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1970:. His entire family went aboard together with his craftsmen and "all the animals of the field". A violent storm then arose which caused the terrified gods to retreat to the heavens. Ishtar lamented the wholesale destruction of humanity, and the other gods wept beside her. The storm lasted six days and nights, after which "all the human beings turned to clay". Utnapishtim weeps when he sees the destruction. His boat lodges on the Mt. Nimush, and he releases a dove, a swallow, and a raven. When the raven fails to return, he opens the ark and frees its inhabitants. Utnapishtim offers a sacrifice to the gods, who smell the sweet savor and gather around. Ishtar vows that just as she will never forget the brilliant necklace that hangs around her neck, she will always remember this time. When Enlil arrives, angry that there are survivors, she condemns him for instigating the flood. Enki also castigates him for sending a disproportionate punishment. Enlil blesses Utnapishtim and his wife, and rewards them with eternal life. This account largely matches the flood story that concludes the
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2003:" and variants), although it has been suggested that it is derived from an unknown version of that story. The contents of this last tablet are inconsistent with previous ones: Enkidu is still alive, despite having died earlier in the epic. Because of this, its lack of integration with the other tablets, and the fact that it is almost a copy of an earlier version, it has been referred to as an 'inorganic appendage' to the epic. Alternatively, it has been suggested that "its purpose, though crudely handled, is to explain to Gilgamesh (and the reader) the various fates of the dead in the Afterlife" and in "an awkward attempt to bring closure", it both connects the Gilgamesh of the epic with the Gilgamesh who is the King of the Netherworld, and is "a dramatic capstone whereby the twelve-tablet epic ends on one and the same theme, that of "seeing" (= understanding, discovery, etc.), with which it began."
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nakedness, and must leave his former home, unable to return. The presence of a snake who steals a plant of immortality from the hero later in the epic is another point of similarity. However, a major difference between the two stories is that while Enkidu experiences regret regarding his seduction away from nature, this is only temporary: After being confronted by the god
Shamash for being ungrateful, Enkidu recants and decides to give the woman who seduced him his final blessing before he dies. This is in contrast to Adam, whose fall from grace is largely portrayed as a punishment for disobeying God and the inevitable consequence of the loss of innocence regarding good and evil.
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1769:. Every few days they camp on a mountain, and perform a dream ritual. Gilgamesh has five terrifying dreams about falling mountains, thunderstorms, wild bulls, and a thunderbird that breathes fire. Despite similarities between his dream figures and earlier descriptions of Humbaba, Enkidu interprets these dreams as good omens, and denies that the frightening images represent the forest guardian. As they approach the cedar mountain, they hear Humbaba bellowing, and have to encourage each other not to be afraid.
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Bull of Heaven to Uruk, and he causes widespread devastation. Drinking continuously without being satisfied, the Bull lowers the level of the
Euphrates river, and dries up the marshes. He opens up huge pits that swallow 300 men. Without any divine assistance, Enkidu and Gilgamesh murder him and offer up his heart to Shamash. When Ishtar cries out, Enkidu hurls one of the hindquarters of the bull at her. The city of Uruk celebrates, but Enkidu has an ominous dream about his future failure.
1902:, who appear to be a married couple. The husband tries to dissuade Gilgamesh from passing, but the wife intervenes, expresses sympathy for Gilgamesh, and (according to the poem's editor Benjamin Foster) allows his passage. He passes under the mountains along the Road of the Sun. In complete darkness he follows the road for 12 "double hours", managing to complete the trip before the Sun catches up with him. He arrives at the Garden of the gods, a paradise full of jewel-laden trees.
1294:...this discovery is evidently destined to excite a lively controversy. For the present the orthodox people are in great delight, and are very much prepossessed by the corroboration which it affords to Biblical history. It is possible, however, as has been pointed out, that the Chaldean inscription, if genuine, may be regarded as a confirmation of the statement that there are various traditions of the deluge apart from the Biblical one, which is perhaps legendary like the rest.
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3630:, p. 98. "'There is a plant that looks like a box-thorn, it has prickles like a dogrose, and will prick one who plucks it. But if you can possess this plant, you'll be again as you were in your youth.' ... Said Gilgamesh to him: 'This plant, Ur-shanabi, is the "Plant of Heartbeat", with it a man can regain his vigour. To Uruk-the-Sheepfold I will take it, to an ancient I will feed some and put the plant to the test!'"
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protests, as he knows Huwawa and is aware of his power. Gilgamesh talks Enkidu into it with some words of encouragement, but Enkidu remains reluctant. They prepare, and call for the elders. The elders also protest, but after
Gilgamesh talks to them, they agree to let him go. After Gilgamesh asks his god (Shamash) for protection, and both he and Enkidu equip themselves, they leave with the elders' blessing and counsel.
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he is asleep, so that he cannot deny his failure to keep awake. Gilgamesh, who is seeking to overcome death, cannot even conquer sleep. After instructing
Urshanabi, the ferryman, to wash Gilgamesh and clothe him in royal robes, they depart for Uruk. As they are leaving, Utnapishtim's wife asks her husband to offer a parting gift. Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh that at the bottom of the sea there lives a
1863:, a "house of dust" and darkness whose inhabitants eat clay, and are clothed in bird feathers, supervised by terrifying beings. For 12 days, Enkidu's condition worsens. Finally, after a lament that he could not meet a heroic death in battle, he dies. In a famous line from the epic, Gilgamesh clings to Enkidu's body and denies that he has died until a maggot drops from the nose of the corpse.
1700:, his first step towards being tamed. After six days and seven nights (or two weeks, according to more recent scholarship) of lovemaking and teaching Enkidu about the ways of civilization, she takes Enkidu to a shepherd's camp to learn how to be civilized. Gilgamesh, meanwhile, has been having dreams about the imminent arrival of a beloved new companion and asks his mother, the goddess
2132:. These probably circulated independently, rather than being in the form of a unified epic. Some of the names of the main characters in these poems differ slightly from later Akkadian names; for example, "Bilgamesh" is written instead of "Gilgamesh", and there are some differences in the underlying stories such as the fact that Enkidu is Gilgamesh's servant in the Sumerian version:
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removing him from the wild. Shamash reminds Enkidu of how
Shamhat fed and clothed him, and introduced him to Gilgamesh. Shamash tells him that Gilgamesh will bestow great honors upon him at his funeral, and will wander into the wild consumed with grief. Enkidu regrets his curses and blesses Shamhat instead. In a second dream, however, he sees himself being taken captive to the
1684:, or "lord's right", to sleep with brides on their wedding night. For the young men (the tablet is damaged at this point) it is conjectured that Gilgamesh exhausts them through games, tests of strength, or perhaps forced labour on building projects. The gods respond to the people's pleas by creating an equal to Gilgamesh who will be able to stop his oppression. This is
1489:) in the later texts. Although several revised versions based on new discoveries have been published, the epic remains incomplete. Analysis of the Old Babylonian text has been used to reconstruct possible earlier forms of the epic. The most recent Akkadian version, also referred to as the Standard Babylonian version, consists of twelve tablets and was edited by
2203:, a poem about Gilgamesh's death, burial and consecration as a semigod, reigning and giving judgement over the dead. After dreaming of how the gods decide his fate after death, Gilgamesh takes counsel, prepares his funeral and offers gifts to the gods. Once deceased, he is buried under the Euphrates, taken off its course and later returned to it.
