 8499: 7716: 6549: 5353:, Ramachandran map, and Ramachandran angles: The Ramachandran plot and Ramachandran map were developed by 4702:. The 10 MW facility captures coal-fired boiler flue gas and uses it to deliver industrial quality CO 17161: 16508: 16373: 16022: 16005: 15739: 13966: 13864: 13504: 13260: 12016: 10633:

De, S. N.; Sarkar, J. K.; Tribedi, B. P. (1951). "An experimental study of the action of cholera toxin".

10182: 7988: 5032: 4805: 4616: 4562:

is an Indian new model of banks conceptualised by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) without issuing credit.

4489:, was one of the first core banking software started implemented in late 1970s and released in early 80s. 4418: 4382: 3699: 99: 10129: 9270: 4433:. It was created, and is actively developed, by Lalit Pant, a computer programmer and teacher living in 3600:– The Kuṭṭaka algorithm has much similarity with and can be considered as a precursor of the modern day 1853:– Indians innvoted polishing method in the 10th century BCE for mass production of polished stone beads. 992:– The origin of Chintz is from the printed all cotton fabric of calico in India. The origin of the word 25: 17192: 17123: 16870: 16416: 16329: 15841: 15734: 14777: 14192:

Buddhist Learning in South Asia: Education, Religion, and Culture at the Ancient Sri Nalanda Mahavihara

13982: 13930:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition)

12504: 11854:"Groundbreaking! Indian Researchers Discover Material Which Turns Infrared Light into Renewable Energy" 11826:"What's India's New Explosive SEBEX 2 That Will Improve Lethality of Warheads? Military Tech Explained" 8791: 7889: 6961: 5858: 4926: 4588: 3508: 2109: 1912: 875:

king Someswara III (1124–1138), although it has been conjectured to have existed since as early as the

296: 12475:. All India Chinmaya Yuva Kendra (1st ed.). Mumbai, India: Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. 2003. 11405:

Mallapaty, Smriti (9 September 2021). "India's DNA COVID vaccine is a world first – more are coming".

8995: 8346:

Kenoyer, J. Mark; Vidale, Massimo (1992). "A New Look at Stone Drills of the Indus Valley Tradition".

3663: 1376:. In village settings, away from urban centres, it is simply "medicine." The Sanskrit word आयुर्वेदः ( 16725: 16669: 16401: 16396: 16368: 16286: 16258: 16161: 16137: 16122: 16102: 15836: 12928: 12850: 9134: 8524: 6681: 5540: 5503: 5215:

exhibition in London, where it was later marketed by British firm Messers Adam Hilger and Co, London.

4212:. This beverage is very popular among the world with many varietal flavors and brands throughout the 3691: 3498: 3254: 1981:

in construction. Uniform units of length were used in the planning and construction of towns such as

1970: 1789: 1777: 1586: 1007: 896: 272: 180: 11481: 11156: 9648: 7133: 5271: 4975: 2112:

and Charles Goodman question Beckwith's conclusions about the degree of Buddhist influence on Pyrrho

1792:

period (c. 3300–1300 BC). Other examples include the buffalo, bull and dog found at Mohenjodaro and

17017: 16942: 16589: 16334: 16225: 15639: 14917:

India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal

13564: 11002:"Not just "IT coolies": An Indian computer scientist built a new programming language in Bengaluru" 10529:

India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal

8273: 7082: 5467: 5052: 4671: 4667: 3639: 3056: 2148: 1785: 156: 89: 13051: 12109:"MD-15: The New Fuel that May Replace Diesel in Indian Railways' Locomotives, Save Rs 2,280 Crore" 11776:"Explained | What is a Reusable Launch Vehicle? Who is using it now? How far along is India?" 9964: 9873:

Cryptographic Applications of Analytic Number Theory: Complexity Lower Bounds and Pseudorandomness

5255:

seeking Einstein's influence to get it published after it was rejected by the prestigious journal

4398: 4129:– The concept of gravity as attracting objects towards Earth was already known to Greek scholars, 3348: 3219: 1901:

began to record rainfall in 400 BCE. The readings were correlated against expected growth. In the

116: 16795: 16628: 16296: 16253: 16085: 16015: 15659: 15467: 13830: 12845: 11482:"First of Its Kind! Central Government Inaugurates India's 'Coal to Methanol' Plant Made by BHEL" 10913:"Telecom carriers may enhance coverage once 5Gi, 5G standards merge: NG Subramaniam - ET Telecom" 9907: 9292: 8669: 7178:

Virginia Smith (2007), Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity, Oxford University Press,

7025: 7001: 5392: 5207: 5046: 4949: 4746: 4742: 4446: 4252: 3621: 3445: 2105: 1500: 1431: 1424:(6th century BCE). The operation involved exposure and going up through the floor of the bladder. 1256: 1212: 596: 288: 168: 11312:

Ghosh, Sahana (22 April 2024). "Meet Vasuki indicus, among the longest snakes that ever lived".

9940: 9932: 9753: 5347:. The discovery contributed as a base for significant future research in the field of chemistry. 4079:, were active during early Christian era. There are references of medicinal uses of zinc in the 16995: 16990: 16977: 16932: 16800: 16351: 16324: 14710:

Puttaswamy, T. K. (2000), "The Mathematical Accomplishments of Ancient Indian Mathematicians".

14667:

Prathap, Gangan (March 2004). "Indian science slows down: The decline of open-ended research".

10959: 10298: 6407: 5257: 5013:(1955) states that any complete sufficient statistic is independent of any ancillary statistic. 4793:

making it useful for solar and thermal energy harvesting and for optical communication devices.

4681: 4476: 4290: 3293:

presented what is possibly the first instance of finite difference interpolation around 665 CE.

3181: 3082: 3045: 2976:

system. A dot, rather than a blank, was first seen to denote zero, in a decimal system, in the

1740: 1594: 1427: 173: 12387: 11559: 11520: 10669: 10533: 10341: 10271: 10110: 9855: 8905: 7986:"Such beads occur fairly largely on all the principal sites of the Harappan civilisation." in 7961: 7391: 6433: 4820:,In 2019 world's 1st iron-ion battery was first invented by team of researchers in IIT Madras. 3121:

discovered a few basic trigonometric formulas and identities, such as sin^2(x) + cos^2(x) = 1.

1404:

holds that the mention of leprosy, as well as ritualistic cures for it, were described in the

935:. Trade with Europe followed from the 17th century onward. Within India, calico originated in 609:. One carrom board with its surface made of glass is still available in one of the palaces in 595:

variant played with no board, literally "astapadam played in the sky". A correspondent in the

17052: 16912: 16875: 16858: 16757: 16650: 16195: 15963: 15868: 15016:

The History of Cartography – Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies

14948: 14806: 14533: 10702: 9871: 9662:

Kulkarni, Amba (2007). Recursion and Combinatorial Mathematics in Chandashaastra (Preprint).

9635: 8724: 7917: 6937: 6820: 6798: 6381: 6351: 6324: 6261: 5384: 5306: 4736: 4546: 4357: 4339: 4329: 3635: 3565: 3405: 3028: 1950: 1336: 913: 240: 15621:). HSSA is a peer-reviewed, open-access, online journal for the history of science in India. 15610:

P. K. Ray, SCIENCE, CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT – A CONNECTED PHENOMENA, Everyman's Science Vol.

13208:. Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science. Vol. 3. pp. 75–83. 12265: 11574:"Indian Scientists Produce Clean H2 with Carbon Capture Efficiency of 99.58% - Mercom India" 10872: 9461:

Gupta, R. C. "Second-order interpolation in Indian mathematics upto the fifteenth century".

9432:"A Chronology of Interpolation From Ancient Astronomy to Modern Signal and Image Processing" 8691: 8577:

Kosambi (1982) The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline, p. 153,

7853:

Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, Leonard (1991). "Bead Manufacture at Hajar Ar-Rayhani, Yemen".

5843: 5275:. Einstein later applied Bose's principles on particles with mass and quickly predicted the 3452:, that can be used to give a better approximation to the value of the mathematical constant 16747: 16230: 16205: 15503: 14011: 13783: 12236: 11898: 11740: 11602:"In action: The world's first fully commercial carbon capture and utilisation plant - edie" 11414: 10460: 9731: 9673: 8874: 8539: 8443: 8308: 7771: 7731: 5420: 5328: 5290: 5200: 5170: 5103: 4464: 4430: 4422: 4394: 4378: 3475: 3353: 3020: 2977: 2127:

It should be present in the case or object under consideration, the ‘subject-locus' (pakṣa)

1688: 248: 106: 13777:

The Book of Diamonds: Their Curious Lore, Properties, Tests and Synthetic Manufacture 1940

11261:"This Indian Genius Created Roads With Plastic Waste, Now Entire World Uses His Technique" 10698:"Test tube triumph & tragedy – Nobel for UK scientist stirs memory of a Bengal doctor" 8331: 6523: 4259:-stibamine (carbostibamide) in 1922 and determined that it was an effective treatment for 3996:) contained allies who brought low the bodes and gaits of their various striving enemies ( 1323: 8: 17097: 17067: 17044: 17012: 16843: 16780: 16643: 16633: 15632: 13484:

Intellectual Property Rights and the Life Science Industries: A Twentieth Century History

13247: 12975:"Rasa-Ratna-Samuccaya and Mineral Processing State-of-Art in the 13th Century A.D. India" 12670: 11958: 10926:

Emerson, D.T. (1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research".

10831:

Emerson, D.T. (1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research".

10181:. Indian Journal of History & Science,34(1), Digital Library of India. Archived from 8199: 8061: 7831:"This is Modi govt's plan for India's first National Maritime Museum in Gujarat's Lothal" 7195: 5499: 5363:

in 1963. He also developed the Ramachandran angles, which serve as a convenient tool for

5242: 5157:

residues for each subunit. The green regions show possible angle formations that include

5072: 5060: 5024: 4800: 4596: 4173: 4084: 3337: 3332: 2994:

system. It was developed in the Indian subcontinent between the 1st and 6th centuries CE.

1974: 1966: 1758: 1417: 1238: 1051: 772: 224: 151: 16962: 14726: 14015: 11902: 11744: 11587: 11418: 9876:, Progress in Computer Science and Applied Logic, vol. 22, Birkhäuser, p. 35, 9677: 8312: 7775: 7735: 7674:

International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings HMM Symposium

1568:) of India, accidentally consumed poison and died when she was close to delivering him. 1153:(980–1054 CE) introduced the Indian practice of printing on cloth prayer flags to Tibet. 1096:(Hindi language) of Indian origin was imported to the western world—notable England and 342:

variety of Indigo was domesticated in India. Indigo, used as a dye, made its way to the

16890: 16775: 16697: 16677: 16638: 16278: 16220: 15535: 15487: 15266: 15089: 14895: 14754: 14584: 14555: 14510: 14070: 14027: 13917: 13592: 13396: 13333: 13160: 13152: 13074: 12498: 11922: 11547: 11508: 11438: 11382: 11355: 11060:"India's home-grown microprocessor Shakti is now part of tech-giant Altair's offerings" 10786: 10610: 10593: 10424: 10377: 10005: 9746: 9714: 9663: 9401: 8485:"Technology of Iron and Steel in Kodumanal – An Ancient Industrial Centre in Tamilnadu" 8390: 8039: 7942: 7870: 7787: 7544: 7461: 7444: 7324: 5489: 5400: 5185: 5068: 4992: 4945: 4939: 4876: 4763: 4521: 4209: 4188: 4019: 3494: 3387: 3367: 3124: 3114: 3048: 2997:

Law of signs in multiplication – The earliest use of notation for negative numbers, as

2241: 1762: 1636: 1289: 1015: 1011: 983: 820: 260: 163: 79: 15362:

Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya

12156: 12062: 11885:

Saji, N. H.; Goswami, B. N.; Vinayachandran, P. N.; Yamagata, T. (23 September 1999).

9693:

Studies in Indian Mathematics and Astronomy: Selected Articles of Kripa Shankar Shukla

9560: 8555: 7743: 5803: 3117:, astronomical treatises of the 3rd or 4th century. Later, the 6th-century astronomer 2924:

The half-chord version of the sine function was developed by the Indian mathematician

356:– Jute has been cultivated in India since ancient times. Raw jute was exported to the 17062: 16985: 16707: 16692: 16042: 15581: 15566: 15551: 15507: 15431: 15416: 15394: 15380: 15365: 15350: 15332: 15316: 15301: 15283: 15270: 15174: 15159: 15145: 15141: 15126: 15105: 15061: 15046: 15027: 15019: 15004: 14996: 14986: 14971: 14956: 14902: 14882: 14867: 14843: 14828: 14810: 14792: 14759: 14715: 14701: 14686: 14656: 14641: 14627: 14588: 14471: 14456: 14441: 14426: 14402: 14387: 14372: 14357: 14337: 14321: 14299: 14281: 14266: 14252: 14233: 14218: 14203: 14180: 14165: 14146: 14123: 14108: 14093: 14043: 14031: 13986: 13956: 13937: 13883: 13868: 13849: 13834: 13816: 13801: 13787: 13765: 13746: 13732: 13717: 13702: 13687: 13669: 13653: 13638: 13623: 13608: 13554: 13539: 13524: 13487: 13463: 13448: 13434: 13419: 13348: 13313: 13286: 13271: 13217: 13194: 13179: 13164: 13110: 13096: 13040: 12970: 12956: 12936: 12918: 12903: 12888: 12873: 12855: 12835: 12816: 12801: 12786: 12758: 12755:

The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India

12743: 12728: 12710: 12693: 12678: 12660: 12645: 12630: 12486: 12476: 12153: 11914: 11756: 11713: 11442: 11430: 11387: 10939: 10844: 10778: 10650: 10615: 10574: 10537: 10527: 10491: 10487: 10347: 10320: 10277: 9944: 9911: 9877: 9791: 9757: 9718: 9704: 9486: 9409: 9155: 9024: 8893: 8825: 8772: 8730: 8599: 8578: 8297:"Zanzibar and Indian Ocean trade in the first millennium CE: the glass bead evidence" 8222: 8151: 8103: 7967: 7924: 7791: 7698: 7677: 7536: 7501: 7466: 7423: 7287: 7250: 7179: 7163: 7117: 6944: 6827: 6805: 6769: 6687: 6602: 6581: 6484: 6478: 6457: 6413: 6387: 6361: 6357: 6330: 6072: 5493: 5481: 5453: 5350: 5318: 5218: 5146: 5123: 5006: 4996: 4988: 4304: 4213: 3721:

Sarvatobhadra Palindrome: The most complex palindrome, an example of which is in the

3501:

time, Indian scholar Brahmagupta (598–668 CE) was able to find integral solutions to

3423: 3041: 2081: 2068: 2054: 1867: 1619:– Iron works were developed in India, around the same time as, but independently of, 1526: 1442: 1265: 1180: 1156: 1139:

a reason for carrying the 'heavenly' banner as a way of signyfying his commitment to

1118: 1073: 1065: 888: 757: 599:

identifies this as likely the earliest literary mention of a blindfold chess variant.

490: 228: 14559: 13921: 10790: 10009: 8751: 7648: 7548: 5958: 5647: 16611: 16200: 15604: 15527: 15479: 15455: 15258: 15228: 15194: 15185:

Sreekantan, B. V. (December 2005). "Homi Bhabha and Cosmic Ray research in India".

15081: 15042: 14936: 14932: 14749: 14741: 14609: 14576: 14545: 14500: 14062: 14019: 14002: 14000:

Juleff, G (1996). "An ancient wind powered iron smelting technology in Sri Lanka".

13907: 13588: 13584: 13512: 13388: 13305: 13251: 13209: 13144: 13093: 13066: 13028: 13024: 12367: 11926: 11906: 11748: 11422: 11377: 11367: 11317: 10931: 10836: 10768: 10642: 10605: 10566: 10416: 9995: 9696: 9478: 9443: 8855: 8551: 8417: 8382: 8355: 8326: 8316: 8073: 7862: 7779: 7762: 7760:

Juleff, G (1996). "An ancient wind powered iron smelting technology in Sri Lanka".

7739: 7528: 7493: 7456: 7371: 7316: 7228: 6165: 5428: 5296: 5166: 5078: 4995:, a Seshadri constant is an invariant of an ample line bundle L at a point P on an 4963: 4897: 4817: 4609: 4105: 3722: 3711: 3361: 3098: 3016: 2990:

place-value and a symbol for zero, this system was the ancestor of the widely used

2060: 2042: 1850: 1773: 1535: 1468: 1462: 1396: 1332: 1129: 1097: 924: 700: 244: 232: 111: 84: 16153: 14353:

The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies

12949: 11189:"Engineers develop new tunnelling method for Kashmir rail link project - ET Infra" 10984:"The Hindu Business Line : Microsoft lines up big plans for Hyderabad centre" 7445:"A History of Tonsillectomy: Two Millennia of Trauma, Haemorrhage and Controversy" 6283: 4133:

in sixth century CE also described gravity as an attractive force, using the term

2956:

system, to signify the 'absent', the Olmecs used a positional zero glyph in their

643:

ascribe the origins of the game of Chess to the Indians. The words for "chess" in

16820: 16584: 16572: 14669: 14455:. Statistics: A Series of Textbooks and Monographs. 162. Florida: CRC Press USA. 14411: 13429:

Davreu, Robert (1978). "Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley".

13411:

ed. Meri, Josef W. & Bacharach, Jere L, pp. 88–89. Taylor & Francis.

13360: 12704: 12567: 12296: 12272: 12232: 10966: 9785: 9728: 9700: 9482: 9251: 9018: 8766: 8698: 8127: 8097: 8077: 7805: 7140: 7108: 7006: 6974: 6970: 6511: 5440: 5343: 5286: 5246: 5199:

and its complementary variable. Ashtekar variables are the key building block of

5086: 5064: 5056: 4887:. Its application is considered to be wide and it can also power ships in future. 4361: 4308: 4156: 4118: 4080: 4000:), and in it the cries of the best of mounts contended with musical instruments ( 3695: 3675: 3597: 3318: 3004: 1973:

since the 5th millennium BCE to enable gauging devices to be effectively used in

1929: 1812: 1734: 1684: 1640: 1481: 1369: 1355: 1277: 1123: 1077: 1059: 867:

like weapon is employed.The first literary mention of vajra-musti comes from the

580: 268: 16952: 11989:"An electric motor from Bengaluru can break China's rare earth mineral hegemony" 11971:"Bounce ties up with deep-tech start-up Chara for local production of EV motors" 10456: 8859: 7377:

The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901–1951

4584:. It was likely a slow moving predator who killed its prey through constriction. 3670:

gives formal production rules and definitions to describe the formal grammar of

3144: 2920: 2225:

Arguably, it exists; arguably, it doesn't exist; arguably it is non-assertible (

1703:– The world's earliest enclosed dockyard was built in the Harappan port city of 16957: 16947: 16717: 16623: 16210: 14550: 14397:

Millar, Stuart (2004). "Using Technology: Handheld PC Bridges Digital Divide".

14309: 13120: 12371: 11812:"Indian scientists make breakthrough discovery of material that repairs itself" 11426: 11321: 10570: 10407:

B., E. (1960). "Review of The Contributions of Kerala to Sanskrit Literature".

9406:

The mathematics of the heavens and the earth: the early history of trigonometry

8954: 8873:

September 2017, Jessie Szalay-Live Science Contributor 18 (18 September 2017).

