List of characters in Epic of Gilgamesh

401:. He confronts Gilgamesh and Enkidu after noticing they are cutting down trees. Gilgamesh emerges victorious with the help of winds provided by Shamash. Humbaba begs to be spared, but Enkidu urges Gilgamesh to kill him, and he eventually follows his advice. Before dying, Humbaba curses both of them, stating that they will never grow old, foreshadowing both Enkidu's premature death and Gilgamesh's fruitless quest for immortality. It is possible that western adaptations of the epic might have enlarged his role, as due to residing to the west of Mesopotamia he might have been a figure appealing to local audiences. One possible example is the Hurrian adaptation of the epic. Mary R. Bachvarova suggests that it might have either focused on portraying his death as a tragedy or present an alternate version of the events involving him in which he survived the confrontation. Humbaba is portrayed as anthropomorphic in the epic, though some of his characteristics appear to be tree-like. Additionally, omen texts indicate that he was believed to possess unusual physiognomy, including large eyes and nose. His name first occurs in the Ur III period as an ordinary given name, but its etymology is unknown. He is also attested in sources postdating the last cuneiform texts, including the 732: 1434:. In this text, she is mentioned as one of the two women Gilgamesh offers to send to him as wives. It is not certain what, if any, relation existed between her and the identically named ruler of Kish. Attempts have been made to reconcile the two Enmebaragesis by arguing that the ruler named Enmebaragesi was a woman, but according to Piotr Michalowski this theory is implausible and rests on literalist approach to fiction. He instead suggests the name was used in this context as a joke at Humbaba's expense, with Gilgamesh pretending to have a sister whose name was in reality that of a rival king. It is also possible that the scene was based on an unknown pun or on another hitherto unknown joke. The king Enmebaragesi is regarded as a historical figure, as his inscriptions have been discovered, but the 900 years long reign attributed to him in the 182: 370:'s forest, but in the Standard Babylonian edition Ninsun is responsible for securing his support instead. At her request, he provides Gilgamesh with thirteen winds. He uses them during the hero's battle with Humbaba, allowing him to gain the upper hand. Later he unsuccessfully tries to argue against the decision of the other gods, who decide either Gilgamesh or Enkidu have to die as punishment for the deaths of Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven. In the Old Babylonian version, he also appears later to try to dissuade Gilgamesh from seeking immortality, but this passage is unique to this variant of the epic. In the standalone Sumerian Gilgamesh narratives Utu appears instead, while in the Hurrian version a reference to the corresponding sun god, 1110: 286: 5294: 82: 386: 479:. In the Old Babylonian version of the epic she also she tries to dissuade him from pursuing immortality, arguing that he needs to accept that death is the ultimate fate of every mortal and enjoy his time on earth. This passage is however absent from later editions. She is left nameless in the Old Babylonian fragments of the epic, and her name is only known from the Standard Babylonian edition, where it is written with the so-called divine determinative, which designates it as a theonym. This name might have Hurrian origin, as 1514:. While not much is otherwise known about the literary Peštur (or her presumed historical inspiration), it is nonetheless assumed that she was a traditional character well known by scribes in the Old Babylonian period, as evidenced by her presence in more than one composition. Alhena Gadotti additionally notes that Gilgamesh's two sisters are unusual as characters appearing the corpus of Old Babylonian Sumerian literary texts, as otherwise only five mortal women are referenced in it, including a number historical figures ( 1381: 419: 359: 529:", with the second element, the numeral 40, being used to represent the name of a god associated with this number, which is a well attested practice in Mesopotamian sources. Sebastian Fink instead proposed that since the numeral 40 was also used to represent ⅔, Urshanabi's name might instead mean "servant of two thirds", an allusion to his role as the helper of Gilgamesh, who was one third human and two thirds god. In an Old Babylonian version of the epic from 5600: 330:) responsible for bringing Enkidu to Uruk. She is the first character in the epic to refer to him by his name, as even in the account of his creation he is only referred to with descriptive phrases such as "offspring of silence". She is later mentioned again by Enkidu when he is on his deathbed and curses people who he met in the beginning of the epic, as they accidentally set the chain of events which lead to his death in motion. However, the sun god 1031: 224:", it was usually written without it. Enkidu's origin story did not originate in earlier narratives about Gilgamesh, in which he is an ordinary man, and might have been adapted from another, unrelated source. An additional difference between the earlier sources and the epic is that in some of the former Enkidu is only portrayed as Gilgamesh's servant, rather than as his friend and companion. The term used to describe his relation to Gilgamesh is 118:

by a snake. He eventually returns to Uruk, where he possibly accepts that while his quest did not bring him immortality, he will be renowned due to constructing the city's walls. A real king named Gilgamesh likely did rule over Uruk at some point, but Gilgamesh as a protagonist of the epic was a fictional character whose deeds did not reflect historical reality. As a minor deity and legendary hero Gilgamesh is first attested in sources from the

430:, war and love. After Gilgamesh returns to Uruk from his expedition to the cedar forest, she proposes marriage to him, which constitutes a reversal of contemporary courtship customs. Gilgamesh rejects it, stating that Ishtar would be unable to take the traditional roles of a wife, and outlines the often gruesome fates of her previous lover. She runs out and under threat of releasing the dead from the underworld takes the Bull of Heaven from 559:, "life of distant days", the earliest Mesopotamian "flood hero". However, it is not a direct translation, and most commonly is understood as "he found life". He is described as the son of Ubar-Tutu, the last king before the flood according to a tradition documented in the Sumerian King List. In the Hittite and Hurrian adaptations, his equivalent bears the name Ullu, "the nominative singular masculine of the Akkadian pronoun of far 1251:'s vessel (rudder oars, gunwales, punting poles, sails, anchor stones, kedges or talismans). The Hittite version of the epic explicitly refers to them as animated statues acting as its crewmen, which according to Andrew R. George can be presumed to also hold true for the Mesopotamian original. When Gilgamesh first encounters Urshanabi, he smashes the Stone Ones during a fight, which makes the journey more difficult. 1496:. Her name is written with the divine determinative in this text. She is mentioned as one of the two women Gilgamesh offers to send to the eponymous adversary as wives, the other being Enmebaragesi. This is presumed to be a satirical portrayal of the custom of marrying daughters of kings to foreign rulers in the Ur III period, and it has been noted that Peštur's name resembles that of one of the daughters of king 1229:. Gilgamesh and Enkidu hunt them down after the death of their father. According to Farouk Al-Rawi and Andrew R. George, they most likely embody his seven auras. A similar reference to personifications of these powers occurs in an Old Babylonian fragment, though they are not explicitly labeled as Humbaba's sons. Al-Rawi and George suggest they might be a reference to the well attested motif of the seven sons of 967: 820: 1470:, though the hero himself is not mentioned in it. It has been argued that Gudam, whose name means "he is an ox", was analogous to the Bull of Heaven, and that the two tales were outright variants of each other, though this proposal is not universally accepted. Additionally, the hero who confronts him is not Gilgamesh but an anonymous enigmatic "fishmerman of Inanna", sometimes linked by researchers with 1138: 612: 525:

him, and declares he can no longer fulfill his function. He subsequently joins Gilgamesh on his way back to Uruk, and the final lines of the epic, Gilgamesh's speech describing the walls of Uruk and an invitation to climb them, are directed to him. A bilingual text indicates that his name was an artificial Sumerian translation of the Akkadian name Amēl-Ea, "man of

235:), which indicates an "informal relation bordering on equality". Regardless of the differences, Enkidu was consistently portrayed as a source of wise advice. In the epic he also acts as a dream interpreter, which is unusual, as elsewhere in Mesopotamian literature this task is typically performed by a woman close to the protagonist of a given work, for example 1311:

to which Humbaba owed his position to Enlil, and it is plausible that even if Wer appointed him, Enlil was responsible for approving this decision. In the context of the epic, he is most likely meant to function as a stand-in for a weather god worshiped in the Levant, in other Mesopotamian sources treated as a form of Adad, "Adad of the Woodland", instead.