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from his treasury to ensure that Enkidu has a favourable reception in the realm of the dead. A great banquet is held where the treasures are offered to the gods of the
Netherworld. Just before a break in the text there is a suggestion that a river is being dammed, indicating a burial in a river bed, as in the corresponding Sumerian poem,
1987:-like plant that will make him young again. Gilgamesh, by binding stones to his feet so he can walk on the bottom, manages to obtain the plant. Gilgamesh proposes to investigate if the plant has the hypothesized rejuvenation ability by testing it on an old man once he returns to Uruk. When Gilgamesh stops to bathe, it is stolen by a
1890:("the Faraway"), and learn the secret of eternal life. Among the few survivors of the Great Flood, Utnapishtim and his wife are the only humans to have been granted immortality by the gods. Gilgamesh crosses a mountain pass at night and encounters a pride of lions. Before sleeping he prays for protection to the moon god
1808:, the guardian of the Cedar Forest, insults and threatens them. He accuses Enkidu of betrayal, and vows to disembowel Gilgamesh and feed his flesh to the birds. Gilgamesh is afraid, but with some encouraging words from Enkidu the battle commences. The mountains quake with the tumult and the sky turns black. The god
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The 12th tablet is a sequel to the original 11, and was probably appended at a later date. It bears little relation to the well-crafted 11-tablet epic; the lines at the beginning of the first tablet are quoted at the end of the 11th tablet, giving it circularity and finality. Tablet 12 is a near copy
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In the second half of the epic, distress over Enkidu's death causes
Gilgamesh to undertake a long and perilous journey to discover the secret of eternal life. He eventually learns that "Life, which you look for, you will never find. For when the gods created man, they let death be his share, and life
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discovered a piece believed to have contained the first lines of the epic in the storeroom of the
British Museum; the fragment, found in 1878 and dated to between 600 BC and 100 BC, had remained unexamined by experts for more than a century since its recovery. The fragment read "He who saw
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and become immortal. This was inspired by myths of
Gilgamesh's quest for eternal youth in the face of his mortality; despite the influence, there are two main differences. The first is that Gilgamesh seeks the plant of youth whereas Alexander seeks the water of life. The second is that the motif of
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Tablet II, greatly correlates with tablets I–II of the
Standard Babylonian version. Gilgamesh tells his mother Ninsun about two dreams he had. His mother explains that they mean that a new companion will soon arrive at Uruk. In the meanwhile the wild Enkidu and the priestess (here called Shamkatum)
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The main point seems to be that when Enlil granted eternal life it was a unique gift. As if to demonstrate this point, Utnapishtim challenges Gilgamesh to stay awake for six days and seven nights. Gilgamesh falls asleep, and Utnapishtim instructs his wife to bake a loaf of bread on each of the days
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Gilgamesh delivers a lament for Enkidu, in which he calls upon mountains, forests, fields, rivers, wild animals, and all of Uruk to mourn for his friend. Recalling their adventures together, Gilgamesh tears at his hair and clothes in grief. He commissions a funerary statue, and provides grave gifts
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It is also made explicit that Gilgamesh rose to the rank of an "ancient wise man" (antediluvian). Lins Brandão continues, noting how the poem would have been "put on a stele" ("narû"), that at first "narû" could be seen as the genre of the poem, taking into consideration that the reader (or scribe)
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Gilgamesh complains to Enkidu that various of his possessions (the tablet is unclear exactly what – different translations include a drum and a ball) have fallen into the underworld. Enkidu offers to bring them back. Delighted, Gilgamesh tells Enkidu what he must and must not do in
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the ferryman, who will help him cross the sea to Utnapishtim. Gilgamesh, out of spontaneous rage, destroys the stone charms that Urshanabi keeps with him. Gilgamesh tells his story, but when he asks for help, Urshanabi informs him that he has just destroyed the objects that can help them cross the
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who will "outnumber the living" and "devour them", as well as screaming loud enough to be heard by the heavens and earth. Anu states that if he gives her the Bull of Heaven, Uruk will face 7 years of famine. Ishtar provides him with provisions for 7 years in exchange for the bull. Ishtar leads the
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sends 13 winds to bind Humbaba, and he is captured. Humbaba pleads for his life, and Gilgamesh pities him. He offers to make Gilgamesh king of the forest, to cut the trees for him, and to be his slave. Enkidu, however, argues that Gilgamesh should kill Humbaba to establish his reputation forever.
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sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC from earlier texts. One impact that Sin-leqi-unninni brought to the work was to bring the issue of mortality to the foreground, thus making it possible for the character to move from being an "adventurer to a wise man." The Brazilian scholar Lins Brandão saw the
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Shamhat brings Enkidu to the shepherds' camp, where he is introduced to a human diet and becomes the night watchman. Learning from a passing stranger about Gilgamesh's treatment of new brides, Enkidu is incensed and travels to Uruk to intervene at a wedding. When Gilgamesh attempts to visit the
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The parallels between the stories of Enkidu/Shamhat and Adam/Eve have been long recognized by scholars. In both, a human is created from the soil by a god and lives in nature. He is introduced to a female congener who tempts him. In both stories the man accepts food from the woman, covers his
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After defeating Huwawa, Gilgamesh refrains from slaying him, and urges Enkidu to hunt Huwawa's "seven auras". Enkidu convinces him to smite their enemy. After killing Huwawa and the auras, they chop down part of the forest and discover the gods' secret abode. The rest of the tablet is broken.
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Tablet III, partially matches tablets II–III of the Standard Babylonian version. For reasons unknown (the tablet is partially broken) Enkidu is in a sad mood. In order to cheer him up Gilgamesh suggests going to the Pine Forest to cut down trees and kill Humbaba (known here as Huwawa). Enkidu
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In Enkidu's dream, the gods decide that one of the heroes must die because they killed Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven. Despite the protestations of Shamash, Enkidu is marked for death. Enkidu curses the great door he has fashioned for Enlil's temple. He also curses the trapper and Shamhat for
1419:, the tablet was encrusted with dirt and unreadable when it was purchased by a US antiquities dealer in 2003. The tablet was sold by an unnamed antiques dealer in 2007 with a letter falsely stating that it had been inside a box of ancient bronze fragments purchased in a 1981 auction. In 2014,
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about his quest and his journey to meet Utnapishtim (here called Uta-na'ishtim). Siduri attempts to dissuade Gilgamesh in his quest for immortality, urging him to be content with the simple pleasures of life. After one more lacuna, Gilgamesh smashes the "stone ones" and talks to the ferryman
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The Gilgamesh Dream tablet. From Iraq. Middle Babylonian Period, First Sealand Dynasty, 1732–1460 BC. Iraq Museum, Baghdad. This dream tablet recounts a part of the epic of Gilgamesh in which the hero (Gilgamesh) describes his dreams to his mother (the goddess Ninsun), who interprets them as
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have sex. She tames him in company of the shepherds by offering him bread and beer. Enkidu helps the shepherds by guarding the sheep. They travel to Uruk to confront Gilgamesh and stop his abuses. Enkidu and Gilgamesh battle but Gilgamesh breaks off the fight. Enkidu praises Gilgamesh.
