3988:
4874:
1662:
1507:
719:
529:
445:
6904:
4914:
5937:
8006:
3899:
6591:
14741:
7600:
6214:
1735:
508:
7379:
676:
3263:
1908:
4303:
5120:
4176:
813:
2988:
2783:
2742:
2706:
2550:
2281:
2203:
2160:
2086:
1981:
1944:
1546:
1370:
1263:
7879:
7453:
430:
7304:
1153:
984:
867:
798:
598:
347:
7708:
6695:
6733:
2047:
1854:
762:
3843:
3458:
2410:
2824:
5514:
5027:
3793:
7141:
4233:
5682:
5589:
4514:
8057:
8359:
6862:
5625:
8213:
7571:
7534:
4929:
4859:
1288:
1243:
7808:
7553:
5176:
493:
7519:
5249:
4322:
2535:
1778:
544:
4125:
5292:
7775:
5206:
8340:
8303:
2858:
3594:
4530:
5484:
8195:
7468:
7192:
5370:
5191:
5160:
4043:
8449:
6988:
5873:
1355:
7678:
6788:
7177:
5399:
1750:
1452:
1278:
1192:
7483:
7962:
4144:
8141:
4248:
3308:
3163:
2917:
8093:
7615:
7582:
7419:
7288:
7222:
7044:
6767:
6669:
6229:
4191:
3959:
3918:
3729:
2488:
2453:
2363:
2320:
2017:
1869:
1829:
1619:
1582:
1110:
1067:
1027:
637:
559:
7029:
5718:
8159:
5790:
4725:
2601:
945:
828:
386:
7867:
7723:
7693:
7498:
7394:
7319:
7278:
7126:
6958:
6889:
6822:
6710:
6622:
6437:
6344:
6269:
6239:
6162:
6105:
6038:
5952:
5915:
5760:
5697:
5667:
5604:
5529:
5459:
5414:
5307:
5135:
5042:
4959:
4623:
4584:
4493:
4478:
4434:
4404:
4337:
4284:
4218:
4159:
4104:
4074:
3883:
3768:
3609:
3566:
3523:
3406:
3376:
3242:
3206:
3082:
3043:
661:
5570:
1701:
6644:
1398:
6023:
4740:
583:
371:
6943:
6329:
4644:
14777:
6485:
887:
7095:
7059:
6187:
6063:
2625:
7207:
4944:
5008:
7344:
1095:
2032:
5554:
4089:
3227:
2567:
2002:
4389:
6659:
5652:
1929:
3345:
332:
4608:
8431:
4377:
3391:
6521:
1814:
4710:
3714:
930:
8413:
8322:
7991:
6310:
5355:
2520:
8285:
8231:
7980:
7894:
4022:
2242:
1793:
1331:
3361:
6752:
4670:
3551:
5775:
4203:
747:
6466:
6137:
4059:
3067:
1437:
969:
852:
8377:
7909:
6254:
6973:
6090:
4362:
5811:
3009:
2691:
1966:
1647:
1492:
5336:
8075:
7763:
7655:
7640:
6536:
6407:
6008:
5888:
5733:
5105:
4889:
4794:
4755:
3669:
3278:
3122:
2640:
6392:
1138:
783:
6847:
6807:
2071:
1604:
8267:
7938:
4545:
3644:
1413:
902:
8395:
7360:
8129:
8111:
8021:
7927:
7823:
7434:
7247:
6919:
6500:
6422:
6202:
6152:
5845:
5640:
5264:
5221:
3684:
3488:
519:
5830:
4819:
2727:
1531:
1228:
1177:
3828:
8249:
7790:
6115:
4685:
411:
8467:
8177:
7156:
7074:
6607:
6566:
6078:
2505:
3028:
4419:
1686:
14753:
6365:
2438:
1473:
4269:
3868:
7852:
3629:
622:
5444:
466:
5977:
5900:
1316:
6874:
6551:
2938:
2145:
1567:
3508:
704:
22:
7748:
6294:
5090:
5067:
4992:
4779:
4569:
4459:
4007:
3944:
3427:
3107:
2954:
2473:
14075:
14765:
5993:
3443:
2902:
2808:
2348:
2305:
2266:
1052:
1012:
7263:
2188:
3753:
3473:
2768:
2586:
3148:
2395:
3191:
2843:
4844:
2973:
3293:
2665:
2227:
2883:
1893:
7111:
3809:
8522:. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.
12326:
14444:
14495:
14419:
14439:
14424:
12316:
137:
There have been six years for which the Nobel Prize in
Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940β1942). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was delayed for one year:
14710:
8727:
Though Bragg is no longer the youngest Nobel
Laureate of all time β Malala Yousafzai won the Nobel Peace Prize this past year, at age 17 β he is still the youngest in the sciences.
73:
at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.
5745:
3987:
14598:
14525:
14464:
5051:
14122:
7000:
that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental
14588:
14548:
14513:
148:
The Prize was not awarded in 1917, as the Nobel
Committee for Physics decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to
14508:
8038:
4873:
99:
was the youngest Nobel laureate in physics; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. He was also the youngest laureate for any Nobel prize until 2014 (when
14094:
5229:"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to
3214:"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental
8747:
14500:
14228:
12054:
12024:
11484:
9795:
8714:
14583:
14490:
14411:
14142:
12487:
11994:
11964:
11934:
11896:
11874:
11844:
11814:
11784:
11754:
11724:
11694:
11664:
11634:
11604:
11574:
11544:
11514:
11454:
11424:
11394:
11364:
11334:
11304:
11274:
11241:
11211:
11181:
11151:
11121:
11088:
11058:
11028:
10998:
10968:
10938:
10908:
10878:
10848:
10818:
10788:
10758:
10728:
10698:
10668:
10638:
10608:
10578:
10545:
10515:
10485:
10455:
10425:
10395:
10365:
10335:
10305:
10275:
10245:
10215:
10185:
10155:
10125:
10095:
10065:
10035:
10005:
9975:
9945:
9915:
9885:
9855:
9825:
9765:
9735:
9705:
9675:
9645:
9615:
9585:
9555:
9525:
9495:
9465:
9435:
9405:
9375:
9345:
9315:
9285:
9255:
9225:
9195:
9165:
9074:
9041:
9008:
8975:
8942:
8909:
8876:
8843:
8810:
14593:
14520:
14275:
8777:
14390:
14325:
14260:
14245:
14223:
14375:
2461:"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
14576:
14474:
14265:
14664:
14652:
14310:
14300:
14434:
14044:
12416:
12386:
12356:
12294:
12264:
12234:
12204:
12174:
12144:
12114:
12076:
65:(who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the
8684:
2289:"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of
14469:
12552:
6903:
549:
209:
A 2020 study reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 are clustered in few disciplines.
14187:
13998:
6831:
14705:
14127:
14064:
6454:
4293:
81:
The Nobel Prize in
Physics has been awarded to 224 individuals as of 2023. The first prize in physics was awarded in 1901 to
1251:"for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"
14197:
14117:
12480:
2558:"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
131:
130:(2023). Before L'Huillier, each woman only ever received a quarter share of the prize, although Marie Curie did receive an
14802:
14429:
14132:
14395:
14360:
14210:
8494:
5936:
4913:
7798:"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales"
14797:
14637:
14385:
14305:
14270:
14172:
8616:
3617:"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
46:
953:"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of
14370:
8586:
14740:
4167:"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
14340:
14335:
14330:
14315:
14285:
14255:
14240:
14218:
14162:
12473:
8654:
8564:
8005:
6590:
3574:"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of
732:
7599:
14700:
14642:
14320:
14295:
14290:
14250:
14192:
14182:
14177:
12604:
8739:
5277:
5147:
of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the
818:
14632:
14350:
14345:
14235:
14167:
7231:
6631:
6213:
4832:
12046:
3898:
2496:"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
14566:
14553:
13736:
13660:
8706:
7235:
6142:
5961:
3575:
1734:
12687:
1233:
14647:
12762:
7840:
1572:
14731:
13991:
13379:
12016:
11986:
11956:
11926:
11904:
11866:
11836:
11806:
11776:
11746:
11716:
11686:
11656:
11626:
11596:
11566:
11536:
11506:
11476:
11446:
11416:
11386:
11356:
11326:
11296:
11266:
11233:
11203:
11173:
11143:
11113:
11080:
11050:
11020:
10990:
10960:
10930:
10900:
10870:
10840:
10810:
10780:
10750:
10720:
10690:
10660:
10630:
10600:
10570:
10537:
10507:
10477:
10447:
10417:
10387:
10357:
10327:
10297:
10267:
10237:
10207:
10177:
10147:
10117:
10087:
10057:
10027:
9997:
9967:
9937:
9907:
9877:
9847:
9817:
9787:
9757:
9727:
9697:
9667:
9637:
9607:
9577:
9547:
9517:
9487:
9457:
9427:
9397:
9367:
9337:
9307:
9277:
9247:
9217:
9187:
9157:
9066:
9033:
9000:
8967:
8934:
8901:
8868:
8835:
8802:
8676:
4613:
13144:
3448:
14680:
14657:
14049:
13547:
8769:
5575:
5144:
2610:
1516:
646:
394:"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of
12456:
14039:
14018:
13507:
13455:
13303:
5341:
5032:
4208:
4034:
and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
2926:
12444:
7378:
3262:
14101:
14083:
13563:
13487:
13359:
12921:
12770:
12711:
8489:
6509:
5799:
5657:
5211:
4519:
4257:
3496:"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
3415:
2271:
1609:
1360:
355:"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable
13575:
5723:
4693:"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field
14059:
13591:
13559:
13220:
13036:
12929:
12628:
12500:
6927:"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual
6382:
5816:
5630:
4149:
3814:
2813:
2310:
935:
34:
26:
5119:
2168:"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the
567:"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of
13984:
13852:
13668:
13539:
13471:
13383:
13319:
12663:
7446:", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"
7268:
7083:
7017:
7009:
6723:
6683:
6219:
5519:
5125:
4649:
4554:
4308:
4175:
3653:
2290:
2098:
and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
1100:
1040:
993:
218:
149:
8531:
The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from the official website of the
1515:"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of
103:
won the Nobel Peace Prize at the age of 17). The oldest Nobel Prize laureate in physics was
13768:
13355:
13116:
12988:
12852:
12750:
12596:
9111:
7832:
7452:
7165:
6793:
6732:
6694:
5379:
4483:
4350:
3232:
2871:
2572:
2007:
1990:
1497:
1383:
1301:
812:
788:
115:
13700:
12809:
12465:
12408:
12378:
12348:
12286:
12256:
12226:
12196:
12166:
12136:
12106:
12084:
6397:
5513:
4631:"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and
3094:
in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the
1783:
1262:
8:
13680:
13299:
13176:
13136:
12840:
12836:
12731:
12648:
12576:
8418:
7878:
7303:
6353:
6299:
6124:
5423:
4807:
4764:
4302:
4232:
4181:
3930:
through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the
3701:
3556:
3350:
3317:
3251:
3215:
3091:
2678:
2609:"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the
2056:
1934:
1898:
1632:
1628:
1594:
of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1478:
1297:
1017:
666:
429:
217:(10.9%), and 3 non-physics disciplines dominate the prize in recent decades, followed by
13804:
13096:
9115:
7707:
6978:
5588:
3135:
3112:
2823:
13964:
13836:
13628:
13587:
13571:
13515:
13503:
13459:
13403:
13395:
13315:
13295:
9134:
9097:
8499:
7914:
7628:
7507:
7332:
7182:
6282:
6278:
5942:
5924:
5780:
5687:
5681:
5427:
5383:
5360:
5324:
5297:
5072:
4745:
4715:
4502:
4274:
3972:
3693:
1422:
1161:"for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy
1123:
1119:
997:
771:
127:
58:
14690:
12516:
5026:
4513:
4030:"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in
3792:
337:
82:
14054:
14023:
13844:
13792:
13740:
13652:
13648:
13644:
13632:
13527:
13479:
13475:
13371:
13347:
13287:
13260:
13128:
13120:
13092:
12905:
12801:
12592:
9139:
7836:
7212:
7140:
6948:
6596:
6171:
6095:
6068:
6028:
5998:
5449:
5273:
5248:
5181:
5165:
4898:
4632:
4574:
4464:
4346:
4321:
4094:
4048:
3777:
3366:
3268:
3072:
2649:
2193:
2059:, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
1759:
1740:
1379:
1036:
837:
752:
195:
13724:
13431:
6526:
4919:
14757:
14695:
14622:
13928:
13884:
13543:
13531:
13447:
13439:
13184:
13148:
13084:
13076:
13028:
12937:
12848:
12778:
12584:
12412:
12382:
12352:
12290:
12260:
12230:
12200:
12170:
12140:
12110:
12080:
12050:
12020:
11990:
11960:
11930:
11900:
11870:
11840:
11810:
11780:
11750:
11720:
11690:
11660:
11630:
11600:
11570:
11540:
11510:
11480:
11450:
11420:
11390:
11360:
11330:
11300:
11270:
11237:
11207:
11177:
11147:
11117:
11084:
11054:
11024:
10994:
10964:
10934:
10904:
10874:
10844:
10814:
10784:
10754:
10724:
10694:
10664:
10634:
10604:
10574:
10541:
10511:
10481:
10451:
10421:
10391:
10361:
10331:
10301:
10271:
10241:
10211:
10181:
10151:
10121:
10091:
10061:
10031:
10001:
9971:
9941:
9911:
9881:
9851:
9821:
9791:
9761:
9731:
9701:
9671:
9641:
9611:
9581:
9551:
9521:
9491:
9461:
9431:
9401:
9371:
9341:
9311:
9281:
9251:
9221:
9191:
9161:
9129:
9119:
9070:
9037:
9004:
8971:
8938:
8905:
8872:
8839:
8806:
8773:
8743:
8680:
8650:
8620:
8590:
8560:
8532:
8519:
8039:
List of Nobel laureates by country Β§ Nobel Prizes by category/country of birth
7950:
7753:
7458:
7407:
7005:
6556:
5624:
5559:
5489:
5431:
5387:
5013:
4949:
4698:
4657:
4593:
3931:
3599:
3532:
3432:
3172:
3033:
3014:
2867:
2829:
2534:
2380:
2353:
2329:
1971:
1710:
1652:
709:
210:
119:
100:
66:
38:
13880:
13192:
7807:
7424:
6123:"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of
5175:
5159:
4643:
4529:
3634:
14627:
13956:
13948:
13912:
13776:
13756:
13664:
13603:
13495:
13443:
13419:
13335:
13327:
13264:
13236:
13152:
13056:
12868:
12695:
12536:
12524:
12460:
12448:
9124:
8011:
7884:
7645:
7110:
6997:
6931:
6812:
6738:
6192:
5878:
5861:
5857:
5254:
4997:
4849:
4803:
4447:
4394:
4327:
4064:
3968:
3908:
3578:
states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen
3418:(QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
3396:
3131:
2907:
2751:
2376:
2251:
2169:
2076:
2055:"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by
1268:
492:
483:
435:
376:
188:
163:
13072:
12620:
7552:
5483:
4124:
4042:
2978:
1777:
1354:
892:
543:
69:
and awarded by the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences. The award is presented in
14781:
14745:
13932:
13924:
13916:
13848:
13832:
13824:
13748:
13732:
13708:
13692:
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13283:
13160:
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13020:
12972:
12913:
12828:
12758:
12719:
12679:
12644:
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8098:
7780:
7774:
7736:
7713:
7683:
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7518:
7252:
7176:
7146:
7116:
6787:
6649:
6612:
6427:
6334:
5968:
atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
5835:
5750:
5404:
5291:
5230:
5205:
5055:
4694:
4130:
3856:
3697:
3657:
3579:
3478:
3052:
2888:
2732:
2715:
2478:
2423:
2333:
2232:
2031:
1859:
1853:
1555:
1536:
1403:
1213:
1201:
1182:
1057:
728:
588:
214:
170:
96:
8518:
The form and spelling of the names are taken from the official website of the
3593:
14791:
13960:
13908:
13900:
13876:
13820:
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13796:
13780:
13752:
13684:
13463:
13427:
13311:
13248:
13132:
13112:
13048:
13008:
12996:
12976:
12945:
12568:
12528:
8062:
7967:
7605:
7558:
7443:
7403:
7384:
7100:
7064:
6909:
6852:
6719:
6700:
6679:
6315:
5854:
5717:
5706:
5613:
5316:
5095:
4980:
4972:
4879:
4607:
4238:
4031:
3993:
3852:
3298:
3196:
3176:
2848:
2792:
2670:
2591:
2510:
2400:
2372:
2212:
1802:
1591:
1209:
954:
685:
627:
454:
416:
104:
86:
13196:
7677:
5872:
5569:
4477:
3674:
660:
14769:
14685:
13944:
13940:
13896:
13864:
13860:
13712:
13696:
13391:
13363:
13343:
13232:
13212:
13204:
13032:
12953:
12860:
12727:
12636:
12612:
12540:
9143:
8146:
7857:
7813:
7524:
7418:
7365:
7309:
6643:
6575:
6471:
6378:
6370:
6047:
5398:
4675:
4535:
4443:
4424:
4349:
between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the
3927:
3873:
3758:
3719:
2773:
2653:
2443:
2111:
2037:
1442:
1397:
974:
857:
689:
471:
181:
177:
142:
90:
62:
9098:"Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields"
8624:
7961:
7482:
6942:
6328:
4739:
4143:
4113:
582:
232:
14007:
13892:
13808:
13720:
13676:
13636:
13415:
13411:
13331:
13244:
13216:
13016:
12984:
12786:
12544:
8218:
8164:
7488:
7094:
7058:
7034:
7001:
6678:"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in
6490:
6259:
6186:
6062:
6022:
5982:
5148:
4824:
4784:
4660:
of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
4367:
3949:
3808:
3798:
2696:
2540:
1691:
1083:
915:
886:
875:"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"
607:
498:
123:
111:
54:
8594:
7343:
7206:
5007:
4943:
3390:
1762:, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the
1094:
13868:
13784:
13764:
13607:
13555:
13168:
13104:
13060:
12897:
12813:
12703:
12671:
7624:
7349:
7028:
6879:
6835:
6775:"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material
6757:
6450:
6175:
5905:
5594:
5553:
5538:
5468:
4612:
4388:
4088:
3781:
3738:
3513:
3360:
3321:
3226:
3153:
2997:
2943:
2796:
2566:
2150:
2001:
1917:
1819:
1763:
1321:
1205:
1143:
202:
156:
25:
Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for
Physics presented to
14776:
8646:
8556:
5651:
3344:
1928:
1709:"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the
370:
331:
13256:
13228:
13064:
9096:
Ioannidis, John; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin (29 July 2020).
8364:
7668:
7543:
6520:
6484:
6446:
6377:"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision
6309:
5354:
4709:
4012:
3851:"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in
3833:
3713:
3325:
2959:
2624:
2095:
929:
911:
479:
399:
395:
222:
70:
6751:
6465:
6136:
5774:
5443:
5323:, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of
5210:
4669:
4202:
4058:
3550:
3066:
1436:
968:
851:
746:
13004:
9102:
8436:
7908:
6972:
6776:
6253:
6089:
6051:
5899:
5810:
5744:
5629:
5542:
5497:
5426:
technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of
5335:
5080:
4968:
4361:
3095:
3008:
2755:
2690:
2630:
2211:"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of
1965:
1953:
1813:
1671:
1646:
1491:
1461:
1056:
934:
817:
497:
8032:
7639:
6846:
6806:
6391:
5614:
for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
3668:
3027:
2070:
1603:
1137:
782:
12321:
8454:
8327:
8290:
8236:
8080:
7732:
7359:
7246:
6928:
6792:
6421:
5829:
5234:
4902:
4818:
4482:
3971:: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the
3827:
3535:, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in
3231:
2726:
1878:
1690:
1530:
1227:
1176:
1162:
50:
7913:
7086:
which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
6606:
3975:
technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of
3349:
2504:
1016:
410:
13976:
8400:
8382:
8345:
8308:
8272:
8200:
8134:
8116:
6579:
6364:
5965:
5501:
5472:
5359:
5320:
4976:
4744:
4714:
4418:
4268:
3976:
3867:
3447:
2437:
2250:"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the
2173:
1685:
1472:
1122:
of the elements', another important step in the development of
14074:
7851:
6595:
6094:
6067:
5997:
5976:
5574:
3628:
3071:
1782:
1739:
1232:
751:
621:
465:
93:
is the only laureate to win the prize twiceβin 1956 and 1972.
21:
8472:
8254:
8182:
7752:
7457:
6977:
6873:
6555:
6550:
6141:
5815:
5656:
5558:
5488:
5012:
3598:
3507:
3431:
3333:
3329:
3111:
3013:
2937:
2828:
2419:
2352:
2144:
1970:
1651:
1566:
1315:
1039:
by means of X-rays', an important step in the development of
708:
703:
665:
568:
356:
14721:
Nobel
Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).
8010:
7883:
7644:
7267:
7181:
6811:
6218:
6191:
5877:
5686:
5253:
5124:
4996:
4848:
4553:"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution
4518:
4458:
4393:
4326:
4148:
4063:
4006:
3907:
3813:
3426:
3395:
3106:
2953:
2906:
2812:
2472:
2309:
2075:
1608:
1460:"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an
1359:
1267:
914:
designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in
645:"for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the
434:
375:
336:
107:
who was 96 years old when he was awarded the prize in 2018.
12495:
7779:
7747:
7712:
7328:
7262:
7251:
7211:
7145:
7115:
7013:
6947:
6611:
6578:
which predicts the existence of at least three families of
6525:
6396:
6293:
5992:
5834:
5403:
5180:
5089:
5066:
4991:
4918:
4778:
4648:
4573:
4568:
4207:
4129:
3943:
3536:
3477:
3442:
3365:
3130:"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of
2901:
2887:
2807:
2731:
2571:
2477:
2347:
2304:
2270:
2265:
2231:
2006:
1858:
1571:
1535:
1402:
1340:
1339:"for his services in the investigation of the structure of
1181:
1099:
1051:
1011:
626:
587:
14764:
12317:"He is considered a U.S. citizen by Nobel Prize Committee"
7966:
7604:
7557:
7487:
7423:
7383:
7099:
7063:
6908:
6851:
6699:
6314:
6298:
6027:
5722:
5382:" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of
5340:
5296:
5164:
5094:
5031:
4948:
4878:
4592:"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with
4307:
4237:
4047:
3992:
3752:
3633:
3472:
3297:
3195:
3032:
2847:
2767:
2669:
2590:
2585:
2509:
2399:
2187:
1933:
548:
415:
155:
This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to
12453:
12442:
Official website of the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences
7856:
7812:
7523:
7364:
7308:
6737:
6470:
5941:
5779:
5071:
4843:
4674:
4534:
4423:
4273:
4256:"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of
3872:
3757:
3718:
3555:
3190:
3147:
2977:
2842:
2772:
2442:
2394:
2036:
1477:
1441:
973:
856:
470:
12441:
7682:
7033:
6648:
6489:
6426:
6333:
6258:
5981:
5749:
5448:
4823:
4783:
4366:
4180:
4093:
3948:
3926:"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a
3797:
3292:
2972:
2695:
2664:
2539:
2226:
2192:
1897:
1496:
7953:
of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"
7348:
6878:
6756:
5904:
5593:
4897:"for their important break-through in the discovery of
3673:
3512:
3152:
2942:
2882:
2652:, especially for his statistical interpretation of the
2375:
method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of
2149:
1892:
1818:
1320:
1142:
891:
787:
9095:
6369:
5518:
4463:
4011:
3832:
3267:
2958:
2866:"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called
996:
by crystals", an important step in the development of
14729:
4656:"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the
2870:
which has led to important discoveries regarding the
2629:
1300:, and especially for his discovery of the law of the
5500:" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to
5471:" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to
7735:, quantifying variability and reliably predicting
1421:"for his discoveries and research in the field of
729:his method of reproducing colours photographically
134:. In 2023, L'Huillier received a one-third share.
3692:"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning
3656:with fruitful applications in different parts of
2925:"for the discovery and the interpretation of the
14789:
8707:"Why Nobel-Winning Scientists are Getting Older"
5143:"for their pioneering investigations concerning
4442:"for the discovery of violations of fundamental
8557:"Alfred Nobel β The Man Behind the Nobel Prize"
8033:Number of Nobel laureates in Physics by country
7442:"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of
7402:"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of
6352:"for his contribution to the quantum theory of
6170:"for pioneering contributions to the theory of
4112:"for their pioneering work in the discovery of
684:"for his optical precision instruments and the
4501:"for their contribution to the development of
4345:"for their contributions to the theory of the
2332:especially for the discovery of the so-called
2328:"for his investigations of the physics of the
1801:"for the discovery of new productive forms of
16:List of Nobel laureates in Physics, since 1901
13992:
12481:
7410:and their application to biological systems"
6632:the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry
6050:, in particular for the detection of cosmic
4347:unified weak and electromagnetic interaction
3700:which have led to important applications in
3134:and his discovery in this connection of the
14711:Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields
12039:
692:investigations carried out with their aid"
14665:Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute
13999:
13985:
12488:
12474:
5798:"for elucidating the quantum structure of
3737:"for his invention and development of the
2094:"for the invention and development of the
1343:and of the radiation emanating from them"
14483:
14110:
9133:
9123:
4971:beam method and the demonstration of the
3652:"for fundamental work and discoveries in
1989:"for their experimental discovery of the
1670:"for his discovery of the wave nature of
132:unshared Nobel prize in chemistry in 1911
14538:
12454:Official website of the Nobel Foundation
9061:
9059:
9028:
9026:
8995:
8993:
8962:
8960:
8929:
8927:
8896:
8894:
8863:
8861:
8830:
8828:
7949:"for experimental methods that generate
7627:formation is a robust prediction of the
7168:, which shows that neutrinos have mass"
6574:"for the discovery of the origin of the
3531:"for his contributions to the theory of
2750:"for his precision determination of the
2418:"for his prediction of the existence of
2131:
2120:
2107:
1841:
1722:
1079:
1035:"'For their services in the analysis of
20:
8797:
8795:
7731:"for the physical modelling of Earth's
5709:with fractionally charged excitations"
3776:"for their jointly developed theory of
3320:, which has led to the construction of
49:to scientists in the various fields of
14790:
11517:from the original on 15 September 2008
11307:from the original on 19 September 2008
11277:from the original on 17 September 2008
11261:
11259:
11244:from the original on 14 September 2008
11214:from the original on 17 September 2008
11108:
11106:
11001:from the original on 19 September 2008
10851:from the original on 19 September 2008
10791:from the original on 19 September 2008
10611:from the original on 17 September 2008
10565:
10563:
10368:from the original on 14 September 2008
10218:from the original on 17 September 2008
9918:from the original on 14 September 2008
9888:from the original on 16 September 2008
9618:from the original on 12 September 2008
9528:from the original on 19 September 2008
9498:from the original on 17 September 2008
8978:from the original on 19 September 2008
8813:from the original on 15 September 2008
8750:from the original on 17 September 2020
6832:accelerating expansion of the Universe
5923:"for his part in the invention of the
5705:"for their discovery of a new form of
5272:"for his invention and development of
3316:"for fundamental work in the field of
152:in 1918 and counted as the 1917 prize.