93:. Despite possessing traits associated with positive portrayals of rulers in Mesopotamian tradition, including beauty and martial prowess, in the initial section of the story he is a tyrannical ruler who terrorizes the inhabitants of Uruk. He is eventually confronted on their behalf of Enkidu. The two become close friends and possibly lovers. According to 1082:, the hero explicitly refers to himself as Lugalbanda's son, swearing "by my mother Ninsun who bore me, by my father holy Lugalbanda who sired me". However, other traditions about Gilgamesh's origin also existed. In the Hittite adaptation of the epic, no mention is made of Lugalbanda as his father, and he is instead created by the gods, with Ea, the " 716:. In the Standard Babylonian epic Ninsun asks her to intercede with her husband on Gilgamesh's behalf, which reflects contemporary religious practice. Imploring Aya to act as a mediator between worshipers and Shamash is well attested in other sources, and finds parallel in formulas aimed at other goddesses, for example 856:

the authority to control him, and ultimately entrust Enkidu with protecting him during the journey and with bringing him back to Uruk safely. The elders are absent from the Hittite adaptation due to the streamlining of the events taking place in Uruk. A reference to a council of elders is already present in the poem

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earlier encounters with Siduri and Urshanabi. After meeting Gilgamesh, he criticizes his pursuit of immortality as foolish and points out he neglected the duties of a king because of it. He explains to him than death is an inevitable part of life, as established by the gods. He also tells them the story of the

1271:. Enkidu's state during his early years among animals is compared to him. He is also mentioned by Enkidu as one of the figures he saw in his vision of the underworld, which according to Andrew R. George might consistute a reference to his incoming demise, as Šakkan was the lord of the animals he grew up with. 140:. However, there is no evidence he was worshiped past the Old Babylonian period with the exception of a Middle Babylonian reference to rituals in his honor held in Abu, the fifth month of the Babylonian calendar. Additionally, little, if any evidence for any veneration of him in Uruk is available. After 984:

is mentioned by Enkidu as one of the dead he saw in his vision of the underworld, which might constitute a reference to a myth in which he was himself the protagonist, as it describes him as a mortal despite his supernatural accomplishments. In this narrative, he reached the heavens on the back of an

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An assembly of elders of the city of Uruk is mentioned when Gilgamesh and Enkidu prepare to leave for the cedar forest. They act as counselors of the king. They initially try to dissuade him from the expedition due to the potential dangers he may face, highlighted by Enkidu. However, they do not have

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Urshanabi is a boatman serving Utnapishtim. In the end of the composition, he also fulfills the role of Gilgamesh's traveling companion. He transports visitors willing to see Utnapishtim across the cosmic ocean. After Gilgamesh fails, Utnapishtim curses Urshanabi, most likely for bringing the hero to

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eventually crosses the cosmic ocean separating Utnapishtim's domain from earth. However, after being tested by him he realizes that he has no hope of becoming immortal. He is offered a chance to obtain a plant which would rejuvenate him as a reward for his deeds, but it is ultimately stolen from him

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Wer was a weather god worshiped in the north of Babylonia, in Assyria, and in the Diyala and Middle Euphrates areas. In the Old Babylonian version of the epic, he is described as the master of Humbaba. Andrew R. George notes that this passage presumably can be reconciled with the tradition according

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and others, are also mentioned in the description of Enkidu's funeral. Ereshkigal is also mentioned on tablet XII on the Standard Babylonian edition of the epic. This text is a partial Akkadian translation of an earlier Sumerian poem, and despite being the final tablet of this version of the epic it

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Antu was the spouse of Anu. In the epic she is mentioned when Ishtar demands to be let to use the Bull of Heaven to punish Gilgamesh. However, she is not attested in any texts from Uruk predating the first millennium BCE, and only became one of the major deities of this city after a religious reform

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Utanapishtim is a survivor of the great flood who was granted immortality by the gods, the last of the kings who reigned before the flood. In the Standard Babylonian version, the meeting between him and Gilgamesh constitutes the climax of the entire story, and as such is much longer than Gilgamesh's

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to the forest to seduce him. She subsequently takes Enkidu first to a camp of shepherds, where he learns to act like a human and fulfills the role of a night watchman, and eventually to Uruk. In the city he confronts Gilgamesh on behalf of his subjects, but after wrestling the two become friends. He

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Ninurta is a god associated with both agriculture and warfare. He plays a minor role in the creation of Enkidu, which is most likely meant to foreshadow his destiny to fight Gilgamesh in defense of the people of Uruk, similarly to how this god was portrayed as the victor of battles against monsters

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Enlil is one of the main deities of the Mesopotamian pantheon. After the deaths of Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven, he, Ea, Anu and Shamash argue over the right punishment for Gilgamesh and Enkidu, and he eventually decrees that the latter must die. Utnapishtim credits him with bestowing immortality

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both in this version and in Hittite. Gary Beckman proposes that this term was introduced in these versions, and later was incorporated into the Standard Babylonian epic as a proper name. Andrew R. George points out that it cannot be ruled out that the name was then provided by speakers of Akkadian

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as Gilgamesh's mother instead, which might represent an otherwise unknown alternate tradition or reflect syncretism between these two goddesses. Ninsun is not an active character in any version of the epic predating the Standard Babylonian edition. She is responsible for interpreting the dreams of

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Girtablullû, "scorpion men", are mythical beings regarded as attendants of Shamash who were portrayed in Mesopotamian art with the torso and head of a human and the tail of a scorpion. Gilgamesh encounters a pair of them, one male and one female, during his journey in search of Utnapishtim on the

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he survived. To test Gilgamesh, he tells him to try to stay awake for a week, and once he fails he wakes him up to tell him that if he cannot overcome sleep he should not be thining about overcoming death. However, as a reward for his deeds he gives him a chance to obtain a plant which, if eaten,

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Silili is mentioned in passing in the Standard Babylonian epic as a deity who seemingly was the mythical ancestor of the horse. She is described as a mourning mother. Her origin is uncertain, and her name might originate in a language spoken outside Mesopotamia; a connection with Sililitum, a

1150:. After hearing him recollect his deeds, they tell him nobody, presumably with the exception of Shamash, has ever journeyed through the path they guard, and then bless him. According to Gary Beckman, this episode was most likely only introduced in the Standard Babylonian edition of the epic. 1290:, regarded as the sea's servant, also appears in a hitherto unplaced fragment of this edition. The inclusion of these figures, absent from the Mesopotamian originals, is presumed to reflect the greater religious importance of the sea among the vassals of the Hittite Empire in 1546:, as stated in literary catalogues preserved in Neo-Assyrian copies. While his name indicates he most likely lived during the Kassite period, in late tradition he was anachronistically regarded as a contemporary of Gilgamesh, specifically as his scholar, as attested in the 334:

appears to rebuke him for this, and praises Shamhat for teaching him and letting him meet Gilgamesh. Ultimately Enkidu regrets his words and blesses her instead. Shamhat's name has a double meaning, as while it is an ordinary given name derived from the adjective

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he finally dies twelve days later. Enkidu's name can be translated as "lord of the pleasant place" and was originally used as an ordinary given name, as attested for example in an Early Dynastic name list from Shuruppak. While in a few texts predating the

841:, where during a debate between deities about Gilgamesh's fate after death, which is uncertain due to his partially divine ancestry, he makes a case for treating him as a mortal, arguing that only the survivor of the flood, here referred to with the name 1160:

Shangashu, from Akkadian "murderer", is the name applied in the Hittite adaptation of the epic to a hunter left anonymous in other versions of the epic. He finds Enkidu in the wilderness and after consulting his father and Gilgamesh enlists the help of

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Shullat and Hanish are a pair of divine twins almost always mentioned together. They were regarded as warlike and destructive. They appear in the account of the great flood alongside Adad, possibly acting as a personification of gale in this context.