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the snake shedding its skin in the Gilgamesh legend is replaced in the Alexander legend by a fish returning to life upon being washed in the fountain. The reasons for these differences was due to the Christianizing force involved in the adaptation of the Gilgamesh legends.
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willing to condemn humanity to death, with the exception of Ea. Such an interpretation is an unhelpful contemporary take on Mesopotamia's polytheistic religion (and on polytheistic systems more generally), in which the gods may be helpful or harmful in diverse situations.
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Considering how the text would be viewed from the standpoint of its time is tricky, as George Smith acknowledges that there is no "Sumerian or Akkadian word for myth or heroic narrative, just as there is no ancient recognition of poetic narrative as a genre."
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episode (Standard Babylonian version tablets II–V). Gilgamesh and Enkidu travel with other men to the Forest of Cedar. There, trapped by Huwawa, Gilgamesh tricks him (with Enkidu's assistance in one of the versions) into giving up his auras, thus losing his
2468:. It is a work of adventure, but is no less a meditation on some fundamental issues of human existence." Martin West, in "The East face of Helicon", speculates that the memory of Gilgamesh would have reached the Greeks through a lost poem about Heracles.
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has no corresponding episode in the epic, but the themes of whether to show mercy to captives, and counsel from the city elders, also occur in the Standard Babylonian version of the Humbaba story. In the poem, Uruk faces a siege from a Kish army led by
2120:, and it has been suggested that a "prior form of the story – earlier even than that preserved on the Old Babylonian fragment – may well have ended with Siduri sending Gilgamesh back to Uruk..." and "Utnapistim was not originally part of the tale."
1991:, who sheds its skin as it departs. Gilgamesh weeps at the futility of his efforts, because he has now lost all chance of immortality. He returns to Uruk, where the sight of its massive walls prompts him to praise this enduring work to Urshanabi.
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Partially overlapping the Standard Babylonian version tablets IX–X. Gilgamesh mourns the death of Enkidu wandering in his quest for immortality. Gilgamesh argues with Shamash about the futility of his quest. After a lacuna, Gilgamesh talks to
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episode (Standard Babylonian version tablet VI) in the Akkadian version. The Bull's voracious appetite causes drought and hardship in the land while Gilgamesh feasts. Lugalgabagal convinces him to face the Bull and attacks him alongside
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Humbaba curses them both and Gilgamesh dispatches him with a blow to the neck, as well as killing his seven sons. The two heroes cut down many cedars, including a gigantic tree that Enkidu plans to fashion into a gate for the temple of
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wedding chamber, Enkidu blocks his way, and they fight. After a fierce battle, Enkidu acknowledges Gilgamesh's superior strength and they become friends. Gilgamesh proposes a journey to the Cedar Forest to slay the monstrous demi-god
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suggested, though with little supporting evidence, that the prologue of "He who Saw the Abyss" recalls the inspiration of the Greek Muses, even though there is no assistance from the Sumerian gods here. In more popular treatments,
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poles. When they reach the island where Utnapishtim lives, Gilgamesh recounts his story, asking him for his help. Utnapishtim reprimands him, declaring that fighting the common fate of humans is futile and diminishes life's joys.
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to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the Bull of Heaven, insulting Ishtar in the process, after which the gods decide to sentence Enkidu to death and kill him by giving him a fatal illness.
1552:, the fountain of wisdom. Gilgamesh was given knowledge of how to worship the gods, why death was ordained for human beings, what makes a good king, and how to live a good life. The story of Utnapishtim, the hero of the
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stated: "The most likely assumption we can make is that both Genesis and Gilgamesh drew their material from a common tradition about the flood that existed in Mesopotamia. These stories then diverged in the retelling."
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of an earlier Sumerian tale, a prequel, in which Gilgamesh sends Enkidu to retrieve some objects of his from the Underworld, and he returns in the form of a spirit to relate the nature of the Underworld to Gilgamesh.
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do not reply, but Enki and Shamash decide to help. Shamash makes a crack in the earth, and Enkidu's ghost jumps out of it. The tablet ends with Gilgamesh questioning Enkidu about what he has seen in the underworld.
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Urshanabi (here called Sur-sunabu). After a short discussion, Sur-sunabu asks him to carve 300 oars so that they may cross the waters of death without needing the "stone ones". The rest of the tablet is missing.
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Gilgamesh observes that Utnapishtim seems no different from himself, and asks him how he obtained his immortality. Utnapishtim explains that the gods decided to send a great flood. To save Utnapishtim the god
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When it was discovered in the 19th century, the story of Gilgamesh was classified as a Greek epic, a genre known in Europe, even though it predates the Greek culture that spawned epics, specifically, when
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flood tale "point by point and in the same order", even when the story permits other alternatives. In a 2001 Torah commentary released on behalf of the Conservative Movement of Judaism, rabbinic scholar
2185:, is the source for the Akkadian translation included as tablet XII in the Standard Babylonian version, telling of Enkidu's journey to the Netherworld. It is also the main source of information for the
1917:, who assumes that he is a murderer or thief because of his disheveled appearance. Gilgamesh tells her about the purpose of his journey. She attempts to dissuade him from his quest, but sends him to
1232:, he travels to Uruk, where he challenges Gilgamesh to a test of strength. Gilgamesh wins the contest; nonetheless, the two become friends. Together, they make a six-day journey to the legendary
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In terms of form, the poetic conventions followed in the Standard Babylonian version appear to be inconsistent and are still controversial among scholars. There is, however, extensive use of
2024:, is composed of tablets and fragments from diverse origins and states of conservation. It remains incomplete in its majority, with several tablets missing, and those found having sizable
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Fragments from two different versions/tablets tell how Enkidu interprets one of Gilgamesh's dreams on the way to the Forest of Cedar, and their conversation when entering the forest.
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claims that George's is the most significant critical work on Gilgamesh in the last 70 years. George discusses the state of the surviving material, and provides a tablet-by-tablet
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the underworld if he is to return. Enkidu does everything which he was told not to do. The underworld keeps him. Gilgamesh prays to the gods to give him back his friend. Enlil and
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matches that in Gilgamesh so closely that "few doubt" that it derives from a Mesopotamian account. What is particularly noticeable is the way the Genesis flood story follows the
1894:. Then, waking from an encouraging dream, he murders the lions and uses their skins for clothing. After a long and perilous journey, Gilgamesh arrives at the twin peaks of Mount
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1688:, who is covered in hair and lives in the wild. He is spotted by a trapper, whose livelihood is being ruined because Enkidu is uprooting his traps. The trapper tells the sun-god
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standard version can be seen in this sense as "sapiential literature," ("wisdom literature"), which is common in the Middle East, but this idea has not been widely accepted.
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1678:. Gilgamesh, two-thirds god and one-third man, is oppressing his people, who cry out to the gods for help. For the young women of Uruk this oppression takes the form of a
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The text on the Old Babylonian Meissner fragment (the larger surviving fragment of the Sippar tablet) has been used to reconstruct possible earlier forms of the
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poems about Gilgamesh have been partially recovered, some with primitive versions of specific episodes in the Babylonian version, others with unrelated stories.