14706:World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates
13980:
12469:
11637:from the original on 11 December 2008
11577:from the original on 12 February 2009
11397:from the original on 18 December 2008
11091:from the original on 11 December 2008
11061:from the original on 26 February 2009
10911:from the original on 10 December 2008
10701:from the original on 18 December 2008
10671:from the original on 18 December 2008
10128:from the original on 10 December 2008
9870:
9720:
9468:from the original on 10 December 2008
9348:from the original on 10 December 2008
9210:
9056:
9023:
8990:
8957:
8924:
8891:
8858:
8825:
8740:"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics"
7082:"for the invention of efficient blue
6455:cosmic microwave background radiation
4294:cosmic microwave background radiation
477:
12341:
12279:
12249:
12219:
12189:
12159:
12129:
12099:
12057:from the original on 11 October 2012
12009:
11979:
11949:
11919:
11877:from the original on 11 October 2008
11847:from the original on 24 October 2008
11829:
11817:from the original on 24 October 2008
11739:
11727:from the original on 19 October 2008
11697:from the original on 21 October 2008
11679:
11667:from the original on 21 October 2008
11547:from the original on 28 October 2008
11529:
11487:from the original on 14 October 2013
11457:from the original on 22 October 2008
11427:from the original on 2 November 2008
11367:from the original on 21 October 2008
11337:from the original on 11 October 2008
11184:from the original on 13 October 2008
11154:from the original on 21 October 2008
11031:from the original on 21 October 2008
10971:from the original on 14 October 2008
10941:from the original on 15 October 2008
10821:from the original on 5 November 2008
10761:from the original on 4 November 2008
10731:from the original on 24 October 2008
10641:from the original on 21 October 2008
10581:from the original on 22 October 2008
10548:from the original on 22 October 2008
10518:from the original on 4 November 2008
10488:from the original on 6 December 2008
10458:from the original on 28 October 2008
10428:from the original on 17 October 2008
10398:from the original on 21 October 2008
10338:from the original on 1 December 2008
10308:from the original on 21 October 2008
10278:from the original on 2 December 2008
10248:from the original on 1 December 2008
10158:from the original on 21 October 2008
10098:from the original on 15 October 2008
10068:from the original on 1 December 2008
10038:from the original on 11 October 2008
9978:from the original on 24 October 2008
9948:from the original on 17 October 2008
9858:from the original on 15 October 2008
9828:from the original on 17 October 2008
9798:from the original on 11 October 2014
9768:from the original on 24 October 2008
9738:from the original on 1 December 2008
9708:from the original on 1 December 2008
9678:from the original on 2 November 2008
9648:from the original on 17 October 2008
9588:from the original on 20 October 2008
9558:from the original on 19 October 2008
9438:from the original on 1 December 2008
9378:from the original on 1 December 2008
9318:from the original on 17 October 2008
9258:from the original on 17 October 2008
9228:from the original on 17 October 2008
9198:from the original on 21 October 2008
9168:from the original on 17 October 2008
9077:from the original on 28 October 2008
9044:from the original on 19 October 2008
9011:from the original on 2 December 2008
8945:from the original on 1 December 2008
8912:from the original on 17 October 2008
8846:from the original on 11 October 2008
8792:
8717:from the original on 11 October 2022
8687:from the original on 25 October 2006
8657:from the original on 15 October 2008
8567:from the original on 25 October 2007
6996:"for the theoretical discovery of a
2714:"for his discoveries concerning the
2681:and his discoveries made therewith"
2422:on the basis of theoretical work on
1631:and especially for the discovery of
145:was announced only in November 1915.
110:Only five women have won the prize:
12329:from the original on 5 October 2021
11997:from the original on 7 October 2010
11967:from the original on 8 October 2009
11937:from the original on 8 October 2008
11787:from the original on 8 October 2008
11607:from the original on 7 October 2008
11499:
11349:
11256:
11166:
11103:
11013:
10863:
10773:
10560:
10500:
10320:
10290:
10188:from the original on 5 October 2008
10008:from the original on 30 August 2009
9408:from the original on 22 August 2008
9288:from the original on 8 October 2008
8879:from the original on 7 October 2008
7327:"for decisive contributions to the
2371:"for his development of the Wilson
478:"for their joint researches on the
85:, of Germany, who received 150,782
13:
14445:Washington University in St. Louis
12389:from the original on 28 April 2024
12027:from the original on 1 August 2012
11757:from the original on 24 March 2009
11124:from the original on 1 August 2008
8617:"The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"
8495:List of Nobel laureates by country
4806:, and for the design of the first
3967:"for their pioneering research in
3250:"for their discoveries concerning
772:development of wireless telegraphy
571:in connection with these studies"
482:phenomena discovered by Professor
453:"for his discovery of spontaneous
14:
14814:
12435:
12409:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023"
12379:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022"
12349:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021"
12287:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020"
12257:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019"
12227:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018"
12207:from the original on 5 April 2024
12197:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017"
12177:from the original on 5 April 2024
12167:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016"
12137:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015"
12117:from the original on 7 April 2024
12107:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014"
12077:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013"
12047:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012"
12017:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011"
11987:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010"
11957:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009"
11927:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008"
11897:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007"
11867:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006"
11837:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005"
11807:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004"
11777:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003"
11747:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002"
11717:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001"
11687:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000"
11657:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999"
11627:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998"
11597:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997"
11567:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996"
11537:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995"
11507:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994"
11477:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993"
11447:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992"
11417:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991"
11387:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990"
11357:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989"
11327:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988"
11297:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987"
11267:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986"
11234:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985"
11204:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984"
11174:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983"
11144:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982"
11114:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981"
11081:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980"
11051:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979"
11021:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978"
10991:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977"
10961:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976"
10931:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975"
10901:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974"
10881:from the original on 21 June 2011
10871:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973"
10841:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972"
10811:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971"
10781:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970"
10751:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969"
10721:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968"
10691:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967"
10661:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966"
10631:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965"
10601:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964"
10571:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963"
10538:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962"
10508:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961"
10478:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960"
10448:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959"
10418:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958"
10388:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957"
10358:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956"
10328:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955"
10298:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954"
10268:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953"
10238:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952"
10208:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951"
10178:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950"
10148:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949"
10118:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948"
10088:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947"
10058:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946"
10028:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945"
9998:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944"
9968:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939"
9938:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938"
9908:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937"
9878:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936"
9848:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935"
9818:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933"
9788:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930"
9758:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929"
9728:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927"
9698:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926"
9668:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923"
9638:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922"
9608:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920"
9578:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919"
9548:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915"
9518:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913"
9488:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912"
9458:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911"
9428:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910"
9398:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909"
9368:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908"
9338:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907"
9308:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906"
9278:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905"
9248:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904"
9218:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903"
9188:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902"
9158:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901"
9067:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943"
9034:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932"
9001:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928"
8968:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925"
8935:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924"
8902:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921"
8869:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918"
8836:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917"
8803:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914"
6718:"for the invention of an imaging
6046:"for pioneering contributions to
3171:"for his pioneering theories for
2648:"for his fundamental research in
47:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
14775:
14763:
14751:
14739:
14073:
14006:
12401:
12371:
12309:
12069:
11889:
11859:
11799:
11769:
11709:
11649:
11619:
11589:
11559:
8780:from the original on 24 May 2021
8465:
8447:
8429:
8411:
8393:
8375:
8357:
8338:
8320:
8301:
8283:
8265:
8247:
8229:
8211:
8193:
8175:
8157:
8139:
8127:
8109:
8091:
8073:
8055:
8019:
8004:
7989:
7978:
7960:
7936:
7925:
7907:
7892:
7877:
7865:
7850:
7835:, establishing the violation of
7821:
7806:
7788:
7773:
7761:
7746:
7721:
7706:
7691:
7676:
7653:
7638:
7613:
7598:
7580:
7569:
7551:
7532:
7517:
7506:"for theoretical discoveries in
7496:
7481:
7466:
7451:
7432:
7417:
7392:
7377:
7358:
7342:
7331:detector and the observation of
7317:
7302:
7286:
7276:
7261:
7245:
7230:"for theoretical discoveries of
7220:
7205:
7190:
7175:
7154:
7139:
7124:
7109:
7093:
7072:
7057:
7042:
7027:
6986:
6971:
6956:
6941:
6917:
6902:
6887:
6872:
6860:
6845:
6834:through observations of distant
6820:
6805:
6786:
6765:
6750:
6731:
6708:
6693:
6667:
6657:
6642:
6620:
6605:
6589:
6564:
6549:
6534:
6519:
6498:
6483:
6464:
6435:
6420:
6405:
6390:
6363:
6342:
6327:
6308:
6292:
6267:
6252:
6237:
6227:
6212:
6200:
6185:
6160:
6150:
6135:
6113:
6103:
6088:
6076:
6061:
6036:
6021:
6006:
5991:
5975:
5950:
5935:
5913:
5898:
5886:
5871:
5843:
5828:
5809:
5788:
5773:
5758:
5743:
5731:
5716:
5695:
5680:
5665:
5650:
5638:
5623:
5602:
5587:
5568:
5552:
5527:
5512:
5482:
5457:
5442:
5412:
5397:
5368:
5353:
5334:
5305:
5290:
5262:
5247:
5219:
5204:
5189:
5174:
5158:
5133:
5118:
5103:
5088:
5065:
5040:
5025:
5006:
4990:
4957:
4942:
4927:
4912:
4887:
4872:
4857:
4842:
4817:
4792:
4777:
4753:
4738:
4723:
4708:
4683:
4668:
4642:
4621:
4606:
4582:
4567:
4543:
4528:
4512:
4491:
4476:
4457:
4432:
4417:
4402:
4387:
4375:
4360:
4335:
4320:
4301:
4282:
4267:
4246:
4231:
4216:
4201:
4189:
4174:
4157:
4142:
4123:
4102:
4087:
4072:
4057:
4041:
4020:
4005:
3986:
3957:
3942:
3916:
3897:
3881:
3866:
3841:
3826:
3807:
3791:
3766:
3751:
3727:
3712:
3682:
3667:
3642:
3627:
3607:
3592:
3564:
3549:
3521:
3506:
3486:
3471:
3456:
3441:
3425:
3404:
3389:
3374:
3359:
3343:
3306:
3291:
3276:
3261:
3240:
3225:
3204:
3189:
3161:
3146:
3120:
3105:
3080:
3065:
3041:
3026:
3007:
2986:
2971:
2952:
2936:
2915:
2900:
2881:
2856:
2841:
2822:
2806:
2781:
2766:
2740:
2725:
2704:
2689:
2663:
2638:
2623:
2599:
2584:
2565:
2548:
2533:
2518:
2503:
2486:
2471:
2451:
2436:
2408:
2393:
2361:
2346:
2318:
2303:
2279:
2264:
2240:
2225:
2201:
2186:
2158:
2143:
2084:
2069:
2045:
2030:
2015:
2000:
1979:
1964:
1942:
1927:
1906:
1891:
1867:
1852:
1827:
1812:
1791:
1776:
1748:
1733:
1699:
1684:
1660:
1645:
1617:
1602:
1580:
1565:
1544:
1529:
1505:
1490:
1471:
1450:
1435:
1411:
1396:
1368:
1353:
1329:
1314:
1286:
1276:
1261:
1241:
1226:
1190:
1175:
1151:
1136:
1120:characteristic RΓΆntgen radiation
1108:
1093:
1065:
1050:
1025:
1010:
982:
967:
943:
928:
900:
885:
865:
850:
826:
811:
796:
781:
770:"for their contributions to the
760:
745:
717:
702:
674:
659:
635:
620:
596:
581:
557:
542:
527:
517:
506:
491:
464:
443:
428:
409:
384:
369:
345:
330:
12419:from the original on 4 May 2024
12359:from the original on 4 May 2024
12297:from the original on 4 May 2024
12267:from the original on 4 May 2024
12237:from the original on 4 May 2024
12147:from the original on 6 May 2024
11469:
11439:
11409:
11379:
11319:
11289:
11226:
11196:
11136:
11073:
11043:
10983:
10953:
10923:
10893:
10833:
10803:
10743:
10713:
10683:
10653:
10623:
10593:
10530:
10470:
10440:
10410:
10380:
10350:
10260:
10230:
10200:
10170:
10140:
10110:
10080:
10050:
10020:
9990:
9960:
9930:
9900:
9840:
9810:
9780:
9750:
9690:
9660:
9630:
9600:
9570:
9540:
9510:
9480:
9450:
9420:
9390:
9360:
9330:
9300:
9270:
9240:
9180:
9150:
9089:
8525:
8512:
3414:"for their fundamental work in
3090:"for his pioneering studies of
14701:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings
14465:Catholic priests and religious
8762:
8732:
8699:
8669:
8639:
8609:
8579:
8549:
5278:multiwire proportional chamber
819:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
359:subsequently named after him"
1:
14095:Heads of state and government
8677:"All Nobel Prizes in Physics"
8542:
7665:a supermassive compact object
7232:topological phase transitions
4979:through the discovery of the
4833:scanning tunneling microscope
4802:"for his fundamental work in
76:
45:) is awarded annually by the
9125:10.1371/journal.pone.0234612
8048:
8045:
7629:general theory of relativity
7546:orbiting a solar-type star"
7236:topological phases of matter
6445:"for their discovery of the
6143:Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov
5422:"for the development of the
5079:"for the development of the
5052:separated oscillatory fields
2996:"for their discovery of the
228:
7:
14420:City University of New York
8770:"Nobel Prize Awarded Women"
8483:
7841:quantum information science
4114:a heavy elementary particle
2795:and their discovery of the
1573:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
1118:"'For his discovery of the
731:based on the phenomenon of
10:
14819:
14803:Nobel laureates in Physics
8587:"The Nobel Prize Awarders"
8463:
8445:
8427:
8409:
8391:
8373:
8355:
8336:
8318:
8299:
8281:
8263:
8245:
8227:
8209:
8191:
8173:
8155:
8125:
8107:
8089:
8071:
8053:
8049:Number of Nobel laureates
8036:
7406:", in particular "for the
6830:"for the discovery of the
5962:BoseβEinstein condensation
5496:"for the detection of the
5467:"for the discovery of the
5430:techniques for studies of
5386:techniques for studies of
5054:method and its use in the
5050:"for the invention of the
4763:"for the discovery of the
4614:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
3051:"for the invention of the
2718:of the hydrogen spectrum"
1952:"for his discovery of the
1877:"for the discovery of the
1554:"for his discovery of the
1382:of electricity and on the
1200:"for his discovery of the
992:"For his discovery of the
201:the 1943 prize awarded to
194:the 1932 prize awarded to
187:the 1928 prize awarded to
176:the 1925 prize awarded to
169:the 1924 prize awarded to
162:the 1921 prize awarded to
141:The 1914 prize awarded to
14719:
14673:
14658:Norwegian Nobel Committee
14615:
14564:
14554:PRIO Director's Shortlist
14457:
14410:
14206:
14151:
14082:
14071:
14032:
14014:
13617:
13274:
12963:
12741:
12507:
7955:
7948:
7903:
7845:
7830:
7802:
7741:
7730:
7702:
7662:
7633:
7594:
7542:"for the discovery of an
7541:
7512:
7477:
7441:
7412:
7373:
7337:
7326:
7315:
7298:
7240:
7229:
7218:
7201:
7170:
7163:
7135:
7088:
7081:
7070:
7053:
7022:
6995:
6967:
6936:
6926:
6898:
6840:
6829:
6801:
6781:
6774:
6763:
6746:
6717:
6706:
6688:
6638:
6584:
6573:
6562:
6545:
6514:
6507:
6479:
6459:
6444:
6433:
6416:
6376:
6358:
6340:
6323:
6287:
6276:
6265:
6248:
6180:
6169:
6131:
6056:
6045:
6017:
5970:
5959:
5948:
5931:
5866:
5852:
5824:
5804:
5797:
5786:
5769:
5711:
5704:
5676:
5618:
5611:
5583:
5576:Robert Coleman Richardson
5547:
5536:
5525:
5508:
5477:
5455:
5438:
5392:
5349:
5329:
5314:
5303:
5286:
5153:
5145:deep inelastic scattering
5142:
5131:
5114:
5078:
5060:
5058:and other atomic clocks"
5038:
5021:
4985:
4966:
4955:
4938:
4907:
4896:
4868:
4837:
4831:"for their design of the
4830:
4790:
4773:
4703:
4692:
4664:
4637:
4619:
4602:
4507:
4500:
4489:
4472:
4452:
4441:
4430:
4413:
4355:
4344:
4316:
4291:
4280:
4262:
4227:
4169:
4166:
4138:
4118:
4111:
4100:
4083:
4036:
4029:
4018:
4001:
3981:
3966:
3955:
3938:
3861:
3850:
3822:
3786:
3775:
3764:
3747:
3708:
3662:
3623:
3420:
3413:
3402:
3385:
3338:
3315:
3304:
3287:
3256:
3249:
3185:
3100:
3061:
3002:
2995:
2984:
2967:
2931:
2924:
2913:
2896:
2876:
2865:
2854:
2837:
2801:
2791:"for their researches on
2790:
2779:
2762:
2720:
2685:
2658:
2636:
2619:
2611:phase contrast microscope
2560:
2557:
2546:
2529:
2498:
2495:
2467:
1995:
1988:
1960:
1922:
1887:
1807:
1800:
1772:
1560:
1525:
1517:sedimentation equilibrium
1466:
1459:
1448:
1431:
1234:Charles Γdouard Guillaume
1045:
1034:
1006:
776:
769:
741:
647:conduction of electricity
459:
441:
424:
404:
393:
382:
365:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
14798:Lists of Nobel laureates
14019:Lists of Nobel laureates
12447:21 November 2017 at the
8505:
7623:"for the discovery that
5960:"for the achievement of
5860:used in high-speed- and
5800:electroweak interactions
5537:"for their discovery of
5378:"for the development of
5342:Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
5315:"for the discovery of a
5033:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
4292:"for their discovery of
4209:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
1991:diffraction of electrons
57:established by the 1895
53:. It is one of the five
8490:List of Nobel laureates
7593:
6745:
6510:giant magnetoresistance
5823:
5658:William Daniel Phillips
5212:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
5113:
4520:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
4412:
4258:low-temperature physics
3622:
3416:quantum electrodynamics
3252:nuclear shell structure
3021:
2431:
2272:Percy Williams Bridgman
2103:
1679:
1633:the law named after him
1610:Owen Willans Richardson
1361:Robert Andrews Millikan
1221:
840:for gases and liquids"
806:
325:
14653:Physiology or Medicine
14599:Physiology or Medicine
14526:Physiology or Medicine
14143:Physiology or Medicine
14065:Physiology or Medicine
12501:Nobel Prize in Physics
7831:"for experiments with
7663:"for the discovery of
7164:"for the discovery of
6634:in subatomic physics"
6630:"for the discovery of
6508:"for the discovery of
6383:optical frequency comb
6277:"for the discovery of
5817:Martinus J. G. Veltman
5631:Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
4633:evolution of the stars
4150:Philip Warren Anderson
3815:John Robert Schrieffer
3138:which bears his name"
2814:Walter Houser Brattain
2311:Edward Victor Appleton
1916:"for his discovery of
1711:effect named after him
1556:effect named after him
936:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
910:"for his invention of
97:William Lawrence Bragg
83:Wilhelm Conrad RΓΆntgen
42:
35:Nobel Prize in Physics
30:
27:Edward Victor Appleton
7166:neutrino oscillations
7084:light-emitting diodes
7018:Large Hadron Collider
6684:optical communication
6281:in the theory of the
6220:Anthony James Leggett
5151:in particle physics"
4765:quantized Hall effect
4650:William Alfred Fowler
4555:electron spectroscopy
4309:Robert Woodrow Wilson
3780:, usually called the
3654:magneto-hydrodynamics
2291:high pressure physics
1758:"for the creation of
1629:thermionic phenomenon
1627:"for his work on the
1378:"for his work on the
1296:"for his services to
1208:and the splitting of
1101:Charles Glover Barkla
1041:X-ray crystallography
994:diffraction of X-rays
836:"for his work on the
219:semiconductor physics
150:Charles Glover Barkla
24:
14440:Princeton University
12459:5 April 2006 at the
6794:Konstantin Novoselov
6125:cosmic X-ray sources
5724:Horst Ludwig StΓΆrmer
5380:neutron spectroscopy
5276:, in particular the
4484:Nicolaas Bloembergen
4351:weak neutral current
3449:Shin'ichirΕ Tomonaga
3233:Maria Goeppert-Mayer
2872:elementary particles
2573:Edward Mills Purcell
2008:George Paget Thomson
1498:Jean Baptiste Perrin
1384:photoelectric effect
1302:photoelectric effect
789:Karl Ferdinand Braun
116:Maria Goeppert-Mayer
14549:AFSC Nobel nominees
14425:Columbia University
9116:2020PLoSO..1534612I
7333:gravitational waves
6300:Hugh David Politzer
5964:in dilute gases of
5560:Douglas D. Osheroff
5424:neutron diffraction
4808:electron microscope
4697:, communicators of
4444:symmetry principles
4182:Nevill Francis Mott
3702:solid state physics
3582:and data analysis"
3351:Alexander Prokhorov
3318:quantum electronics
3216:symmetry principles
3092:electron scattering
2057:neutron irradiation
1935:Carl David Anderson
1899:Victor Francis Hess
1766:forms of hydrogen"
1298:theoretical physics
1018:William Henry Bragg
667:Albert A. Michelson
43:Nobelpriset i fysik
14435:Harvard University
12415:. 3 October 2023.
12385:. 4 October 2022.
12355:. 5 October 2021.
8746:. 6 October 2022.
8683:. 3 October 2023.
8597:on 15 October 2008
8500:List of physicists
7508:physical cosmology
7269:John M. Kosterlitz
7183:Arthur B. McDonald
6283:strong interaction
6279:asymptotic freedom
5943:Eric Allin Cornell
5925:integrated circuit
5688:Robert B. Laughlin
5428:neutron scattering
5384:neutron scattering
5361:Bertram Brockhouse
5298:Russell Alan Hulse
5274:particle detectors
5126:Jerome I. Friedman
5073:Hans Georg Dehmelt
4746:Klaus von Klitzing
4716:Simon van der Meer
4503:laser spectroscopy
4275:Arno Allan Penzias
3973:aperture synthesis
3969:radio astrophysics
3739:holographic method
3694:antiferromagnetism
2863:Republic of China
2679:coincidence method
2133:Not awarded due to
2122:Not awarded due to
2109:Not awarded due to
1423:X-ray spectroscopy
1124:X-ray spectroscopy
1081:Not awarded due to
998:X-ray spectroscopy
31:
14727:
14726:
14611:
14610:
14607:
14606:
14534:
14533:
14453:
14452:
14406:
14405:
14024:Nobel Prize medal
13974:
13973:
8713:. 10 April 2015.
8647:"The Nobel Prize"
8627:on 22 August 2008
8481:
8480:
8346:Republic of China
8309:Republic of China
8030:
8029:
7951:attosecond pulses
7837:Bell inequalities
7833:entangled photons
7667:at the centre of
7213:David J. Thouless
6949:David J. Wineland
6597:Toshihide Maskawa
6398:Theodor W. HΓ€nsch
6354:optical coherence
6096:Riccardo Giacconi
6069:Masatoshi Koshiba
6029:Raymond Davis Jr.
5999:Wolfgang Ketterle
5450:Martin Lewis Perl
5182:Richard E. Taylor
5166:Henry Way Kendall
4975:structure of the
4899:superconductivity
4695:particles W and Z
4658:nuclear reactions
4594:phase transitions
4575:Kenneth G. Wilson
4465:Val Logsdon Fitch
4095:Samuel C. C. Ting
4049:Ben Roy Mottelson
3778:superconductivity
3533:nuclear reactions
3367:Charles H. Townes
3269:J. Hans D. Jensen
3073:Robert Hofstadter
2650:quantum mechanics
2194:Isidor Isaac Rabi
2052:Kingdom of Italy
1784:Erwin SchrΓΆdinger
1760:quantum mechanics
1741:Werner Heisenberg
1380:elementary charge
1037:crystal structure
838:equation of state
767:Kingdom of Italy
753:Guglielmo Marconi
606:"for his work on
196:Werner Heisenberg
14810:
14780:
14779:
14768:
14767:
14756:
14755:
14754:
14744:
14743:
14735:
14696:Nobel Laboratory
14628:Nobel Committees
14623:Nobel Foundation
14562:
14561:
14536:
14535:
14481:
14480:
14204:
14203:
14108:
14107:
14077:
14001:
13994:
13987:
13978:
13977:
13967:
13951:
13935:
13919:
13903:
13887:
13871:
13855:
13839:
13827:
13811:
13799:
13787:
13771:
13759:
13743:
13727:
13715:
13703:
13687:
13671:
13655:
13639:
13610:
13594:
13582:
13566:
13550:
13534:
13522:
13510:
13498:
13490:
13482:
13466:
13450:
13434:
13422:
13406:
13398:
13386:
13374:
13366:
13350:
13338:
13322:
13306:
13290:
13267:
13251:
13239:
13223:
13207:
13199:
13187:
13179:
13171:
13163:
13155:
13139:
13123:
13107:
13099:
13087:
13079:
13067:
13051:
13039:
13023:
13011:
12999:
12991:
12979:
12956:
12948:
12940:
12932:
12924:
12916:
12908:
12900:
12892:
12891:
12885:
12884:
12878:
12877:
12871:
12863:
12855:
12843:
12831:
12823:
12822:
12816:
12804:
12796:
12795:
12789:
12781:
12773:
12765:
12753:
12734:
12722:
12714:
12706:
12698:
12690:
12682:
12674:
12666:
12658:
12657:
12651:
12639:
12631:
12629:Kamerlingh Onnes
12623:
12615:
12607:
12599:
12587:
12579:
12571:
12563:
12555:
12547:
12531:
12519:
12490:
12483:
12476:
12467:
12466:
12429:
12428:
12426:
12424:
12413:Nobel Foundation
12405:
12399:
12398:
12396:
12394:
12383:Nobel Foundation
12375:
12369:
12368:
12366:
12364:
12353:Nobel Foundation
12345:
12339:
12338:
12336:
12334:
12313:
12307:
12306:
12304:
12302:
12291:Nobel Foundation
12283:
12277:
12276:
12274:
12272:
12261:Nobel Foundation
12253:
12247:
12246:
12244:
12242:
12231:Nobel Foundation
12223:
12217:
12216:
12214:
12212:
12201:Nobel Foundation
12193:
12187:
12186:
12184:
12182:
12171:Nobel Foundation
12163:
12157:
12156:
12154:
12152:
12141:Nobel Foundation
12133:
12127:
12126:
12124:
12122:
12111:Nobel Foundation
12103:
12097:
12096:
12094:
12092:
12083:. Archived from
12081:Nobel Foundation
12073:
12067:
12066:
12064:
12062:
12051:Nobel Foundation
12043:
12037:
12036:
12034:
12032:
12021:Nobel Foundation
12013:
12007:
12006:
12004:
12002:
11991:Nobel Foundation
11983:
11977:
11976:
11974:
11972:
11961:Nobel Foundation
11953:
11947:
11946:
11944:
11942:
11931:Nobel Foundation
11923:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11912:
11907:on 5 August 2011
11903:. Archived from
11901:Nobel Foundation
11893:
11887:
11886:
11884:
11882:
11871:Nobel Foundation
11863:
11857:
11856:
11854:
11852:
11841:Nobel Foundation
11833:
11827:
11826:
11824:
11822:
11811:Nobel Foundation
11803:
11797:
11796:
11794:
11792:
11781:Nobel Foundation
11773:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11751:Nobel Foundation
11743:
11737:
11736:
11734:
11732:
11721:Nobel Foundation
11713:
11707:
11706:
11704:
11702:
11691:Nobel Foundation
11683:
11677:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11661:Nobel Foundation
11653:
11647:
11646:
11644:
11642:
11631:Nobel Foundation
11623:
11617:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11601:Nobel Foundation
11593:
11587:
11586:
11584:
11582:
11571:Nobel Foundation
11563:
11557:
11556:
11554:
11552:
11541:Nobel Foundation
11533:
11527:
11526:
11524:
11522:
11511:Nobel Foundation
11503:
11497:
11496:
11494:
11492:
11481:Nobel Foundation
11473:
11467:
11466:
11464:
11462:
11451:Nobel Foundation
11443:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11432:
11421:Nobel Foundation
11413:
11407:
11406:
11404:
11402:
11391:Nobel Foundation
11383:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11372:
11361:Nobel Foundation
11353:
11347:
11346:
11344:
11342:
11331:Nobel Foundation
11323:
11317:
11316:
11314:
11312:
11301:Nobel Foundation
11293:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11271:Nobel Foundation
11263:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11249:
11238:Nobel Foundation
11230:
11224:
11223:
11221:
11219:
11208:Nobel Foundation
11200:
11194:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11178:Nobel Foundation
11170:
11164:
11163:
11161:
11159:
11148:Nobel Foundation
11140:
11134:
11133:
11131:
11129:
11118:Nobel Foundation
11110:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11085:Nobel Foundation
11077:
11071:
11070:
11068:
11066:
11055:Nobel Foundation
11047:
11041:
11040:
11038:
11036:
11025:Nobel Foundation
11017:
11011:
11010:
11008:
11006:
10995:Nobel Foundation
10987:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10976:
10965:Nobel Foundation
10957:
10951:
10950:
10948:
10946:
10935:Nobel Foundation
10927:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10916:
10905:Nobel Foundation
10897:
10891:
10890:
10888:
10886:
10875:Nobel Foundation
10867:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10856:
10845:Nobel Foundation
10837:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10826:
10815:Nobel Foundation
10807:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10785:Nobel Foundation
10777:
10771:
10770:
10768:
10766:
10755:Nobel Foundation
10747:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10736:
10725:Nobel Foundation
10717:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10706:
10695:Nobel Foundation
10687:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10676:
10665:Nobel Foundation
10657:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10646:
10635:Nobel Foundation
10627:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10605:Nobel Foundation
10597:
10591:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10575:Nobel Foundation
10567:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10553:
10542:Nobel Foundation
10534:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10512:Nobel Foundation
10504:
10498:
10497:
10495:
10493:
10482:Nobel Foundation
10474:
10468:
10467:
10465:
10463:
10452:Nobel Foundation
10444:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10422:Nobel Foundation
10414:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10403:
10392:Nobel Foundation
10384:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10362:Nobel Foundation
10354:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10343:
10332:Nobel Foundation
10324:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10313:
10302:Nobel Foundation
10294:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10283:
10272:Nobel Foundation