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are only called the dwelling of Anu in the Old Babylonian version, in contrast with other sources, including the Standard Babylonian epic. In the earlier standalone Sumerian Gilgamesh narratives Inanna appears accordingly. The Hurrian adaptation puts

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Dumuzi is an agricultural god. Gilgamesh mentions him as one of Ishtar's past lovers. He also makes an offering to him during Enkidu's funeral, here referring to him as the "beloved of Ishtar". A trio of deities consisting of Dumuzi, Gilgamesh and

563:", which can be translated as "the one over there" or "the faraway one". His immortality is presented as a reward for surviving a plague rather than a flood, despite the Hittites being familiar with Atrahasis. Utanapishtim is also attested in the 1019:. Ninsun mentions her while addressing Shamash. According to Andrew R. George, in this context Irnina is most likely mentioned due to an association with the underworld attested elsewhere, as the passage deals with Gilgamesh's fate after death. 243:. Attestations of Enkidu outside the epic and its forerunners are very rare, though he does occur in an Old Babylonian incantation meant to help a baby fall asleep, which recounts his youth in the wilderness, and possibly also in the god list 890:, Enlil appears to the hero on his deathbed to reassure him that even though he must die as a mortal, he will be reunited with Enkidu and various relatives in the underworld, and that he will be elevated to the rank of a minor deity there. 101:. After introducing Enkidu to his mother, Ninsun, Gilgamesh decides to embark on an expedition to the cedar forest to acquire valuable wood. He defeats its guardian Humbaba, and later also triumphs over the Bull of Heaven, sent to Uruk by 297:, worshiped through all periods of the region's antiquity. She is consistently identified as Gilgamesh's mother both in the Old Babylonian fragments of the epic and in the later standardized edition. A single source, an Old Babylonian 1402:, where he is the last ruler from the dynasty of Kish, and after his reign "kingship went to Uruk" in the aftermath of a battle, though Gilgamesh only occurs as the sixth of the rulers of the latter city, not immediately after him. 197:

from clay to act as a foil to Gilgamesh. He spends his early life in the wilderness, among animals. He is eventually discovered by a hunter, who after consulting his father and the king of his city, Gilgamesh, brings the prostitute

1460:. In this poem, he sings while the hero is drinking, which might be a clue about the context in which the composition was performed. He also informs him about the arrival of the Bull of Heaven. He is otherwise only attested in the 1398:, which describes his failed attempt to subjugate Uruk. After his defeat he asks to be let go due to offering refuge to Gilgamesh at some point in the past, and is granted his request. The defeat of Akka is also mentioned in the 623:. In the account of the great flood presented to Gilgamesh by Utnapishtim, he is responsible for starting the storm which resulted in this cataclysm. While Adad plays no major role elsewhere in the Mesopotamian versions of the 759:, is the oldest surviving literary text about Gilgamesh. In this earlier narrative, Ishtar's counterpart Inanna instead urges Anu to let her unleash the Bull of Heaven because Gilgamesh is rampaging through Uruk. 1050:. She is referenced in the Old Babylonian version of the epic as the goddess of weddings. Most likely the "bed of Išḫara" mentioned in it is a literary expression referring to a bed in which a marriage was 438:, it is possible that her portrayal in the epic reflects what he describes as "anti-Ištar sentiment", pointing both at the section of the plot focused on the Bull of Heaven and on the fact that Uruk and 1446:

instead. Similarly to the poem about the conflict between Gilgamesh and Akka, these references might be a reflection of a prolonged historical power struggle between the states of Uruk and Kish.

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from the Seleucid period. Nothing else is known about him other than that starting in the seventh century BCE a number of members of the intellectual elite of Uruk, for example some of the

1576:, Ur-Nungal, alternatively known as Ur-lugal, was the son of Gilgamesh and his successor on the throne. Under the variant name Ur-lugal he is named as the son of Gilgamesh in the 1354:, though Gilgamesh himself does not appear in this composition. While the plot of the later epic incorporated many elements of their plots, some of them were ultimately left out. 631:

is "ubiquitous" in the corresponding adaptation, though due to still insufficient knowledge of the Hurrian language and state of preservation the detail of its plot are unknown.

747:. After being unleashed by Ishtar, the bull rampages in Uruk, but Gilgamesh and Enkidu manage to defeat him. An earlier version of this episode is recorded in the Sumerian poem 105:. Enkidu dies in the aftermath of these events, and Gilgamesh prepares a funeral for him. These events make him realize his own mortality, and he embarks on a quest to find 306:

her son which foretell the arrival of Enkidu and the eventual development of a strong bond between them. She also adopts Enkidu before the heroes embark on their journey.

1003:. It is possible that both he and Gilgamesh were regarded as minor underworld deities due to this fate being considered a consolation for failure to attain immortality. 700:, in the context of the epic Aruru is a "generic mother goddess". However, she was initially a distinct deity associated with vegetation, rather than birth or creation. 533:

the same character is instead named Sursunabu, but this version of the name does not reappear in any later sources and might simply be an example of textual corruption.

487:, though derivation from Akkadian cannot be ruled out either, with Šī-dūrī, "she is my wall", metaphorically "she is my protection", attested as a personal name in the 5356: 999: 366:

Shamash (Sumerian Utu) is the Mesopotamian sun god. In the Old Babylonian version, Gilgamesh directly asks him for approval before embarking on the expedition to

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from clay on behalf of the other deities. This act is presented as impersonal, and she cannot be considered Enkidu's mother, which is reflected for example in

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singled out, which was presumably a change meant to adjust the text of Hittite sensibilities, as indicated by the inclusion of the latter two deities. In the

1074:), and additionally is stated to be his personal tutelary deity. Gilgamesh dedicates the horns of the slain Bull of Heaven to him. However, in the older poem 951:

Errakal is a god seemingly associated with the destruction caused by storms. He is mentioned in the account of the great flood, where his task is to rip the

475:. She resides on the shore of the cosmic ocean, where she maintains a tavern. She tells Gilgamesh how to reach Utnapishtim, advising him to seek the boatman 1526:

of Uruk, and additionally possibly the wife and mother of a certain Ludingira, respectively Nawirtum and Šat-Ištar) and Sagburu from one of the tales about

1326:, a wide variety of other texts and works of art focused on the same king are known. Six standalone Sumerian poems about his deeds have been identified, 783:. As a servant of Ereshkigal, she appears alongside her mistress in Enkidu's vision of the underworld, in which she is said to keep a tally of the dead. 930:

in Enkidu's vision of the underworld, which he relays to Gilgamesh before dying. Offerings to her and a number of other underworld deities, including

500:. Siduri is otherwise attested in Mesopotamian sources as a goddess associated with wisdom, which according to ]George matches her portrayal in the 731: 4905:

Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen

1094:, his father is instead only referred to as a "phantom", and while Lugalbanda is also listed among the kings of Uruk, he is separated from him by 1165:

in order to bring him to Uruk. Enkidu later curses him on his deathbed, blaming him and Shamhat for the events which lead to his incoming death.

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The personified sea appears only in the Hittite adaptation of the epic, in which Gilgamesh visits him only to be cursed after greeting him. The

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in nearby Tummal. Most of the text, including this section, is presumed to not reflect historical reality. Ur-Nungal also appears in the poem

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Enlil sends the flood because of noise made by humans, no reason how it started is provided in the version of the flood myth preserved in the

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as Ishtar's parents, this was not the most widespread genealogy attributed to her, and in most sources she was recognized as the daughter of

569:, which postdates the last instances of the use of cuneiform, though the only reference to him has been identified in a single fragment from 5626: 837:

to Gilgamesh, and similarly as in other flood myths is responsible for saving the former from this cataclysm. He also appears in the poem

5113: 1287: 1203:-NI-NI (possibly to be read as Silili), which belonged to an individual who according to a document from the Ur III period hailed from 89:

Gilgamesh (originally Bilgames) is the protagonist of the epic. He is described as two thirds god and one third man and as the king of

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Lugalbanda is a legendary king of Uruk regarded as the husband of Ninsun. In the epic, he is implied to be Gilgamesh's father (or

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reigned for 1500 years immediately after the flood. The role of minor official of the underworld is also attested for him. In the

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Gadotti, Alhena (2006). "Gilgameš, Gudam, and the Singer in Sumerian Literature". In Michalowski, Piotr; Veldhuis, Niek (eds.).

5631: 1328: 491:. In the Hurrian adaptation of the epic, she bears the name Naḫmazulel or Naḫmizulen, but she is referred to with the epithet 339:, which designated qualities related to physical well-being, in the context of the epic it is also meant to resemble the word 4913: 4483: 4417: 4376: 4343: 181: 119: 800:

is mentioned in a number of sources dealing with the underworld, including the account of Gilgamesh's eventual fate in

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adaptations have been discovered too. However, modern translations and adaptations generally depend on the standard

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Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources

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Characters in this section are arranged in order of appearance in the Standard Babylonian version of the epic.