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4744:: (Volume 1) in the original Akkadian cuneiform and transliteration; commentary and glossary are in English. (Translation for scholars and general readership)
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Abusch, T. Gilgamesh's Request and Siduri's Denial. Part I: The Meaning of the Dialogue and Its Implications for the History of the Epic. |11.05 MB
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The epic is regarded as a foundational work in religion and the tradition of heroic sagas, with Gilgamesh forming the prototype for later heroes like
1170:. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version, dates back to the 18th century BC and is titled after its
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Tablet nine opens with Gilgamesh roaming the wild wearing skins, grieving for Enkidu. Having now become fearful of his own death, he decides to seek
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Abusch, T. (1993). "Gilgamesh's Request and Siduri's Denial. Part I: The Meaning of the Dialogue and Its Implications for the History of the Epic".
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software have vastly accelerated the process of uncovering new fragments of the epic dispersed, and often unread, in museums around the world.
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poems are now generally considered to be distinct stories, rather than parts of a single epic. Some of these may date back to as early as the
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2371:. He claims that the author uses elements from the description of Enkidu to paint a sarcastic and mocking portrait of the king of Babylon.
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The elders give Gilgamesh advice for his journey. Gilgamesh visits his mother, Ninsun, who seeks the support and protection of the sun-god
1412:, mentioned in the legends as the father of one of Gilgamesh's adversaries, has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh.
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supplied a controversial version that takes many liberties with the text and includes modernized allusions and commentary relating to the
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4825:– an adaptation for young adults, translated directly to Hebrew from the original Akkadian language by Shin Shifra. (Young Adult: Hebrew)
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An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic: On the Basis of Recently Discovered Texts . Cambridge Library Collection – Archaeology.
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A rare proverb about the strength of a triple-stranded rope, "a triple-stranded rope is not easily broken", is common to both books.
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From the diverse sources found, two main versions of the epic have been partially reconstructed: the Standard Babylonian version, or
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for their adventure. Ninsun adopts Enkidu as her son, and Gilgamesh leaves instructions for the governance of Uruk in his absence.
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all, who was the foundation of the land, who knew (everything), was wise in all matters: Gilgamesh." The discovery of artifacts (
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in 1853. "Standard Babylonian" refers to a literary style that was used for literary purposes. This version was compiled by
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This tablet is mainly an Akkadian translation of an earlier Sumerian poem, "Gilgamesh and the Netherworld" (also known as "
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Waters of Death, which are deadly to the touch. Urshanabi instructs Gilgamesh to cut down 120 trees and fashion them into
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4335:"Survival and Christianization of the Gilgamesh Quest for Immortality in the Tale of Alexander and the Fountain of Life"
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Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man, an essay on speculative thought in the ancient near East
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in order to gain fame and renown. Despite warnings from Enkidu and the council of elders, Gilgamesh is not deterred.
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The auras are not referred to in the Standard Babylonian version, but are in one of the Sumerian poems as "sons".
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The first direct Arabic translation from the original tablets was published in the 1960s by Iraqi archaeologist
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Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition
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In the early 2000s, the Gilgamesh Dream Tablet was imported illegally into the United States. According to the
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Abusch, Tzvi (December 2001). "The Development and Meaning of the Epic of Gilgamesh: An Interpretive Essay".
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3052:"US seizes Epic of Gilgamesh tablet, considered one of world's oldest works of literature, from Hobby Lobby"
5737:
5732:
5626:
2500:
1485:
version are important sources for modern translations, with the earlier texts mainly used to fill in gaps (
1431:
In 2019, the Gilgamesh Dream Tablet was seized by US officials and was returned to Iraq in September 2021.
1349:
1269:
5428:
5722:
3541:"Back to the Cedar Forest: The Beginning and End of Tablet V of the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgameš"
1630:
5672:
5650:
5145:
5124:
993:
924:
532:
3757:
Zikir Šumim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. Kraus on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday
5727:
5556:
4667:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Translated by Jacyntho Lins Brandão (1 ed.). Autêntica. p. 320.
181:
4552:
2436:
Numerous scholars have drawn attention to various themes, episodes, and verses, indicating that the
118:
5455:
5446:
5437:
5378:
5073:
3540:
2456:. According to Tzvi Abusch of Brandeis University, the poem "combines the power and tragedy of the
1753:
The second dream of Gilgamesh on the journey to the Forest of Cedar. Epic of Gilgamesh tablet from
1071:
208:
203:
4231:
2713:
5518:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5067:
5017:
2322:
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1898:
at the end of the earth. He comes across a tunnel, which no man has ever entered, guarded by two
1521:
1435:
1325:
1211:
4409:
4970:
2449:
1613:
1574:
852:
4913:
First published in 1970 by Houghton Mifflin; Mentor Books paperback published 1972. (Outdated)
4456:. Translated by Andrew R. George (reprinted ed.). London, England: Penguin Books. 2003 .
3567:
1356:, and in 1875 and 1876 he published fuller translations, the latter of which was published as
5621:
4997:
4658:
4528:
4434:
Tetsuo, O. T. A. (2005). On Princess Mononoke. The Review of international studies, 17, 7-21.
3830:
2606:
2331:
1490:
1185:
789:
4991:
2068:
In the journey to the cedar forest and Huwawa, Enkidu interprets one of Gilgamesh's dreams.
5697:
5606:
5492:
5394:
4778:
An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic: On the Basis of Recently Discovered Texts.
2428:
mentions the Sumerian hero Gilgamesh and the monster Humbaba with the Watchers and giants.
2025:
1936:
1796:. It dates back to the old Babylonian period, 2003–1595 BC, and is currently housed in the
1486:
1379:
799:
8:
5707:
5692:
5580:
5339:
4934:
The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 Vols
4846:
The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 Vols
4715:
The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 Vols
4405:
4372:
2621:
1988:
1797:
1717:
1697:
1460:
1424:
1333:
1156:
1064:
968:
191:
4927:
The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian
4839:
The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian
4708:
The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian
4452:
The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian
2765:
2060:
Possibly another version of the contents of the Yale Tablet, practically irrecoverable.
5747:
5370:
5284:
4852:
4578:
4354:
4303:
4209:
4201:
4157:
3953:
3571:
3563:
3176:
2858:
2611:
2416:
1874:
1383:
1321:
1300:
1166:). These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic in
218:
47:
2347:
are the respective heroes of the Sumerian, Akkadian and biblical flood legends of the
5562:
5484:
5386:
5110:
5051:
5023:
5001:
4987:
4973:
4963:
4947:
4902:
4882:
4862:
4856:
4803:
4793:
4765:
4733:
4668:
4632:
4607:
4582:
4573:
4485:
4467:
4457:
4382:
4376:
4346:
4268:
4258:
4213:
4164:
4005:
3978:
3944:
3873:
3836:
3760:
3735:
3698:
3659:
3575:
3477:
2823:
2782:
2772:
2733:
2570:
2527:
2478:
2348:
2129:
1680:
1608:
translated the text, he insisted on the relationship to Genesis by giving the title "
1482:
1167:
1148:
779:
196:
89:
55:
4717:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Translation for scholars and general readership)
4500:
3112:
1777:
4789:
4599:
4568:
4512:
4484:. Translated by Benjamin R. Foster. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. 2001.