10264:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10253:
10242:Nobel Foundation
10234:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10223:
10212:Nobel Foundation
10204:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10182:Nobel Foundation
10174:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10163:
10152:Nobel Foundation
10144:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10133:
10122:Nobel Foundation
10114:
10108:
10107:
10105:
10103:
10092:Nobel Foundation
10084:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10062:Nobel Foundation
10054:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10043:
10032:Nobel Foundation
10024:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10013:
10002:Nobel Foundation
9994:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9983:
9972:Nobel Foundation
9964:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9953:
9942:Nobel Foundation
9934:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9923:
9912:Nobel Foundation
9904:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9893:
9882:Nobel Foundation
9874:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9863:
9852:Nobel Foundation
9844:
9838:
9837:
9835:
9833:
9822:Nobel Foundation
9814:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9792:Nobel Foundation
9784:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9762:Nobel Foundation
9754:
9748:
9747:
9745:
9743:
9732:Nobel Foundation
9724:
9718:
9717:
9715:
9713:
9702:Nobel Foundation
9694:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9683:
9672:Nobel Foundation
9664:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9642:Nobel Foundation
9634:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9612:Nobel Foundation
9604:
9598:
9597:
9595:
9593:
9582:Nobel Foundation
9574:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9552:Nobel Foundation
9544:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9522:Nobel Foundation
9514:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9492:Nobel Foundation
9484:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9462:Nobel Foundation
9454:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9432:Nobel Foundation
9424:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9402:Nobel Foundation
9394:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9383:
9372:Nobel Foundation
9364:
9358:
9357:
9355:
9353:
9342:Nobel Foundation
9334:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9312:Nobel Foundation
9304:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9293:
9282:Nobel Foundation
9274:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9263:
9252:Nobel Foundation
9244:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9233:
9222:Nobel Foundation
9214:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9192:Nobel Foundation
9184:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9173:
9162:Nobel Foundation
9154:
9148:
9147:
9137:
9127:
9093:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9082:
9071:Nobel Foundation
9063:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9038:Nobel Foundation
9030:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9005:Nobel Foundation
8997:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8972:Nobel Foundation
8964:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8939:Nobel Foundation
8931:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8906:Nobel Foundation
8898:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8884:
8873:Nobel Foundation
8865:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8840:Nobel Foundation
8832:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8807:Nobel Foundation
8799:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8774:Nobel Foundation
8766:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8755:
8744:Nobel Foundation
8736:
8730:
8729:
8724:
8722:
8703:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8681:Nobel Foundation
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8651:Nobel Foundation
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8623:. Archived from
8621:Nobel Foundation
8613:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8593:. Archived from
8591:Nobel Foundation
8583:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8572:
8561:Nobel Foundation
8553:
8536:
8533:Nobel Foundation
8529:
8523:
8520:Nobel Foundation
8516:
8471:
8469:
8468:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8363:
8361:
8360:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8043:
8042:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8008:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7964:
7942:
7940:
7939:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7911:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7881:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7854:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7810:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7777:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7754:Klaus Hasselmann
7750:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7710:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7680:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7642:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7602:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7555:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7521:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7485:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7459:Donna Strickland
7455:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7421:
7408:optical tweezers
7398:
7396:
7395:
7381:
7362:
7346:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7306:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7265:
7249:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7209:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7179:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7143:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7113:
7097:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7061:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7031:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6979:François Englert
6975:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6945:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6906:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6876:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6853:Brian P. Schmidt
6849:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6809:
6790:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6754:
6735:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6701:Willard S. Boyle
6697:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6646:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6609:
6593:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6557:Makoto Kobayashi
6553:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6523:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6487:
6468:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6424:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6394:
6381:, including the
6367:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6331:
6312:
6296:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6256:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6216:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6189:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6139:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6065:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6025:
6012:
6010:
6009:
5995:
5979:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5939:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5902:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5875:
5858:heterostructures
5853:"for developing
5849:
5847:
5846:
5832:
5813:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5777:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5747:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5720:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5684:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5654:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5627:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5591:
5572:
5556:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5516:
5490:Frederick Reines
5486:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5446:
5432:condensed matter
5418:
5416:
5415:
5401:
5388:condensed matter
5374:
5372:
5371:
5357:
5338:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5294:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5251:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5208:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5178:
5162:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5122:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5092:
5069:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5029:
5014:Jack Steinberger
5010:
4994:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4950:Leon M. Lederman
4946:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4916:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4876:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4846:
4821:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4781:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4742:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4712:
4699:weak interaction
4689:
4687:
4686:
4672:
4646:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4610:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4571:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4532:
4516:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4480:
4461:
4448:neutral K-mesons
4446:in the decay of
4438:
4436:
4435:
4421:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4364:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4324:
4305:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4271:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4235:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4178:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4146:
4127:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4091:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4061:
4045:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4009:
3990:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3946:
3932:Josephson effect
3922:
3920:
3919:
3901:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3870:
3859:, respectively"
3847:
3845:
3844:
3830:
3811:
3795:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3755:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3716:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3671:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3631:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3600:Murray Gell-Mann
3596:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3553:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3510:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3475:
3462:
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3173:condensed matter
3167:
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3113:Rudolf MΓΆssbauer
3109:
3086:
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3034:Donald A. Glaser
3030:
3015:Owen Chamberlain
3011:
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2927:Cherenkov effect
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2830:William Shockley
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2381:cosmic radiation
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2354:Patrick Blackett
2350:
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2019:
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1972:Clinton Davisson
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211:Particle physics
120:Donna Strickland
101:Malala Yousafzai
67:Nobel Foundation
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14367:North American
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12087:on 5 April 2024
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8012:Pierre Agostini
7999:
7990:
7988:
7979:
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7926:
7924:
7917:
7915:Anne L'Huillier
7893:
7891:
7887:
7885:Anton Zeilinger
7866:
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7860:
7839:and pioneering
7822:
7820:
7816:
7789:
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7756:
7722:
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7692:
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7646:Reinhard Genzel
7620:United Kingdom
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7227:United Kingdom
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7049:United Kingdom
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7012:experiments at
6987:
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6813:Saul Perlmutter
6796:
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6760:
6741:
6739:George E. Smith
6709:
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6576:broken symmetry
6565:
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6193:Vitaly Ginzburg
6172:superconductors
6161:
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5881:
5879:Herbert Kroemer
5862:optoelectronics
5844:
5842:
5838:
5819:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5781:Gerard 't Hooft
5759:
5757:
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5367:
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5344:
5306:
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5300:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5255:Georges Charpak
5231:liquid crystals
5220:
5218:
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5190:
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5134:
5132:
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5000:
4998:Melvin Schwartz
4958:
4956:
4952:
4928:
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4922:
4888:
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4858:
4856:
4852:
4850:Heinrich Rohrer
4827:
4804:electron optics
4793:
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4397:
4395:Steven Weinberg
4376:
4374:
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4330:
4328:Sheldon Glashow
4311:
4283:
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4196:United Kingdom
4190:
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4156:
4152:
4133:
4116:of a new kind"
4103:
4101:
4097:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4065:James Rainwater
4051:
4021:
4019:
4015:
3996:
3964:United Kingdom
3958:
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3923:United Kingdom
3917:
3915:
3911:
3909:Brian Josephson
3905:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3857:superconductors
3842:
3840:
3836:
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4092:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4079:United States
4069:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4028:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3965:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3924:
3913:
3906:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:United States
3878:
3871:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3853:semiconductors
3849:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3774:
3773:United States
3763:
3756:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3698:ferrimagnetism
3690:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3658:plasma physics
3650:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:United States
3604:
3597:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3580:bubble chamber
3572:
3571:United States
3561:
3554:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3529:
3528:United States
3518:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3483:
3479:Alfred Kastler
3476:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3411:United States
3401:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3381:United States
3371:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3314:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3248:
3247:United States
3237:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3212:
3211:United States
3201:
3194:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3169:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3088:
3087:United States
3077:
3070:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3053:bubble chamber
3049:
3048:United States
3038:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2994:
2993:United States
2983:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2923:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2889:Yang Chen-Ning
2886:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2864:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2793:semiconductors