8274:"The Glass of Chibuene, Mozambique: New Insights into Early Indian Ocean Trade" 8148:

Ancient Metal Technology and Archaeology of South Asia. A Pan-Asian Perspective

6449: 5686: 5424: 5388: 5222: 5189: 5028: 5010: 5000: 4952: 4573: 4390: 4374: 4284: 4226:

I (1542–1605) invented the Hookah or water pipe used most commonly for smoking

4161: 4159:– A similar model was implicitly mentioned in the Hindu astronomical treatise 4142: 4031: 3659: 3655: 3643: 3574: 3461: 3159: 2991: 1883: 1864: 1694: 1676: 1590: 1558: 997: 946: 916: 824: 798: 684: 636: 610: 457: 439: 383: 343: 126: 15470:(1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology". 15459: 15262: 14580: 14534:"The logic of non-Western science: mathematical discoveries in medieval India" 11649: 11629: 10935: 10895:"15 Indian Inventions & Discoveries That Shaped the Modern World – Part 2" 10840: 10725: 9616: 8665: 8421: 8321: 8296: 7532: 7497: 6169: 5934:

American Chess Bulletin, vol. 13–15, Hartwig Cassell & Hermann Helms, eds.

5038:

Magical Indian Math discovery: Numbers 495 and 6174. The Indian mathematician

4875:

of Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation in collaboration with

4849:– Bharat Forge and the DRDO has developed world's first electric artillery gun 3148: 3052: 17181: 16785: 15624: 14529: 13933: 13089: 12865: 12769:

Bag, A. K. (2005). "Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu".

12490: 10674: 5457: 5368: 5364: 5212: 4919: 4913: 4856: 4852: 4559: 4542: 4480: 4408: 4280: 4270: 4201: 4109: 4039: 4027: 3417: 3344: 3286: 2973: 1860: 1730: 1656: 1632: 1517: 1484:

techniques and procedures for correcting, repairing and reconstructing ears,

1358:– The condition was named "hritshoola" in ancient India and was described by 1311: 1081: 1023: 973: 961: 876: 864: 854: 808: 737: 733: 719:, and Spain by the 10th century where it took its final modern form of chess. 632: 575: 565: 538: 435: 357: 14624:

The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook

13213: 10773: 10756: 10646: 9586: 8931: 5285:– This modelling of entropy using network theory is used in the analysis of 5250: 3667: 3585:

is credited with a precursor to the binary logarithm. Virasena's concept of

1891:

microscopically and visually identical to one of the ancient blade patterns.

16937: 16902: 16215: 15443: 14763: 14614: 14597: 14505: 14486: 14291: 14134: 13317: 11918: 11760: 11434: 11391: 10782: 10654: 10619: 10578: 8978:"Much ado about nothing: ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol" 8754:(Report). National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science. 8706: 8702: 8540:"Ancient blacksmiths, the Iron Age, Damascus steels, and modern metallurgy" 8219:

Proto-Historic Pottery of Indus Valley Civilization; Study of Painted Motif

8030:

Francis, Peter (1990). "Glass Beads in Asia Part Two. Indo-Pacific Beads".

7540: 7505: 7470: 7113: 5471: 5374: 4981: 4971: 4967: 4537: 4386: 4343: 4325: 4146: 4134: 4071:– Zinc was first smelted from zinc ore in India. Zinc mines of Zawar, near 4048: 4023: 3726: 3591: 3479: 3304: 3279: 3132: 3118: 3086: 2932: 2085: 2036: 2010: 2002: 1937: 1902: 1844: 1838: 1766: 1754: 1406: 1107: 1033: 901: 860: 850: 834: 830: 814: 712: 480: 347: 256: 13912: 13895: 12275:, Viyan Prasar, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. 10000: 9983: 9431: 4389:

languages, so they could use their existing knowledge and applications on

3434:(c. 1150), as an outgrowth of the earlier writings on Sanskrit prosody by 2133:

It should not be present in any ‘dissimilar case’ or heterologue (vipakṣa)

2115: 1687:

Vikramaditya (375–413 CE), corrosion-resistant iron was used to erect the

1233: 1198:

first appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as

908: 754:

in the world, having been played since as early as the fourth century BCE.

16579: 16567: 16547: 15217:"Wootz Crucible Steel: A Newly Discovered Production Site in South India" 14952: 13472: 13283:

The Olympics Factbook: A Spectator's Guide to the Winter and Summer Games

12655:

Alter, J. S. in "Kabaddi, a national sport of India". Dyck, Noel (2000).

11752: 11235: 10894: 9897: 8811:, University of Hawai'i Press Volume 68, Number 3, July 2018 pp. 984–1006 8359: 8177:., ed. V. C. Pigott. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Museum. 7913: 6933: 6816: 6794: 5984: 5673: 5645: 5507: 5485: 5449: 5196: 5142: 4804:

winds. It was discovered in Centre for Atmospheric And Oceanic Sciences,

4732: 4592: 4511:

hence saving huge amount of capital for development of reservoir or dams.

4453:

definitions, for FinFET implementations of the ISA, have been created at

4412: 4205: 4150: 4130: 4064: 3431: 3300: 3290: 3012: 2969: 2953: 2064: 1978: 1871: 1856: 1781: 1725:– The draw bar was applied to sugar-milling, with evidence of its use at 1716: 1710: 1598: 1505: 1485: 1222: 1218: 1195: 980:

find written mention between the 3rd century BCE and the 11th century CE.

958:

would loosen the texture of the fibre by the means of a vibrating string.

793: 768: 644: 614: 15548:

Blessings on the Wind: The Mystery & Meaning of Tibetan Prayer Flags

14314:

Grinding Technology: Theory and Applications of Machining with Abrasives

13233:"History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence" 12003:"Can ATAGS Give India's Military a Much-needed Boost? The Answer is Yes" 11037: 10381: 8794:"Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's encounter with early Buddhism in central Asia", 8394: 8043: 7946: 7010: 6986: 1241: 537:– There is early evidence of using cheques/checks. In India, during the 16770: 16660: 16552: 16531: 15539: 15491: 15198: 14745: 14200:

A History of Sino-Indian Relations: 1st Century A.D. to 7th Century A.D

14074: 13952: 13596: 13156: 13078: 12390:(November 2004), Science Popularisation and Public Outreach Committee, 11670:"Innovative logistics: Stacking small containers for optimised loading" 11203:"Engineers develop new tunnelling method for Kashmir rail link project" 7874: 5560: 5475: 5154: 5150: 5138: 4907: 4500: 4454: 4338:– The first public demonstration of microwave transmission was made by 4068: 3710:

or what can be done with them in whatever context—only their form. The

3444:– Madhava's correction term is a mathematical expression attributed to 3308: 3175: 3061: 2998: 2972:

system. The Chinese used a blank, in the written form of their decimal

2949: 2925: 2101: 2097: 2093: 1990: 1946: 1894: 1816: 1805: 1751:

and were widely disperced from China in the east to Greece in the west.

1293: 1191: 1069: 1055: 1047: 1044: 1029: 1019: 802: 751: 663: 624: 557: 496: 472: 395: 379: 15448:

Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

15093: 14514: 13536:

Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function

13500:

History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence

13400: 11372: 10428: 10273:

Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them

7328: 5098: 4782:

Bipyrazole Organic Crystals, the piezoelectric molecules developed by

2088:

applications and has been made ample use of by the Indian philosopher

574:– The game may have originally developed among expatriate officers in 16618: 16500: 15655: 14038:

Kamarustafa, Ahmet T. (1992). "Part 1 No. 1: Islamic Cartography 1".

14023: 12161: 9668: 9447: 8843: 8386: 7939:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

7783: 5777: 5310: 5161:, while the blue areas are for formations that don't include Glycine. 5131: 4955: 4545:

within the asphalt as an aggregate. Plastic roads first developed by

4493: 4486: 4353: 4328:

or microwave horn, One of the first horn antennas was constructed by

4260: 4076: 3707: 3483: 3427: 3110: 3008: 2957: 2140: 2089: 2050: 1994: 1986: 1945:

A total of 558 weights were excavated from Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and

1830: 1826: 1744: 1540: 1458: 1446: 1348: 1344: 1297: 1199: 1160: 1087: 936: 788: 784: 692: 683:

from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of

680: 618: 571: 520:) and about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Pataliputra (now 461: 303: 15531: 15483: 14598:"The 'Error' in the Indian 'aylor Series Approximation' to the Sine" 14248: 14066: 13309: 13148: 13070: 12627:

Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History

12077:"AC Helmet: What is it and how is it different from a riding helmet" 12048: 9265: 9263: 8768:

Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia

7866: 6963:

From Milo to Milo: A History of Barbells, Dumbells, and Indian Clubs

5206:

Bhatnagar-Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance: Invented jointly by

1820: 16880: 16606: 16596: 15233: 15216: 15085: 14901:. Translated by Godin, G. (reprint ed.). New York, NY: Dover. 14712:

Mathematics Across Cultures: The History of Non-western Mathematics

13392: 12870:

The Trail of Time : Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia

12831: 11886: 10420: 10343:

Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy

7835: 7320: 6026:

Jones, William (1807). "On the Indian Game of Chess". pages 323–333

5321:. In 1904 Bose patented the use of Galena Detector which he called 4434: 4184: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4035: 3671: 3582: 3412: 3076: 2965: 1733:

by 1540, but possibly dating back several centuries earlier to the

1722: 1700: 1664: 1624: 1620: 1569: 1530: 1489: 1439: 1365: 1359: 1328: 1310:– Yoga as a physical, mental, and spiritual practice originated in 1285: 1281: 1261: 1184: 1172: 1111: 1101: 892: 872: 696: 688: 668: 657: 501: 447: 402: 321:

List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation

136: 15072:

Singh, A. N. (1936). "On the Use of Series in Hindu Mathematics".

15039:

Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History

14821:

Stronger Than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel

13928:

Iwata, Shigeo (2008), "Weights and Measures in the Indus Valley",

13131:

Broadbent, T. A. A.; Kline, M. (October 1968). "Reviewed work(s):

13087:

Mathematics by Experiment: Plausible Reasoning in the 21st Century

11910: 4635:

Carbon nitride solar reactor – In September 2021, A team from the

3324:

Discovered by the Indian mathematician, Brahmagupta (598–668 CE):

3113:

in the late 5th century, but were likely developed earlier in the

2031:

was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as

2005:. The weights and measures of the Indus civilisation also reached 1765:

which uses glass blowing to make cavity before being subjected to

1114: 17005: 17000: 15156:

The Pen and Ink Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist

13779: 13764:, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 616 pages, pp. 360–375, 360–375, 11884: 11654: 11634: 11352: 10736:. Educational Multimedia Research Centre, Kolkata. 23 August 2013 10732: 9260: 8204:

Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their history, Construction, and Use

7937:

MacKay, Ernest (1925). "Sumerian Connexions with Ancient India".

6383:

Illustrated History of Ancient Literature, Oriental and Classical

5338: 5266: 5158: 5134: 4880: 4622: 4615:

Mynvax – The world's first "warm" COVID-19 vaccine, developed by

4581: 4450: 4298: 4227: 4126: 4072: 3487: 3435: 3357: 3296: 3128: 2987: 2961: 2130:

It should be present in a ‘similar case’ or a homologue (sapakṣa)

2119: 1998: 1954: 1906: 1834: 1793: 1748: 1582: 1565: 1391: 1301: 1228: 977: 942: 928: 843: 776: 761: 747: 722: 708: 704: 587:

includes a variant of ashtapada game played on imaginary boards.

505: 476: 423: 369: 14040:

Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies

13379:

Dales, George (1974). "Excavations at Balakot, Pakistan, 1973".

13049: 11683: 11038:"Interview: Scala Learning Environment on the NetBeans Platform" 11015: 9787:

Pascal's Arithmetical Triangle: The Story of a Mathematical Idea

6766:

Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America

5188:– In theoretical physics, Ashtekar (new) variables, named after 4283:– Cholera toxin was discovered in 1959 by Indian microbiologist 3460:) than the partial sum approximation obtained by truncating the 3216:. They used the improved series to derive a rational expression, 837:

game, made of painted rags, invented in Ancient India. The term

16557: 13682:

Ghosh, S.; Massey, Reginald; and Banerjee, Utpal Kumar (2006).

13513:

The Work of Jagdish Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research

13250:/ National College of Chest Physicians: 243–244. Archived from 12283: 12281: 7393:

Upendra Nath Brahmachari: A Pioneer of Modern Medicine in India

6456:. Vol. V:1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–132. 6210:"The Evolution of Kho Kho Mats in India: A Historical Overview" 5944:

History of Physical Education, p.209, SR Tiwari, APH Publishing

5302: 4458: 4440: 4312: 4219: 3171: 3067: 2046: 2024: 2006: 1982: 1933: 1801: 1797: 1704: 1680: 1672: 1648: 1628: 1168: 1164: 1150: 1141: 1135: 1003: 989: 741: 716: 648: 602: 561: 534: 517: 465: 427: 412: 365: 335: 15116:

The So-called Fibonacci numbers in ancient and medieval India.

12455:

International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences

11840:"This Material Can Convert Infrared Light to Renewable Energy" 9154:(2000). (Volume 1: Adb Allah ibn al Abbas – Cypress). p. 200. 8294: 2096:

school. The tetralemma also features prominently in the Greek

16601: 16562: 15408:. Andhra Pradesh: The Institute of Ancient Studies Hyderabad. 15347:

The Mahalanobis-taguchi Strategy: A Pattern Technology System

13281:

Connors, Martin; Dupuis, Diane L. & Morgan, Brad (1992).

13050:

Boos, Dennis D.; Oliver, Jacqueline M. Hughes (August 1998).

12690:

Introducing Social Change: A Manual for Community Development

11650:"Trials to reduce per-unit logistics cost by Indian Railways" 10366: 7040: 5416: 5415:: Satyendra Nath Bose's research led to the discovery of the 5412: 5193: 4468: 4335: 4223: 4113: 3698:. The rules describe how to form strings from the language's 3140: 3131:

for inverse interpolation of the sine was first described by

2104:, the teachings of which are based on Buddhism. According to 2028: 1958: 1898: 1875: 1726: 1660: 1652: 1644: 1452: 1146: 986:(Spinning wheel): invented in India, between 500 and 1000 CE. 932: 628: 606: 521: 513: 509: 453: 375: 350:

via various trade routes, and was valued as a luxury product.

14053:

Katz, V. J. (1995). "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India".

13880:

A Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to Computers

13800:(Illustrated edition). England: Cambridge University Press. 13328:, World Archaeology, vol. 15, no. 2, Industrial Archaeology. 12887:(originally published in 1945). Courier Dover Publications. 12520:"MIP detected water on Moon way back in June: ISRO Chairman" 12278: 12095:"CBDC-R users to hit 50,000 by Jan-end on better acceptance" 11942:"IIT Madras registers initial success with iron ion battery" 11868:"IISER Bhopal breakthrough to produce high-intensity lasers" 8930:. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from 8272:

Wood, Marilee; Dussubieux, Laure; Robertshaw, Peter (2012).

5474:(6 October 1893 – 16 February 1956) in 1920, conceptualises 4269:– n 1922, Brahmachari also discovered a new, deadly form of 3321:

in 14th century India, and has been rediscovered frequently.

2216:

Arguably, it doesn't exist; arguably, it is non-assertible (

1076:

handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in either the late

317:

History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent

13979:

The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics

12151: 9851:

The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics

9820: 7953: 7029:), "to smear, knead the muscles, massage the head and hair" 5461: 5127: 5118: 4884: 4811: 4508: 4256: 4248: 3604:. The latter algorithm is a procedure for finding integers 3578: 3167: 3024:

continued to write mathematics in full and without symbols.

2155:, the seven predicate theory may be summarized as follows: 1631:, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in present-day 1434:(19 December 1873 – 6 February 1946) was nominated for the 1307: 1176: 780: 640: 361: 353: 15618: 14120:

Ebb and Flow: Tides and Life on Our Once and Future Planet

12644:(Illustrated edition). Indiana: Indiana University Press. 12453:

Shadab,K. A. (2020). "PERIODICITY IN NUCLEAR PROPERTIES".

11616:"Technology Helps Indian Factory Convert Carbon Emissions" 10594:"A New Form of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis—Dermal Leishmanoid" 8568:

Ian Strangeways, A History of rain gauges, TerraData, 2010

5824: 5331:– Introduced in 1936 by the Indian (Bengali) statistician 4629: 1022:, the use of cotton textiles had spread from India to the 976:. The woolen shawls made from wool in Indian administered 847:, or playing cards, is first recorded in the 16th century. 407: 15500:

A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement

15001:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics

14468:

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History

13743:

Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya

13295: 11141: 9382: 8482: 5778:"History | District Nalanda, Government of Bihar | India" 4903: 4814: 4625:

vaccine – The world's first DNA-based vaccine for humans.

1969:– Technical standards were being applied and used in the 1833:

have been recorded at Indus Valley Civilization sites of

1668: 1610: 1521: 1121:, whose prayers were written on battle flags used by the 904:. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old." 857:

around the 1860s or 1870s, who brought it back with them.

15331:(2 ed.). Berlin and New York: Springer, 568 pages. 13714:

Toward a Global Science: Mining Civilizational Knowledge

13230: 12725:

Dictionary of toys and games in American popular culture

10928:

1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest

10833:

1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest

9748:

Toward a Global Science: Mining Civilizational Knowledge

9535: 8820:

Ganeri, Jonardon & Tiwari, Heeraman (eds.), (1988).

8436:"WOOTZ STEEL: AN ADVANCED MATERIAL OF THE ANCIENT WORLD" 8271: 7221:

The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences

4429:(IDE) for computer programming and learning. Kojo is an 468:, a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics. 14945:

Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching

14042:. Vol. 2 Book 1. New York: Oxford University Press US. 13575:

Fowler, David (1996). "Binomial Coefficient Function".

12223:

Kosambi, D. D. (1943), "Statistics in Function Space",

11075:"India goes RISC-V with VEGA processors – CNX Software" 8824:. Albany, NY, USA: State University of New York Press. 8099:

Ancient Indian Mining, Metallurgy, and Metal Industries

7806:"Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal" 7399: 5721: 5719: 5672:. The book is downloadable from links at the Knowledge 4749:

utilises a laser source for measuring refractive index.

4637:

Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali

1919:

ca. 2600–1900 BC for testing the purity of soft metals.

15208:

Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World

14842:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 14727:"In Memoriam: Professor G.N. Ramachandran (1922–2001)" 14521:

Piercey, W. Douglas & Scarborough, Harold (2008).

13521:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements

12688:

Arensberg, Conrad M. & Niehoff, Arthur H. (1971).

12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12123:"IOC: Facility for blended fuel to come up in Chennai" 11959:

https://ipc.iisc.ac.in/includes/kcpbook/SCS-Part-I.pdf

11684:"Jagadis Bose Research on Measurement of Plant Growth" 10388: 9610:"Math for Poets and Drummers-The Mathematics of Meter" 9499: 8844:"Jaina Logic and the Philosophical Basis of Pluralism" 7966:(in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. p. 355. 7963:

Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan

7717:"On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar" 7162:

Khushwant Singh, Hymns of Guru Nanak, Orient Longman,

5470:– The Saha equation, derived by the Bengali scientist 4595:

region of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. The dinosaur is named

4368: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2161: 1509: 1493: 1466: 1183:. Tanning was being carried out by the inhabitants of 14881:. International Association of Hydrological Science. 13460:

Grammatical Picture Generation: A Tree-based Approach

13109:. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer-Verlag. 12133: 11588:"New Technological Developments in Electric Traction" 11100:"FTP Is Almost 50 Years Old—and It's Ready to Retire" 10515:. Los Angeles: University of California. p. 215. 8538:

Sherby, Oleg D.; Wadsworth, Jeffrey (November 2001).