4295:
4193:
3559:
3555:
3083:"Justice Department seizes rare, ancient tablet illegally auctioned to Hobby Lobby"
2725:
2584:
2487:
2379:
2318:
2220:
1659:
1529:
1428:
1393:
1188:
dates to somewhere between the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit
1100:
824:
774:
2028:. They are named after their current location or the place where they were found.
1641:
interpret the Epic of Gilgamesh's flood myth as having a pantheon of gods who are
1280:
4941:
4662:
4622:
4479:
4450:
4066:
3972:
2693:
2550:
2395:
1962:
told him to build a boat. He gave him precise dimensions, and it was sealed with
1911:
1891:
1605:
1456:
1362:. The central character of Gilgamesh was initially reintroduced to the world as "
879:
764:
447:
319:
4802:: re-print of the Penguin Classic translation (in prose) by N. K. Sandars 1960 (
3912:
3872:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 30–41.
3144:"Ancient Gilgamesh tablet taken from Iraq and bought by Hobby Lobby is returned"
2219:
The definitive modern translation into English is a two-volume critical work by
2190:
5532:
5315:
5055:
3465:
2522:
2403:
2364:
2360:
2271:
2249:
In 2021, a translation by Sophus Helle was published by Yale University Press.
2228:
2155:
1842:
1834:
1634:
1517:
1493:, who is thought to have lived sometime between 1300 BC and 1000 BC.
1345:
1337:
1245:
522:
517:
2729:
41:
5666:
5631:
5047:
critical edition and translation of the text (electronic Babylonian Library).
4783:
4544:
4471:
4350:
4272:
3942:
Jarman, Mark (1 January 2005). "When the Light Came on: The Epic Gilgamesh".
2827:
2786:
2737:
2686:
2616:
2421:
2186:
2080:
1963:
1265:
1215:
4564:
4516:
3805:
The Tablet and the Scroll; Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo
3250:
The Tablet and the Scroll; Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo
5550:
5325:
5203:
4721:
4184:
Hamori, Esther J. (Winter 2011). "Echoes of Gilgamesh in the Jacob Story".
3755:
van Driel, G.; Krispijn, Th. J. H.; Stol, M.; Veenhof, K. R., eds. (1982).
3473:
3264:
2879:
2532:
2518:
2304:
2275:
2263:
2144:
1899:
1766:
1758:
1409:
1405:
1233:
1224:
The first half of the story discusses Gilgamesh (who was king of Uruk) and
1218:
632:
369:
794:
5223:
5198:
4228:"Old Testament Pseudepigrapha – Just another WordPress @ St Andrews site"
3174:
Piecing Together an Ancient Epic Was Slow Work. Until A.I. Got Involved,'
2556:
2510:
2509:
has inspired many works of literature, art, and music. It was only after
2340:
2170:
2164:
2099:
Partially overlapping the felling of the trees from the Ishchali tablet.
1923:
1887:
1642:
1638:
1590:
1545:
1420:
1390:
1314:
1181:
1140:
1136:
502:
452:
384:
379:
99:
79:
4965:
The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh
4751:. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Translation for general readership)
4358:
4334:
4255:
The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth
4205:
3957:
3265:"Shattered tablets and tangled threads: Editing Gilgamesh, then and now"
2914:
2880:"Shattered tablets and tangled threads: Editing Gilgamesh, then and now"
2454:
The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth
1945:
Tablet XI (or the Flood Tablet) of the Epic of Gilgamesh. British Museum
2441:
2213:
1974:
1860:
1558:
1553:
1371:
1184:
of it have survived. The later Standard Babylonian version compiled by
865:
858:
715:
700:
642:
557:
477:
462:
364:
359:
122:
5044:
4307:
4107:
Rendsburg, Gary (2007). "The Biblical flood story in the light of the
3899:
Taha Baqir published the first Arabic translation of Gilgamesh in 1962
2128:
There are five extant Gilgamesh stories in the form of older poems in
1451:
announcing the arrival of a new friend, who will become his companion.
1151:
poems about Gilgamesh (formerly read as Sumerian "Bilgames"), king of
5299:
5218:
5193:
5105:
4197:
2818:
Frankfort, Henri (1974) . "Chapter VII: Mesopotamia: The Good Life".
2406:
is paralleled with the wrestling match between Gilgamesh and Enkidu.
1918:
1818:
1671:
1653:
1650:
would have to pass the text on, without omitting or adding anything.
1597:
1455:
Distinct sources exist from over a 2000-year timeframe. The earliest
1367:
1144:
695:
617:
612:
582:
577:
432:
302:
5137:
1845:
to avenge her. When Anu rejects her complaints, Ishtar threatens to
1577:
across sets of two or three adjacent lines, much like in the Hebrew
1352:
to study these; in 1872, Smith read translated fragments before the
652:
647:
607:
404:
5249:
5244:
4816:
4299:
2843:
He who saw everything: a verse translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh
2805:
The Alternative Tradition: A Study of Unbelief in the Ancient World
2336:
2243:
2232:
1984:
1261:
1257:
819:
720:
690:
637:
592:
497:
457:
427:
5054:
can be found in Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E,
5019:
The Gilgamesh Epic: A Psychological Study of a Modern Ancient Hero
4604:
Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others
3359:
2374:
Many characters in the Epic have biblical parallels, most notably
784:
5320:
5274:
5213:
4820:
2641:
In 2008, manuscripts from the median Babylonian version found in
2464:
1967:
1809:
1805:
1754:
1738:
1726:
1693:
1689:
1537:
1525:
1329:
1237:
1229:
1171:
1041:
804:
749:
725:
705:
657:
587:
552:
507:
467:
422:
399:
354:
349:
5060:
4501:"Como se faz um herói: as linhas de força do poema de Gilgámesh"
1536:
The Standard Babylonian version has different opening words, or
769:
5511:
5294:
5289:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5208:
2642:
2425:
2300:
2109:
1914:
1846:
1830:
1701:
1685:
1617:
1578:
1382:
updated both of their work in 1930. Over the next two decades,
1285:
1241:
1225:
910:
905:
834:
829:
759:
710:
685:
622:
602:
597:
572:
567:
562:
547:
542:
527:
487:
437:
394:
389:
314:
259:
255:
246:
237:
1692:
about the man, and it is arranged for Enkidu to be seduced by
5616:
5254:
4993:
The Treasures of Darkness, A History of Mesopotamian Religion
4936:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Translation for scholars)
4929:. London: Penguin Press. (Translation for general readership)
4848:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Translation for scholars)
4841:. London: Penguin Press. (Translation for general readership)
4710:. London: Penguin Press. (Translation for general readership)
3495:
3493:
3113:"Gilgamesh tablet: US authorities take ownership of artefact"
2957:
2955:
2767:
Epic of Gilgamesh Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism
2458:
2445:
2375:
1895:
1814:
1601:
1505:
1268:. It has been translated into many languages and is featured
809:
680:
627:
512:
492:
482:
472:
442:
374:
344:
292:
264:
250:
5106:
An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic by Anonymous
3754:
3386:
2798:
2796:
2645:, written before the Standard version, already started with
5611:
5239:
4378:
Gilgamesh Among Us: Modern Encounters With the Ancient Epic
3347:
2391:
2383:
2344:
2008:
1959:
1675:
1549:
1152:
1124:
1118:
956:
754:
744:
662:
537:
297:
241:
5403:
The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel
4314:
3904:
3517:
3505:
3490:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3335:
2952:
1127:
5278:
3810:
3773:
3376:
3374:
3313:
3311:
3309:
2793:
2744:
2387:
1838:
1313:
Enkidu, Gilgamesh's friend. From Ur, Iraq, 2027–1763 BC.