863:, and is presumed the presence of such an institution in literary compositions reflects historical reality. 203:

later accompanies Gilgamesh on his expedition to the cedar forest and assists him in the battle against the

5580: 697: 5382: 4287:"Back to the Cedar Forest: The Beginning and End of Tablet V of the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgameš" 4966:"A New Join to the Hurro-Akkadian Version of the Weidner God List from Emar (Msk 74.108a + Msk 74.158k)" 1580:, an Old Babylonian school text describing the construction or repair of various temples and shrines of 985:

eagle. He is also mentioned alongside Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Humbaba and a number of other legendary kings (

5604: 5099: 5510: 4286: 5409: 5400: 5391: 5332: 1466:, where he condemns the voracity of the eponymous character. This composition has been compared to 5472: 285: 97:, evidence for the latter interpretation is present both the epic itself and in the earlier poem 5066:

An experienced scribe who neglects nothing: ancient Near Eastern studies in honor of Jacob Klein

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An experienced scribe who neglects nothing: ancient Near Eastern studies in honor of Jacob Klein

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is fictional. A tradition according to which Gilgamesh defeated him is documented in the hymn

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Aruru is described in the Standard Babylonian edition as the goddess responsible for creating

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The reading of the name Birḫurturra is uncertain. He appears as one of Gilgamesh's guards in

1095: 207:. However, as punishment for the deaths of these two beings death is then decreed for him by 38: 30: 696:'s derogatory remarks about his origin, which highlight he had no parents. As summarized by 5560: 5446: 5348: 585: 551: 294: 161: 1221:" has been identified in a fragment of the Standard Babylonian epic discovered in 2011 in 827:

Ea (Sumerian Enki) is a god associated with wisdom and the subterranean freshwater ocean (

647:. Ishtar acquires the Bull of Heaven from him by threatening to release the dead from the 322:

Shamhat (Šamḫat), in the Old Babylonian version of the epic referred to as Šamkatum, is a

8: 5534: 5293: 435: 81: 845:, earned the right to immortality, and the same privilege cannot be extended to others. 385: 5324: 5238: 5042: 5034: 4993: 4820: 4787: 4711: 4643: 4598: 4555: 4394: 4317: 1577: 1390: 1170: 976: 505: 4933:"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II" 4436: 1542:

Sîn-lēqi-unninni was regarded as the author of the Standard Babylonian edition of the

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Ereshkigal is the goddess of the underworld. She appears in the company of her scribe

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is one of the gods who are present when the decision is made to send the great flood.

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Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday

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Characters in this section originate in these works and are arranged alphabetically.

1204: 1083: 447:

in the same role, while the Hittite one uses the partially logographic writing IŠTAR-

229: 157: 153: 149: 19: 1523: 1317: 170:, he is portrayed as a malevolent supernatural being rather than a legendary ruler. 5018: 4977: 4944: 4851: 4771: 4660: 4625: 4582: 4452: 4444: 4364: 4305: 4301: 1247:) have variously been interpreted as either supernatural sailors or as elements of 1196: 1126:. He is also among the gods mentioned in Utnapishtim's account of the great flood. 644: 145: 131: 94: 483:, "young woman", is well attested as an epithet of Hurrian goddesses, for example 144:

ceased to be used, echoes of traditions pertaining to Gilgamesh survived in later

4732:

The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts

1456:

Lugalgabagal, "the king is valiant", was Gilgamesh's court minstrel according to

1055: 1047: 681: 656: 643:

Anu is the Mesopotamian god of the sky, regarded as a distant creator figure and

472: 194: 4657:

Approaches to Sumerian literature: studies in honor of Stip (H.L.J. Vanstiphout)

1380: 5486: 5269: 4948: 4855: 1492:

Peštur, "little fig", was Gilgamesh's younger sister according to version A of

1291: 725: 668: 652: 565: 497: 403: 302: 204: 166: 34: 4775: 4664: 4629: 4501:

Black, Jeremy (2005). "Songs of the Goddess Aruru". In Sefati, Yitzhak (ed.).

4493: 4448: 1519: 651:

if he does not fulfill her requres. While the epic refers to Anu and his wife

5620: 5585: 5030: 4989: 4956: 4863: 4816: 4783: 4707: 4682: 4594: 4386: 4368: 4313: 1510: 1462: 1350: 935: 756: 740: 705: 488: 418: 5083: 4923: 4894: 4750: 4547: 4520: 4427: 1024: 555:

would rejuvenate him. Utnapishtim's name is an Akkadian reinterpretation of

122:(middle of the third millennium BCE), including an entry in a god list from 5504: 5279: 5157: 4981: 4760:"The Dogs of Ninkilim, part two: Babylonian rituals to counter field pests" 1423: 1222: 1087: 1078:

they are instead offered to Inanna in a similar context. In the older poem

907: 717: 508:

it is impossible for the latter to be the case in the context of the epic.

394: 4877:

Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien: Festschrift für Claus Wilcke

4586: 4530:

Gods, demons and symbols of ancient Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary

5177: 5152: 4824: 4456: 1374: 1284: 1268: 1051: 1043: 990: 859: 834: 797: 776: 620: 538: 444: 236: 106: 23: 4715: 4602: 3288: 3286: 3025: 3023: 358: 5038: 4800: 4691: 4624:. Ancient Magic and Divination. Vol. 14. Brill. pp. 272–291. 4570: 1515: 1407: 1295: 1264: 1230: 1131: 1071: 1063: 927: 919: 903: 878: 771:

Belet-Seri is goddess who fulfills the role of the chief scribe of the

764: 323: 136: 5006: 4622:

Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic. Studies in Honor of Markham J. Geller

1256: 1054:, and as such should not be interpreted as a reference to an alleged " 1030: 5253: 5172: 5147: 4361:

From Hittite to Homer: the Anatolian background of ancient Greek epic

3528: 3456: 3322: 3298: 3283: 3020: 1561: 1303: 1248: 513: 476: 141: 123: 75: 50: 26: 5091: 5061: 5022: 5007:"The Solution of the Dream: A New Interpretation of Bilgames' Death" 4965: 4932: 4903: 4840:"The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship" 4617: 3504: 3492: 3008: 2527: 1430:

Enmebaragesi was Gilgamesh's older sister according to version A of

584:

Characters in this section are arranged alphabetically, and include

371: 5203: 5198: 4872: 4839: 4730: 4618:"A Tale of Two Lands and Two Thousand Years: The Origins of Pazuzu" 2515: 2185: 1527: 842: 813: 556: 526: 190: 46: 42: 1276: 5274: 5228: 5167: 1318:

Other characters connected to Gilgamesh in Mesopotamian tradition

1218: 1199:, is considered implausible, and a relation to the personal name 1162: 1103: 1016: 952: 944: 713: 693: 484: 426:

Ishtar (Sumerian Inanna) is a goddess associated with the planet

379: 367: 352: 331: 311: 199: 4875:. In Sallaberger, Walther; Volk, Konrad; Zgoll, Annette (eds.). 1552: 1123: 966: 833:). He plays a role in the story of the great flood recounted by 247:(though in this case the restoration of his name is uncertain). 5465: 5248: 5243: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5162: 3794: 3792: 3777: 3755: 3753: 2018: 2016: 1589: 1585: 1497: 1442:, though elsewhere this deed is instead attributed to the king 1192: 1183: 1119: 1008: 986: 931: 895: 805: 788: 780: 752: 689: 660: 628: 570: 560: 530: 460: 452: 412: 275: 240: 221: 175: 127: 114: 102: 3588: 1596:, where he is responsible for preparing his father's funeral. 1508:, where she is mentioned by Lugalgabagal, and possibly in the 1137: 876:

upon him and his wife after they survived the flood. While in

451:, which is agreed to refer to yet another goddess, presumably 5570: 5208: 1581: 1475: 1147: 960: 868: 611: 439: 427: 398: 208: 110: 4261: 3789: 3765: 3750: 3089: 3040: 3038: 2568: 2566: 2134: 2132: 2013: 1797: 1795: 1782: 1780: 1767: 1765: 1474:

or with a fisherman who helps her with acquiring the temple

5565: 5193: 4758:

George, Andrew R.; Taniguchi, Junko; Geller, M. J. (2010).