8246:. Madison, WI, USA: Prehistory Press. pp. 37–44. 7602:(Vol. 1). Edited by Amalananda Ghosh (1990). page 336 7205: 7085:, Sanskrit Lexicon, Monier-Williams Dictionary (1872) 7063:"Paleobotanical and pollen analytical investigations" 6686:. Vol. 4. John Wiley & Sons. pp. viii. 5289:

and is named after Sibasish Ghosh and his teammates,

3511: 3390: 3370: 3257: 3222: 3184: 3044:– The Chakravala method, a cyclic algorithm to solve 2207:

Arguably, it exists; arguably, it is non-assertible (

1691:, which has withstood corrosion for over 1,600 years. 15600:

Ancient India's Inventions In Science And Technology

14492:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

14276:

Lock, Stephen; Last, John M.; Dunea, George (2001).

13331: 13240:

Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences

13191:

India Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture

12935:. London. (Republished version by Forgotten Books). 10475: 9854:(3rd ed.), Princeton University Press, p. 8726:

Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology

8722: 7387: 7385: 7365: 7249:. London, New York, Delhi: Oxford University Press. 6927: 6576:

Hesse, Rayner W. & Hesse, Rayner W. Jr. (2007).

5746: 5716: 3271:. Madhava of Sangamagrama and his successors at the 3055:, (c. 1114 – 1185 CE) although some attribute it to 736:– One of the world's oldest form of martial arts is 16183: 15518:Wilkinson, Charles K (1943). "Chessmen and Chess". 15058:

Laser Applications in Material Science and Industry

13343:Crandall, Richard E. & Pomerance, Carl (2005). 13246:. Delhi, India: Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, 13085:Borwein, Jonathan M. & Bailey, David H. (2004) 12947:Berndt, Bruce C.; Rankin, Robert Alexander (2001). 12854:. Third revised edition. New Delhi: Rupa & co. 12252: 11630:"RDSO triple stack container trials on WDFC_DFCCIL" 10150: 8629: 8627: 7214:"Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence" 7152:

Tamil Nadu Agricultural university – Albizzia amara

6683:

Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production

4999:.The name is in honour of the Indian mathematician 4139:

in which heavier objects attract towards the earth.

3718:

of programming languages, applies similar concepts.