1115:
1109:
1106:
324:
287:
5114:, edited by Morris Jastrow, translated by Albert T. Clay
1821:
with the giant tree and (possibly) the head of Humbaba.
3296:
3294:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3028:
2942:
2940:
2670:
2668:
2666:
5477:
The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom
4089:
3785:
3371:
3323:
3306:
1481:
narrative. The older Old Babylonian tablets and later
1344:
in the early 1850s. Late in the following decade, the
3609:
3231:
3229:
3227:
2262:
Various themes, plot elements, and characters in the
1792:
Reverse side of the newly discovered tablet V of the
1370:
in his name could be pronounced accurately. In 1891,
4115:, eds Azize, J & Weeks, N. Peters, p. 117.
3633:
3621:
3291:
3182:
2937:
2663:
2546:
1833:
because of her mistreatment of previous lovers like
1374:
collected the cuneiform text, and nine years later,
1112:
2020:This version of the epic, called in some fragments
1121:
1103:
4962:
4449:
4159:The meaning of Helen: in search of an ancient icon
4156:
3597:
3224:
3081:Clark, Dartunorro; Williams, Pete (27 July 2021).
2764:
1654:Content of the Standard Babylonian version tablets
1516:The Standard Babylonian version was discovered by
1477:) are the earliest surviving tablets for a single
1423:privately purchased the tablet for display at the
1264:) and the epic itself serving as an influence for
5061:The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
4533:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3269:Aramazd. Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2884:Aramazd. Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2235:, with a dual language side-by-side translation.
5664:
5050:Translations of the legends of Gilgamesh in the
4749:Gilgamesh: A New Translation of the Ancient Epic
3895:Gilgamesh: A New Translation of the Ancient Epic
2807:. The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton Publishers.
2521:that it was featured in a variety of genres.The
2354:
1716:Fragment of Tablet II of the Epic of Gilgamesh,
2517:epic reached a modern audience, and only after
2270: – notably, the accounts of the
4881:. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.
4163:. United States: Bolchazy-Carducci Pubs (IL).
2094:
1829:Gilgamesh rejects the advances of the goddess
1817:. They build a raft and return home along the
1556:, can also be found in the Babylonian epic of
1511:
5153:
4762:Jastrow, Morris; Clay, Albert Tobias (2016).
4257:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 334–402.
3734:. University of Stanford Press. p. 117.
3697:. University of Virginia Press. p. 306.
3690:
3658:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 136.
3538:
3080:
2845:. Random Century Group Ltd. pp. viii–ix.
2299:Several scholars suggest direct borrowing of
1240:, and cut down the sacred Cedar. The goddess
1072:
932:
4550:
4320:
4148:
4064:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3341:
3049:
2961:
2750:
2699:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
2257:
2227:in 2003. A book review by Cambridge scholar
1625:
1616:, in 1966, in the preface to his edition of
4861:. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
4858:Gilgamesh: A New Rendering in English Verse
4400:
4398:
4049:
2440:had a substantial influence on both of the
2294:
1236:, where they ultimately slay its Guardian,
1195:
1180:("Surpassing All Other Kings"). Only a few
5160:
5146:
4726:The Standard Babylonian, Epic of Gilgamesh
4404:
4371:
3691:Patton, Laurie L.; Doniger, Wendy (1996).
3534:
3532:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2266:have been suggested to correlate with the
2015:
1079:
1065:
939:
925:
40:
4572:
3539:Al-Rawi, F. N. H.; George, A. R. (2014).
3464:
3045:
3043:
2817:
2594:List of artifacts in biblical archaeology
2414:Gilgamesh is mentioned in one version of
1284:Ancient Assyrian statue currently in the
4986:
4960:
4395:
4288:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4037:Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus
3970:
3215:
2762:
2055:
1948:
1940:
1787:
1776:
1748:
1711:
1562:. The Standard version is also known as
1445:
1308:
1279:
4876:
4815:Alilot Gilgamesh (Tales of Gilgamesh).
4728:. Mikko Luuko and Kalle Fabritius. The
4720:
4657:
4498:
4154:
4034:
3913:"Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.04.21"
3791:
3529:
3380:
3353:
3329:
3317:
3220:. The British Museum Press. p. 70.
2975:"First lines of oldest epic poem found"
2866:
2802:
2674:
2462:with the wanderings and marvels of the
2063:
5665:
5090:Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the nether world
5015:
4810:) without the introduction. (Outdated)
4788:The Epic of Gilgamesh. Penguin Epics,
4598:
4589:from the original on 17 December 2021.
4553:"A "Epopeia Gilgamesh" é uma epopeia?"
4478:
4448:
4285:
4183:
4139:
4124:
4095:
3941:
3897:. Yale University Press. p. 144.
3867:
3816:
3779:
3729:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3392:
3300:
3262:
3247:
3235:
3203:
3191:
3141:
3040:
3034:
2946:
2877:
2840:
2714:"Reading Sumerian Names, II: Gilgameš"
2486:, Alexander is on a quest to find the
2424:. The Book of Giants version found at
2400:Echoes of Gilgamesh in the Jacob Story
2182:Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld
2173:, whom Gilgamesh defeats and forgives.
2071:
2031:
2001:Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld
1953:George Smith transliterated Tablet XI.
5167:
5141:
4896:
4851:
4620:
4332:
3892:
3651:
3585:from the original on 17 November 2021
3472:(First American ed.). New York:
3470:A History of the World in 100 Objects
3365:
3154:from the original on 23 December 2021
3093:from the original on 23 December 2021
2985:from the original on 30 December 2019
2912:
2711:
2494:
2431:
2137:The lord to the Living One's Mountain
1500:, and the Old Babylonian version, or
1155:, some of which may date back to the
5683:Fiction set in the 3rd millennium BC
4939:
4252:
4142:The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar..
4077:from the original on 4 February 2021
3910:
3828:
3279:from the original on 8 December 2019
3123:from the original on 2 November 2021
3062:from the original on 25 January 2022
2915:"The Chaldean Account of the Deluge"
2894:from the original on 8 December 2019
2471:
2177:In those days, in those far-off days
1765:Gilgamesh and Enkidu journey to the
4624:The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic
4416:from the original on 2 October 2016
3807:, 1–14. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
2771:. Vol. 74. Detroit, MI: Gale.
2448:. These influences are detailed by
1804:The heroes enter the cedar forest.