4084: 4072: 2950: 2948: 2935: 2933: 2452: 2264: 2262: 1226: 1039: 1038:

Išḫara was originally the tutelary goddess of the kings of

829: 819: 605: 90: 5357:

The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel

4096: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4026: 4024: 3876: 3816: 3648: 3636: 3612: 3552: 3417: 3346: 3192: 3050: 5232: 4251: 4249: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4113: 4111: 3987: 3985: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3728: 3726: 3665: 3663: 3446: 3444: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3259: 3180: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3035: 2984: 2901: 2865: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2737: 2725: 2671: 2563: 2551: 2503: 2464: 2310: 2156: 2129: 2093: 2052: 1960: 1948: 1887: 1831: 1792: 1777: 1762: 1750: 1042:, and her worship spread to southern Mesopotamia through 636: 431: 4212: 4210: 4041: 4039: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3864: 3711: 3699: 3358: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 2972: 2960: 2945: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2766: 2764: 2715: 2713: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2626: 2624: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2493: 2491: 2476: 2418: 2416: 2403: 2401: 2388: 2386: 2373: 2371: 2358: 2356: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1877: 1875: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1740: 1738: 1725: 1723: 1708: 1588:, and analogous activities undertaken by their sons for 739:

The Bull of Heaven is a mythical being representing the

712:

Aya is the Mesopotamian goddess of dawn and the wife of

504:, and as an epithet of Ishtar, though as established by 4801:"Gilgamesh and Akka: Was Uruk Ruled by Two Assemblies?" 4183: 4051: 4021: 3079: 3077: 2700: 2698: 2578: 1972: 1614: 1612: 974:

Etana is a legendary king of Kish who according to the

906:. An incantation also credits him with the creation of 5431:

The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom

4246: 4171: 4123: 4108: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3840: 3828: 3804: 3738: 3723: 3687: 3675: 3660: 3624: 3600: 3576: 3564: 3540: 3516: 3480: 3468: 3441: 3394: 3382: 3334: 3310: 3271: 3223: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3113: 3101: 3062: 18:

This article is a list of characters appearing in the

4757: 4410:

The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period

4328: 4234: 4222: 4207: 4195: 4036: 3941: 3852: 3534: 3510: 3498: 3462: 3429: 3370: 3328: 3304: 3292: 3204: 3029: 3014: 2913: 2889: 2877: 2853: 2841: 2788: 2776: 2761: 2749: 2710: 2683: 2659: 2636: 2621: 2602: 2590: 2539: 2533: 2521: 2488: 2440: 2428: 2413: 2398: 2383: 2368: 2353: 2341: 2322: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2238: 2209: 2197: 2191: 2168: 2144: 2117: 2105: 2076: 2064: 2040: 2028: 1996: 1984: 1911: 1899: 1872: 1860: 1843: 1819: 1807: 1735: 1720: 4009: 3997: 3247: 3235: 3074: 2996: 2695: 1696: 1684: 1672: 1648: 1636: 1609: 164:

sources, though in some of them, for example in the

4329:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013). 1660: 1624: 1504:.TUR.TUR ("tiny mouse"). She is also referenced in 29:. Its standard version was most likely compiled by 5017:. American Schools of Oriental Research: 133–148. 4692:"Portraits of the Feminine in Sumerian Literature" 130:. He appears in numerous god lists, including the 4285:Al-Rawi, Farouk N. H.; George, Andrew R. (2014). 775:, regarded as the Akkadian counterpart of either 434:to unleash it upon Uruk as revenge. According to 109:. He travels underneath the mountain of sunrise, 5618: 4811:(2). Presses Universitaires de France: 105–114. 720:, in connection with their respective husbands. 293:Ninsun, "lady of wild cows", is a well attested 4805:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 4575:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 4443:. Penn State University Press. pp. 37–58. 1098:and there is no indication they were related. 902:Ennugi is an agricultural god associated with 211:. After receiving visions of his fate and the 5107: 4284: 3798: 3783: 3771: 3759: 4735:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. 37:. Older versions are already known from the 4870: 4581:. Presses Universitaires de France: 67–69. 4090: 4078: 676:which took place in the fifth century BCE. 5114: 5100: 4560:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4527: 4399:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4358: 3618: 3594: 3265: 3186: 3138: 3044: 2939: 2907: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2316: 5059: 4937:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 4844:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 4702:(2). American Oriental Society: 195–206. 4528:Black, Jeremy A.; Green, Anthony (1992). 4300:(1). University of Chicago Press: 69–90. 2990: 2268: 2232: 2022: 1388:Akka was a king of Kish according to the 253: 126:and accounts of offerings made to him in 5004: 4930: 4901: 4696:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4407: 4267: 3882: 3717: 3705: 3095: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2584: 1978: 397:, appointed to this position by the god 53:edition attributed to Sîn-lēqi-unninni. 4689: 4654: 4473: 4434: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4066: 4030: 3976: 3964: 3935: 3870: 3858: 3846: 3570: 2770: 2630: 2615: 2596: 2407: 2392: 2220: 1942: 1654: 1642: 1618: 5619: 4963: 4908:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 4770:. Cambridge University Press: 79–148. 4728: 4255: 4216: 4201: 4117: 4102: 4045: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3952: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3744: 3732: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3606: 3582: 3558: 3546: 3522: 3486: 3474: 3450: 3423: 3411: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3316: 3277: 3229: 3217: 3198: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3126: 3107: 3083: 3068: 3056: 2924: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2782: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2704: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2572: 2557: 2545: 2509: 2497: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2377: 2362: 2347: 2335: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2253: 2203: 2179: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2087: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2007: 1990: 1966: 1954: 1930: 1905: 1893: 1881: 1866: 1854: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1801: 1786: 1771: 1756: 1744: 1729: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1666: 1630: 1348:. A further related text might be the 1329:Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld 5121: 5095: 4837: 4615: 4500: 4240: 4228: 3435: 3002: 4798: 4568: 3253: 3241: 2755: 1058:" postulated in older publications. 5627:Characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh 3305:George, Taniguchi & Geller 2010 3293:George, Taniguchi & Geller 2010 955:poles before the cataclysm starts. 751:. One copy of the latter text from 579: 471:Siduri is a goddess who acts as an 13: 1379: 1136: 1108: 1029: 965: 939:does not form a part of its plot. 818: 730: 610: 417: 384: 357: 284: 180: 80: 56: 14: 5643: 4659:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 67–83. 3535:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3511:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3499:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3463:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3329:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3030:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3015:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2534:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2522:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2192:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 1556:, considered him their ancestor. 1263:Šakkan was a god associated with 220:it is preceded by the so-called " 5599: 5598: 5292: 1506:Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven 1468:Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven 1458:Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven 1338:Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven 1076:Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven 749:Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven 4478:. Atlanta, GA: Lockwood Press. 4277: 393:Humbaba is the guardian of the 4306:10.5615/jcunestud.66.2014.0069 1217:A reference to "seven sons of 1: 5632:Lists of fictional characters 4412:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. 4408:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). 1602: 5064:. In Sefati, Yitzhak (ed.). 5011:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 4970:Altorientalische Forschungen 4359:Bachvarova, Mary R. (2016). 4294:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 1548:Uruk List of Kings and Sages 1243:The "Stone Ones" (Akkadian: 7: 5068:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press. 4879:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 4873:"A Man Called Enmebaragesi" 4871:Michalowski, Piotr (2003). 4505:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press. 4338:. Academic Press Fribourg. 113:, and with the guidance of 10: 5648: 5060:Wasserman, Nathan (2005). 4949:10.1163/156921208786182428 4856:10.1163/156921208786611764 4729:George, Andrew R. (2003). 627:, his Hurrian counterpart 5594: 5548: 5526: 5496: 5457: 5422: 5367: 5308: 5301: 5290: 5262: 5186: 5140: 5131: 4931:Schwemer, Daniel (2008). 4902:Schwemer, Daniel (2001). 4776:10.1017/s0021088900000607 4665:10.1163/9789047410683_007 4630:10.1163/9789004368088_015 4449:10.1515/9781575065434-006 3799:Al-Rawi & George 2014 3784:Al-Rawi & George 2014 3772:Al-Rawi & George 2014 3760:Al-Rawi & George 2014 1560: 1534: 1486: 1450: 1422: 1406: 1394:. He appears in the poem 1373: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1302: 1275: 1255: 1237: 1211: 1182: 1169: 1154: 1130: 1102: 1062: 1023: 1015:Irnina is the goddess of 1007: 959: 943: 918: 894: 867: 849: 812: 787: 763: 724: 704: 680: 667: 635: 619:Adad is the Mesopotamian 604: 599: 596: 593: 588:only referenced by name. 537: 512: 459: 411: 378: 351: 310: 274: 269: 266: 263: 189:Enkidu is portrayed as a 174: 74: 69: 66: 63: 5333:Gilgamesh in the Outback 5317:The Great American Novel 4690:Gadotti, Alhena (2011). 4569:Fink, Sebastian (2014). 4369:10.1017/CBO9781139048736 1522:, who was a daughter of 5473:Demon with a Glass Hand 5005:Veldhuis, Niek (2001). 4616:Frahm, Eckhart (2018). 4571:"Gilgameš und Uršanabi" 374:, has been identified. 193:created by the goddess 4982:10.1515/aofo-2017-0009 4964:Simons, Frank (2017). 4474:Beckman, Gary (2019). 4435:Beckman, Gary (2003). 3619:Black & Green 1992 3595:Black & Green 1992 3266:Black & Green 1992 3187:Black & Green 1992 3139:Black & Green 1992 3045:Black & Green 1992 2940:Black & Green 1992 2908:Black & Green 1992 2317:Black & Green 1992 1384: 1141: 1113: 1034: 1000:Ballad of Early Rulers 970: 886:. In the earlier poem 823: 735: 615: 465:Naḫmazulel, Naḫmizulen 422: 389: 362: 289: 254:Other major characters 185: 85: 5379:(1955 Czech oratorio) 5376:The Epic of Gilgamesh 5263:Other mythical beings 4850:(2). Brill: 137–169. 4587:10.3917/assy.108.0067 4476:The Hittite Gilgamesh 1494:Gilgamesh and Humbaba 1432:Gilgamesh and Humbaba 1383: 1334:Gilgamesh and Humbaba 1207:, has been proposed. 1146:mountain of sunrise, 1140: 1112: 1080:Gilgamesh and Humbaba 1033: 969: 822: 734: 614: 421: 388: 361: 288: 184: 120:Early Dynastic period 84: 39:Old Babylonian period 5561:Gilgamesh flood myth 5415:(1986 Serbian opera) 5397:(1970 Turkish opera) 5388:(1964 Turkish opera) 5349:Slaves of the Shinar 4838:Lenzi, Alan (2008). 4437:"Gilgamesh in Ḫatti" 1472:Dumuzi the Fisherman 295:Mesopotamian goddess 222:divine determinative 5535:The Tower of Druaga 5480:The Tower of Druaga 5447:Where Is Gilgamesh? 5406:(1972 Danish opera) 4799:Katz, Dina (1987). 4270:, pp. 139–140. 4105:, pp. 103–104. 3825:, pp. 501–502. 3657:, pp. 493–494. 3597:, pp. 142–143. 3561:, pp. 106–107. 3426:, pp. 128–129. 3355:, pp. 528–529. 3201:, pp. 509–510. 3098:, pp. 107–108. 3059:, pp. 475–477. 2874:, pp. 152–153. 2838:, pp. 522–523. 2826:, pp. 506–507. 2814:, pp. 504–505. 2746:, pp. 150–151. 2734:, pp. 525–526. 2680:, pp. 498–499. 2575:, pp. 474–475. 2560:, pp. 472–474. 2512:, pp. 145–146. 2165:, pp. 143–144. 2141:, pp. 140–141. 2102:, pp. 478–484. 2061:, pp. 450–451. 2025:, pp. 593–594. 1969:, pp. 125–126. 1957:, pp. 119–121. 1896:, pp. 522–525. 1840:, pp. 492–494. 1804:, pp. 475–476. 1789:, pp. 468–469. 1774:, pp. 456–457. 1759:, pp. 141–142. 1717:, pp. 447–448. 1322:In addition to the 436:Paul-Alain Beaulieu 5325:Gilgamesh the King 5239:Shullat and Hanish 4943:(1). Brill: 1–44. 3645:, p. 492-493. 1594:Death of Gilgamesh 1578:Tummal Inscription 1574:Sumerian King List 1436:Sumerian King List 1416:Gilgamesh and Akka 1400:Sumerian King List 1396:Gilgamesh and Akka 1391:Sumerian King List 1385: 1346:Death of Gilgamesh 1342:Gilgamesh and Akka 1332:, two versions of 1171:Shullat and Hanish 1142: 1114: 1092:Sumerian King List 1035: 977:Sumerian King List 971: 888:Death of Gilgamesh 839:Death of Gilgamesh 824: 802:Death of Gilgamesh 736: 616: 506:Wilfred G. Lambert 423: 390: 363: 290: 186: 99:Death of Gilgamesh 86: 5614: 5613: 5544: 5543: 5439:Princess Mononoke 5341:Timewyrm: Genesys 5288: 5287: 5124:Epic of Gilgamesh 4976:(1). De Gruyter. 