2063:- The first true rocket artillery was developed by 1743:– are a type of ancient decorative beads made from 386:, with different species originating in India, and 14894: 14653:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective 14090:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture 14081:Kearns, Susannah C.J. & Nash, June E. (2008). 13334:On the Implementation of AKS-Class Primality Tests 13127:(Mathematical Association of America) 33 (1): 2–13 12948: 12692:(second edition). New Jersey: Aldine Transaction. 12642:The Patterns of War Through the Eighteenth Century 12147: 12145: 10256:A History Of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, Vol 1 9745: 9198: 9196: 9194: 8925: 6832: 6572: 6570: 4891: 4572:In 2024, one of the longest snakes to ever exist, 3552: 3396: 3376: 3263: 3236: 3196: 1006:– Cotton was cultivated by the inhabitants of the 900:earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in the 882: 771:– It is a traditional sport, originating from the 15563:Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials 15249:Staal, Frits (1999). "Greek and Vedic Geometry". 13505:National Informatics Centre (Government of India) 11072: 11035: 9309: 9307: 8663: 8598:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 264. 8206:. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 8055: 8053: 7382: 7109:History of Indian Science, Technology and Culture 6924:, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press. 6849: 6847: 6476: 5758: 4670:alloy – A special lightweight alloy developed by 4319: 3638:– Preliminary concept of differentiation and the 2189:Arguably, it exists; arguably, it doesn't exist ( 1815:– Considered one of the most remarkable feats in 17179: 14856:The Encyclopedia of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery 14160:Kriger, Colleen E. & Connah, Graham (2006). 13497:Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). 13332:Crandall, R.; Papadopoulos, J. (18 March 2003). 12900:Strings, Hands, Shadows: A Modern Puppet History 12785:. Delhi: Indian Institute of Advanced Studies . 12357: 12204:Raju, C.K. (2009), "Kosambi the Mathematician", 12031:"'India developing E-bomb to paralyze networks'" 10481: 10454: 8624: 8375:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 8372: 8006:"Indians made glass blown beads 2,500 years ago" 7852: 6438:, Routledge, Warne, & Routledge, p. 184 4745:– Invented by M.V.R.K. Murty, a type of Lateral 4494:Construction, civil engineering and architecture 4399:Microsoft India Development Center at HITEC City 4149:and Bhadrabahu, and the 10th-century astronomer 2228:syad asty eva syan nasty eva syad avaktavyam eva 1492:knowledge and plastic surgery techniques of the 1465:and is described in the medical compendium, the 1187:in Ancient India between 7000 and 3300 BCE. 613:. It became very popular among the masses after 403:Construction, civil engineering and architecture 15345:Taguchi, Genichi & Jugulum, Rajesh (2002). 14399:World in Motion: Future, Science and Technology 14336:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Sky Publishing. 13414:Dauxois, Thierry & Peyrard, Michel (2006). 12955:. Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. 12142: 11497:"Bhel develops device to reduce T&D losses" 11288:"Could plastic roads make for a smoother ride?" 11157:"Paving new paths for sustainable construction" 11073:Aufranc (CNXSoft), Jean-Luc (4 February 2022). 10632: 10519: 10173: 9790:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 201. 9783: 9743: 9511: 9472: 9191: 8537: 8259:Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization 7714: 7619: 7617: 7097:, Spoken Sanskrit, University of Koeln, Germany 6567: 6260:(in Bengali). 19 September 2012. Archived from 5646:Kenneth F.Kiple & Kriemhild Conee Ornelas. 5149:ID 1AXC). Points that lie on the axes indicate 4503:will turn abandoned mines or de-coaled mine to 3682:(when the context is not given, often called a 3404:short notes; this is equivalent to finding the 3065:treatise to be known as the Chakravala method, 1917:Harappa period of the Indus Valley civilization 277:science and technology in the Republic of India 15654: 15561:Wisseman, S. U. & Williams, W. S. (1994). 15282:. Vol. 1. Montana: Kessinger Publishing. 15003:. California: University of California Press. 14968:Microcontroller Programming: The Microchip PIC 14384:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 14263:Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India 13825:Hooper, David Vincent; Whyld, Kenneth (1992). 13811:Hoiberg, Dale & Ramchandani, Indu (2000). 13650:Global Regionalization: Core Peripheral Trends 13409:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 13130: 12517: 12139:Crandall & Pomerance (2005), pages 200–201 10504: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10019: 9304: 9237: 9063: 9061: 8952: 8872: 8617: 8615: 8180: 8050: 7211: 6864: 6862: 6844: 6578:Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia 6113: 6111: 6109: 5709: 5707: 4980:. Commenting on the impact of this discovery, 4038:served as an important centre for diamonds in 1841:, they were used for making stoneware bangles. 16516: 16458:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 16169: 15640: 15578:Ancient Transportation: From Camels to Canals 15377:Gemstones: Properties, Identification and Use 14862:Robinson, Dindy & Estes, Rebecca (1996). 14371:. Illustrated edition. California: ABC-CLIO. 14243:Linde, Antonius van der (1981) (in German). 14107:. (Illustrated edition). New York: Springer. 13433:. (second edition). Sydney: Reader's Digest. 13176:Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations 13014: 12415: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12307: 12305: 11533: 11494: 9558: 9400: 8752:Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. 8692:Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. 8666:"Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3" 8641: 8639: 8345: 7919:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7555: 6939:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 6903: 6901: 6822:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 6800:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 6599:An encyclopaedia of the history of technology 6550:"The Ancient Vale Tudo of India: Vajramushti" 6322: 6182: 6022: 6020: 5252:Planck's Law and the Light Quantum Hypothesis 3649: 1438:in 1929 for his discovery of 'ureastibamine ( 372:became a centre for jute processing in India. 200: 16443:National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research 15576:Woods, Michael & Woods, Mary B. (2000). 15277: 14724: 14698:Arts of Transitional India Twentieth Century 14331: 14278:The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine 14261:Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002). 13699:The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference 13605:The New Physics for the Twenty-first Century 12946: 12742:. Massachusetts: Brill Academic Publishers. 12538:"Did India beat NASA to find water on moon?" 12452: 12446: 11887:"A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean" 11730: 10340:Kelley, David H.; Milone, Eugene F. (2011). 10339: 10205: 10203: 10052: 9173: 9023:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 61. 8562: 8256: 8198: 8175:The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World 8121: 8119: 8091: 8089: 8087: 7614: 7605: 7436: 6973:. Accessed in September 2008. Hosted on the 6768:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, 6708: 6706: 6679: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6412:, Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, p. 1786, 6155: 6099: 6097: 5261:. The paper introduced what is today called 4527:Rib & spine/Spine & Wing technique, 3204:to obtain an infinite series expression for 2936:Brahmagupta's theorem (598–668) states that 2171:Arguably, it (that is, some object) exists ( 1788:" that dates back nearly 5,000 years to the 1430:– The Indian (Bengali) medical practitioner 1402:The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine 801:. It has been thought to be the ancestor of 271:were among the branches of study pursued by 14622:Ploker, Kim (2007) "Mathematics in India". 14440:. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 13798:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation 13231:Dwivedi, Girish; Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). 13123:(2002), "Was Calculus Invented in India?", 12348:Dauxois & Peyrard (2006), pages 297–298 12342: 12170: 11773: 10754: 10591: 10230:"Sidereal, tropical, and anomalistic years" 10016: 9896: 9869: 9408:. Princeton University Press. p. 329. 9346: 9337: 9291:J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson (2000). 9182: 9058: 9016: 8612: 8458: 8301:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 8169: 8167: 8141: 8139: 7666: 7631: 7629: 7212:Dwivedi, Girish; Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). 7016: 6992: 6859: 6306: 6304: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6158:Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights 6124: 6119:Chess: Ancient precursors and related games 6106: 5704: 4092: 5th – 13th century CE 3702:that are valid according to the language's 1480:). The book discussed otoplastic and other 1247: 1091: 17203:India science and technology-related lists 16523: 16509: 16176: 16162: 15647: 15633: 15214: 15184: 14369:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 14213:Lade, Arnie & Svoboda, Robert (2000). 14092:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 13407:Daryaee, Touraj (2006) in "Backgammon" in 13345:Prime Numbers: A Computational Perspective 13268:The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course 12915:Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs 12677:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publication. 12611:Vishveshwara, C.V., Nature, 1970, 227, 936 12328: 12314: 12302: 12225:Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society 12176:Crandall & Papadopoulos (2003), page 2 10865:"Famous Scientists – Jagdish Chandra Bose" 10670:"India reveals deep-frozen test-tube baby" 10510: 10252: 10103: 10034: 9937:The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course 9811: 9723:. Revised by K. S. Shukla from a paper in 9690: 9520: 9243:J. J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson (1996). 9146: 9144: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9085: 8716: 8636: 8544:Journal of Materials Processing Technology 8483:Sasisekaran, B; Raghunatha Rao, B (1999). 8467: 8194: 8192: 7755: 7753: 7643: 7641: 7576: 7564: 7358: 7356: 7038: 6898: 6751:The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 6379: 6318: 6316: 6183:Radhakrishnan, S. Anil (10 January 2021). 6142: 6140: 6017: 6008: 5999: 5770: 5695: 5526:History of science and technology in India 5395:in 1954. This was a key ingredient of the 5228:Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A 4524:, is the world's first blast proof bridge. 4178:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics 4116:cosmological time cycles explained in the 3468:. The Madhava-Leibniz infinite series for 3450:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics 3411:Jain texts define five different types of 3273:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics 3137:Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics 1062:in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries. 1000:word चित्र् (chitr), which means an image. 750:– This is one of the oldest variations of 207: 193: 15580:. Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books. 15517: 15326: 15232: 15210:. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Science. 15158:. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. 15026:. New York: Oxford University Press USA. 14753: 14613: 14549: 14504: 14356:. New York: Allworth Communications Inc. 14245:Geschichte und Literatur des Schachspiels 13911: 13701:. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. 13133:The History of Ancient Indian Mathematics 12397: 12179: 11404: 11381: 11371: 10803: 10772: 10667: 10635:The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 10609: 10556: 10525: 10435: 10212: 10200: 10096: 10094: 10061: 10043: 9999: 9826: 9667: 9655: 9429: 9388: 9355: 9223: 9214: 9051: 9049: 9047: 8749: 8330: 8320: 8216: 8116: 8084: 7460: 7335: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6891: 6889: 6879: 6877: 6703: 6680:Smith, C. Wayne; Cothren, J. Tom (1999). 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6612: 6185:"Kalaripayattu academy braces for action" 6094: 6038: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5355:Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran 5071:– Discovered by the Indian mathematician 4776: 3315:Systematic generation of all permutations 2245: 1757:– Rudimentary form of glass blowing from 1627:. Archaeological sites in India, such as 1410:(1500–1200 BCE), written before the 1159:– Ancient civilizations used leather for 964:– The fibre cashmere fibre also known as 740:that developed in the southwest state of 378:– Sugarcane was originally from tropical 221:list of Indian inventions and discoveries 15605:Essays on Indian Science and Technology. 15221:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 14879:The Basis of Civilization—water Science? 14840:Einstein 1905: The Standard of Greatness 14626:New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 14296:An Introduction To Cultural Anthropology 13893: 13861:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history 13684:Indian Puppets: Past, Present and Future 13635:The life and work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose 13011:. Los Angeles: University of California. 12383: 12381: 12216: 11234:Deloney, Matthew L. (30 December 2021). 10919: 10824: 10448: 10409:Journal of the American Oriental Society 10269: 10155:. Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel 10084: 10082: 9981: 9903:The Art of Computer Programming Volume 2 9777: 9737: 9661: 9364: 9316: 9205: 9164: 9076:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2007). 8911:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8765:Beckwith, Christopher I. (9 June 2015). 8764: 8723:A. Bowdoin Van Riper (29 October 2007). 8648: 8242:Blackman, M. James; et al. (1992). 8241: 8164: 8150:. New Delhi: Aryan Books International. 8136: 8125: 8095: 7907: 7626: 7422:(3 ed.). Penguin. pp. 63–100. 7417: 7309:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7281: 7263: 6779: 6742:Wisseman & Williams (1994), page 127 6470: 6431: 6425: 6349: 6301: 6228: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5506:discovered the maximum mass of a stable 5439: 5344:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 5167:Ammonium nitrite, synthesis in pure form 5117: 5097: 4838: 4722: 4576:, was discovered by scientists from the 4553: 4087:which dates back to the Tantric period ( 3486:, commenting on an obscure reference by 3448:(c. 1340 – c. 1425), the founder of the 3430:(c. 700 CE), Gopāla (c. 1135), and 2931: 2919: 1322: 907: 564:in close relation to the martial art of 418: 406: 15520:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 15430:. England: Cambridge University Press. 15428:Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin 14897:Sundials: History, theory, and practice 14853: 14666: 14595: 14566: 14528: 13607:. England: Cambridge University Press. 13516:. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. 13418:. England: Cambridge University Press. 13358: 12872:. England: Cambridge University Press. 12412:Taguchi & Jugulum (2002), pages 6–7 12222: 11495:Correspondent, Our (21 November 2002). 11356:"Petrus Jansen van Vuren, et al (2022)" 11233: 10925: 10830: 10070: 9330: 9328: 9298:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 9256:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 9141: 9110: 9082: 9010: 8988: 8926:Nils-Bertil Wallin (19 November 2002). 8835: 8743: 8593: 8523:. India. 8 October 2010. Archived from 8492:Indian Journal of History & Science 8407: 8261:. Oxford University Press. p. 260. 8189: 8145: 8029: 7750: 7638: 7592: 7442: 7405: 7362:Lock; Last & Dunea (2001), page 836 7353: 7350:Lock; Last & Dunea (2001), page 420 6910: 6547: 6480:Roll the bones: the history of gambling 6448: 6353:Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society 6313: 6137: 6087: 6085: 6029: 5830: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5641: 5639: 5367:, representation, and various kinds of 4630:Metallurgy, manufacturing, and industry 3426:– This sequence was first described by 3360:included an enumeration problem in the 3155:Bhāskara I's sine approximation formula 2075: 1829:– Earliest stonewares, predecessors of 1749:Harappans during the 3rd millennium BCE 1133:. The legend may have given the Indian 1050:– The worm drive later appeared in the 17180: 16530: 14866:. New Hampshire: Libraries Unlimited. 14481: 14401:. Denmark: Systime. pp. 167–169. 14139:Generating All Tuples and Permutations 14105:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology 13999: 13976: 13666:An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology 13574: 13347:(second edition). New York: Springer. 13204:Chopra, Ananda S. (2003). "Āyurveda". 13203: 13107:Elements of the History of Mathematics 12969: 12757:. State University of New York Press. 12706:Nalanda: Situating the Great Monastery 12675:Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India 12392:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 12188: 11939: 11036:Geertjan Wielenga (19 February 2010). 10394: 10091: 9847: 9832: 9575: 9454: 9070: 9044: 8975: 8841: 7959: 7936: 7848: 7846: 7759: 7512: 7306: 7269: 7100: 7024: 7000: 6949: 6886: 6874: 6660: 6631: 6405: 6065: 6047: 5907: 5844:"Reserve Bank of India – Publications" 5602: 5460:in 2009, confirmed and established by 5241:– On 4 June 1924 the Indian physicist 3208:. Their rational approximation of the 1888:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1611:Metallurgy, gems and other commodities 1374:complementary and alternative medicine 1341:Royal Australasian College of Surgeons 1255: 528: 524:) and operated from 427 until 1197 CE. 16504: 16157: 15628: 15466: 15441: 15248: 15205:Srinivasan, S. & Ranganathan, S. 15104:. Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. 15071: 14864:World Cultures Through Art Activities 14453:Probability and Statistical Inference 14189: 14179:. Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. 14133: 13716:. Indiana: Indiana University Press. 13663: 13378: 13361:"Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri (1923–2005)" 12702: 12378: 12299:. Vigyan Prasar: Government of India. 12197: 12152: 11774:Karthikeyan, Suchitra (22 May 2023). 11542:– via HT Correspondent, Bhopal. 11311: 10455:Razpush, Shahnaz (15 December 2000). 10259:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 293, 294. 10079: 9930: 9601: 9505: 9373: 8672:from the original on 13 December 2021 8278:South African Archaeological Bulletin 7887: 7589:Woods & Woods (2000), pages 52–53 7521:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 7518: 7486:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 7483: 7070:Indian Archaeology a Review 1993–1994 7060: 6788: 6718: 6056: 5910:"Poona: Where Badminton Was Invented" 5856: 5764: 5752: 5616: 5583: 5303:Galena, applied use in electronics of 5085:invented by the Indian mathematician 4960:Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 3478:– Described in the 6th century CE by 3248:correct up to eleven decimal places, 1915:– The touchstone was used during the 1436:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1296:, the founding prophet and the first 974:the handmade shawls of Kashmir, India 695:traders and others carried it to the 489: 16484: 14892: 14683:Prehistory and Harappan Civilization 14636:Ponomarev, Leonid Ivanovich (1993). 14334:Sundials: Their construction and use 14332:Mayall, R.N.; Mayall, M.W. (1994) . 14052: 13652:. England: Edward Elgar Publishing. 13538:. England: Oxford University Press. 13523:. England: Oxford University Press. 12982:Indian Journal of History of Science 12771:Indian Journal of History of Science 12568:"Chandrayaan-1 | Indian space probe" 12518:Staff Reporter (25 September 2009). 12360:Materials Science and Engineering: A 12203: 11714:"Definition of Murty interferometer" 11534:Correspondent, HT (7 October 2006). 11079:CNX Software – Embedded Systems News 10973:, 29 July 2002 – invalid link ! 10960:Microsoft's VJ#.Net is made in India 10532:. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 10296: 10270:Pickover, Clifford (16 April 2008). 10176:"Smelting furnaces in Ancient India" 9752:. Indiana University Press. p. 9725:Indian Journal of History of Science 9607: 9463:Indian Journal of History of Science 9325: 8976:Devlin, Hannah (13 September 2017). 8476: 8059: 8003: 7798: 7687: 7396:. Vigyan Prasar: Government of India 7244: 6477:David G. Schwartz (5 October 2006). 6082: 5859:"Galah Panjang and its Indian roots" 5728: 5636: 5613:Kriger & Connah (2006), page 120 5397:Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems 5221:– In 1935, Indian nuclear physicist 4727:Crescograph, Bose Institute, Kolkata 3734: 1428:Visceral leishmaniasis, treatment of 15415:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. 15411:Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (2005). 15118:Historia Mathematica 12(3), 229–44. 14922: 14418:. England: Oxford University Press. 14230:Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing 13762:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 13620:Indian Atomism: history and sources 13618:Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti (1980). 12768: 10314: 7843: 7600:Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology 6454:Science & Civilisation in China 5357:, who published his results in the 4974:on 6 August 2002 in a paper titled 4873:Naval Materials Research Laboratory 4369:Computers and programming languages 4275:post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis 4267:post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis 2053:'s army, ruler of the South Indian 2013:, where they were further modified. 1940:, where they were further modified. 1800:figures found at the Harappan site 1163:, bags, harnesses and tack, boats, 605:– The game of carrom originated in 13: 17198:Lists of inventions or discoveries 16438:Ministry of Science and Technology 15668:Lists of inventions or discoveries 15426:Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; et al. (2003). 