1417:United States Department of Justice
1270:in several works of popular fiction
13:
4695:
4681:from the original on 21 March 2023
4523:from the original on 19 July 2020.
4113:Gilgamesh and the world of Assyria
4067:"Did Ecclesiastes copy Gilgamesh?"
3458:
3142:Helsel, Phil (23 September 2021).
3016:from the original on 16 April 2015
2925:from the original on 11 April 2021
2252:
2079:
1704:, to help interpret these dreams.
1434:Recent developments in the use of
1378:provided a comprehensive edition;
167:Religions of the ancient Near East
151:
21:Epic of Gilgamesh (disambiguation)
14:
5759:
5038:
4780:Yale University Press. (Outdated)
4757:Translations (Outdated and Other)
4645:from the original on 12 July 2023
4253:West, Martin Litchfield (2003) .
4016:from the original on 12 July 2023
3923:from the original on 10 July 2017
3849:from the original on 12 July 2023
3711:from the original on 12 July 2023
3672:from the original on 12 July 2023
3003:
2913:Smith, George (3 December 1872).
2763:Krstovic, Jelena O., ed. (2005).
2409:
2285:
2201:The great wild bull is lying down
2123:
1288:, possibly representing Gilgamesh
5645:
5644:
5338:
5080:Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven
4943:Noah's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic
4730:Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project
4629:University of Pennsylvania Press
4574:10.14393/artc-v21-n38-2019-50156
3974:Gilgamesh: A New English Version
3006:"It Was a Dark and Stormy Night"
2577:
2563:
2549:
2402:, also claims that the story of
2102:
1994:
1930:
1386:reassembled the Sumerian poems.
1359:The Chaldaean Account of Genesis
1099:
113:
5688:1853 archaeological discoveries
5121:, Complete Academic Translation
4499:Brandão, Jacyntho Lins (2015).
4428:
4365:
4326:
4279:
4246:
4220:
4177:
4133:
4118:
4101:
4073:. Vol. 16. pp. 22ff.
4058:
4043:
4028:
3998:
3964:
3935:
3886:
3861:
3822:
3797:
3748:
3723:
3684:
3645:
3256:
3241:
3218:The Bible in the British Museum
3209:
3166:
3135:
3105:
3074:
2997:
2967:
2906:
2862:. front page. 22 December 1872.
2849:
2712:Rubio, Gonzalo (January 2012).
2313:
2207:
1866:
1853:
1732:
1470:). The Old Babylonian tablets (
1354:Society of Biblical Archaeology
1324:tablets were discovered in the
1015:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
987:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
873:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
4776:Jastrow, M.; Clay, A. (1920).
4519:(inactive 12 September 2024).
4511:(1). Belo Horizonte: 104–121.
4410:"Gilgamesh: An Epic Obsession"
4186:Journal of Biblical Literature
4155:Meagher, Robert Emmet (1995).
4127:Ancient Near Eastern Mythology
3759:. Brill Archive. p. 131.
3568:10.5615/jcunestud.66.2014.0069
3560:10.5615/jcunestud.66.2014.0069
2834:
2811:
2756:
2705:
2680:
2635:
2484:legends of Alexander the Great
2043:
1881:
1772:
1744:
1253:withheld in their own hands".
1:
4901:. Boston, MA: Mariner Books.
4339:Rivista degli studi orientali
3368:, pp. 23, 218, 224, 238.
3050:Bevan Hurley (27 July 2021).
2656:
2359:Matthias Henze suggests that
2355:Additional biblical parallels
1905:
1824:
1707:
1665:
1471:
1464:
1398:
1160:
1036:Dumuzid and Gilgamesh of Uruk
1022:Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird
66:
4899:Gilgamesh: A Verse Narrative
4065:Van Der Torn, Karel (2000).
4050:Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2004).
3911:Mawr, Bryn (21 April 2004).
3868:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961).
3548:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
2718:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
2501:Gilgamesh in popular culture
1275:
7:
4606:. Oxford University Press.
4559:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4507:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4054:. Eerdmans. pp. 93–95.
3971:Mitchell, Stephen (2010) .
3252:. CDL Press. pp. 1–14.
2542:
2363:'s madness in the biblical
2303:'s advice by the author of
2095:Partial fragment in Baghdad
1757:, Turkey. 13th century BC.
1512:Standard Babylonian version
1441:
1194:("He who Saw the Deep(s)",
10:
5764:
5718:Prostitution in literature
4932:George, Andrew R. (2003).
4925:George, Andrew R. (1999).
4844:George, Andrew R. (2003).
4837:George, Andrew R. (1999).
4713:George, Andrew R. (2003).
4706:George, Andrew R. (1999).
4621:Tigay, Jeffrey H. (1982).
4441:
3917:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
3263:George, Andrew R. (2008).
2878:George, Andrew R. (2008).
2531:is partially based on the
2498:
2382:of life, was created from
2049:Surpassing all other kings
2037:Surpassing all other kings
2022:Surpassing all other kings
1934:
1588:
1502:Surpassing all other kings
1320:About 15,000 fragments of
1143:. The literary history of
994:Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana
18:
16:Epic poem from Mesopotamia
5703:Fiction about immortality
5640:
5594:
5572:
5542:
5503:
5468:
5413:
5354:
5347:
5336:
5308:
5232:
5186:
5177:
4551:Lins Brandão, J. (2019).
4039:. Continuum. p. 103.
4035:Gmirkin, Russell (2006).
2730:10.5615/jcunestud.64.0003
2258:Relationship to the Bible
1658:This summary is based on
1600:referred to the works of
1566:, "Series of Gilgamesh".
1205:"He who Sees the Unknown"
156:Chaos Monster and Sun God
112:
105:
95:
85:
75:
62:
39:
30:
5713:Poems adapted into films
5379:Gilgamesh in the Outback
5363:The Great American Novel
4961:Damrosch, David (2007).
4897:Mason, Herbert (2003) .
3730:Kovacs, Maureen (1989).
2822:. Penguin. p. 226.
2628:
2420:which is related to the
2295:Advice from Ecclesiastes
1584:
1366:", before the cuneiform
5519:Demon with a Glass Hand
5016:Kluger, Rivkah (1991).
4877:Jackson, Danny (1997).
4747:Helle, Sophus. (2021).
4517:10.11248/ehum.v8i1.1545
4333:Tesei, Tommaso (2010).
4125:Wexler, Robert (2001).
3652:Maier, John R. (1997).
3216:Mitchell, T.C. (1988).
2841:Temple, Robert (1991).
2803:Thrower, James (1980).
2398:. Esther J. Hamori, in
2323:Genesis flood narrative
2280:Genesis flood narrative
2225:Oxford University Press
2016:Old Babylonian versions
1522:library of Ashurbanipal
1436:Artificial Intelligence
1326:Library of Ashurbanipal
5095:The death of Gilgamesh
4140:Leiden, Brill (1999).
3977:. Simon and Schuster.
3893:Helle, Sophus (2021).
3395:, pp. xxvii–viii.
2856:"The New York Times".