4915:978-3-447-04456-1 4485:978-1-948488-07-5 4419:978-90-04-13024-1 4378:978-1-316-39847-0 4345:978-3-7278-1738-0 4168:, pp. 72–73. 4156:, pp. 68–69. 4144:, pp. 69–70. 3885:, pp. 27–28. 3786:, pp. 74–75. 3367:, pp. 47–48. 2758:, pp. 67–68. 2461:, pp. 75–76. 1945:, pp. 38–39. 1600: 1599: 1572:According to the 1567: 1544:Epic of Gilgamesh 1324:Epic of Gilgamesh 1315: 1314: 1084:sun god of heaven 982:Epic of Gilgamesh 912:Epic of Gilgamesh 884:Epic of Gilgamesh 625:Epic of Gilgamesh 577: 576: 544: 519: 502:Epic of Gilgamesh 466: 317: 281: 251: 250: 218:Epic of Gilgamesh 20:Epic of Gilgamesh 5639: 5602: 5601: 5576:Sîn-lēqi-unninni 5306: 5305: 5296: 5138: 5137: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5001: 4960: 4927: 4898: 4867: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4795: 4754: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4686: 4651: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4565: 4559: 4551: 4524: 4497: 4470: 4431: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4337: 4325: 4291: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4091:Michalowski 2003 4088: 4082: 4079:Michalowski 2003 4076: 4070: 4064: 4049: 4043: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3939: 3933: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3873:, pp. 9–10. 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3033: 3027: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2943: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2634: 2628: 2619: 2613: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2411: 2405: 2396: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2257: 2251: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1790: 1784: 1775: 1769: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1733: 1727: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1565: 1536:Sîn-lēqi-unninni 1360: 1359: 1212:Sons of Humbaba 804:and a number of 645:king of the gods 591: 590: 580:Minor characters 542: 517: 464: 315: 279: 261: 260: 132:Weidner god list 95:Andrew R. George 61: 60: 31:Sîn-lēqi-unninni 5647: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5590: 5556:Popular culture 5540: 5522: 5492: 5453: 5418: 5368:Classical music 5363: 5297: 5284: 5258: 5182: 5127: 5120: 5090: 5076: 5051: 5049: 5023:10.2307/1359980 4916: 4887: 4829: 4827: 4743: 4720: 4718: 4675: 4640: 4607: 4605: 4553: 4552: 4540: 4513: 4486: 4467: 4420: 4392: 4391: 4379: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4335: 4289: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3994:, pp. 8–9. 3990: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3942: 3934: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2931: 2923: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2711: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2637: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2489: 2483:Bachvarova 2016 2481: 2477: 2471:Bachvarova 2016 2469: 2465: 2459:Bachvarova 2016 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2414: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2369: 2361: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2014: 2006: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1770: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1736: 1728: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1564: 1320: 1197:deified rainbow 1132:Scorpion people 1056:sacred marriage 1048:Akkadian period 850:Elders of Uruk 755:, dated to the 743:known today as 582: 541: 516: 463: 343:, a synonym of 314: 278: 256: 239:in myths about 59: 57:Main characters 12: 11: 5: 5645: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5487:The Beginnings 5483: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5407: 5398: 5389: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5353: 5345: 5337: 5329: 5321: 5312: 5310: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5270:Bull of Heaven 5266: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5089: 5088: 5074: 5057: 5002: 4961: 4928: 4914: 4899: 4885: 4868: 4835: 4796: 4755: 4741: 4726: 4687: 4673: 4652: 4638: 4613: 4566: 4538: 4525: 4511: 4498: 4484: 4471: 4465: 4432: 4418: 4405: 4377: 4356: 4344: 4326: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4260: 4258:, p. 105. 4245: 4243:, p. 138. 4233: 4231:, p. 142. 4221: 4206: 4194: 4192:, p. 196. 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4120:, p. 104. 4107: 4095: 4093:, p. 205. 4083: 4081:, p. 198. 4071: 4069:, p. 200. 4050: 4035: 4033:, p. 199. 4020: 4008: 3996: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3940: 3923: 3921:, p. 844. 3911: 3909:, p. 210. 3899: 3897:, p. 199. 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3837:, p. 685. 3827: 3815: 3813:, p. 501. 3803: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3749: 3747:, p. 623. 3737: 3735:, p. 835. 3722: 3720:, p. 414. 3710: 3708:, p. 413. 3698: 3696:, p. 639. 3686: 3684:, p. 547. 3674: 3672:, p. 545. 3659: 3647: 3635: 3633:, p. 669. 3623: 3621:, p. 161. 3611: 3609:, p. 789. 3599: 3587: 3585:, p. 107. 3575: 3563: 3551: 3549:, p. 477. 3539: 3537:, p. 193. 3527: 3525:, p. 190. 3515: 3503: 3491: 3489:, p. 815. 3479: 3477:, p. 581. 3467: 3465:, p. 114. 3455: 3453:, p. 850. 3440: 3438:, p. 278. 3428: 3416: 3414:, p. 103. 3393: 3391:, p. 709. 3381: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3343:, p. 489. 3333: 3331:, p. 127. 3321: 3319:, p. 705. 3309: 3307:, p. 124. 3297: 3295:, p. 134. 3282: 3280:, p. 508. 3270: 3258: 3256:, p. 108. 3246: 3244:, p. 107. 3234: 3232:, p. 458. 3222: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3177:, p. 128. 3167: 3165:, p. 661. 3155: 3153:, p. 473. 3143: 3131: 3129:, p. 483. 3112: 3110:, p. 851. 3100: 3088: 3073: 3071:, p. 475. 3061: 3049: 3034: 3032:, p. 119. 3019: 3007: 2995: 2993:, p. 594. 2991:Wasserman 2005 2983: 2981:, p. 311. 2971: 2969:, p. 310. 2959: 2957:, p. 111. 2944: 2929: 2927:, p. 514. 2912: 2910:, p. 110. 2900: 2898:, p. 155. 2888: 2886:, p. 154. 2876: 2864: 2862:, p. 152. 2852: 2850:, p. 523. 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2802:, p. 509. 2787: 2785:, p. 510. 2775: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2722:, p. 151. 2709: 2694: 2692:, p. 279. 2682: 2670: 2668:, p. 498. 2658: 2656:, p. 149. 2635: 2620: 2601: 2589: 2587:, p. 108. 2577: 2562: 2550: 2548:, p. 470. 2538: 2536:, p. 208. 2526: 2514: 2502: 2500:, p. 144. 2487: 2475: 2473:, p. 431. 2463: 2451: 2449:, p. 469. 2439: 2437:, p. 467. 2427: 2425:, p. 457. 2412: 2397: 2382: 2380:, p. 273. 2367: 2365:, p. 468. 2352: 2350:, p. 460. 2340: 2338:, p. 459. 2321: 2319:, p. 182. 2309: 2307:, p. 481. 2297: 2295:, p. 480. 2285: 2283:, p. 479. 2273: 2271:, p. 595. 2269:Wasserman 2005 2258: 2256:, p. 148. 2237: 2235:, p. 597. 2233:Wasserman 2005 2225: 2208: 2206:, p. 108. 2196: 2184: 2182:, p. 147. 2167: 2155: 2153:, p. 143. 2143: 2128: 2126:, p. 139. 2116: 2114:, p. 138. 2104: 2092: 2090:, p. 478. 2075: 2073:, p. 455. 2063: 2051: 2049:, p. 450. 2039: 2037:, p. 449. 2027: 2023:Wasserman 2005 2012: 2010:, p. 142. 1995: 1993:, p. 102. 1983: 1981:, p. 340. 1971: 1959: 1947: 1935: 1933:, p. 106. 1910: 1908:, p. 526. 1898: 1886: 1884:, p. 522. 1871: 1869:, p. 503. 1859: 1857:, p. 499. 1842: 1830: 1828:, p. 491. 1818: 1816:, p. 484. 1806: 1791: 1776: 1761: 1749: 1747:, p. 452. 1734: 1732:, p. 456. 1719: 1707: 1705:, p. 543. 1695: 1693:, p. 541. 1683: 1681:, p. 446. 1671: 1659: 1647: 1635: 1623: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1570: 1568: 1558: 1557: 1540: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1386: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1281: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1261: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1188: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1143: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1115: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1036: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1011: 1005: 1004: 972: 963: 957: 956: 949: 947: 941: 940: 924: 922: 916: 915: 900: 898: 892: 891: 873: 871: 865: 864: 858:Gilgamesh and 853: 851: 847: 846: 825: 816: 810: 809: 793: 791: 785: 784: 769: 767: 761: 760: 737: 728: 726:Bull of Heaven 722: 721: 710: 708: 702: 701: 686: 684: 678: 677: 673: 671: 665: 664: 641: 639: 633: 632: 617: 608: 602: 601: 598: 595: 581: 578: 575: 574: 566:Book of Giants 547: 545: 535: 534: 522: 520: 510: 509: 498:folk etymology 469: 467: 457: 456: 424: 415: 409: 408: 404:Book of Giants 391: 382: 376: 375: 364: 355: 349: 348: 320: 318: 308: 307: 291: 282: 272: 271: 268: 265: 255: 252: 249: 248: 205:Bull of Heaven 187: 178: 172: 171: 167:Book of Giants 87: 78: 72: 71: 68: 65: 58: 55: 35:Kassite period 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5644: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5607: 5606: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5586:Tale of Gudam 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5512: 5511:Forgotten One 5509: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5075:1-883053-83-8 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4886:3-447-04659-7 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4742:0-19-814922-0 4738: 4734: 4733: 4727: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4674:90-474-1068-8 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4639:9789004368088 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4577:(in German). 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4539:0-292-70794-0 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4512:1-883053-83-8 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4466:9781575065434 4462: 4458: 4457:2027.42/77471 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4363:. Cambridge. 4362: 4357: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4269: 4268:Veldhuis 2001 4264: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4219:, p. 29. 4218: 4213: 4211: 4204:, p. 28. 4203: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4180:, p. 73. 4179: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4138: 4132:, p. 71. 4131: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4048:, p. 10. 4047: 4042: 4040: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3979:, p. 39. 3978: 3973: 3967:, p. 72. 3966: 3961: 3955:, p. 12. 3954: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3938:, p. 68. 3937: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3883:Schwemer 2008 3879: 3872: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3849:, p. 48. 