15379:. London: New Holland Publishers. 15364:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 15215:Srinivasan, S (15 November 1994). 14791:. India: Vidya Publishing House . 14685:. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corp. 14318:Society of Manufacturing Engineers 13949:Bridging the Global Digital Divide 13551:Numbers: Their History and Meaning 12798:A Companion to Sanskrit Literature 10490:: Orient Blackswan. pp. 4–5. 10406: 10128:. Australian mines. Archived from 9273:. www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk 9202:Goonatilake (1998), page 127 – 128 8842:Ganeri, Jonardon (December 2002). 8750:Narasimha, Roddam (27 July 2011). 8664:MughalistanSipahi (19 June 2010). 6580:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 35. 6548:Kesting, Stephan (13 March 2012). 6062:Hooper & Whyld (1992), page 74 5908:Biswas, Sudipta (4 January 2022). 5584:Nanda, Meera (16 September 2016), 5478:in context of stellar atmospheres. 5009:– The Basu's theorem, a result of 4599:, after the Thar Desert and India. 4427:integrated development environment 4297:, a physician and researcher from 3706:. A grammar does not describe the 2219:syan nasty eva syad avaktavyam eva 2067:and was notably in use during the 1145:. This knowledge was carried into 661:respectively – terms derived from 302:For the purpose of this list, the 14: 17219: 16033:Lists of inventors or discoverers 15593: 15404:Upadhyaya, Bhagwat Saran (1954). 15241:Srinivasan, S. and Griffiths, D. 14784:. Archaeological Survey of India. 14725:Ramakrishnan, C. (October 2001). 14714:. New York: Springer Publishing. 14487:"Homi Jehangir Bhabha. 1909–1966" 14438:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 14436:Nejat, Karen Rhea Nemet. (1998). 14265:. Princeton Architectural Press. 13846:Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 13729:Badminton: An Illustrated History 13577:The American Mathematical Monthly 13326:Zinc production in medieval India 13039:. Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. 11503:– via Press Trust of India. 10930:. Vol. 2. pp. 553–556. 10835:. Vol. 2. pp. 553–556. 10755:Goulding E, Lim B (August 2014). 10592:Brahmachari, U. N. (April 1922). 10227: 10153:"Mettalurgical heritage of India" 9608:Hall, Rachel (16 February 2005). 9460: 7134:Tamil Nadu Medicinal plants board 6323:James McManus (27 October 2009). 5283:Braunstein-Ghosh-Severini Entropy 4832: 4753: 4056:mentions diamond trade in India. 3553:{\displaystyle \ x^{2}-Ny^{2}=1,} 2210:syad asty eva syad avaktavyam eva 16659: 16483: 16472: 16471: 15615:History of Science in South Asia 15278:Stcherbatsky, Theodore (2003) . 15136:Sivaramakrishnan, V. M. (2001). 15037:Seiwert, Hubert Michael (2003). 14280:. USA: Oxford University Press. 14157:Fascicle 2, first printing. 13622:. New Jersey: Humanities Press. 13270:. New York: Wiley-Interscience. 13189:Chandra, Anjana Motihar (2007). 13052:"Applications of Basu's Theorem" 12902:. Wayne State University Press. 12834:: University of Nebraska Press. 12740:An Early History of Horsemanship 12605: 12596: 12578: 12560: 12530: 12511: 12465: 12437: 12424: 12406: 12351: 12243: 12115: 12101: 12087: 12069: 12055: 12041: 12023: 12009: 11995: 11981: 11963: 11952: 11933: 11878: 11860: 11846: 11832: 11818: 11804: 11786: 11767: 11724: 11706: 11697: 11676: 11662: 11642: 11622: 11608: 11594: 11580: 11566: 11527: 11488: 11474: 11460: 11449: 11398: 11346: 11328: 11305: 11279: 11253: 11227: 11213: 11195: 11181: 11163: 11149: 11129: 11118: 11092: 11066: 11052: 11029: 11008: 10994: 10976: 10952: 10905: 10887: 10857: 10797: 10748: 10718: 10690: 10668:Jayaraman KS (19 October 1978). 10661: 10626: 10585: 10550: 10482:Sivaramakrishnan, V. M. (2001). 10400: 10360: 10333: 10307: 10290: 10263: 10246: 10221: 10167: 10144: 10118: 10058:Hershey (2004), pages 3 & 23 9984:""Pāṇini Backus Form" suggested" 9975: 9969:www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk 9957: 9924: 9890: 9862: 9841: 9684: 9552: 9529: 9423: 9394: 9285: 9119: 8969: 8946: 8919: 8866: 8814: 8801: 8785: 8758: 8684: 8657: 8587: 8571: 8531: 8517:"A great past in bright colours" 8509: 8428: 8401: 8366: 8339: 8288: 8265: 8250: 8235: 8221:. D.K. Printworld. p. 324. 8217:Satyawadi, Sudha (1 July 1994). 8210: 8023: 8004:Saju, M. T. (17 November 2020). 7997: 7980: 7929: 7881: 7823: 7708: 7477: 7411: 7284:The Siddha Quest for Immortality 6868:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 6853:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 6838:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 6712:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 6666:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 6653:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 6625:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 6326:Cowboys Full: The Story of Poker 6130:Encyclopædia Britannica (2007). 6117:Encyclopædia Britannica (2002). 5739:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 5629:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 5553: 5379:Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman 5323:Point Contact Diode using Galena 4933: 4654:Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 4644:Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 4195: 3998:sakāranānārakāsakāyasādadasāyakā 3564:is a non-square integer, in his 3497:– About a thousand years before 2198:Arguably, it is non-assertible ( 1707:circa 2600 BC in Gujarat, India. 1576: 504:monastic university) in ancient 310: 24: 17188:Science and technology in India 17147:Indian Institutes of Technology 17129:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 17058:South Asian Football Federation 16185:Science and technology in India 14858:. New York City: Facts on File. 14145:. Vol. 4. Addison–Wesley. 14143:The Art of Computer Programming 13848:Montana: Kessinger Publishing. 13664:Ghosh, Amalananda, ed. (1990). 13571:. London: W. H. Allen & co. 13479:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 13359:Dadhich, Naresh (August 2005). 13285:. Michigan: Visible Ink Press. 13125:The College Mathematics Journal 12933:Chess History and Reminiscences 12815:. Connections Book Publishing. 12796:Banerji, Sures Chandra (1989). 12783:Delhi Iron Pillar: New Insights 12723:Augustyn, Frederick J. (2004). 12618: 11285: 10445:, Alan Sutton Publishing, 1988. 9939:. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 9933:"The Mathematics of the Hindus" 8848:History and Philosophy of Logic 8822:The Character of Logic in India 8410:Archaeological Research in Asia 8257:Mark Kenoyer, Jonathan (1998). 8096:Kuppuram, Govindarajan (1989). 7935:For the etching technique, see 7697:. University of Chicago Press. 7344: 7300: 7275: 7238: 7188: 7172: 7156: 7145: 7127: 7088: 7076: 7054: 7032: 6980: 6922:Oxford Companion to Archaeology 6810: 6758: 6745: 6736: 6727: 6673: 6647: 6591: 6541: 6516: 6497: 6442: 6399: 6373: 6343: 6276: 6248: 6202: 6176: 6149: 6044:Wilkinson, Charles K (May 1943) 5973: 5947: 5938: 5927: 5901: 5876: 5850: 5836: 5796: 5648:"World history of Food – Sugar" 5531:Timeline of historic inventions 4958:created and published by three 4892:Indigenisation and improvements 4566: 4449:– Open Source, Bluespec System 4234: 3462:Madhava-Leibniz infinite series 3264:{\displaystyle 3.1415926539214} 1589:in the central Indian state of 1461:– Ear surgery was developed in 1292:) and arappu (Albizzia amara). 1127:against their adversaries, the 891:– Ornamental buttons—made from 883:Textile and material production 631:originated in India during the 552:Traditional games of South Asia 15472:The American Historical Review 15173:. Courier Dover Publications. 15102:Modern Teaching of Mathematics 14981:Sarkar, Tapan K. etc. (2006), 14937:10.1080/0025570X.1990.11977541 14825:Johns Hopkins University Press 14596:Plofker, Kim (November 2001). 14425:. Cambridge University Press. 13971:The Works of Sir William Jones 13896:"Panini-Backus form suggested" 13844:Hoover, Herbert Clark (2003). 13712:Goonatilake, Susantha (1998). 13637:. Asian Educational Services. 13589:10.1080/00029890.1996.12004694 13553:. Courier Dover Publications. 13324:Craddock, P.T. et al. (1983). 13174:Chamberlin, J. Edward (2007). 13029:10.1080/02564602.1998.11416773 12885:The Development of Mathematics 12828:The State at War in South Asia 12625:Adas, Michael (January 2001). 12266:"Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray" 9536:Kala Fischbein, Tammy Brooks. 9430:Meijering, Erik (March 2002). 9179:Singh, Manpal (2005), page 385 8998:. www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk 8771:. Princeton University Press. 8332:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-7CD9-0 7286:. Oxford: Mandrake of Oxford. 6975:LA84 Foundation Sports Library 5679: 5662: 5577: 5017:Kosambi–Karhunen–Loève theorem 4948:– The AKS primality test is a 4770:Small Satellite Launch Vehicle 4718: 4578:Indian Institute of Technology 4320:Electronics and communications 4127:Preliminary concept of gravity 3328:Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity 2235: 2045:– One of the first iron-cased 2039:, during the Battle of Sanbal. 1823:, even with modern technology. 863:– refers to a wrestling where 833:game: Kridapatram is an early 329: 1: 15360:Teresi, Dick; et al. (2002). 15311:Stepanov, Serguei A. (1999). 15018:(Volume 2 Book 1). Edited by 14966:Sanchez & Canton (2006). 14911:– via Internet Archive. 14877:Rodda & Ubertini (2004). 14700:. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. 14655:. Maryland: Rowman Altamira. 14215:Chinese Medicine and Ayurveda 14202:. New Delhi: APH Publishing. 14162:Cloth in West African History 13827:The Oxford Companion to Chess 13815:. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. 13007:Blechynden, Kathleen (1905). 12951:Ramanujan: Essays and Surveys 12917:. Serindia Publications Inc. 12206:Economic and Political Weekly 11940:Prasad, R. (10 August 2019). 10511:Blechynden, Kathleen (1905). 9838:Stillwell (2004), pages 72–73 8596:Gold: A Cultural Encyclopedia 8556:10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00794-4 7744:10.1016/s0010-938x(00)00046-9 7041:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 6601:. Taylor & Francis. 852. 6284:"Terra cotta discs | Harappa" 6132:Chess: Introduction to Europe 5955:"All India Carrom Federation" 5570: 5536:List of Indian mathematicians 5521:Timeline of Indian innovation 5245:mailed a short manuscript to 4587:In 2018, scientists from the 4239: 4166: 4088: 2180:Arguably, it does not exist ( 1717:Diamond cutting and polishing 1551: 1544: 1474: 1206: 325:Timeline of Indian innovation 15389:Thrusfield, Michael (2007). 15251:Journal of Indian Philosophy 15060:. 20–27. Allied Publishers. 14787:Rao, K. Anantharama (2000). 14651:Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). 14451:Nitis, Mukhopadhyay (2000). 14423:An Introduction to Cosmology 14103:Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). 13775:Hershey, J. Willard (2004). 13731:. Paris: Editions Publibook 13727:Guillain, Jean-Yves (2004). 13381:Journal of Field Archaeology 13178:. Moscow: Olma Media Group. 12781:Balasubramaniam, R. (2002). 12703:Asher, Frederick M. (2015). 12640:Addington, Larry H. (1990). 12325:Rigden (2005), pages 143–144 10804:Rodriguez, Vincente (2010). 9701:10.1007/978-981-13-7326-8_18 9483:10.1007/978-981-13-1229-8_27 9152:Students' Encyclopedia India 8594:Venable, Shannon L. (2011). 8498:(4): 263–272. Archived from 8129:Cire perdue casting in India 8078:10.1080/0067270X.2012.680307 7890:"THE LAPIDARY ARTS IN ISLAM" 7810:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 7715:Balasubramaniam, R. (2000). 6916:Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). 5857:Arasu, S. T. (4 July 2020). 5650:. Cambridge University Press 5360:Journal of Molecular Biology 5333:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis 4853:Rifle-rated ballistic helmet 4808:team led by NH Saji in 1999. 4505:Pumped Storage Projects(PSP) 3602:extended Euclidean algorithm 3356:. In the second century BC, 3237:{\displaystyle 104348/33215} 2192:syad asty eva syan nasty eva 1923: 1882:in Rome, and later known as 1780:began around 3500 BC in the 1400:(6th century BCE). However, 464:, where it evolved into the 360:, where it was used to make 7: 17208:India history-related lists 15329:Mathematics and its History 14919:. London: Chapman and Hall. 13955:: Edward Elgar Publishing. 13865:University of Chicago Press 13859:Hopkins, Donald R. (2002). 13697:Gottsegen, Mark E. (2006). 13443:Dickinson, Joan Y. (2001). 13261:National Informatics Centre 12629:. Temple University Press. 10297:Bose, Mainak Kumar (1988). 10276:. Oxford University Press. 9817:Puttaswamy (2000), page 416 9517:Plofker (2007), pp. 419–436 9313:Goonatilake (1998), page 37 8860:10.1080/0144534021000051505 8729:. JHU Press. pp. 14–. 8186:Kamarustafa (1992), page 48 8060:Wood, Marilee (June 2012). 7282:Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1996). 7116:, Oxford University Press, 7011: 6987: 5863:On the sport. Be part of it 5713:Kieschnick (2003), page 258 5514: 5126:generated from the protein 5093: 5033:Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi 4603: 4135: 3636:Preliminary differentiation 3482:and in the 10th century by 3289:– The Indian mathematician 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2162: 1510: 1494: 1467: 1335:and the founding father of 1318: 1242: 1237:in English is derived from 1072:– The incorporation of the 671:, which literally means an 481: 10: 17224: 17152:Inventions and discoveries 17124:Sino-Indian border dispute 16871:Human rights in South Asia 16657: 16249:Inventions and discoveries 14819:Reynolds, Terry S (1983). 14551:10.1162/001152603771338779 14525:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 14350:McEvilley, Thomas (2002). 14198:Kumar, Yukteshwar (2005). 14085:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13983:Princeton University Press 13977:Joseph, George G. (2000). 13813:Students' Britannica India 13431:The World's Last Mysteries 13135:by C. N. Srinivasiengar". 13105:Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). 13009:Calcutta, Past and Present 12988:(1): 29–46. Archived from 12883:Bell, Eric Temple (1992). 12738:Azzaroli, Augusto (1985). 12657:Games, Sports and Cultures 12473:Awakening Indians to India 12372:10.1016/j.msea.2007.02.042 12249:Berndt & Rankin (2001) 11427:10.1038/d41586-021-02385-x 11322:10.1038/d44151-024-00048-0 10806:"A brief history of horns" 10598:The Indian Medical Gazette 10571:10.1038/d41586-024-00809-y 10513:Calcutta, Past and Present 10319:. Allen Lane. p. 29. 9870:Shparlinski, Igor (2013), 9220:Rao K. A. (2000), page 252 8473:Srinivasan & Griffiths 7855:The Biblical Archaeologist 7561:Chamberlin (2007), page 80 7449:The Ulster Medical Journal 7418:Wujastyk, Dominik (2003). 6524:"Vajra-musti Indian Sport" 6386:, READ BOOKS, p. 60, 5725:Livingston & Beach, 19 5435: 5075:in the early 20th century. 4937: 4927:Unified Payments Interface 4589:Geological Survey of India 4393:. It was developed by the 4191:discovered the techniques. 3992:", which relished battle ( 3650:Linguistics and Literature 3594:rather than the logarithm. 3573:Ardhacheda – Earlier than 3442:Madhava's correction terms 3317:– The method goes back to 3166:and for the trigonometric 3162:– The infinite series for 3075:चक्रं) meaning 'wheel' in 3051:is commonly attributed to 2251: 2239: 2017: 1210: 635:(c. 280–550 CE). Both the 585:Games prohibited by Buddha 549: 314: 231:. It draws from the whole 17137: 17111: 17088: 17043: 16976: 16911: 16857: 16834: 16756: 16668: 16538: 16466: 16430: 16389: 16312: 16277: 16239: 16191: 16031: 15954: 15666: 15460:10.1017/S0950473700001221 15413:History of Indian Theatre 15313:Codes on Algebraic Curves 15154:Smith, Joseph A. (1992). 15043:Brill Academic Publishers 14955:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. 14915:Rousselet, Louis (1875). 14696:Purohit, Vinayak (1988). 14581:10.1017/S0026749X13000310 14088:Kieschnick, John (2003). 13900:Communications of the ACM 13482:Dutfield, Graham (2003). 13059:The American Statistician 12851:The Wonder That was India 12602:Narlikar (2002), page 188 12271:27 September 2007 at the 10936:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853 10869:humantouchofchemistry.com 10841:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853 10526:Rousselet, Louis (1875). 10441:Edwards, Graham and Sue. 10346:. Springer. p. 293. 10151:Srinivasan, Ranganathan. 9988:Communications of the ACM 9055:Smith (1958), pp. 257–258 8957:. University of Baltimore 8955:"Zero in Four Dimensions" 8697:27 September 2007 at the 8690:Roddam Narasimha (1985), 8422:10.1016/j.ara.2017.06.002 8322:10.1007/s12520-015-0310-z 7990:Pakistan Archaeology No.2 7672:Marco Ceccarelli (2000). 7635:Barua (2005), pages 16–17 7623:Addington (1990), page 45 7611:Azzaroli (1985), page 156 7533:10.1007/s00404-005-0724-4 7498:10.1007/s00404-005-0724-4 7017: 6993: 6432:Townsend, George (1862), 6350:Carlisle, Rodney (2009), 6329:. Macmillan. p. 34. 6170:10.1108/JHTI-06-2018-0037 5668:Book Two of Dioscorides' 5586:"Hindutva's science envy" 5541:List of Indian scientists 5504:Subramanyan Chandrasekhar 5225:published a paper in the 5137:that is composed of both 4883:. The patent is owned by 4682:Spray-drying buffalo milk 4307:– was first described by 4263:(visceral leishmaniasis). 4013: 3873:(and the lines reversed) 3872: 3686:for clarity) is a set of 3612:satisfying the condition 3197:{\displaystyle \arctan x} 3143:, in his commentaries on 3127:– A special case of this 2960:system, the Greeks, from 2248: 1971:Indus Valley civilisation 1778:Indus Valley civilization 1504:reported the practice of 1248: 1092: 1008:Indus Valley civilisation 897:Indus Valley civilization 291:as well as research into 17119:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 15468:White, Lynn Townsend Jr. 15393:. Blackwell Publishing. 15327:Stillwell, John (2004). 15300:. Blackwell Publishing. 15169:Smith, David E. (1958). 14838:Rigden, John S. (2005). 14421:Narlikar, J. V. (2002). 14177:Science in Ancient India 14175:Kumar, Narendra (2004). 13894:Ingerman, P. Z. (1967). 13796:Hobson, John M. (2004). 13741:Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1998). 13686:. Abhinav Publications. 13633:Geddes, Patrick (2000). 13534:Finger, Stanley (2001). 13206:Medicine Across Cultures 13137:The Mathematical Gazette 12194:Boos & Oliver (1998) 10988:thehindubusinessline.com 10965:28 November 2013 at the 10317:The Argumentative Indian 10303:. A. Mukherjee & Co. 10174:Rina Shrivastva (1999). 9982:Ingerman, P. Z. (1967). 9784:Edwards, A.W.F. (2002). 9744:Goonatilake, S. (1998). 9352:Plofker (2007), page 481 9343:Borwein (2004), page 107 9322:Amma (1999), pp. 182–183 9271:"Varahamihira biography" 9188:Plofker (2007), page 474 9131:www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk 9067:Bourbaki (1998), page 49 8809:Philosophy East and West 7693:I. M. Drakonoff (1991). 7443:McNeill RA (June 1960). 7341:Kearns & Nash (2008) 6506:Accessed 2 August 2012. 6256: 5914:www.livehistoryindia.com 5546: 5468:Saha ionisation equation 5305:– Bengali scientist Sir 5277:Bose-Einstein condensate 5235:Bose–Einstein statistics 5053:Ramanujan theta function 4650:Controlled shunt reactor 4098: 4002:vāhasāranādavādadavādanā 3640:differential coefficient 2149:Jaina seven-valued logic 1473:(Sushruta's Compendium, 1030:Single roller cotton gin 811:, also known as Kutkute. 545: 16926:Archaeological cultures 16431:Institutes and programs 15442:Whish, Charles (1835). 15391:Veterinary Epidemiology 15349:. John Wiley and Sons. 15263:10.1023/A:1004364417713 15125:. Motilal Banarsidass. 14382:Meri, Josef W. (2005). 14367:McIntosh, Jane (2007). 14217:. Motilal Banarsidass. 13947:James, Jeffrey (2003). 13936:, Springer, 2254–2255, 13878:Ifrah, Georges (2000). 13831:Oxford University Press 13756:Hayashi, Takao (2005). 13603:Fraser, Gordon (2006). 13263:, Government of India.) 13214:10.1007/0-306-48094-8_4 12826:Barua, Pradeep (2005). 12800:. Motilal Banarsidass. 12572:Encyclopædia Britannica 12432:Encyclopædia Britannica 12339:Fraser (2006), page 238 12295:18 October 2013 at the 12289:Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar 10774:10.1111/1471-0528.12874 10647:10.1002/path.1700630417 10253:Neugebauer, O. (1975). 10040:Hershey (2004), page 22 9908:Pearson Education India 9727:27 (3): 231–249, 1992, 9540:. University of Georgia 9538:"Brahmagupta's Formula" 9526:Joseph (2000), page 306 9436:Proceedings of the IEEE 9250:20 January 2013 at the 9245:Trigonometric functions 8440:materials.iisc.ernet.in 8146:Agrawal, D. P. (2000). 8126:Krishnan, M.V. (1976). 7573:Hobson (2004), page 103 7227:: 243–4. Archived from 6406:Kapoor, Subodh (2002), 6103:Basham (2001), page 208 5888:www.badmintonalberta.ca 5393:Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri 5208:Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar 4760:Reusable Launch Vehicle 4747:Shearing Interferometer 4743:Shearing interferometer 4336:Microwave communication 4253:Upendranath Brahmachari 3714:, used to describe the 3567:Brâhma-sphuṭa-siddhânta 3446:Madhava of Sangamagrama 3297:Algebraic abbreviations 3083:Trigonometric functions 3019:was also employed. The 2106:Christopher I. Beckwith 2035:, particularly against 2027:: In the 16th century, 1776:– Metal casting by the 1432:Upendranath Brahmachari 1213:Indian physical culture 945:– Historian of science 597:American Chess Bulletin 239:of India, during which 17139:Science and technology 15498:Whitelaw, Ian (2007). 15375:Thomas, Arthur (2007) 15296:Stein, Burton (1998). 15171:History of Mathematics 15100:Singh, Manpal (2005). 14893:Rohr, R.R.J. (1996) . 14801:Read, Peter G. (2005) 14615:10.1006/hmat.2001.2331 14506:10.1098/rsbm.1967.0002 14466:Pacey, Arnold (1991). 13549:Flegg, Graham (2002). 13486:. Ashgate Publishing. 13462:. New York: Springer. 13447:. Dover Publications. 12753:Baber, Zaheer (1996). 12503:: CS1 maint: others ( 12403:Sarkar (2006), page 94 12311:Penney (1967), page 39 12185:Nitis (2000), page 325 10812:. Same Page Publishing 10810:In Compliance Magazine 10218:Biswas (1986), page 11 10067:Thomas (2007), page 46 10049:Malkin (1996), page 12 9848:Joseph, G. G. (2011), 9643:Cite journal requires 9234: 7960:Guimet, Musée (2016). 7888:Keene, Manuel (1981). 7247:Asceticism and Healing 6724:Hāṇḍā (1998), page 133 6510:3 January 2019 at the 6035:Linde, Antonius (1981) 5445: 5272:Zeitschrift für Physik 5258:Philosophical Magazine 5162: 5115: 5021:Karhunen–Loève theorem 4844: 4777:Science and technology 4728: 4477:File Transfer Protocol 4362:millimetre wavelengths 4291:In vitro fertilisation 4007: 4006: 3708:meaning of the strings 3676:formal language theory 3554: 3398: 3378: 3265: 3238: 3198: 3135:(1380–1460), from the 3038: 2945: 2929: 2086:logico-epistemological 2082:Catuskoti (Tetralemma) 1963: 1905:, used for example in 1741:Etched carnelian beads 1508:, as described in the 1351: 1202:, by the 17th century. 