2789:
2788:United States
2778:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2748:
2747:United States
2737:
2733:Polykarp Kusch
2730:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2716:fine structure
2712:
2711:United States
2701:
2694:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2646:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:United States
2545:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2483:
2479:John Cockcroft
2476:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2424:nuclear forces
2416:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2369:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2334:Appleton layer
2326:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2287:
2286:United States
2276:
2269:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2248:
2237:
2233:Wolfgang Pauli
2230:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2209:
2208:United States
2198:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2165:United States
2155:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2092:
2091:United States
2081:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1986:United States
1976:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1949:United States
1939:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1864:
1860:James Chadwick
1857:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1756:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1707:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1551:United States
1541:
1537:Arthur Compton
1534:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:upon an atom"
1458:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1419:
1408:
1404:Manne Siegbahn
1401:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1376:
1375:United States
1365:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1210:spectral lines
1202:Doppler effect
1198:
1187:
1183:Johannes Stark
1180:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1158:German Empire
1148:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1058:Lawrence Bragg
1055:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1001:
990:
989:German Empire
979:
972:
965:
961:
960:
958:
951:
940:
933:
926:
922:
921:
919:
908:
897:
890:
883:
879:
878:
876:
873:
872:German Empire
862:
855:
848:
844:
843:
841:
834:
823:
816:
809:
805:
804:
803:German Empire
793:
786:
778:
777:
775:
768:
757:
750:
743:
739:
738:
736:
725:
714:
707:
700:
696:
695:
693:
682:
681:United States
671:
664:
657:
653:
652:
650:
643:
632:
625:
618:
614:
613:
611:
604:
603:German Empire
593:
589:Philipp Lenard
586:
579:
575:
574:
572:
565:
554:
547:
540:
536:
535:
503:
496:
488:
487:
476:
469:
461:
460:
458:
451:
440:
433:
426:
422:
421:
414:
406:
405:
403:
392:
381:
374:
367:
363:
362:
360:
353:
352:German Empire
342:
335:
328:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
300:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
233:
230:
227:
215:atomic physics
207:
206:
199:
192:
185:
174:
171:Manne Siegbahn
167:
160:
153:
146:
78:
75:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14815:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14795:
14793:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14759:
14749:
14747:
14742:
14737:
14736:
14733:
14718:
14712:
14709:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14694:
14692:
14689:
14687:
14684:
14682:
14681:Controversies
14679:
14678:
14676:
14672:
14666:
14663:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14630:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14620:
14618:
14616:Organisations
14614:
14600:
14597:
14595:
14592:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14582:
14578:
14575:
14574:
14573:
14572:
14570:
14568:
14563:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14546:
14544:
14543:
14541:
14537:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14515:
14514:Organizations
14512:
14510:
14507:
14506:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14488:
14486:
14482:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14462:
14460:
14456:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14417:
14415:
14413:
14412:by university
14409:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14383:
14381:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14368:
14366:
14362:
14359:
14358:
14356:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14283:
14281:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14238:
14237:
14234:
14230:
14229:South African
14227:
14225:
14222:
14221:
14220:
14217:
14216:
14214:
14212:
14205:
14199:
14198:Non-religious
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14160:
14158:
14150:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14115:
14113:
14109:
14103:
14100:
14096:
14093:
14092:
14090:
14089:
14087:
14085:
14081:
14076:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14037:
14035:
14031:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14016:
14013:
14009:
14002:
13997:
13995:
13990:
13988:
13983:
13982:
13979:
13966:
13962:
13958:
13953:
13950:
13946:
13942:
13937:
13934:
13930:
13926:
13921:
13918:
13914:
13910:
13905:
13902:
13898:
13894:
13889:
13886:
13882:
13878:
13873:
13870:
13866:
13862:
13857:
13854:
13850:
13846:
13841:
13838:
13834:
13829:
13826:
13822:
13818:
13813:
13810:
13806:
13801:
13798:
13794:
13789:
13786:
13782:
13778:
13773:
13770:
13766:
13761:
13758:
13754:
13750:
13745:
13742:
13738:
13734:
13729:
13726:
13722:
13717:
13714:
13710:
13705:
13702:
13698:
13694:
13689:
13686:
13682:
13678:
13673:
13670:
13666:
13662:
13657:
13654:
13650:
13646:
13641:
13638:
13634:
13630:
13625:
13624:
13622:
13616:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13596:
13593:
13589:
13584:
13581:
13577:
13573:
13568:
13565:
13561:
13557:
13552:
13549:
13548:R. Richardson
13545:
13541:
13536:
13533:
13529:
13524:
13521:
13517:
13512:
13509:
13505:
13500:
13497:
13492:
13489:
13484:
13481:
13477:
13473:
13468:
13465:
13461:
13457:
13452:
13449:
13445:
13441:
13436:
13433:
13429:
13424:
13421:
13417:
13413:
13408:
13405:
13400:
13397:
13393:
13388:
13385:
13381:
13380:Chandrasekhar
13376:
13373:
13368:
13365:
13361:
13357:
13352:
13349:
13345:
13340:
13337:
13333:
13329:
13324:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13308:
13305:
13301:
13297:
13292:
13289:
13285:
13280:
13279:
13277:
13273:
13266:
13262:
13258:
13253:
13250:
13246:
13241:
13238:
13234:
13230:
13225:
13222:
13218:
13214:
13209:
13206:
13201:
13198:
13194:
13189:
13186:
13181:
13178:
13173:
13170:
13165:
13162:
13157:
13154:
13150:
13146:
13141:
13138:
13134:
13130:
13125:
13122:
13118:
13114:
13109:
13106:
13101:
13098:
13094:
13089:
13086:
13081:
13078:
13074:
13069:
13066:
13062:
13058:
13053:
13050:
13046:
13041:
13038:
13034:
13030:
13025:
13022:
13018:
13013:
13010:
13006:
13001:
12998:
12993:
12990:
12986:
12981:
12978:
12974:
12969:
12968:
12966:
12962:
12955:
12950:
12947:
12942:
12939:
12934:
12931:
12926:
12923:
12918:
12915:
12910:
12907:
12902:
12899:
12894:
12887:
12880:
12873:
12870:
12865:
12862:
12857:
12854:
12853:G. P. Thomson
12850:
12845:
12842:
12838:
12833:
12830:
12825:
12818:
12815:
12811:
12806:
12803:
12798:
12791:
12788:
12783:
12780:
12775:
12772:
12771:O. Richardson
12767:
12764:
12760:
12755:
12752:
12747:
12746:
12744:
12740:
12733:
12729:
12724:
12721:
12716:
12713:
12708:
12705:
12700:
12697:
12692:
12689:
12684:
12681:
12676:
12673:
12668:
12665:
12660:
12653:
12650:
12646:
12641:
12638:
12633:
12630:
12625:
12622:
12617:
12614:
12609:
12606:
12605:Van der Waals
12601:
12598:
12594:
12589:
12586:
12581:
12578:
12573:
12570:
12569:J. J. Thomson
12565:
12562:
12557:
12554:
12549:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12533:
12530:
12526:
12521:
12518:
12513:
12512:
12510:
12506:
12502:
12498:
12491:
12486:
12484:
12479:
12477:
12472:
12471:
12468:
12462:
12458:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12446:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12418:
12414:
12410:
12404:
12388:
12384:
12380:
12374:
12358:
12354:
12350:
12344:
12328:
12324:
12323:
12318:
12312:
12296:
12292:
12288:
12282:
12266:
12262:
12258:
12252:
12236:
12232:
12228:
12222:
12206:
12202:
12198:
12192:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12162:
12146:
12142:
12138:
12132:
12116:
12112:
12108:
12102:
12086:
12082:
12078:
12072:
12056:
12052:
12048:
12042:
12026:
12022:
12018:
12012:
11996:
11992:
11988:
11982:
11966:
11962:
11958:
11952:
11936:
11932:
11928:
11922:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11892:
11876:
11872:
11868:
11862:
11846:
11842:
11838:
11832:
11816:
11812:
11808:
11802:
11786:
11782:
11778:
11772:
11756:
11752:
11748:
11742:
11726:
11722:
11718:
11712:
11696:
11692:
11688:
11682:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11652:
11636:
11632:
11628:
11622:
11606:
11602:
11598:
11592:
11576:
11572:
11568:
11562:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11532:
11516:
11512:
11508:
11502:
11486:
11482:
11478:
11472:
11456:
11452:
11448:
11442:
11426:
11422:
11418:
11412:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11382:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11352:
11336:
11332:
11328:
11322:
11306:
11302:
11298:
11292:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11262:
11260:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11229:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11199:
11183:
11179:
11175:
11169:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11139:
11123:
11119:
11115:
11109:
11107:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11076:
11060:
11056:
11052:
11046:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11016:
11000:
10996:
10992:
10986:
10970:
10966:
10962:
10956:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10926:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10896:
10880:
10876:
10872:
10866:
10850:
10846:
10842:
10836:
10820:
10816:
10812:
10806:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10746:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10716:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10686:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10656:
10640:
10636:
10632:
10626:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10596:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10566:
10564:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10533:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10503:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10473:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10443:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10413:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10383:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10353:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10323:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10293:
10277:
10273:
10269:
10263:
10247:
10243:
10239:
10233:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10203:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10173:
10157:
10153:
10149:
10143:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10113:
10097:
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10089:
10083:
10067:
10063:
10059:
10053:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10023:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9993:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9963:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9933:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9903:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9873:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9843:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9813:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9783:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9753:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9723:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9693:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9663:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9633:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9603:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9573:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9543:
9527:
9523:
9519:
9513:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9483:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9453:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9423:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9377:
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9343:
9339:
9333:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9273:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9243:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9213:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9183:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9153:
9145:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9104:
9099:
9092:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9062:
9060:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9029:
9027:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8996:
8994:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8963:
8961:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8930:
8928:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8897:
8895:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8864:
8862:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8831:
8829:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8798:
8796:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8765:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8735:
8728:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8702:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8672:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8642:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8612:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8582:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8552:
8548:
8534:
8528:
8521:
8515:
8511:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8476:
8474:
8462:
8458:
8456:
8444:
8440:
8438:
8426:
8422:
8420:
8408:
8404:
8402:
8390:
8386:
8384:
8372:
8368:
8366:
8354:
8350:
8347:
8335:
8331:
8329:
8317:
8313:
8310:
8298:
8294:
8292:
8280:
8276:
8274:
8262:
8258:
8256:
8244:
8240:
8238:
8226:
8222:
8220:
8208:
8204:
8202:
8190:
8186:
8184:
8172:
8168:
8166:
8154:
8150:
8148:
8136:
8124:
8120:
8118:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8070:
8066:
8064:
8063:United States
8052:
8044:
8040:
8017:
8013:
8007:
8003:
8002:
7987:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7969:
7968:Ferenc Krausz
7963:
7959:
7958:
7952:
7934:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7876:
7875:
7863:
7859:
7853:
7849:
7848:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7819:
7815:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7786:
7782:
7776:
7772:
7771:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7745:
7744:
7738:
7734:
7719:
7715:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7689:
7685:
7679:
7675:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7651:
7647:
7641:
7637:
7636:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7611:
7607:
7606:Roger Penrose
7601:
7597:
7578:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7559:Didier Queloz
7554:
7550:
7549:
7545:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7509:
7505:
7494:
7490:
7489:James Peebles
7484:
7480:
7476:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7450:
7449:
7445:
7444:laser physics
7430:
7426:
7425:GΓ©rard Mourou
7420:
7416:
7415:
7409:
7405:
7404:laser physics
7401:
7390:
7386:
7385:Arthur Ashkin
7380:
7376:
7372:
7367:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7334:
7330:
7311:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7283:United States
7274:
7270:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7237:
7233:
7214:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7174:
7173:
7167:
7152:
7148:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7122:
7118:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7101:Hiroshi Amano
7096:
7092:
7091:
7085:
7066:
7065:Isamu Akasaki
7060:
7056:
7052:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6940:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6915:
6911:
6910:Serge Haroche
6905:
6901:
6897:
6885:
6881:
6880:Adam G. Riess
6875:
6871:
6870:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6837:
6833:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6778:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6740:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6720:semiconductor
6702:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6581:
6577:
6558:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6511:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6429:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6372:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6336:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6316:Frank Wilczek
6311:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6280:
6261:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6177:
6173:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6110:United States
6101:
6097:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6053:
6049:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5967:
5963:
5944:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5855:semiconductor
5841:
5837:
5831:
5827:
5818:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5801:
5782:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5708:
5707:quantum fluid
5693:
5689:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5615:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5544:
5540:
5539:superfluidity
5521:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5299:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5127:
5121:
5117:
5110:West Germany
5101:
5097:
5096:Wolfgang Paul
5091:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5034:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4981:muon neutrino
4978:
4974:
4970:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4904:
4900:
4894:West Germany
4885:
4881:
4880:Georg Bednorz
4875:
4871:
4867:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4834:
4826:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4799:West Germany
4786:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4760:West Germany
4751:
4747:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4615:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4504:
4485:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4253:Soviet Union
4244:
4240:
4239:Pyotr Kapitsa
4234:
4230:
4226:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4115:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4032:atomic nuclei
4014:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3994:Antony Hewish
3989:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3892:
3891:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3783:
3779:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3640:
3636:
3635:Hannes AlfvΓ©n
3630:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3328:based on the
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:Soviet Union
3300:
3299:Nikolay Basov
3294:
3290:
3286:
3283:West Germany
3274:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3202:
3198:
3197:Eugene Wigner
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3177:liquid helium
3175:, especially
3174:
3170:
3168:Soviet Union
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3127:West Germany
3118:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2922:Soviet Union
2909:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2850:
2849:Lee Tsung-Dao
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:Walther Bothe
2666:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2645:West Germany
2632:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2593:
2592:Frits Zernike
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2511:Ernest Walton
2506:
2502:
2501:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2406:
2402:
2401:Hideki Yukawa
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:cloud chamber
2370:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:atomic nuclei
2210:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:World War II
2134:
2128:
2127:
2124:World War II
2123:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:by crystals"
1992:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1804:
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683:
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14686:Alfred Nobel
14207:by continent
14137:
14008:Nobel Prizes
13404:von Klitzing
13396:Van der Meer
12496:
12421:. Retrieved
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8711:Priceonomics
8710:
8701:
8689:. Retrieved
8671:
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8641:
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8625:the original
8611:
8599:. Retrieved
8595:the original
8581:
8569:. Retrieved
8551:
8527:
8514:
8147:Soviet Union
7858:John Clauser
7814:Alain Aspect
7574:
7539:Switzerland
7537:
7525:Michel Mayor
7388:(1922β2020)
7366:Barry Barish
7310:Rainer Weiss
7216:(1934β2019)
7068:(1929β2021)
7038:(1929β2024)
6704:(1924β2011)
6653:(1933β2018)
6616:(1921β2015)
6600:(1940β2021)
6530:(1939β2018)
6472:George Smoot
6379:spectroscopy
6371:John L. Hall
6338:(1925β2018)
6196:(1916β2009)
6146:(1928β2017)
6099:(1931β2018)
6072:(1926β2020)
6048:astrophysics
6032:(1914β2006)
5909:(1923β2005)
5882:(1928β2024)
5839:(1930β2019)
5820:(1931β2021)
5802:in physics"
5795:Netherlands
5579:(1937β2013)
5493:(1918β1998)
5453:(1927β2014)
5408:(1915β2001)
5364:(1918β2003)
5258:(1924β2010)
5215:(1932β2007)
5185:(1929β2018)
5169:(1926β1999)
5099:(1913β1993)
5076:(1922β2017)
5036:(1915β2011)
5017:(1921β2020)
5001:(1932β2006)
4953:(1922β2018)
4934:Switzerland
4932:
4923:(1927β2023)
4864:Switzerland
4862:
4853:(1933β2013)
4788:(1906β1988)
4730:Netherlands
4719:(1925β2011)
4676:Carlo Rubbia
4653:(1911β1995)
4617:(1910β1995)
4578:(1936β2013)
4539:(1918β2007)
4536:Kai Siegbahn
4523:(1921β1999)
4487:(1920β2017)
4468:(1923β2015)
4428:(1931β2016)
4425:James Cronin
4398:(1933β2021)
4371:(1926β1996)
4278:(1933β2024)
4242:(1894β1984)
4212:(1899β1980)
4185:(1905β1996)
4153:(1923β2020)
4134:(1931β2018)
4068:(1917β1986)
4052:(1926β2022)
4016:(1922β2009)
3997:(1924β2021)
3953:(1918β1984)
3928:supercurrent
3874:Ivar Giaever
3818:(1931β2019)
3762:(1908β1991)
3759:John Bardeen
3723:(1900β1979)
3720:Dennis Gabor
3678:(1904β2000)
3638:(1908β1995)
3603:(1929β2019)
3560:(1911β1988)
3557:Luis Alvarez
3517:(1906β2005)
3482:(1902β1984)
3452:(1906β1979)
3436:(1918β1994)
3400:(1918β1988)
3370:(1915β2015)
3354:(1916β2002)
3302:(1922β2001)
3272:(1907β1973)
3236:(1906β1972)
3200:(1902β1995)
3157:(1908β1968)
3116:(1929β2011)
3076:(1915β1990)
3037:(1926β2013)
3018:(1920β2006)
2982:(1905β1989)
2979:Emilio Segrè
2963:(1895β1971)
2947:(1908β1990)
2911:(1904β1990)
2852:(1926β2024)
2833:(1910β1989)
2817:(1902β1987)
2777:(1908β1991)
2774:John Bardeen
2736:(1911β1993)
2700:(1913β2008)
2674:(1891β1957)
2654:wavefunction
2634:(1882β1970)
2606:Netherlands
2595:(1888β1966)
2576:(1912β1997)
2544:(1905β1983)
2514:(1903β1995)
2482:(1897β1967)
2447:(1903β1969)
2444:C. F. Powell
2404:(1907β1981)
2357:(1897β1974)
2314:(1892β1965)
2275:(1882β1961)
2236:(1900β1958)
2197:(1898β1988)
2154:(1888β1969)
2132:
2121:
2112:World War II
2108:
2080:(1901β1958)
2041:(1901β1954)
2038:Enrico Fermi
2011:(1892β1975)
1975:(1881β1958)
1938:(1905β1991)
1902:(1883β1964)
1863:(1891β1974)
1842:
1823:(1902β1984)
1787:(1887β1961)
1744:(1901β1976)
1723:
1695:(1888β1970)
1656:(1892β1987)
1613:(1879β1959)
1576:(1869β1959)
1540:(1892β1962)
1501:(1870β1942)
1482:(1887β1975)
1479:Gustav Hertz
1446:(1882β1964)
1443:James Franck
1407:(1886β1978)
1364:(1868β1953)
1325:(1885β1962)
1293:Switzerland
1291:
1272:(1879β1955)
1248:Switzerland
1246:
1237:(1861β1938)
1186:(1874β1957)
1147:(1858β1947)
1104:(1877β1944)
1080:
1061:(1890β1971)
1021:(1862β1942)
978:(1879β1960)
975:Max von Laue
950:Netherlands
939:(1853β1926)
896:(1869β1937)
893:Gustaf DalΓ©n
861:(1864β1928)
858:Wilhelm Wien
833:Netherlands
822:(1837β1923)
792:(1850β1918)
756:(1874β1937)
733:interference
713:(1845β1921)
690:metrological
670:(1852β1931)
631:(1856β1940)
608:cathode rays
592:(1862β1947)
553:(1842β1919)
502:(1867β1934)
475:(1859β1906)
472:Pierre Curie
439:(1852β1908)
420:(1865β1943)
391:Netherlands
380:(1853β1928)
341:(1845β1923)
208:
198:in 1933, and
182:Gustav Hertz
178:James Franck
143:Max von Laue
136:
126:(2020), and
109:
95:
91:John Bardeen
80:
63:Alfred Nobel
55:Nobel Prizes
32:
18:
14509:Individuals
14211:nationality
13448:Steinberger
13364:K. Siegbahn
13356:Bloembergen
13077:Chamberlain
12810:SchrΓΆdinger
12720:M. Siegbahn
12649:W. H. Bragg
12645:W. L. Bragg
8311:(1912β1949)
8219:Switzerland
8165:Netherlands
7576:Switzerland
7035:Peter Higgs
6582:in nature"
6491:Albert Fert
6385:technique"
6260:David Gross
6176:superfluids
5983:Carl Wieman
5325:gravitation
5149:quark model
5083:technique"
4905:materials"
4825:Gerd Binnig
4785:Ernst Ruska
4368:Abdus Salam
3950:Martin Ryle
3799:Leon Cooper
3336:principle"
3322:oscillators
2868:parity laws
2697:Willis Lamb
2541:Felix Bloch
1843:Not awarded
1724:Not awarded
1692:C. V. Raman
1084:World War I
918:and buoys"
916:lighthouses
499:Marie Curie
402:phenomena"
124:Andrea Ghez
112:Marie Curie
14792:Categories
14643:Literature
14501:Literature
14484:by subject
14430:ETH Zurich
14396:Venezuelan
14361:Australian
14276:Vietnamese
14154:population
14128:Literature
14111:by subject
14050:Literature
13965:L'Huillier
13929:Hasselmann
13885:Strickland
13853:Kosterlitz
13777:Perlmutter
13516:Brockhouse
13221:Schrieffer
13093:Hofstadter
13045:C. N. Yang
12802:Heisenberg
12779:De Broglie
8661:29 October
8631:29 October
8601:29 October
8571:29 October
8543:References
8015:(b. 1941)
7971:(b. 1962)
7918:(b. 1958)
7888:(b. 1945)
7861:(b. 1942)
7817:(b. 1947)
7784:(b. 1948)
7757:(b. 1931)
7717:(b. 1931)
7687:(b. 1965)
7669:our galaxy
7649:(b. 1952)
7625:black hole
7609:(b. 1931)
7562:(b. 1966)
7528:(b. 1942)
7492:(b. 1935)
7462:(b. 1959)
7428:(b. 1944)
7369:(b. 1936)
7353:(b. 1940)
7350:Kip Thorne
7313:(b. 1932)
7272:(b. 1943)
7256:(b. 1951)
7186:(b. 1943)
7150:(b. 1959)
7120:(b. 1954)
7104:(b. 1960)
6982:(b. 1932)
6952:(b. 1944)
6913:(b. 1944)
6883:(b. 1969)
6867:Australia
6856:(b. 1967)
6836:supernovae
6816:(b. 1959)
6797:(b. 1974)
6761:(b. 1958)
6758:Andre Geim
6742:(b. 1930)
6724:CCD sensor
6560:(b. 1944)
6494:(b. 1938)
6475:(b. 1945)
6451:anisotropy
6431:(b. 1946)
6401:(b. 1941)
6374:(b. 1934)
6319:(b. 1951)
6303:(b. 1949)
6263:(b. 1941)
6223:(b. 1938)
6002:(b. 1957)
5986:(b. 1951)
5946:(b. 1961)
5906:Jack Kilby
5784:(b. 1946)
5754:(b. 1939)
5727:(b. 1949)
5691:(b. 1950)
5661:(b. 1948)
5634:(b. 1933)
5598:(b. 1948)
5595:Steven Chu
5563:(b. 1945)
5523:(b. 1931)
5469:tau lepton
5345:(b. 1941)
5301:(b. 1950)
5129:(b. 1930)
4883:(b. 1950)
4828:(b. 1947)
4749:(b. 1943)
4679:(b. 1934)
4331:(b. 1932)
4312:(b. 1936)
4098:(b. 1936)
3912:(b. 1940)
3877:(b. 1929)
3837:(b. 1925)
3802:(b. 1930)
3782:BCS-theory
3675:Louis NΓ©el
3514:Hans Bethe
3326:amplifiers
3154:Lev Landau
2998:antiproton
2944:Ilya Frank
2892:(b. 1922)
2797:transistor
2151:Otto Stern
1820:Paul Dirac
1764:allotropic
1322:Niels Bohr
1206:canal rays
1144:Max Planck
649:by gases"
319:Rationale
203:Otto Stern
157:Max Planck
77:Statistics
14758:Astronomy
14638:Economics
14633:Chemistry
14589:Economics
14584:Chemistry
14567:Clarivate
14539:by groups
14496:Economics
14491:Chemistry
14391:Brazilian
14386:Argentine
14357:Oceanian
14306:Hungarian
14282:European
14271:Pakistani
14173:Christian
14123:Economics
14118:Chemistry
14084:Laureates
14045:Economics
14040:Chemistry
13949:Zeilinger
13769:Novoselov
13737:Kobayashi
13661:Abrikosov
13508:J. Taylor
13488:de Gennes
13480:R. Taylor
13372:K. Wilson
13320:R. Wilson
13304:Van Vleck
13275:1976β2000
13265:Rainwater
13261:Mottelson
13237:Josephson
13185:Gell-Mann
13149:Schwinger
13137:Prokhorov
13097:MΓΆssbauer
13057:Cherenkov
13049:T. D. Lee
12973:Cockcroft
12964:1951β1975
12763:C. Wilson
12742:1926β1950
12688:Guillaume
12577:Michelson
12537:Becquerel
12508:1901β1925
12497:Laureates
12423:3 October
12393:6 October
12363:6 October
12333:5 October
12301:6 October
12271:8 October
12241:2 October
12211:3 October
12181:4 October
12151:5 October
12121:7 October
12091:8 October
12061:9 October
12031:4 October
12001:5 October
11971:6 October
11941:9 October
11911:9 October
11881:9 October
11851:9 October
11821:9 October
11791:9 October
11761:9 October
11731:9 October
11701:9 October
11671:9 October
11641:9 October
11611:9 October
11581:9 October
11551:9 October
11521:9 October
11491:9 October
11461:9 October
11431:9 October
11401:9 October
11371:9 October
11341:9 October
11311:9 October
11281:9 October
11248:9 October
11218:9 October
11188:9 October
11158:9 October
11128:9 October
11095:9 October
11065:9 October
11035:9 October
11005:9 October
10975:9 October
10945:9 October
10915:9 October
10885:9 October
10855:9 October
10825:9 October
10795:9 October
10765:9 October
10735:9 October
10705:9 October
10675:9 October
10645:9 October
10615:9 October
10585:9 October
10552:9 October
10522:9 October
10492:9 October
10462:9 October
10432:9 October
10402:9 October
10372:9 October
10342:9 October
10312:9 October
10282:9 October
10252:9 October
10222:9 October
10192:9 October
10162:9 October
10132:9 October
10102:9 October
10072:9 October
10042:9 October
10012:9 October
9982:9 October
9952:9 October
9922:9 October
9892:9 October
9862:9 October
9832:9 October
9802:9 October
9772:9 October
9742:9 October
9712:9 October
9682:9 October
9652:9 October
9622:9 October
9592:9 October
9562:9 October
9532:9 October
9502:9 October
9472:9 October
9442:9 October
9412:9 October
9382:9 October
9352:9 October
9322:9 October
9292:9 October
9262:9 October
9232:9 October
9202:9 October
9172:9 October
9081:9 October
9048:9 October
9015:9 October
8982:9 October
8949:9 October
8883:9 January
8850:9 January
8817:9 October
8784:3 October
8754:6 October
8721:6 October
8691:3 October
8365:Australia
7544:exoplanet
7004:, by the
6998:mechanism
6664:Hong Kong
6052:neutrinos
5520:David Lee
5504:physics"
5475:physics"
4967:"for the
4382:Pakistan
4013:Aage Bohr
3834:Leo Esaki
3576:resonance
2960:Igor Tamm
2677:"for the
2096:cyclotron
1672:electrons
1590:"for his
480:radiation
400:radiation
396:magnetism
313:Laureate
229:Laureates
223:magnetics
71:Stockholm
14458:Nominees
14371:American
14326:Romanian
14261:Japanese
14246:Filipino
14224:Egyptian
13957:Agostini
13845:Thouless
13837:McDonald
13825:Nakamura
13793:Wineland
13725:GrΓΌnberg
13681:Politzer
13665:Ginzburg
13653:Giacconi
13633:Ketterle
13588:'t Hooft
13572:Laughlin
13564:Phillips
13544:Osheroff
13472:Friedman
13444:Schwartz
13440:Lederman
13360:Schawlow
13336:Weinberg
13145:Tomonaga
13037:Brattain
13029:Shockley
12938:Blackett
12930:Appleton
12922:Bridgman
12869:Lawrence
12849:Davisson
12829:Chadwick
12712:Millikan
12696:Einstein
12585:Lippmann
12553:Rayleigh
12545:M. Curie
12541:P. Curie
12457:Archived
12445:Archived
12417:Archived
12387:Archived
12357:Archived
12327:Archived
12295:Archived
12265:Archived
12235:Archived
12205:Archived
12175:Archived
12145:Archived
12115:Archived
12055:Archived
12025:Archived
11995:Archived
11965:Archived
11935:Archived
11875:Archived
11845:Archived
11815:Archived
11785:Archived
11755:Archived
11725:Archived
11695:Archived
11665:Archived
11635:Archived
11605:Archived
11575:Archived
11545:Archived
11515:Archived
11485:Archived
11455:Archived
11425:Archived
11395:Archived
11365:Archived
11335:Archived
11305:Archived
11275:Archived
11242:Archived
11212:Archived
11182:Archived
11152:Archived
11122:Archived
11089:Archived
11059:Archived
11029:Archived
10999:Archived
10969:Archived
10939:Archived
10909:Archived
10879:Archived
10849:Archived
10819:Archived
10789:Archived
10759:Archived
10729:Archived
10699:Archived
10669:Archived
10639:Archived
10609:Archived
10579:Archived
10546:Archived
10516:Archived
10486:Archived
10456:Archived
10426:Archived
10396:Archived
10366:Archived
10336:Archived
10306:Archived
10276:Archived
10246:Archived
10216:Archived
10186:Archived
10156:Archived
10126:Archived
10096:Archived
10066:Archived
10036:Archived
10006:Archived
9976:Archived
9946:Archived
9916:Archived
9886:Archived
9856:Archived
9826:Archived
9796:Archived
9766:Archived
9736:Archived
9706:Archived
9676:Archived
9646:Archived
9616:Archived
9586:Archived
9556:Archived
9526:Archived
9496:Archived
9466:Archived
9436:Archived
9406:Archived
9376:Archived
9346:Archived
9316:Archived
9286:Archived
9256:Archived
9226:Archived
9196:Archived
9166:Archived
9144:32726312
9103:PLOS ONE
9075:Archived
9042:Archived
9009:Archived
8976:Archived
8943:Archived
8910:Archived
8877:Archived
8844:Archived
8811:Archived
8778:Archived
8748:Archived
8715:Archived
8685:Archived
8655:Archived
8565:Archived
8484:See also
8437:Pakistan
8348:(Taiwan)
8046:Country
7899:Austria
7768:Germany
7660:Germany
7002:particle
6993:Belgium
6777:graphene
6541:Germany
6412:Germany
6013:Germany
5893:Germany
5738:Germany
5543:helium-3
5498:neutrino
5317:new type
5235:polymers
5081:ion trap
4969:neutrino
4027:Denmark
3096:nucleons
2799:effect"
2756:electron
2631:Max Born
2525:Ireland
2247:Austria
1954:positron
1913:Austria
1798:Austria
1755:Germany
1462:electron
1457:Germany
1336:Denmark
1197:Germany
316:Country
205:in 1944.