3848: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3801:, p. 75. 3800: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3780: 3774:, p. 69. 3773: 3768: 3762:, p. 74. 3761: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3718:Schwemer 2001 3714: 3707: 3706:Schwemer 2001 3702: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3573:, p. 43. 3572: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3513:, p. 82. 3512: 3507: 3501:, p. 63. 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3379:, p. 89. 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3274: 3268:, p. 76. 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3220:, p. 15. 3219: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3200: 3195: 3189:, p. 75. 3188: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3141:, p. 72. 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3096:Beaulieu 2003 3092: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3047:, p. 49. 3046: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3017:, p. 61. 3016: 3011: 3005:, p. 49. 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2979:Beaulieu 2003 2975: 2968: 2967:Beaulieu 2003 2963: 2956: 2955:Beaulieu 2003 2951: 2949: 2942:, p. 30. 2941: 2936: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2773:, p. 47. 2772: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2707:, p. 91. 2706: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2633:, p. 51. 2632: 2627: 2625: 2618:, p. 13. 2617: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2599:, p. 52. 2598: 2593: 2586: 2585:Beaulieu 2003 2581: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2530: 2524:, p. 62. 2523: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2485:, p. 74. 2484: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2460: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2410:, p. 23. 2409: 2404: 2402: 2395:, p. 11. 2394: 2389: 2387: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2349: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2234: 2229: 2223:, p. 46. 2222: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2200: 2194:, p. 52. 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2009: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1992: 1987: 1980: 1979:Beaulieu 2003 1975: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1939: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1669:, p. 71. 1668: 1663: 1657:, p. 40. 1656: 1651: 1645:, p. 37. 1644: 1639: 1633:, p. 22. 1632: 1627: 1621:, p. 41. 1620: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1511:Tale of Gudam 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:Inanna and An 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1463:Tale of Gudam 1459: 1455: 1453: 1451:Lugalgabagal 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1351:Tale of Gudam 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 983: 979: 978: 973: 968: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 948: 946: 942: 937: 933: 929: 925: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 880: 874: 872: 870: 866: 862: 861: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831: 826: 821: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 768: 766: 762: 758: 757:Ur III period 754: 750: 746: 742: 741:constellation 738: 733: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 685: 683: 679: 674: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 609: 607: 603: 592: 589: 587: 572: 568: 567: 562: 558: 553: 548: 546: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 490: 489:Ur III period 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 468: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 416: 414: 410: 406: 405: 400: 396: 392: 387: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 329: 325: 321: 319: 313: 309: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 283: 277: 273: 262: 259: 246: 242: 238: 234: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 210: 206: 201: 196: 192: 188: 183: 179: 177: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 79: 77: 73: 62: 54: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 25: 22:, an ancient 21: 16: 5603: 5581:George Smith 5533: 5515: 5505:Gilgamesh II 5503: 5445: 5437: 5429: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5355: 5347: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5315: 5280:Scorpion man 5158:Enmebaragesi 5132: 5122: 5065: 5050:. Retrieved 5014: 5010: 4973: 4969: 4940: 4936: 4904: 4876: 4847: 4843: 4828:. Retrieved 4808: 4804: 4767: 4763: 4731: 4719:. Retrieved 4699: 4695: 4656: 4621: 4606:. Retrieved 4578: 4574: 4529: 4502: 4475: 4440: 4409: 4360: 4349:. Retrieved 4331: 4297: 4293: 4278:Bibliography 4263: 4236: 4224: 4197: 4190:Gadotti 2011 4185: 4178:Gadotti 2006 4173: 4166:Gadotti 2006 4161: 4154:Gadotti 2006 4149: 4142:Gadotti 2006 4137: 4130:Gadotti 2006 4125: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4067:Gadotti 2011 4031:Gadotti 2011 4018:, p. 8. 4011: 4006:, p. 9. 3999: 3977:Beckman 2003 3972: 3965:Gadotti 2006 3960: 3936:Gadotti 2006 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3871:Beckman 2019 3866: 3861:, p. 9. 3859:Beckman 2019 3854: 3847:Beckman 2003 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3779: 3767: 3740: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3571:Beckman 2003 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3431: 3419: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3103: 3091: 3086:, p. 7. 3064: 3052: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2778: 2771:Beckman 2003 2751: 2739: 2727: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2631:Beckman 2003 2616:Beckman 2019 2597:Beckman 2003 2592: 2580: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2408:Beckman 2019 2393:Beckman 2019 2343: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2228: 2221:Beckman 2003 2199: 2187: 2158: 2146: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2030: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1943:Beckman 2003 1938: 1901: 1889: 1862: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1752: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1655:Beckman 2003 1650: 1643:Beckman 2003 1638: 1626: 1619:Beckman 2003 1593: 1573: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1479: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1424:Enmebaragesi 1415: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1356: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1244: 1223:Sulaymaniyah 1200: 1091: 1079: 1075: 998: 981: 975: 911: 887: 883: 877: 857: 838: 828: 801: 748: 718:Belet-ekalli 698:Jeremy Black 624: 583: 564: 501: 492: 480: 448: 402: 395:cedar forest 344: 340: 336: 327: 301:, refers to 298: 257: 244: 232: 225: 217: 165: 135: 98: 24:Mesopotamian 17: 15: 5527:Video games 5302:Adaptations 5178:Utnapishtim 4256:George 2003 4217:George 2003 4202:George 2003 4118:George 2003 4103:George 2003 4046:George 2003 4016:George 2003 4004:George 2003 3992:George 2003 3953:George 2003 3919:George 2003 3907:George 2003 3895:George 2003 3835:George 2003 3823:George 2003 3811:George 2003 3745:George 2003 3733:George 2003 3694:George 2003 3682:George 2003 3670:George 2003 3655:George 2003 3643:George 2003 3631:George 2003 3607:George 2003 3583:George 2003 3559:George 2003 3547:George 2003 3523:George 2003 3487:George 2003 3475:George 2003 3451:George 2003 3424:George 2003 3412:George 2003 3389:George 2003 3377:Simons 2017 3365:George 2003 3353:George 2003 3341:George 2003 3317:George 2003 3278:George 2003 3230:George 2003 3218:George 2003 3199:George 2003 3175:George 2003 3163:George 2003 3151:George 2003 3127:George 2003 3108:George 2003 3084:George 2003 3069:George 2003 3057:George 2003 2925:George 2003 2896:George 2003 2884:George 2003 2872:George 2003 2860:George 2003 2848:George 2003 2836:George 2003 2824:George 2003 2812:George 2003 2800:George 2003 2783:George 2003 2744:George 2003 2732:George 2003 2720:George 2003 2705:George 2003 2690:George 2003 2678:George 2003 2666:George 2003 2654:George 2003 2573:George 2003 2558:George 2003 2546:George 2003 2510:George 2003 2498:George 2003 2447:George 2003 2435:George 2003 2423:George 2003 2378:George 2003 2363:George 2003 2348:George 2003 2336:George 2003 2305:George 2003 2293:George 2003 2281:George 2003 2254:George 2003 2204:George 2003 2180:George 2003 2163:George 2003 2151:George 2003 2139:George 2003 2124:George 2003 2112:George 2003 2100:George 2003 2088:George 2003 2071:George 2003 2059:George 2003 2047:George 2003 2035:George 2003 2008:George 2003 1991:George 2003 1967:George 2003 1955:George 2003 1931:George 2003 1906:George 2003 1894:George 2003 1882:George 2003 1867:George 2003 1855:George 2003 1838:George 2003 1826:George 2003 1814:George 2003 1802:George 2003 1787:George 2003 1772:George 2003 1757:George 2003 1745:George 2003 1730:George 2003 1715:George 2003 1703:George 2003 1691:George 2003 1679:George 2003 1667:George 2003 1631:George 2003 1520:Ninšatapada 1408:Birḫurturra 1336:(A and B), 1285:Hurrian god 1269:pastoralism 1238:Stone Ones 1088:weather god 1052:consummated 835:Utnapishtim 798:Ningishzida 777:Geshtinanna 621:weather god 552:great flood 539:Utnapishtim 237:Geshtinanna 107:Utnapishtim 5621:Categories 5458:Television 5309:Literature 5133:Characters 5052:2023-04-12 4830:2023-04-12 4721:2023-04-07 4608:2023-04-04 4532:. Austin. 4494:1103440509 4351:2023-04-10 4241:Lenzi 2008 4229:Lenzi 2008 3436:Frahm 2018 3003:Black 2005 1603:References 1516:Enheduanna 1296:Kizzuwatna 1265:quadrupeds 1231:Enmesharra 1155:Shangashu 1086:" and the 1072:stepfather 1064:Lugalbanda 928:Belet-Seri 920:Ereshkigal 904:irrigation 773:underworld 765:Belet-Seri 649:underworld 324:prostitute 280:Ninsumunna 213:underworld 162:Manichaean 51:Babylonian 5517:Gilgamesh 5411:Gilgamesh 5404:(Nørgård) 5402:Gilgamesh 5393:Gilgamesh 5386:(Kodallı) 5384:Gilgamesh 5173:Urshanabi 5148:Gilgamesh 5047:162334425 5031:0022-0256 4998:164771112 4990:2196-6761 4957:1569-2116 4864:1569-2116 4825:2328-1781 4817:0373-6032 4792:190713244 4784:0021-0889 4708:0003-0279 4683:568279426 4648:201576309 4595:0373-6032 4556:cite book 4395:cite book 4387:958455749 4322:161833317 4314:0022-0256 3254:Katz 1987 3242:Katz 1987 2756:Fink 2014 1562:Ur-Nungal 1524:Sîn-kāšid 1369:Overview 1249:Urshanabi 997:) in the 910:. 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List of characters in Epic of Gilgamesh

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