920: 673:army of four divisions 443: 416: 285:information technology 281:automobile engineering 275:. During recent times 35:History of science and 17018:Religious persecution 16876:Religious nationalism 16736:European and Eurasian 16540:Countries and regions 15565:. London: Routledge. 15138:Tobacco and Areca Nut 14949:Ainslie Thomas Embree 14807:Butterworth-Heinemann 14228:Lee, Sunggyu (2006). 14190:Kumar, Pintu (2018). 14122:. Dundurn Press Ltd. 13913:10.1145/363162.363165 13648:Geyer, H. S. (2006), 13519:Emsley, John (2003). 13510:Emerson, D.T. (1998). 13477:Our Oriental Heritage 13266:Cooke, Roger (2005). 13035:Boga, Steven (1996). 13017:IETE Technical Review 12913:Beer, Robert (2004). 12811:Barker, Dian (2003). 12671:Amma, T. A. Sarasvati 11703:Geddes, pages 173–176 10484:Tobacco and Areca Nut 10443:The Language of Drink 10315:Sen, Amartya (2005). 10001:10.1145/363162.363165 9931:Cooke, Roger (1997). 9910:, 1998. p. 342. 9230: 9211:Baber (1996), page 34 9170:Kumar (2004), page 23 9150:"Bhaskaracharya II". 8928:"The History of Zero" 8832:(HC:acid free), p.7-8 8796:Contemporary Buddhism 8505:on 23 September 2015. 8132:. Kanak Publications. 8102:. Sundeep Prakashan. 7598:"16.17.4: Stirrups". 7420:The Roots of Ayurveda 6785:Baber (1996), page 56 6733:Stein (1998), page 47 6644:Baber (1996), page 57 6310:Augustyn, pages 27–28 6091:Meri (2005), page 148 5443: 5385:Raychaudhuri equation 5307:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5121: 5101: 4962:computer scientists, 4842: 4737:Jagadish Chandra Bose 4726: 4547:Rajagopalan Vasudevan 4358:Jagadish Chandra Bose 4340:Jagadish Chandra Bose 4330:Jagadish Chandra Bose 4143:Periodicity of comets 3990: 3732: 3555: 3493:Integral solution to 3406:binomial coefficients 3399: 3379: 3266: 3239: 3199: 3034: 3029:elementary arithmetic 2935: 2923: 1943: 1331:(600 BCE), author of 1326: 911: 491:[naːlən̪d̪aː] 422: 410: 237:technological history 59:Science in Bangladesh 17167:Traditional medicine 15974:multiple discoveries 15144:: Orient Blackswan. 15121:Sircar, D.C. (1996). 14925:Mathematics Magazine 14854:Rinzler, CA (2009). 14681:Pruthi, Raj (2004). 14602:Historia Mathematica 14569:Modern Asian Studies 14118:Koppel, Tom (2007). 14055:Mathematics Magazine 13784:Kessinger Publishing 13745:. Indus Publishing. 13445:The Book of Diamonds 13193:Marshall Cavendish. 12813:Tibetan Prayer Flags 12592:. 25 September 2009. 12157:"AKS Primality Test" 11753:10.1364/AO.16.002753 10461:Encyclopedia Iranica 10300:Late classical India 10109:MSN Encarta (2007). 10076:Read (2005), page 17 10031:Dickinson, pages 1–3 9561:"Brahmagupta Matrix" 9477:. pp. 263–276. 9127:"Al-Kindi biography" 9116:Bell (1992), page 97 9107:Bell (1992), page 96 9017:Salomon, R. (1998). 8953:Dr. Hossein Arsham. 8875:"Who Invented Zero?" 8680:– via YouTube. 8360:10.1557/PROC-267-495 8200:Savage-Smith, Emilie 7245:Zysk, K. G. (1991). 7196:"bose real inventor" 7139:21 July 2011 at the 6969:31 July 2012 at the 6597:McNeil, Ian (1990). 6528:www.topendsports.com 6239:MSN Encarta (2008). 6053:Bird (1893), page 63 5804:"UNESCO Nominations" 5421:elementary particles 5387:– Discovered by the 5329:Mahalanobis distance 5293:and Simone Severini. 5291:Samuel L. Braunstein 5201:loop quantum gravity 5171:Prafulla Chandra Roy 5104:Prafulla Chandra Roy 5047:Kosaraju's algorithm 5025:orthogonal functions 4710:is the raw material. 4465:VEGA Microprocessors 4457:, and are hosted on 4431:open-source software 4423:programming language 4379:programming language 4295:Subhash Mukhopadhyay 4083:(300 BCE). The 3509: 3388: 3368: 3352:text to mention the 3299:– The mathematician 3255: 3220: 3182: 3021:Bakhshali Manuscript 2978:Bakhshali manuscript 2076:Philosophy and logic 1767:tube drawn technique 1689:Iron pillar of Delhi 1501:Gentleman's Magazine 1054:, for use in roller 711:carried Shatranj to 340:Indigofera tinctoria 279:has also focused on 137:Traditional medicine 100:Units of measurement 17098:South Asian studies 16624:South Asian regions 16292:Research institutes 16264:Measurement systems 16023:Spurious inventions 15986:Historic inventions 15550:. Chronicle Books. 14983:History of Wireless 14789:Vision 21st Century 14298:. Masterson Press. 14164:. Rowman Altamira. 14016:1996Natur.379...60J 13973:(Volume 4). London. 13882:. New York: Wiley. 13458:Drewes, F. (2006). 13416:Physics of Solitons 13257:on 10 October 2008. 12995:on 27 February 2009 12898:Bell, John (2000). 12659:. Berg Publishers: 12548:on 30 November 2016 12421:Ramakrishnan (2001) 12388:"Indian Scientists" 12019:. 16 November 2023. 11903:1999Natur.401..360S 11745:1977ApOpt..16.2753R 11540:The Hindustan Times 11419:2021Natur.597..161M 11106:. 29 September 2020 10875:on 18 November 2015 10100:Wenk, pages 535–539 9678:2007math......3658K 9622:on 7 September 2008 9589:on 14 November 2007 9559:Weisstein, Eric W. 9469:(1 & 2): 86–98. 9402:Van Brummelen, Glen 9137:on 26 October 2007. 8527:on 3 February 2011. 8446:on 11 February 2019 8313:2017ArAnS...9..879W 7993:. 1965. p. 21. 7776:1996Natur.379...60J 7736:2000Corro..42.2103B 7234:on 10 October 2008. 6504:WashingtonPost.com. 6380:Quackenbos (2010), 5961:on 16 February 2015 5884:"Badminton Alberta" 5833:, pp. 111–149. 5500:Chandrasekhar limit 5243:Satyendra Nath Bose 5073:Srinivasa Ramanujan 5061:Ramanujan summation 5019:(also known as the 4877:Larsen & Toubro 4801:Indian Ocean Dipole 4597:Tharosaurus indicus 4554:Finance and banking 4381:for programmers of 4174:Nilakantha Somayaji 4085:Rasaratna Samuccaya 3505:(Pell's equation): 3338:Brahmagupta theorem 3333:Brahmagupta formula 3049:quadratic equations 3015:. A dot symbol for 2984:Hindu number system 2201:syad avaktavyam eva 1975:angular measurement 1967:Technical standards 1897:– People living in 1878:dynasty and called 1759:Indian subcontinent 1550:, ruled 298 – 1418:Lithiasis treatment 1380:) means "knowledge 1052:Indian subcontinent 996:itself is from the 773:Indian subcontinent 627:– The precursor of 529:Finance and banking 411:The Great Stupa at 227:and the modern-day 225:Indian subcontinent 95:Measurement systems 64:Science in Pakistan 39:Indian subcontinent 16532:South Asian topics 16422:Technology writers 16374:Telecommunications 15546:Wise, Tad (2002). 15298:A History of India 15199:10.1007/BF02835127 15114:Singh, P. (1985). 14997:Schafer, Edward H. 14803:Gemmology. England 14746:10.1002/pro.101689 14416:A History of Chess 14194:. Lexington Books. 13758:Indian Mathematics 12971:Biswas, Arun Kumar 12929:Bird, Henry Edward 12154:Weisstein, Eric W. 12127:The Times of India 12111:. 3 November 2023. 12081:The Times of India 12035:The Times of India 11975:The Economic Times 11872:The Times of India 11658:. 17 October 2023. 11558:has generic name ( 11519:has generic name ( 11501:The Times of India 11484:. 17 January 2022. 11340:The Economic Times 11223:. 23 October 2023. 11209:. 22 October 2023. 11207:The Times of India 11175:The Times of India 10463:. pp. 261–265 10132:on 7 November 2011 10115:. 1 November 2009. 9965:"Panini biography" 8904:has generic name ( 8798:, 2016, pp 195–215 8711:rocket and missile 8032:Asian Perspectives 8010:The Times of India 7026:[tʃãːpnaː] 6960:Todd, Jan (1995). 5987:on 1 February 2015 5494:quasi-normal modes 5490:C. V. Vishveshwara 5482:Quasi-normal modes 5446: 5401:general relativity 5186:Ashtekar variables 5163: 5116: 4993:algebraic geometry 4946:AKS primality test 4940:Indian mathematics 4845: 4764:two stage to orbit 4729: 4522:Chenab rail bridge 4499:Coal Mine to PSP, 4210:East India Company 4189:Achyutha Pisharadi 3755:rasāhavā vāhasāra- 3662:– In his treatise 3577:, the 8th century 3550: 3438:(c. 200 BCE). 3394: 3374: 3285:Finite difference 3261: 3234: 3194: 3125:Mean value theorem 2946: 2930: 2242:Indian mathematics 1874:exported from the 1763:Indo-Pacific beads 1637:radiocarbon dating 1362:(6th century BCE). 1352: 1290:Sapindus mukorossi 1016:4th millennium BCE 1014: – 1012:5th millennium BCE 1004:Cotton cultivation 921: 895:—were used in the 821:Snakes and ladders 703:and the expanding 444: 417: 37:technology in the 17193:Indian inventions 17175: 17174: 17078:Traditional games 17063:South Asian Games 16651:General geography 16498: 16497: 16226:National calendar 16151: 16150: 16036:by country/region 15671:by country/region 15406:The Ancient World 15289:978-0-7661-7684-3 15041:. Massachusetts: 14485:(November 1967). 14152:978-0-201-85393-3 14113:978-0-306-46158-3 13992:978-0-691-00659-8 13942:978-1-4020-4559-2 13770:978-1-4051-3251-0 13760:in Flood, Gavin, 13675:978-90-04-09264-8 13304:(7085): 755–756. 12962:978-0-8218-2624-9 12866:Bedini, Silvio A. 12727:. Haworth Press. 12716:978-93-83243-07-5 12097:. 9 January 2023. 12083:. 22 August 2023. 12037:. 29 August 2013. 11977:. 10 August 2021. 11897:(6751): 360–363. 11618:. 6 January 2017. 11413:(7875): 161–162. 11373:10.3390/v14040800 11267:. 9 February 2020 10565:(8005): 709–710. 10326:978-0-7139-9687-6 10126:"Zinc-Fact sheet" 9883:978-3-0348-8037-4 9829:, pp. 72–73. 9710:978-981-13-7325-1 9492:978-981-13-1228-1 8996:"Indian numerals" 8934:on 25 August 2016 8792:Stephen Batchelor 8778:978-1-4008-6632-8 8736:978-0-8018-8792-5 8583:978-0-7069-1399-6 8157:978-81-7305-177-7 8109:978-81-85067-28-5 7925:Pearson Education 7724:Corrosion Science 7654:. antiquity.ac.uk 7293:978-1-869928-43-8 7256:978-0-19-505956-4 7002:[tʃãːpoː] 6945:Pearson Education 6828:Pearson Education 6806:Pearson Education 6490:978-1-59240-208-3 6463:978-0-521-05802-5 6419:978-81-7755-257-7 6393:978-1-4455-7978-8 6367:978-1-4129-6670-2 6358:SAGE Publications 6336:978-0-374-29924-8 5701:Kieschnick (2003) 5688:de materia medica 5559:Greek astronomer 5454:Moon Impact Probe 5351:Ramachandran plot 5339:Mercurous nitrite 5319:ultraviolet light 5219:Bhabha scattering 5124:Ramachandran plot 5114:in its pure form. 5027:, analogous to a 4997:algebraic variety 4989:Seshadri constant 4953:primality-proving 4377:– A transitional 4305:Cervical cerclage 4251:stibamine – Sir 4214:beverage industry 4183:Reduction of the 3988: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3757:nādavādadavādanā. 3751:sakāranānārakāsa- 3514: 3476:Pascal's triangle 3424:Fibonacci numbers 3397:{\displaystyle k} 3377:{\displaystyle n} 3042:Chakravala method 2918: 2917: 2110:Stephen Batchelor 2069:Anglo-Mysore Wars 2055:Kingdom of Mysore 2049:were deployed by 1603:Sir John Marshall 1533:medical treatise 1527:Caesarian section 1445:for treatment of 1384:) for longevity ( 1266:Indian gooseberry 1257:[tʃãːpoː] 1157:Tanning (leather) 1119:Shakyamuni Buddha 494:) was a renowned 229:republic of India 217: 216: 16:Indian inventions 17215: 17073:Physical culture 16968:Former countries 16963:Contemporary era 16663: 16525: 16518: 16511: 16502: 16501: 16487: 16486: 16475: 16474: 16369:Renewable energy 16287:Higher education 16254:Maritime history 16178: 16171: 16164: 16155: 16154: 16056:African-American 16001:Medieval Islamic 15991:Byzantine Empire 15649: 15642: 15635: 15626: 15625: 15619:hssa-journal.org 15543: 15495: 15463: 15342: 15293: 15274: 15257:(1–2): 105–127. 15238: 15236: 15202: 15123:Indian epigraphy 15097: 14940: 14912: 14900: 14859: 14774: 14772: 14770: 14757: 14740:(8): 1689–1691. 14731: 14678: 14638:The Quantum Dice 14619: 14617: 14592: 14563: 14553: 14518: 14508: 14412:Murray, H. J. R. 14347: 14292:Lowie, Robert H. 14251:: Edition Olms. 14195: 14156: 14078: 14035: 14024:10.1038/379060a0 13996: 13925: 13915: 13679: 13600: 13404: 13375: 13365: 13340: 13338: 13321: 13259:(Republished by 13258: 13256: 13237: 13227: 13168: 13094:A K Peters, Ltd. 13082: 13056: 13032: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12994: 12979: 12966: 12954: 12778: 12720: 12612: 12609: 12603: 12600: 12594: 12593: 12582: 12576: 12575: 12564: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12544:. 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Archived from 9614: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9585:. Archived from 9579: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9533: 9527: 9524: 9518: 9515: 9509: 9508:, pp. 1–26. 9503: 9497: 9496: 9470: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9448:10.1109/5.993400 9427: 9421: 9419: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9377: 9371: 9368: 9362: 9359: 9353: 9350: 9344: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9323: 9320: 9314: 9311: 9302: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9267: 9258: 9241: 9235: 9229:Pingree (2003): 9227: 9221: 9218: 9212: 9209: 9203: 9200: 9189: 9186: 9180: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9162: 9148: 9139: 9138: 9133:. 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Archived from 8432: 8426: 8425: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8387:10.2307/40000232 8370: 8364: 8363: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8324: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8196: 8187: 8184: 8178: 8171: 8162: 8161: 8143: 8134: 8133: 8123: 8114: 8113: 8093: 8082: 8081: 8057: 8048: 8047: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7933: 7927: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7784:10.1038/379060a0 7757: 7748: 7747: 7721: 7712: 7706: 7691: 7685: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7653: 7645: 7636: 7633: 7624: 7621: 7612: 7609: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7587: 7574: 7571: 7562: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7464: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7389: 7380: 7372:Nobel Foundation 7369: 7363: 7360: 7351: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7218: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7192: 7186: 7176: 7170: 7160: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7131: 7125: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7067: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7039:Douglas Harper. 7036: 7030: 7028: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7004: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6958: 6947: 6931: 6925: 6914: 6908: 6907:Wise, page 11–12 6905: 6896: 6893: 6884: 6881: 6872: 6866: 6857: 6851: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6814: 6808: 6792: 6786: 6783: 6777: 6764:Angela Lakwete: 6762: 6756: 6749: 6743: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6701: 6700: 6677: 6671: 6664: 6658: 6651: 6645: 6642: 6629: 6623: 6610: 6595: 6589: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6520: 6514: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6483:. Gotham Books. 6474: 6468: 6467: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6320: 6311: 6308: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6252: 6246: 6237: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6115: 6104: 6101: 6092: 6089: 6080: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6015: 6012: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5983:. Archived from 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5957:. Archived from 5951: 5945: 5942: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5808: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5737: 5726: 5723: 5714: 5711: 5702: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5683: 5677: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5643: 5634: 5627: 5614: 5611: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5581: 5564: 5557: 5429:Particle Physics 5297:Dual-phase steel 5102:Bengali Chemist 5079:Shrikhande graph 4964:Manindra Agrawal 4171: 4168: 4138: 4123: 4093: 4090: 3766: 3765: 3753:kāyasādadasāyakā 3735: 3723:Shishupala Vadha 3712:Backus-Naur form 3688:production rules 3559: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3540: 3539: 3524: 3523: 3512: 3471: 3467: 3455: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3319:Narayana Pandita 3270: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3165: 3099:Indian astronomy 3017:negative numbers 2246: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2165: 2061:Rocket artillery 2043:Mysorean rockets 1851:Tumble polishing 1774:Lost-wax casting 1556: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1536:Sushruta Samhita 1513: 1511:Sushruta Samhita 1497: 1495:Sushruta Samhita 1479: 1476: 1472: 1469:Sushruta Samhita 1422:Sushruta Samhita 1412:Sushruta Samhita 1397:Sushruta Samhita 1333:Sushruta Samhita 1288:flowers, ritha ( 1259: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1194:– Geared sugar 1098:Colonial America 1095: 1094: 779:performs aerial 701:Byzantine empire 589:Akasam astapadam 493: 488: 484: 354:Jute cultivation 209: 202: 195: 169:Maritime history 54:Science in India 40: 28: 21: 20: 17223: 17222: 17218: 17217: 17216: 17214: 17213: 17212: 17178: 17177: 17176: 17171: 17133: 17107: 17084: 17039: 16972: 16943:Middle kingdoms 16907: 16898:Stock exchanges 16853: 16830: 16786:Cultural sphere 16752: 16664: 16655: 16534: 16529: 16499: 16494: 16462: 16426: 16412:Science writers 16407:Nobel laureates 16385: 16364:Pharmaceuticals 16335:High-speed rail 16308: 16304:Science museums 16273: 16235: 16187: 16182: 16152: 16147: 16035: 16027: 16016:Lost inventions 16011:Native American 15950: 15670: 15662: 15653: 15596: 15591: 15532:10.2307/3257111 15484:10.2307/1849619 15339: 15290: 14909: 14768: 14766: 14734:Protein Science 14729: 14670:Current Science 14344: 14310:Malkin, Stephen 14153: 14067:10.2307/2691411 14010:(6560): 60–63. 13993: 13676: 13368:Current Science 13363: 13336: 13310:10.1038/440755a 13254: 13235: 13224: 13149:10.2307/3614212 13121:Bressoud, David 13071:10.2307/2685927 13054: 12998: 12996: 12992: 12977: 12963: 12717: 12621: 12616: 12615: 12610: 12606: 12601: 12597: 12584: 12583: 12579: 12566: 12565: 12561: 12551: 12549: 12536: 12535: 12531: 12516: 12512: 12496: 12495: 12483: 12471: 12470: 12466: 12451: 12447: 12442: 12438: 12430:"Raman effect". 12429: 12425: 12420: 12416: 12411: 12407: 12402: 12398: 12386: 12379: 12356: 12352: 12347: 12343: 12338: 12329: 12324: 12315: 12310: 12303: 12297:Wayback Machine 12286: 12279: 12273:Wayback Machine 12264: 12253: 12248: 12244: 12221: 12217: 12202: 12198: 12193: 12189: 12184: 12180: 12175: 12171: 12150: 12143: 12138: 12134: 12121: 12120: 12116: 12107: 12106: 12102: 12093: 12092: 12088: 12075: 12074: 12070: 12061: 12060: 12056: 12047: 12046: 12042: 12029: 12028: 12024: 12015: 12014: 12010: 12001: 12000: 11996: 11987: 11986: 11982: 11969: 11968: 11964: 11957: 11953: 11938: 11934: 11883: 11879: 11866: 11865: 11861: 11856:. 10 July 2022. 11852: 11851: 11847: 11842:. 11 July 2022. 11838: 11837: 11833: 11824: 11823: 11819: 11814:. 24 July 2021. 11810: 11809: 11805: 11792: 11791: 11787: 11772: 11768: 11729: 11725: 11712: 11711: 11707: 11702: 11698: 11688: 11686: 11682: 11681: 11677: 11668: 11667: 11663: 11648: 11647: 11643: 11628: 11627: 11623: 11614: 11613: 11609: 11600: 11599: 11595: 11586: 11585: 11581: 11572: 11571: 11567: 11555: 11554: 11545: 11544: 11532: 11528: 11516: 11515: 11506: 11505: 11493: 11489: 11480: 11479: 11475: 11466: 11465: 11461: 11454: 11450: 11403: 11399: 11351: 11347: 11334: 11333: 11329: 11310: 11306: 11296: 11294: 11284: 11280: 11270: 11268: 11259: 11258: 11254: 11244: 11242: 11232: 11228: 11219: 11218: 11214: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11187: 11186: 11182: 11177:. 20 June 2024. 11169: 11168: 11164: 11155: 11154: 11150: 11135: 11134: 11130: 11123: 11119: 11109: 11107: 11098: 11097: 11093: 11083: 11081: 11071: 11067: 11058: 11057: 11053: 11043: 11041: 11034: 11030: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11013: 11009: 11000: 10999: 10995: 10982: 10981: 10977: 10967:Wayback Machine 10957: 10953: 10946: 10924: 10920: 10911: 10910: 10906: 10893: 10892: 10888: 10878: 10876: 10863: 10862: 10858: 10851: 10829: 10825: 10815: 10813: 10802: 10798: 10753: 10749: 10739: 10737: 10724: 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10696: 10695: 10691: 10681: 10679: 10666: 10662: 10631: 10627: 10590: 10586: 10555: 10551: 10544: 10524: 10520: 10509: 10505: 10498: 10480: 10476: 10466: 10464: 10453: 10449: 10440: 10436: 10405: 10401: 10393: 10389: 10376:(10): 784–790. 10370:Current Science 10365: 10361: 10354: 10338: 10334: 10327: 10312: 10308: 10295: 10291: 10284: 10268: 10264: 10251: 10247: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10226: 10222: 10217: 10213: 10209:Craddock (1983) 10208: 10201: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10178: 10172: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10149: 10145: 10135: 10133: 10124: 10123: 10119: 10108: 10104: 10099: 10092: 10087: 10080: 10075: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10057: 10053: 10048: 10044: 10039: 10035: 10030: 10017: 9980: 9976: 9963: 9962: 9958: 9951: 9929: 9925: 9918: 9895: 9891: 9884: 9867: 9863: 9846: 9842: 9837: 9833: 9825: 9821: 9816: 9812: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9782: 9778: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9742: 9738: 9711: 9689: 9685: 9660: 9656: 9644: 9642: 9633: 9632: 9625: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9606: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9566: 9564: 9557: 9553: 9543: 9541: 9534: 9530: 9525: 9521: 9516: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9459: 9455: 9428: 9424: 9416: 9399: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9378: 9374: 9369: 9365: 9361:Bressoud (2002) 9360: 9356: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9326: 9321: 9317: 9312: 9305: 9290: 9286: 9276: 9274: 9269: 9268: 9261: 9252:Wayback Machine 9242: 9238: 9228: 9224: 9219: 9215: 9210: 9206: 9201: 9192: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9174: 9169: 9165: 9149: 9142: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9066: 9059: 9054: 9045: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9015: 9011: 9001: 8999: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8951: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8924: 8920: 8910: 8901: 8900: 8891: 8890: 8883: 8881: 8879:livescience.com 8871: 8867: 8840: 8836: 8819: 8815: 8806: 8802: 8790: 8786: 8779: 8763: 8759: 8748: 8744: 8737: 8721: 8717: 8699:Wayback Machine 8689: 8685: 8675: 8673: 8662: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8644: 8637: 8632: 8625: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8605:978-0313-384318 8592: 8588: 8576: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8536: 8532: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8502: 8487: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8464:Srinivasan 1994 8463: 8459: 8449: 8447: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8406: 8402: 8371: 8367: 8348:MRS Proceedings 8344: 8340: 8293: 8289: 8270: 8266: 8255: 8251: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8215: 8211: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8144: 8137: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8094: 8085: 8058: 8051: 8028: 8024: 8014: 8012: 8002: 7998: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7958: 7954: 7934: 7930: 7912: 7908: 7898: 7896: 7886: 7882: 7867:10.2307/3210280 7851: 7844: 7839:. 