191:in 1929,
184:in 1926,
173:in 1925,
166:in 1922,
159:in 1919,
122:(2018),
118:(1963),
114:(1903),
14782:Science
14746:Physics
14732:Portals
14674:Related
14648:Physics
14594:Physics
14521:Physics
14470:Couples
14376:Mexican
14341:Swedish
14336:Spanish
14331:Russian
14316:Italian
14286:Belgian
14256:Israeli
14241:Chinese
14219:African
14163:Bengali
14138:Physics
14102:by year
14060:Physics
13945:Clauser
13909:Penrose
13893:Peebles
13849:Haldane
13817:Akasaki
13805:Englert
13797:Haroche
13781:Schmidt
13741:Maskawa
13693:Glauber
13685:Wilczek
13669:Leggett
13649:Koshiba
13629:Cornell
13620:present
13604:Kroemer
13600:Alferov
13592:Veltman
13576:StΓΆrmer
13496:Charpak
13476:Kendall
13460:Dehmelt
13428:Bednorz
13328:Glashow
13316:Penzias
13312:Kapitsa
13284:Richter
13257:A. Bohr
13233:Giaever
13213:Bardeen
13177:Alvarez
13161:Kastler
13153:Feynman
13033:Bardeen
12997:Zernike
12989:Purcell
12759:Compton
12704:N. Bohr
12593:Marconi
12525:Lorentz
12517:RΓΆntgen
12499:of the
12322:Reuters
9135:7390258
9112:Bibcode
8455:Belgium
8419:Ireland
8328:Hungary
8291:Denmark
8237:Austria
8081:Germany
8026:France
7996:Hungary
7985:Austria
7828:France
7733:climate
7473:Canada
7439:France
7197:Canada
6932:systems
6929:quantum
6924:France
6505:France
6453:of the
6207:Russia
5850:Russia
5645:France
5375:Canada
5269:France
5226:France
5196:Canada
4977:leptons
4973:doublet
4903:ceramic
4550:Sweden
3977:pulsars
3689:France
3649:Sweden
3493:France
2754:of the
2172:of the
1879:neutron
1667:France
1512:France
1418:Sweden
1283:Germany
907:Sweden
724:France
534:France
450:France
213:(14%),
51:physics
39:Swedish
29:in 1947
14577:Female
14545:Peace
14505:Peace
14321:Polish
14296:German
14291:Danish
14266:Korean
14251:Indian
14193:Muslim
14183:Jewish
14178:Female
14033:Prizes
13961:Krausz
13955:2023:
13941:Aspect
13939:2022:
13933:Manabe
13925:Parisi
13923:2021:
13913:Genzel
13907:2020:
13901:Queloz
13891:2019:
13881:Mourou
13877:Ashkin
13875:2018:
13869:Thorne
13865:Barish
13859:2017:
13843:2016:
13833:Kajita
13831:2015:
13815:2014:
13803:2013:
13791:2012:
13775:2011:
13763:2010:
13747:2009:
13731:2008:
13719:2007:
13709:Mather
13707:2006:
13701:HΓ€nsch
13691:2005:
13675:2004:
13659:2003:
13643:2002:
13637:Wieman
13627:2001:
13598:2000:
13586:1999:
13570:1998:
13554:1997:
13540:D. Lee
13538:1996:
13532:Reines
13526:1995:
13514:1994:
13502:1993:
13494:1992:
13486:1991:
13470:1990:
13456:Ramsey
13454:1989:
13438:1988:
13432:MΓΌller
13426:1987:
13420:Rohrer
13416:Binnig
13410:1986:
13402:1985:
13392:Rubbia
13390:1984:
13384:Fowler
13378:1983:
13370:1982:
13354:1981:
13344:Cronin
13342:1980:
13326:1979:
13310:1978:
13294:1977:
13282:1976:
13255:1975:
13249:Hewish
13243:1974:
13227:1973:
13217:Cooper
13211:1972:
13203:1971:
13193:AlfvΓ©n
13191:1970:
13183:1969:
13175:1968:
13167:1967:
13159:1966:
13143:1965:
13129:Townes
13127:1964:
13121:Jensen
13113:Wigner
13111:1963:
13105:Landau
13103:1962:
13091:1961:
13085:Glaser
13083:1960:
13071:1959:
13055:1958:
13043:1957:
13027:1956:
13015:1955:
13003:1954:
12995:1953:
12983:1952:
12977:Walton
12971:1951:
12954:Powell
12952:1950:
12946:Yukawa
12944:1949:
12936:1948:
12928:1947:
12920:1946:
12912:1945:
12904:1944:
12896:1943:
12867:1939:
12859:1938:
12847:1937:
12835:1936:
12827:1935:
12808:1933:
12800:1932:
12785:1930:
12777:1929:
12769:1928:
12757:1927:
12751:Perrin
12749:1926:
12728:Franck
12726:1925:
12718:1924:
12710:1923:
12702:1922:
12694:1921:
12686:1920:
12678:1919:
12672:Planck
12670:1918:
12664:Barkla
12662:1917:
12643:1915:
12635:1914:
12627:1913:
12619:1912:
12611:1911:
12603:1910:
12591:1909:
12583:1908:
12575:1907:
12567:1906:
12561:Lenard
12559:1905:
12551:1904:
12535:1903:
12529:Zeeman
12523:1902:
12515:1901:
9142:
9132:
8916:23 May
8470:
8452:
8434:
8416:
8401:Poland
8398:
8383:Norway
8380:
8362:
8343:
8325:
8306:
8288:
8273:Sweden
8270:
8252:
8234:
8216:
8201:Canada
8198:
8180:
8162:
8144:
8135:Russia
8132:
8117:France
8114:
8096:
8078:
8060:
8024:
7994:
7983:
7943:Sweden
7941:
7932:France
7930:
7897:
7870:
7826:
7795:Italy
7793:
7766:
7726:
7696:
7658:
7618:
7585:
7501:
7471:
7437:
7397:
7322:
7291:
7281:
7225:
7195:
7161:Japan
7159:
7129:
7079:Japan
7077:
7047:
6991:
6961:
6922:
6892:
6865:
6825:
6770:
6713:
6680:fibers
6672:
6662:
6625:
6580:quarks
6571:Japan
6569:
6539:
6503:
6440:
6410:
6347:
6272:
6242:
6232:
6205:
6165:
6157:Russia
6155:
6120:Italy
6118:
6108:
6083:Japan
6081:
6041:
6011:
5966:alkali
5955:
5918:
5891:
5848:
5793:
5763:
5736:
5700:
5670:
5643:
5607:
5532:
5502:lepton
5473:lepton
5462:
5417:
5373:
5321:pulsar
5310:
5267:
5224:
5194:
5138:
5108:
5045:
4962:
4892:
4797:
4758:
4728:
4690:Italy
4688:
4626:
4587:
4548:
4496:
4437:
4407:
4380:
4340:
4287:
4251:
4221:
4194:
4162:
4107:
4077:
4025:
3962:
3921:
3886:
3848:Japan
3846:
3771:
3732:
3687:
3647:
3612:
3569:
3526:
3491:
3463:Japan
3461:
3409:
3379:
3311:
3281:
3245:
3209:
3166:
3136:effect
3125:
3085:
3046:
2991:
2920:
2861:
2786:
2745:
2709:
2643:
2604:
2553:
2523:
2491:
2456:
2420:mesons
2415:Japan
2413:
2366:
2323:
2284:
2245:
2206:
2174:proton
2163:
2089:
2050:
2020:
1984:
1947:
1911:
1872:
1832:
1796:
1753:
1706:India
1704:
1665:
1622:
1592:method
1585:
1549:
1510:
1455:
1416:
1373:
1334:
1281:
1195:
1163:quanta
1156:
1113:
1070:
1030:
987:
948:
905:
870:
831:
801:
765:
722:
679:
640:
601:
562:
532:
522:
513:Poland
511:
448:
389:
350:
310:Image
14770:Stars
14475:Women
14351:Welsh
14346:Swiss
14311:Irish
14301:Greek
14236:Asian
14168:Black
14156:group
14133:Peace
14055:Peace
13897:Mayor
13861:Weiss
13821:Amano
13809:Higgs
13785:Riess
13757:Smith
13753:Boyle
13733:Nambu
13713:Smoot
13677:Gross
13645:Davis
13618:2001β
13608:Kilby
13520:Shull
13504:Hulse
13412:Ruska
13348:Fitch
13332:Salam
13229:Esaki
13205:Gabor
13169:Bethe
13133:Basov
13073:Segrè
13061:Frank
13021:Kusch
13009:Bothe
12985:Bloch
12914:Pauli
12898:Stern
12861:Fermi
12814:Dirac
12787:Raman
12732:Hertz
12680:Stark
12621:DalΓ©n
12597:Braun
8506:Notes
8473:India
8255:Italy
8183:Japan
7904:2023
7803:2022
7703:2021
7595:2020
7478:2019
7374:2018
7299:2017
7202:2016
7136:2015
7054:2014
7006:ATLAS
6968:2013
6899:2012
6802:2011
6747:2010
6639:2009
6546:2008
6480:2007
6417:2006
6324:2005
6249:2004
6132:2003
6018:2002
5932:2001
5825:2000
5770:1999
5677:1998
5584:1997
5509:1996
5439:1995
5350:1994
5287:1993
5244:1992
5201:1991
5115:1990
5022:1989
4939:1988
4869:1987
4774:1986
4735:1985
4665:1984
4603:1983
4564:1982
4473:1981
4414:1980
4317:1979
4228:1978
4139:1977
4084:1976
4002:1975
3939:1974
3823:1973
3748:1972
3709:1971
3624:1970
3589:1969
3546:1968
3537:stars
3503:1967
3468:1966
3386:1965
3334:laser
3330:maser
3288:1964
3186:1963
3143:1962
3062:1961
3023:1960
2968:1959
2897:1958
2838:1957
2763:1956
2686:1955
2620:1954
2581:1953
2530:1952
2468:1951
2433:1950
2390:1949
2343:1948
2300:1947
2261:1946
2222:1945
2183:1944
2140:1943
2129:1942
2118:1941
2105:1940
2066:1939
2027:1938
1961:1937
1888:1936
1849:1935
1839:1934
1773:1933
1730:1932
1720:1931
1681:1930
1642:1929
1599:1928
1526:1927
1487:1926
1432:1925
1393:1924
1350:1923
1341:atoms
1311:1922
1258:1921
1223:1920
1172:1919
1133:1918
1090:1917
1077:1916
1007:1915
964:1914
925:1913
882:1912
847:1911
808:1910
742:1909
727:"for
699:1908
656:1907
617:1906
578:1905
569:argon
539:1904
425:1903
398:upon
366:1902
327:1901
307:Year
14209:and
13917:Ghez
13765:Geim
13721:Fert
13697:Hall
13580:Tsui
13528:Perl
13464:Paul
13300:Mott
13288:Ting
13245:Ryle
13197:NΓ©el
13065:Tamm
13017:Lamb
13005:Born
12906:Rabi
12890:1942
12883:1941
12876:1940
12837:Hess
12821:1934
12794:1931
12656:1916
12637:Laue
12613:Wien
12425:2023
12395:2022
12365:2022
12335:2021
12303:2020
12273:2019
12243:2018
12213:2017
12183:2016
12153:2015
12123:2014
12093:2013
12063:2012
12033:2011
12003:2010
11973:2009
11943:2008
11913:2007
11883:2008
11853:2008
11823:2008
11793:2008
11763:2008
11733:2008
11703:2008
11673:2008
11643:2008
11613:2008
11583:2008
11553:2008
11523:2008
11493:2008
11463:2008
11433:2008
11403:2008
11373:2008
11343:2008
11313:2008
11283:2008
11250:2008
11220:2008
11190:2008
11160:2008
11130:2008
11097:2008
11067:2008
11037:2008
11007:2008
10977:2008
10947:2008
10917:2008
10887:2008
10857:2008
10827:2008
10797:2008
10767:2008
10737:2008
10707:2008
10677:2008
10647:2008
10617:2008
10587:2008
10554:2008
10524:2008
10494:2008
10464:2008
10434:2008
10404:2008
10374:2008
10344:2008
10314:2008
10284:2008
10254:2008
10224:2008
10194:2008
10164:2008
10134:2008
10104:2008
10074:2008
10044:2008
10014:2008
9984:2008
9954:2008
9924:2008
9894:2008
9864:2008
9834:2008
9804:2008
9774:2008
9744:2008
9714:2008
9684:2008
9654:2008
9624:2008
9594:2008
9564:2008
9534:2008
9504:2008
9474:2008
9444:2008
9414:2008
9384:2008
9354:2008
9324:2008
9294:2008
9264:2008
9234:2008
9204:2008
9174:2008
9140:PMID
9083:2008
9050:2008
9017:2008
8984:2008
8951:2008
8918:2018
8885:2019
8852:2019
8819:2008
8786:2023
8756:2022
8723:2022
8693:2023
8663:2008
8633:2008
8603:2008
8573:2008
7329:LIGO
7234:and
7014:CERN
7008:and
6682:for
6449:and
6174:and
5233:and
3855:and
3696:and
3324:and
2379:and
688:and
357:rays
322:Ref
297:2020
292:2010
287:2000
282:1990
277:1980
272:1970
267:1960
262:1950
257:1940
252:1930
247:1920
242:1910
237:1901
221:and
180:and
59:will
33:The
14565:by
13749:Kao
13556:Chu
9130:PMC
9120:doi
8151:10
8121:16
8103:24
8085:26
8067:90
7016:'s
7010:CMS
6934:."
5616:."
5541:in
5319:of
4901:in
1212:in
1204:in
87:SEK
61:of
14794::
14152:by
13963:/
13959:/
13947:/
13943:/
13931:/
13927:/
13915:/
13911:/
13899:/
13895:/
13883:/
13879:/
13867:/
13863:/
13851:/
13847:/
13835:/
13823:/
13819:/
13807:/
13795:/
13783:/
13779:/
13767:/
13755:/
13751:/
13739:/
13735:/
13723:/
13711:/
13699:/
13695:/
13683:/
13679:/
13667:/
13663:/
13651:/
13647:/
13635:/
13631:/
13606:/
13602:/
13590:/
13578:/
13574:/
13562:/
13558:/
13546:/
13542:/
13530:/
13518:/
13506:/
13478:/
13474:/
13462:/
13458:/
13446:/
13442:/
13430:/
13418:/
13414:/
13394:/
13382:/
13362:/
13358:/
13346:/
13334:/
13330:/
13318:/
13314:/
13302:/
13298:/
13286:/
13263:/
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13235:/
13231:/
13219:/
13215:/
13195:/
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13135:/
13131:/
13119:/
13115:/
13095:/
13075:/
13063:/
13059:/
13047:/
13035:/
13031:/
13019:/
13007:/
12987:/
12975:/
12851:/
12839:/
12812:/
12761:/
12730:/
12647:/
12595:/
12543:/
12539:/
12527:/
12411:.
12381:.
12351:.
12325:.
12319:.
12293:.
12289:.
12263:.
12259:.
12233:.
12229:.
12203:.
12199:.
12173:.
12169:.
12143:.
12139:.
12113:.
12109:.
12079:.
12053:.
12049:.
12023:.
12019:.
11993:.
11989:.
11963:.
11959:.
11933:.
11929:.
11899:.
11873:.
11869:.
11843:.
11839:.
11813:.
11809:.
11783:.
11779:.
11753:.
11749:.
11723:.
11719:.
11693:.
11689:.
11663:.
11659:.
11633:.
11629:.
11603:.
11599:.
11573:.
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