9 March 2020. 7829: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7804: 7803: 7799: 7770:(6560): 60–63. 7758: 7751: 7730:(12): 2103–29. 7719: 7713: 7709: 7695:Early Antiquity 7692: 7688: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7639: 7634: 7627: 7622: 7615: 7610: 7606: 7597: 7593: 7588: 7577: 7572: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7517: 7513: 7482: 7478: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7416: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7390: 7383: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7336: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7280: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7216: 7210: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7177: 7173: 7161: 7157: 7150: 7146: 7141:Wayback Machine 7132: 7128: 7105: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7021: 6997: 6985: 6981: 6971:Wayback Machine 6959: 6950: 6932: 6928: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6899: 6894: 6887: 6883:Barker, page 13 6882: 6875: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6845: 6840:interior design 6837: 6833: 6815: 6811: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6763: 6759: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6723: 6719: 6711: 6704: 6694: 6678: 6674: 6665: 6661: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6632: 6624: 6613: 6596: 6592: 6575: 6568: 6558: 6556: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6512:Wayback Machine 6502: 6498: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6450:Needham, Joseph 6447: 6443: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6321: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6292: 6290: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6264:on 23 June 2013 6258: 6257:মজার খেলা নুনতা 6254: 6253: 6249: 6238: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6181: 6177: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6129: 6125: 6116: 6107: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5855: 5851: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5755:, pp. 1–5. 5751: 5747: 5738: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5628: 5617: 5612: 5603: 5594: 5592: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5517: 5492:discovered the 5438: 5287:quantum gravity 5263:Bose statistics 5247:Albert Einstein 5180: 5176: 5113: 5109: 5096: 5087:S.S. Shrikhande 5069:Ramanujan's sum 5065:Ramanujan graph 5057:Ramanujan prime 4942: 4936: 4894: 4835: 4779: 4756: 4721: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4632: 4606: 4569: 4556: 4517: 4496: 4371: 4322: 4309:V. N. Shirodkar 4242: 4237: 4198: 4169: 4157:Tychonic system 4119:Surya Siddhanta 4104: 4101: 4091: 4081:Charaka Samhita 4016: 3989: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3745:नादवाददवादना ॥ 3744: 3742: 3740: 3696:formal language 3652: 3535: 3531: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3495:Pell's equation 3469: 3465: 3453: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3384:long notes and 3369: 3366: 3365: 3354:choose function 3349:Bhagavati Sutra 3259:3.1415926539214 3256: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3226: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3163: 3101:along with the 3005:Sign convention 2244: 2238: 2153:Saptabhangivada 2078: 2023:Metal cylinder 2020: 1930:Standardisation 1926: 1813:celestial globe 1735:Delhi Sultanate 1685:Chandragupta II 1613: 1579: 1554: 1547: 1482:plastic surgery 1477: 1370:Siddha medicine 1356:Angina pectoris 1321: 1278:Acacia concinna 1252: 1215: 1209: 1078:Delhi Sultanate 1060:Delhi Sultanate 972:for its use in 943:Carding devices 885: 581:Blindfold chess 554: 548: 531: 486: 405: 332: 327: 313: 213: 38: 36: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17221: 17211: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17173: 17172: 17170: 17169: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17143: 17141: 17135: 17134: 17132: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17115: 17113: 17109: 17108: 17106: 17105: 17100: 17094: 17092: 17086: 17085: 17083: 17082: 17081: 17080: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17049: 17047: 17041: 17040: 17038: 17037: 17036: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17015: 17010: 17009: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16982: 16980: 16974: 16973: 16971: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16929: 16928: 16917: 16915: 16909: 16908: 16906: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16894: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16873: 16867: 16865: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16851: 16849:Climate change 16846: 16840: 16838: 16832: 16831: 16829: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16762: 16760: 16754: 16753: 16751: 16750: 16745: 16744: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16674: 16672: 16666: 16665: 16658: 16656: 16654: 16653: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16621: 16616: 16615: 16614: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16593: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16576: 16575: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16544: 16542: 16536: 16535: 16528: 16527: 16520: 16513: 16505: 16496: 16495: 16493: 16492: 16480: 16467: 16464: 16463: 16461: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16434: 16432: 16428: 16427: 16425: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16393: 16391: 16387: 16386: 16384: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16360: 16359: 16349: 16348: 16347: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16316: 16314: 16310: 16309: 16307: 16306: 16301: 16300: 16299: 16297:Supercomputing 16289: 16283: 16281: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16245: 16243: 16237: 16236: 16234: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16192: 16189: 16188: 16181: 16180: 16173: 16166: 16158: 16149: 16148: 16146: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16089: 16088: 16083: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16064: 16063: 16058: 16050: 16045: 16039: 16037: 16029: 16028: 16026: 16025: 16020: 16019: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15983: 15982: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15958: 15956: 15952: 15951: 15949: 15948: 15947: 15946: 15941: 15940: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15920:United States 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15877: 15876: 15871: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15845: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15752:Czech Republic 15749: 15744: 15743: 15742: 15737: 15727: 15722: 15721: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15674: 15672: 15664: 15663: 15652: 15651: 15644: 15637: 15629: 15623: 15622: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15595: 15594:External links 15592: 15590: 15589: 15574: 15559: 15544: 15526:(9): 271–279. 15522:. New Series. 15515: 15496: 15478:(3): 522–526. 15464: 15454:(3): 509–523. 15439: 15424: 15409: 15402: 15387: 15373: 15358: 15343: 15337: 15324: 15309: 15294: 15288: 15280:Buddhist Logic 15275: 15246: 15239: 15234:10.5334/pia.60 15212: 15203: 15182: 15167: 15152: 15134: 15119: 15112: 15098: 15086:10.1086/368443 15069: 15054: 15035: 15024:David Woodward 15012: 14994: 14985:, Wiley-IEEE, 14979: 14964: 14941: 14931:(5): 291–306. 14920: 14913: 14907: 14890: 14875: 14860: 14851: 14836: 14817: 14799: 14785: 14775: 14722: 14708: 14694: 14679: 14664: 14649: 14634: 14620: 14608:(4): 283–295. 14593: 14575:(1): 111–149. 14564: 14530:Pingree, David 14526: 14519: 14479: 14464: 14449: 14434: 14419: 14409: 14395: 14380: 14365: 14348: 14342: 14329: 14307: 14289: 14274: 14259: 14241: 14226: 14211: 14196: 14187: 14173: 14158: 14151: 14131: 14116: 14101: 14086: 14079: 14061:(3): 163–174. 14050: 14036: 13997: 13991: 13974: 13967:Jones, William 13964: 13945: 13926: 13891: 13876: 13857: 13842: 13823: 13809: 13794: 13773: 13754: 13739: 13725: 13710: 13695: 13680: 13674: 13661: 13646: 13631: 13616: 13601: 13572: 13565:Forbes, Duncan 13562: 13547: 13532: 13517: 13508: 13495: 13480: 13470: 13456: 13441: 13427: 13412: 13405: 13393:10.2307/529703 13387:(1–2): 3–22 . 13376: 13356: 13341: 13329: 13322: 13293: 13279: 13264: 13228: 13222: 13201: 13187: 13172: 13169: 13143:(381): 307–8. 13128: 13118: 13103: 13083: 13065:(3): 218–221. 13047: 13033: 13023:(5): 377–406. 13012: 13005: 12967: 12961: 12944: 12926: 12911: 12896: 12881: 12863: 12843: 12824: 12809: 12794: 12779: 12766: 12751: 12736: 12721: 12715: 12700: 12686: 12668: 12653: 12638: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12614: 12613: 12604: 12595: 12577: 12559: 12529: 12510: 12481: 12464: 12445: 12436: 12423: 12414: 12405: 12396: 12377: 12350: 12341: 12327: 12313: 12301: 12277: 12251: 12242: 12215: 12196: 12187: 12178: 12169: 12141: 12132: 12114: 12100: 12086: 12068: 12054: 12040: 12022: 12008: 11994: 11980: 11962: 11951: 11932: 11877: 11859: 11845: 11831: 11828:. 2 July 2024. 11817: 11803: 11785: 11766: 11739:(10): 2753–6. 11733:Applied Optics 11723: 11705: 11696: 11675: 11661: 11641: 11621: 11607: 11593: 11579: 11565: 11526: 11487: 11473: 11459: 11448: 11397: 11345: 11327: 11304: 11278: 11252: 11226: 11212: 11194: 11180: 11162: 11148: 11128: 11117: 11091: 11065: 11062:. 7 July 2021. 11051: 11028: 11007: 10993: 10975: 10951: 10944: 10918: 10904: 10886: 10856: 10849: 10823: 10796: 10747: 10727:Test Tube Baby 10717: 10689: 10660: 10641:(4): 707–717. 10625: 10604:(4): 125–127. 10584: 10549: 10542: 10518: 10503: 10496: 10474: 10447: 10434: 10421:10.2307/595925 10399: 10397:, p. 408. 10387: 10359: 10352: 10332: 10325: 10306: 10289: 10282: 10262: 10245: 10220: 10211: 10199: 10166: 10143: 10117: 10102: 10090: 10078: 10069: 10060: 10051: 10042: 10033: 10015: 9974: 9956: 9949: 9923: 9916: 9889: 9882: 9861: 9840: 9831: 9827:Stillwell 2004 9819: 9810: 9796: 9776: 9762: 9736: 9709: 9683: 9654: 9645:|journal= 9600: 9574: 9551: 9528: 9519: 9510: 9498: 9491: 9471:Reprinted as: 9453: 9442:(3): 319–342. 9422: 9414: 9393: 9391:, p. 173. 9389:Stillwell 2004 9381: 9372: 9370:Plofker (2001) 9363: 9354: 9345: 9336: 9324: 9315: 9303: 9284: 9259: 9236: 9222: 9213: 9204: 9190: 9181: 9172: 9163: 9140: 9118: 9109: 9081: 9069: 9057: 9043: 9029: 9009: 8987: 8968: 8945: 8918: 8865: 8854:(4): 267–281. 8834: 8813: 8800: 8784: 8777: 8757: 8742: 8735: 8715: 8683: 8656: 8647: 8635: 8623: 8611: 8604: 8586: 8570: 8561: 8550:(3): 347–353. 8530: 8508: 8475: 8466: 8457: 8427: 8400: 8365: 8338: 8307:(5): 879–901. 8287: 8264: 8249: 8234: 8228:978-8124600306 8227: 8209: 8188: 8179: 8163: 8156: 8135: 8115: 8108: 8083: 8049: 8022: 7996: 7979: 7972: 7952: 7928: 7906: 7880: 7861:(4): 187–196. 7842: 7822: 7797: 7749: 7707: 7686: 7665: 7637: 7625: 7613: 7604: 7591: 7575: 7563: 7554: 7527:(4): 281–285. 7511: 7492:(4): 281–285. 7476: 7435: 7428: 7410: 7408:, p. 151. 7398: 7381: 7364: 7352: 7343: 7334: 7321:10.2307/604837 7315:(4): 609–629. 7299: 7292: 7274: 7262: 7255: 7237: 7204: 7187: 7184:978-0199297795 7171: 7168:978-8125011613 7155: 7144: 7126: 7122:978-0195646528 7099: 7087: 7075: 7061:Bisht (1993). 7053: 7031: 6979: 6948: 6926: 6909: 6897: 6885: 6873: 6858: 6843: 6831: 6809: 6787: 6778: 6757: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6702: 6693:978-0471180456 6692: 6672: 6659: 6646: 6630: 6611: 6590: 6566: 6540: 6515: 6496: 6489: 6469: 6462: 6441: 6424: 6418: 6398: 6392: 6372: 6366: 6360:, p. 31, 6342: 6335: 6312: 6300: 6275: 6247: 6227: 6201: 6175: 6164:(3): 278–295. 6148: 6146:Alter, page 88 6136: 6123: 6105: 6093: 6081: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6028: 6016: 6007: 5998: 5972: 5946: 5937: 5926: 5900: 5875: 5849: 5835: 5823: 5795: 5784:. 15 June 2023 5782:nalanda.nic.in 5769: 5757: 5745: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5694: 5678: 5670:Materia Medica 5661: 5635: 5615: 5601: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5497: 5479: 5465: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5425:Standard Model 5410: 5407: 5404: 5382: 5372: 5348: 5336: 5326: 5300: 5294: 5280: 5232: 5223:Homi J. Bhabha 5216: 5204: 5190:Abhay Ashtekar 5183: 5178: 5174: 5173:synthesised NH 5111: 5107: 5106:synthesised NH 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5076: 5050: 5044: 5036: 5029:Fourier series 5014: 5011:Debabrata Basu 5007:Basu's theorem 5004: 5001:C. S. Seshadri 4986: 4977:PRIMES is in P 4935: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4924: 4917: 4911: 4906:car/vehicle – 4901: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4834: 4833:Weapon systems 4831: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4809: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4767: 4755: 4754:Rocket science 4752: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4672:Jindal Defence 4665: 4658: 4647: 4640: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4585: 4574:Vasuki indicus 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4535: 4532: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4507:with help of 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4462: 4438: 4416: 4402: 4391:.NET Framework 4370: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4351: 4347: 4333: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4302: 4288: 4285:Sambhu Nath De 4278: 4264: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4217: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4181: 4170: 1500 CE 4162:Tantrasamgraha 4154: 4140: 4136:gurutvākarṣaṇa 4124: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4069:medicinal zinc 4062: 4020:Diamond mining 4015: 4012: 3986: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3763: 3743:रसाहवा वाहसार- 3741:कायसाददसायका । 3733: 3731: 3730: 3719: 3684:formal grammar 3660:Formal systems 3656:Formal grammar 3651: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3644:bhaskaracharya 3642:were known to 3633: 3595: 3581:mathematician 3575:Michael Stifel 3571: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3491: 3473: 3439: 3421: 3409: 3393: 3373: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3322: 3312: 3294: 3283: 3277: 3260: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3160:Madhava series 3157: 3152: 3122: 3097:originated in 3080: 3071:(derived from 3033: 3032: 3025: 3002: 2995: 2992:Arabic numeral 2981: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249:Number System 2237: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2223: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2183:syan nasty eva 2178: 2168: 2167: 2157: 2156: 2145: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2113: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2058: 2040: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 1942: 1941: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1910: 1892: 1884:Damascus steel 1865:Tamil language 1854: 1848: 1842: 1824: 1809: 1771: 1752: 1738: 1720: 1714: 1711:Diamond drills 1708: 1698: 1695:Crucible steel 1692: 1677:Southern India 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1591:Madhya Pradesh 1578: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1557:), the second 1524: 1515: 1456: 1450: 1425: 1415: 1389: 1363: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1305: 1226: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1188: 1154: 1105: 1085: 1063: 1042: 1027: 1001: 998:Hindi language 987: 981: 959: 947:Joseph Needham 940: 906: 905: 884: 881: 880: 879: 877:Maurya dynasty 858: 848: 828: 825:Milton Bradley 818: 812: 806: 799:Someshvara III 766: 755: 745: 731: 725:– The game of 720: 622: 611:Patiala, India 600: 578: 569: 550:Main article: 547: 544: 543: 542: 530: 527: 526: 525: 469: 451: 440:Andhra Pradesh 432:Tolu Bommalata 404: 401: 400: 399: 392:S. officinarum 384:Southeast Asia 373: 351: 331: 328: 312: 309: 289:communications 215: 214: 212: 211: 204: 197: 189: 186: 185: 184: 183: 178: 177: 176: 171: 161: 160: 159: 149: 144: 139: 134: 132:Indian Alchemy 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 103: 102: 92: 87: 82: 74: 73: 69: 68: 67: 66: 61: 56: 51: 43: 42: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17220: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17185: 17183: 17168: 17165: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17144: 17142: 17140: 17136: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17116: 17114: 17110: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17095: 17093: 17091: 17087: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17050: 17048: 17046: 17042: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17020: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16988: 16987: 16984: 16983: 16981: 16979: 16975: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16927: 16924: 16923: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16914: 16910: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16878: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16868: 16866: 16864: 16860: 16856: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16841: 16839: 16837: 16833: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16766:Architecture‎ 16764: 16763: 16761: 16759: 16755: 16749: 16746: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16723: 16722:Other groups 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16713:Tibeto-Burman 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16683:Austroasiatic 16681: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16671: 16670:Ethnic groups 16667: 16662: 16652: 16649: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16626: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16613: 16610: 16609: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16569: 16566: 16565: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16545: 16543: 16541: 16537: 16533: 16526: 16521: 16519: 16514: 16512: 16507: 16506: 16503: 16491: 16490: 16481: 16479: 16478: 16469: 16468: 16465: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16435: 16433: 16429: 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L. 12844: 12841: 12840:0-8032-1344-1 12837: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12822: 12821:1-85906-106-0 12818: 12814: 12810: 12807: 12806:81-208-0063-X 12803: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12791:81-7305-223-9 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12767: 12764: 12763:0-7914-2919-9 12760: 12756: 12752: 12749: 12748:90-04-07233-0 12745: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12733:0-7890-1504-8 12730: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12712: 12708: 12707: 12701: 12699: 12698:0-202-01072-4 12695: 12691: 12687: 12684: 12683:81-208-1344-8 12680: 12676: 12672: 12669: 12666: 12665:1-85973-317-4 12662: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12650:0-253-20551-4 12647: 12643: 12639: 12636: 12635:1-56639-832-0 12632: 12628: 12624: 12623: 12608: 12599: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12573: 12569: 12563: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12533: 12525: 12521: 12514: 12506: 12500: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12482:81-7597-175-4 12478: 12474: 12468: 12460: 12456: 12449: 12443:Naresh (2005) 12440: 12433: 12427: 12418: 12409: 12400: 12393: 12389: 12384: 12382: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12354: 12345: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12308: 12306: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12284: 12282: 12274: 12270: 12267: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12246: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12219: 12211: 12207: 12200: 12191: 12182: 12173: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12155: 12148: 12146: 12136: 12128: 12124: 12118: 12110: 12104: 12096: 12090: 12082: 12078: 12072: 12064: 12058: 12050: 12044: 12036: 12032: 12026: 12018: 12012: 12004: 11998: 11990: 11984: 11976: 11972: 11966: 11960: 11955: 11947: 11943: 11936: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11911:10.1038/43854 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11881: 11873: 11869: 11863: 11855: 11849: 11841: 11835: 11827: 11821: 11813: 11807: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11781: 11777: 11770: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11727: 11719: 11718:Photonics.com 11715: 11709: 11700: 11685: 11679: 11671: 11665: 11657: 11656: 11651: 11645: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11625: 11617: 11611: 11603: 11597: 11589: 11583: 11575: 11569: 11561: 11549: 11541: 11537: 11530: 11522: 11510: 11502: 11498: 11491: 11483: 11477: 11469: 11463: 11457: 11452: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11401: 11393: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11349: 11341: 11337: 11331: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11308: 11293: 11289: 11282: 11266: 11262: 11256: 11241: 11237: 11230: 11222: 11216: 11208: 11204: 11198: 11190: 11184: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11158: 11152: 11144: 11143: 11138: 11132: 11126: 11121: 11105: 11101: 11095: 11080: 11076: 11069: 11061: 11055: 11039: 11032: 11017: 11011: 11003: 10997: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10961: 10955: 10947: 10945:0-7803-3814-6 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10922: 10914: 10908: 10900: 10896: 10890: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10860: 10852: 10850:0-7803-3814-6 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10827: 10811: 10807: 10800: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10751: 10735: 10734: 10729: 10728: 10721: 10705: 10704: 10703:The Telegraph 10699: 10693: 10678:. p. 159 10677: 10676: 10675:New Scientist 10671: 10664: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10629: 10621: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10588: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10553: 10545: 10543:9788120618879 10539: 10535: 10531: 10530: 10522: 10514: 10507: 10499: 10497:81-250-2013-6 10493: 10489: 10485: 10478: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10444: 10438: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10403: 10396: 10391: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10363: 10355: 10353:9781441976246 10349: 10345: 10344: 10336: 10328: 10322: 10318: 10310: 10302: 10301: 10293: 10285: 10283:9780199792689 10279: 10275: 10274: 10266: 10258: 10257: 10249: 10231: 10224: 10215: 10206: 10204: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10154: 10147: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10114: 10113: 10106: 10097: 10095: 10088:Lee, page 685 10085: 10083: 10073: 10064: 10055: 10046: 10037: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9978: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9952: 9950:0-471-18082-3 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9927: 9919: 9917:9788177583359 9913: 9909: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9893: 9885: 9879: 9875: 9874: 9865: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9844: 9835: 9828: 9823: 9814: 9799: 9797:9780801869464 9793: 9789: 9788: 9780: 9765: 9763:9780253333889 9759: 9755: 9750: 9749: 9740: 9734:. 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6120: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6100: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6078: 6077:0-85229-762-9 6074: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6032: 6023: 6021: 6014:Forbes (1860) 6011: 6005:Murray (1913) 6002: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5941: 5935: 5930: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5812: 5805: 5799: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5754: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5698: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5649: 5642: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5576: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5458:Chandrayaan-1 5455: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5419:, one of the 5418: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5369:data analysis 5366: 5365:communication 5362: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5213:Royal Society 5209: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5143:alpha helices 5140: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5105: 5100: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4950:deterministic 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4914:Digital rupee 4912: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4561: 4560:Payments bank 4558: 4557: 4548: 4544: 4543:plastic waste 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4481:Abhay Bhushan 4478: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4409:Viral B. Shah 4406: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4281:Cholera toxin 4279: 4276: 4272: 4271:leishmaniasis 4268: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4202:Punch (drink) 4200: 4199: 4196:Miscellaneous 4190: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4110:Sidereal year 4107: 4106:Earth's orbit 4103: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4040:central India 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3984: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3749: 3746: 3739:सकारनानारकास- 3737: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3504: 3503:vargaprakṛiti 3500: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3418:Satkhandagama 3414: 3410: 3407: 3391: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3345:Combinatorics 3343: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3287:interpolation 3284: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3258: 3251: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3211: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087:trigonometric 3084: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3046:indeterminate 3043: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2974:Counting rods 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 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2170: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2037:war elephants 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1861:nanomaterials 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1731:Mughal Empire 1728: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1679:(present day 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633:Uttar Pradesh 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577:Equestrianism 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1555: 272 BC 1548: 320 BC 1542: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1518:Tonsillectomy 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 500 AD 1471: 1470: 1464: 1463:ancient India 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1313: 1312:ancient India 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280:), soapnuts ( 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1201: 1197: 1196:rolling mills 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082:Mughal Empire 1080:or the early 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058:, during the 1057: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024:Mediterranean 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1002: 999: 995: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 960: 957: 953: 948: 944: 941: 938: 934: 930: 926: 923: 922: 918: 915: 910: 903: 898: 894: 890: 887: 886: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865:knuckleduster 862: 859: 856: 852: 849: 846: 845: 840: 836: 832: 829: 826: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 800: 797:, written by 796: 795: 790: 787:postures and 786: 782: 778: 775:, in which a 774: 770: 767: 763: 759: 756: 753: 749: 746: 743: 739: 738:Kalaripayattu 735: 734:Kalaripayattu 732: 730:400 BCE. 728: 724: 721: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 665: 660: 659: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:Gupta dynasty 630: 626: 623: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 601: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 579: 577: 576:British India 573: 570: 567: 566:kalaripayattu 563: 559: 556: 555: 553: 540: 539:Maurya Empire 536: 533: 532: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498: 492: 483: 478: 474: 470: 467: 463: 459: 455: 452: 449: 446: 445: 441: 438:tradition of 437: 436:shadow puppet 433: 429: 425: 421: 414: 409: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 374: 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:western world 355: 352: 349: 345: 341: 337: 334: 333: 326: 322: 318: 311:Ancient India 308: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 210: 205: 203: 198: 196: 191: 190: 188: 187: 182: 179: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 165: 162: 158: 155: 154: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 76: 75: 71: 70: 65: 62: 60: 57: 55: 52: 50: 47: 46: 45: 44: 41: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 17151: 17068:Martial arts 16958:Colonial era 16953:Early modern 16903:Caste system 16688:Austronesian 16629:Northwestern 16482: 16470: 16248: 16196:Architecture 16061:Puerto Rican 15996:Indus Valley 15891:South Africa 15842:explorations 15776: 15614: 15577: 15562: 15547: 15523: 15519: 15499: 15475: 15471: 15451: 15447: 15427: 15412: 15405: 15390: 15376: 15361: 15346: 15328: 15315:. Springer. 15312: 15297: 15279: 15254: 15250: 15242: 15224: 15220: 15207: 15190: 15186: 15170: 15155: 15137: 15122: 15115: 15101: 15077: 15073: 15057: 15038: 15015: 15000: 14982: 14967: 14947:. Edited by 14944: 14928: 14924: 14916: 14896: 14878: 14863: 14855: 14839: 14820: 14802: 14788: 14781: 14767:. Retrieved 14737: 14733: 14711: 14697: 14682: 14674: 14668: 14652: 14637: 14623: 14605: 14601: 14572: 14568: 14544:(4): 45–54. 14541: 14537: 14522: 14496: 14490: 14483:Penney, Lord 14467: 14452: 14437: 14422: 14415: 14398: 14383: 14368: 14351: 14333: 14316:. Michigan: 14313: 14295: 14277: 14262: 14244: 14229: 14214: 14199: 14191: 14176: 14161: 14138: 14119: 14104: 14089: 14082: 14058: 14054: 14039: 14007: 14001: 13978: 13970: 13948: 13929: 13903: 13899: 13879: 13860: 13845: 13826: 13812: 13797: 13776: 13761: 13757: 13742: 13728: 13713: 13698: 13683: 13665: 13649: 13634: 13619: 13604: 13580: 13576: 13568: 13550: 13535: 13520: 13511: 13499: 13483: 13476: 13473:Durant, Will 13459: 13444: 13430: 13415: 13408: 13384: 13380: 13371: 13367: 13344: 13325: 13301: 13297: 13282: 13267: 13252:the original 13243: 13239: 13205: 13190: 13175: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13124: 13106: 13086: 13062: 13058: 13036: 13020: 13016: 13008: 12997:. Retrieved 12990:the original 12985: 12981: 12950: 12932: 12914: 12899: 12884: 12869: 12849: 12827: 12812: 12797: 12782: 12774: 12770: 12754: 12739: 12724: 12705: 12689: 12674: 12656: 12641: 12626: 12619:Bibliography 12607: 12598: 12589: 12580: 12571: 12562: 12550:. Retrieved 12546:the original 12541: 12532: 12523: 12513: 12472: 12467: 12458: 12454: 12448: 12439: 12431: 12426: 12417: 12408: 12399: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12344: 12288: 12245: 12228: 12224: 12218: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12190: 12181: 12172: 12160: 12135: 12126: 12117: 12103: 12089: 12080: 12071: 12057: 12043: 12034: 12025: 12011: 11997: 11983: 11974: 11965: 11954: 11945: 11935: 11894: 11890: 11880: 11871: 11862: 11848: 11834: 11820: 11806: 11797: 11788: 11779: 11769: 11736: 11732: 11726: 11717: 11708: 11699: 11687:. Retrieved 11678: 11664: 11653: 11644: 11633: 11624: 11610: 11596: 11582: 11568: 11539: 11529: 11500: 11490: 11476: 11462: 11451: 11410: 11406: 11400: 11363: 11359: 11348: 11339: 11330: 11314:Nature India 11313: 11307: 11295:. Retrieved 11291: 11281: 11269:. Retrieved 11264: 11255: 11243:. Retrieved 11239: 11229: 11215: 11206: 11197: 11183: 11174: 11165: 11151: 11140: 11131: 11120: 11108:. Retrieved 11104:www.vice.com 11103: 11094: 11082:. 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Retrieved 5630: 5593:, retrieved 5589: 5579: 5555: 5472:Meghnad Saha 5456:released by 5375:Raman effect 5358: 5342: 5322: 5276: 5270: 5262: 5256: 5251: 5226: 5040:D.R.Kaprekar 4985:overlooked". 4982:Paul Leyland 4976: 4972:Nitin Saxena 4968:Neeraj Kayal 4664:reliability. 4567:Paleontology 4538:Plastic road 4344:Oliver Lodge 4326:Horn antenna 4255:synthesised 4235:Modern India 4160: 4147:Varahamihira 4117: 4049:Arthashastra 4047: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3760: 3750: 3747: 3738: 3683: 3679: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3592:2-adic order 3586: 3566: 3561: 3502: 3480:Varahamihira 3457: 3416: 3362:Chanda Sutra 3305:square roots 3280:Power series 3249: 3209: 3145:Govindasvāmi 3133:Parameshvara 3119:Varahamihira 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3035: 2941: 2937: 2152: 2032: 2011:Central Asia 2003:Mohenjo-daro 1944: 1938:Central Asia 1903:Arthashastra 1879: 1839:Mohenjo Daro 1786:dancing girl 1755:Glassblowing 1617:Iron working 1561: 1534: 1499: 1421: 1411: 1407:Atharva-veda 1405: 1401: 1395: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1327:A statue of 1273: 1269: 1232: 1219:Indian clubs 1200:worm gearing 1140: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1108:Prayer flags 1038: 1034:Ajanta Caves 993: 969: 965: 955: 951: 931:appeared in 902:Indus Valley 868: 861:Vajra-mushti 851:Table tennis 842: 838: 815:Seven stones 803:Pole Dancing 792: 726: 713:North Africa 676: 672: 662: 656: 652: 592: 588: 535:Cheque/Check 508:(modern-day 495: 471:Residential 431: 391: 387: 339: 301: 299:technology. 273:its scholars 241:architecture 220: 218: 152:Architecture 48: 18: 16921:Archaeology 16836:Environment 16726:Afro-Asians 16548:Afghanistan 16231:Engineering 16221:Mathematics 16206:Cartography 16108:New Zealand 15944:discoveries 15927:before 1890 15923:inventions 15901:Switzerland 15874:discoveries 15854:Philippines 15837:discoveries 15827:Netherlands 15740:discoveries 15660:discoveries 15080:: 606–628. 15020:J.B. Harley 14953:Carol Gluck 14769:11 February 13583:(1): 1–17. 13339:(Preprint). 13248:U. of Delhi 12777:(3): 431–6. 12552:29 November 12461:(5): 18–61. 12212:(20): 33–45 11556:|last= 11517:|last= 11292:www.bbc.com 11240:CivilJungle 10816:12 November 10767:(9): 1107. 10740:4 September 10682:4 September 10467:19 December 10395:Joseph 2000 9898:D. E. Knuth 9868:See, e.g., 9563:. Mathworld 9475:Gaṇitānanda 9379:Katz (1995) 9293:Paramesvara 8961:26 December 8938:26 December 8676:28 November 8381:: 125–132. 8038:(1): 1–23. 7914:Irfan Habib 7894:Penn Museum 7815:10 February 7270:Chopra 2003 6934:Irfan Habib 6855:crewel work 6824:, pp. 53–54 6817:Irfan Habib 6795:Irfan Habib 6554:Grapplearts 6288:harappa.com 5674:Dioscorides 5508:white dwarf 5486:black holes 5476:ionisations 5450:Lunar water 5315:white light 5197:gauge field 5139:beta sheets 4934:Mathematics 4863:operations. 4733:Crescograph 4693:Commercial 4652:– In 2002, 4593:Thar Desert 4413:India Stack 4360:researched 4206:mixed drink 4151:Bhattotpala 4131:Brahmagupta 4065:Zinc mining 4046:texts. The 3432:Hemachandra 3301:Brahmagupta 3291:Brahmagupta 3149:Bhāskara II 3053:Bhāskara II 3013:denominator 2970:Sexagesimal 2954:Sexagesimal 2464:Devanagari 2236:Mathematics 2065:Tipu Sultan 1979:measurement 1947:Chanhu-daro 1872:wootz steel 1857:Wootz steel 1782:Mohenjodaro 1599:Bhaja caves 1583:Toe stirrup 1506:rhinoplasty 1264:with dried 1231:– The word 1223:British Raj 1056:cotton gins 1026:and beyond. 869:Manasollasa 839:kridapatram 794:Manasollasa 769:Mallakhamba 645:Old Persian 615:World War I 512:), eastern 330:Agriculture 261:mathematics 249:cartography 142:Agriculture 107:Cartography 80:Mathematics 17182:Categories 17023:Bangladesh 16933:Bronze Age 16816:Philosophy 16801:Literature 16698:Indo-Aryan 16678:Andamanese 16553:Bangladesh 16417:Scientists 16357:Technology 16269:Metallurgy 15937:after 1991 15869:inventions 15832:Inventions 15735:inventions 15693:Bangladesh 15688:Azerbaijan 15656:Inventions 14778:Rao, S. R. 13953:Cheltenham 13932:edited by 13906:(3): 137. 12542:m.ndtv.com 11366:(4): 800. 11265:IndiaTimes 10415:(4): 392. 10192:4 November 10159:4 November 10136:4 November 9994:(3): 137. 9567:3 November 9544:3 November 9506:Knuth 2005 9334:Roy (1990) 8072:(2): 248. 7941:(4): 699. 7124:, page 145 7072:: 143–144. 7007:imperative 5991:2 February 5965:2 February 5753:Asher 2015 5595:14 October 5571:References 5561:Hipparchus 5391:physicist 5239:condensate 5155:C-terminal 5130:, a human 4938:See also: 4908:Bajaj Auto 4501:Coal India 4455:IIT Madras 4387:Visual J++ 3664:Astadhyayi 3587:ardhacheda 3309:cube roots 3176:arctangent 3115:Siddhantas 3107:inversine 3089:functions 3062:Bijaganita 2999:subtrahend 2926:Aryabhatta 2639:Malayalam 2240:See also: 2102:Pyrrhonism 2100:school of 2098:skepticist 2094:Madhyamaka 1991:Kalibangan 1913:Touchstone 1895:Rain gauge 1880:Seric Iron 1845:Tube drawn 1817:metallurgy 1806:Chanhudaro 1440:antimonial 1378:āyur-vedaḥ 1343:(RACS) in 1294:Guru Nanak 1239:Hindustani 1211:See also: 1207:Well-being 1192:sugar mill 1161:waterskins 1070:Cotton Gin 1048:cotton gin 1045:Worm drive 1020:Common Era 691:pilgrims, 687:nobility. 677:four corps 625:Chaturanga 558:Atya-patya 497:mahavihara 487:pronounced 473:University 396:New Guinea 380:South Asia 336:Indigo dye 315:See also: 304:inventions 269:mineralogy 253:metallurgy 174:Navigation 122:Metallurgy 72:By subject 49:Inventions 17090:Education 16811:Mythology 16796:Languages 16708:Nuristani 16693:Dravidian 16619:Sri Lanka 16585:Northeast 16573:Northwest 16402:Inventors 16397:Engineers 16279:Education 16201:Astronomy 16093:Bulgarian 16052:American 16043:Worldwide 15969:cosmology 15964:chemistry 15932:1890–1945 15782:Indonesia 15678:Australia 15504:Macmillan 15271:170894641 15227:: 49–59. 15187:Resonance 15142:Hyderabad 14589:144865654 14499:: 35–55. 14294:(2007) . 14032:205026185 13668:. 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Marga. 12673:(1999) . 12524:The Hindu 12499:cite book 12491:296288988 12231:: 76–88, 12162:MathWorld 11946:The Hindu 11798:The Hindu 11780:The Hindu 11548:cite news 11509:cite news 11443:237401121 11110:10 August 11044:29 August 11021:29 August 10879:5 January 10488:Hyderabad 9719:191141516 8654:Baber, 23 8645:Iwata2254 8521:Frontline 8416:: 13–24. 7921:, page 53 7792:205026185 7005:) is the 6802:, page 53 6189:The Hindu 5654:9 January 5590:Frontline 5311:shortwave 5249:entitled 5132:DNA clamp 4956:algorithm 4898:Helmet AC 4719:Metrology 4661:DMR grade 4487:TCS BaNCS 4401:in India. 4395:Hyderabad 4375:Visual J# 4354:Waveguide 4261:kala-azar 4077:Rajasthan 3570:treatise. 3526:− 3484:Halayudha 3428:Virahanka 3189:⁡ 3111:Aryabhata 3009:numerator 2958:Vigesimal 2884:Javanese 2814:Balinese 2499:Gujarati 2429:Assamese 2324:Gurmukhi 2141:Hetucakra 2116:Trairūpya 2090:Nāgarjuna 2051:Hyder Ali 1995:Dholavira 1987:Surkotada 1924:Metrology 1831:porcelain 1827:Stoneware 1811:Seamless 1745:carnelian 1665:saucepans 1541:Bindusara 1459:Otoplasty 1447:kala azar 1366:Ayurvedic 1349:Australia 1345:Melbourne 1173:scabbards 1088:Palampore 937:Kozhikode 919:in action 789:wrestling 785:gymnastic 693:Silk Road 681:Near East 664:caturaṅga 619:Sri Lanka 593:ashtapada 572:Badminton 462:East Asia 458:Southeast 265:metrology 245:astronomy 164:Transport 147:Education 112:Geography 85:Astronomy 17112:Military 17033:Pakistan 16996:Hinduism 16991:Buddhism 16978:Religion 16948:Medieval 16938:Iron Age 16863:Politics 16826:Surnames 16748:Diaspora 16644:Southern 16634:Northern 16607:Pakistan 16597:Maldives 16477:Category 16345:Software 16330:Chemical 16259:Military 16118:Romanian 16077:British 16073:Austrian 16068:Armenian 16006:Military 15955:by topic 15911:Thailand 15864:Portugal 15849:Pakistan 15817:Malaysia 15713:Scotland 14999:(1963). 14780:(1985). 14764:11468366 14560:57559157 14538:Daedalus 14532:(2003). 14523:hospital 14414:(1913). 14312:(1996). 14137:(2005). 13969:(1807). 13922:52817672 13567:(1860). 13475:(1935). 13318:16598247 12931:(1893). 12868:(1994). 12832:Nebraska 12293:Archived 12269:Archived 11919:16862108 11761:20174226 11689:5 August 11435:34475553 11392:35458530 10963:Archived 10899:HuffPost 10791:21004646 10783:25047486 10655:14898376 10620:29008368 10579:38514877 10457:"ḠALYĀN" 10382:24098820 10010:52817672 9900:(1998). 9803:13 April 9769:13 April 9404:(2009). 9277:13 April 9248:Archived 9036:13 April 9002:13 April 8894:cite web 8695:Archived 8670:Archived 8395:40000232 8202:(1985). 8044:42928207 7947:25220818 7916:(2011), 7836:ThePrint 7705:. pp 372 7684:. pp 218 7658:13 April 7549:26690619 7541:15856269 7506:15856269 7471:20476427 7374:(2008). 7137:Archived 7106:Rahman, 6967:Archived 6936:(2011), 6918:Mehrgarh 6870:quilting 6819:(2011), 6655:cashmere 6508:Archived 6452:(2004). 6220:6 August 5868:6 August 5515:See also 5182:process. 5094:Sciences 5089:in 1959. 4867:Payload. 4657:Reactor. 4610:Amrapali 4604:Genetics 4437:, India. 4435:Dehradun 4332:in 1897. 4315:in 1955. 4240:Medicine 4185:ecliptic 4058:Buddhist 4054:Kautilya 4044:Sanskrit 4036:Golconda 4032:Godavari 3994:rasāhavā 3700:alphabet 3672:Sanskrit 3583:Virasena 3413:infinity 3077:Sanskrit 3057:Jayadeva 3011:and the 2966:Almagest 2849:Santali 2674:Burmese 2604:Kannada 2534:Tibetan 2394:Bengali 2252:Numbers 1868:literary 1790:Harappan 1723:Draw bar 1701:Dockyard 1655:-heads, 1625:Caucasus 1623:and the 1621:Anatolia 1597:and the 1587:Junapani 1570:Chanakya 1531:Sanskrit 1443:compound 1360:Sushruta 1329:Sushruta 1319:Medicine 1286:hibiscus 1282:Sapindus 1262:Sapindus 1185:Mehrgarh 1112:Buddhist 1102:quilting 1093:पालमपोर् 970:pashmina 962:Cashmere 893:seashell 873:Chalukya 827:in 1943. 707:empire. 697:Far East 689:Buddhist 669:Sanskrit 658:shatranj 653:chatrang 637:Persians 502:Buddhist 448:Stepwell 388:S. edule 346:and the 233:cultural 181:Military 117:Printing 90:Calendar 17157:History 17103:History 17053:Cricket 17006:Sikhism 17001:Jainism 16986:Dharmic 16913:History 16859:Economy 16844:Monsoon 16821:Scripts 16791:Fashion 16781:Cuisine 16758:Culture 16741:Semitic 16731:Chinese 16639:Eastern 16590:Islands 16489:Commons 16313:Sectors 16241:History 16211:Coinage 16138:Swedish 16133:Spanish 16128:Serbian 16123:Russian 16103:Italian 16081:English 16048:African 15979:science 15916:Vietnam 15802:Jamaica 15787:Ireland 15767:Germany 15747:Croatia 15708:England 15703:Britain 15683:Austria 15540:3257111 15492:1849619 14755:2374078 14083:leprosy 14075:2691411 14012:Bibcode 13780:Montana 13597:2975209 13157:3614212 13079:2685927 12237:0009816 11927:4427627 11899:Bibcode 11741:Bibcode 11655:YouTube 11635:YouTube 11415:Bibcode 11383:9031315 11360:Viruses 11297:25 July 11271:25 July 11245:25 July 11084:13 July 11040:. DZone 10733:YouTube 10611:5186533 10112:Diamond 9941:213–215 9732:1189487 9674:Bibcode 9626:5 March 9593:5 March 9583:"India" 9420:(p.111) 9078:algebra 8450:23 July 8309:Bibcode 8015:6 March 7899:31 July 7875:3210280 7772:Bibcode 7732:Bibcode 7462:2384338 7095:phenaka 7046:14 July 6941:, p. 53 6559:21 July 6533:21 July 6293:7 March 6242:Pachisi 5919:13 July 5893:13 July 5423:on the 5389:Bengali 5267:photons 5159:Glycine 5135:protein 5043:number. 4881:Thermax 4824:medium. 4818:battery 4797:output. 4623:ZyCoV-D 4582:Gujarat 4549:in 2001 4451:Verilog 4397:-based 4299:Kolkata 4228:tobacco 4176:of the 4112:): The 4073:Udaipur 4028:Krishna 3692:strings 3680:grammar 3598:Kuṭṭaka 3488:Pingala 3436:Pingala 3358:Pingala 3129:theorem 3095:versine 3027:Modern 2988:decimal 2986:– With 2968:, in a 2962:Ptolemy 2569:Telugu 2120:pramana 2092:in the 2047:rockets 2018:Weapons 1999:Harappa 1955:decimal 1907:Magadha 1835:Harappa 1794:Harappa 1770:though. 1729:in the 1673:chisels 1649:daggers 1595:Mathura 1566:emperor 1559:Mauryan 1490:medical 1392:Leprosy 1337:surgery 1302:Sikhism 1274:phenaka 1234:shampoo 1229:Shampoo 1190:Roller 1181:sandals 1169:quivers 1068:Handle 1039:charkhi 1010:by the 984:Charkha 978:Kashmir 956:dhunaki 929:Gujarat 917:Charkha 871:of the 844:ganjifa 777:gymnast 762:Pachisi 748:Kho-kho 727:kabaddi 723:Kabaddi 709:Muslims 705:Arabian 685:Persian 591:was an 506:Magadha 482:Nālandā 477:Nalanda 442:, India 424:Hanuman 370:Kolkata 157:Bridges 127:Coinage 17162:Swords 17045:Sports 16886:Muslim 16776:Cinema 16718:Turkic 16703:Iranic 16612:Punjab 16558:Bhutan 16390:People 16113:Polish 16098:German 15906:Taiwan 15886:Serbia 15881:Russia 15859:Poland 15822:Mexico 15792:Israel 15772:Greece 15762:France 15725:Canada 15698:Brazil 15584: 15569: 15554: 15538: 15510: 15490: 15434: 15419: 15397: 15383: 15368: 15353: 15335: 15319: 15304: 15286: 15269: 15177: 15162: 15148: 15129: 15108: 15094:301627 15092: 15074:Osiris 15064: 15049: 15030: 15007: 14989: 14974: 14959: 14951:& 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