2599:List of characters in
2450:Martin Litchfield West
1954:
1946:
1875:The Death of Gilgamesh
1801:
1785:
1762:
1721:
1614:Martin Litchfield West
1452:
1317:
1296:
1289:
1214:of the 7th-century BC
157:
5678:21st-century BC books
5425:(1955 Czech oratorio)
5422:The Epic of Gilgamesh
5309:Other mythical beings
5131:The Epic of Gilgamesh
5119:The Epic of Gilgamesh
4998:Yale University Press
4940:Best, Robert (1999).
4879:The Epic of Gilgamesh
4813:Shin, Shifra (2000).
4541:Portuguese Wikisource
4481:The Epic of Gilgamesh
4052:Treasures old and new
4010:Yale University Press
3835:. Brill. p. 14.
3732:The Epic of Gilgamesh
2692:13 April 2019 at the
2607:Babylonian literature
2537:The Epic of Gilgamesh
2179:, otherwise known as
2056:Philadelphia fragment
1952:
1944:
1841:to send Gulaana- the
1791:
1780:
1752:
1715:
1670:The story introduces
1449:
1312:
1292:
1283:
277:Seven gods who decree
155:
145:Mesopotamian religion
5743:Works about monarchs
5607:Gilgamesh flood myth
5461:(1986 Serbian opera)
5443:(1970 Turkish opera)
5434:(1964 Turkish opera)
5395:Slaves of the Shinar
5125:R. Campbell Thompson
5074:Gilgamesh and Huwawa
5068:Gilgamesh and Huwawa
5045:I.4 Poem of Gilgameš
4664:Ele que o abismo viu
4406:Ziolkowski, Theodore
4373:Ziolkowski, Theodore
4234:on 12 September 2021
2981:. 16 November 1998.
2482:and many subsequent
2064:Nippur school tablet
1937:Gilgamesh flood myth
1380:R. Campbell Thompson
967:Part of a series in
800:Seven-headed serpent
739:Spirits and monsters
19:For other uses, see
5738:Akkadian literature
5733:Sumerian literature
5581:The Tower of Druaga
5526:The Tower of Druaga
5493:Where Is Gilgamesh?
5452:(1972 Danish opera)
5058:, and Zólyomi, G.,
4792:. London: Penguin.
4408:(1 November 2011).
4381:. Cornell Univ Pr.
4111:flood account," in
3829:Katz, Dina (1993).
3819:, pp. 141–208.
3782:, pp. 101–126.
3655:Gilgamesh: A reader
3356:, p. 105, 106.
3010:North Coast Journal
2622:Sumerian literature
2525:'s 1997 anime film
2154:corresponds to the
2072:Tell Harmal tablets
2032:Pennsylvania tablet
1798:Sulaymaniyah Museum
1718:Sulaymaniyah Museum
1498:He who saw the deep
1461:Third Dynasty of Ur
1425:Museum of the Bible
1334:Austen Henry Layard
1157:Third Dynasty of Ur
969:Sumerian literature
675:Demigods and heroes
339:Other major deities
70: 2100–1200 BC
5723:Rediscovered works
5371:Gilgamesh the King
5285:Shullat and Hanish
4988:Jacobsen, Thorkild
4971:Henry Holt and Co.
3832:Gilgamesh and Akka
3177:The New York Times
2859:The New York Times
2612:Cattle in religion
2495:In popular culture
2432:Influence on Homer
2417:The Book of Giants
2274:, the advice from
2189:and the story of "
2143:correspond to the
1955:
1947:
1802:
1786:
1763:
1722:
1631:Sir Jonathan Sacks
1604:in this way. When
1453:
1404:) associated with
1389:In 1998, American
1384:Samuel Noah Kramer
1322:Assyrian cuneiform
1318:
1304:, front page, 1872
1301:The New York Times
1290:
1008:Lugalbanda of Uruk
158:
5673:Epic of Gilgamesh
5660:
5659:
5590:
5589:
5485:Princess Mononoke
5387:Timewyrm: Genesys
5334:
5333:
5170:Epic of Gilgamesh
5111:Project Gutenberg
5085:Gilgamesh and Aga
5052:Sumerian language
5029:978-3-85630-523-9
5007:978-0-300-01844-8
4979:978-0-8050-8029-2
4953:978-0-9667840-1-5
4908:978-0-618-27564-9
4888:978-0-86516-352-2
4868:978-0-374-52383-1
4798:978-0-14-102628-2
4770:978-1-108-08127-6
4739:978-951-45-7760-4
4674:978-85-513-0283-5
4638:978-0-8122-7805-7
4613:978-0-19-953836-2
4600:Dalley, Stephanie
4491:978-0-393-97516-1
4388:978-0-8014-5035-8
4321:Lins Brandão 2019
4264:978-0-19-815221-7
4170:978-0-86516-510-6
3984:978-0-7432-6169-2
3945:The Hudson Review
3879:978-0-8122-1047-7
3842:978-90-72371-67-6
3766:978-90-6258-126-9
3741:978-0-8047-1711-3
3704:978-0-8139-1657-6
3665:978-0-86516-339-3
3524:Lins Brandão 2019
3512:Lins Brandão 2019
3500:Lins Brandão 2019
3483:978-0-670-02270-0
3453:Lins Brandão 2019
3441:Lins Brandão 2019
3429:Lins Brandão 2019
3417:Lins Brandão 2019
3405:Lins Brandão 2019
3342:Lins Brandão 2019
3206:, pp. 41–42.
3037:, pp. 40–41.
2962:Lins Brandão 2019
2778:978-0-7876-8021-3
2751:Lins Brandão 2019
2601:Epic of Gilgamesh
2571:Literature portal
2528:Princess Mononoke
2507:Epic of Gilgamesh
2479:Alexander Romance
2472:Alexander legends
2438:Epic of Gilgamesh
2369:Epic of Gilgamesh
2349:ancient Near East
2321:submits that the
2268:Epic of Gilgamesh
2118:Epic of Gilgamesh
1900:scorpion monsters
1794:Epic of Gilgamesh
1783:Epic of Gilgamesh
1698:temple prostitute
1681:droit du seigneur
1626:Lins Brandão 2019
1479:Epic of Gilgamesh
1342:W. K. Loftus
1177:Shūtur eli sharrī
1147:begins with five
1094:Epic of Gilgamesh
1089:
1088:
1049:Epic of Gilgamesh
949:
948:
887:Epic of Gilgamesh
232:Primordial beings
128:
127:
119:Epic of Gilgamesh
33:Epic of Gilgamesh
5755:
5728:Sumer in fiction
5648:
5647:
5622:Sîn-lēqi-unninni
5352:
5351:
5342:
5184:
5183:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5113:
5033:
5011:
4983:
4968:
4957:
4912:
4892:
4872:
4790:Penguin Classics
4743:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4659:Sin-léqi-unnínni
4654:
4652:
4650:
4617:
4593:Internet Archive
4590:
4576:
4545:Internet Archive
4538:
4532:
4524:
4495:
4475:
4455:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4345:(1/4): 417–440.
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4230:. Archived from
4224:
4218:
4217:
4198:10.2307/23488271
4181:
4175:
4174:
4162:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4122:
4116:
4105:
4099:
4098:, pp. 70ff.
4093:
4087:
4086:
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4055:
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4041:
4040:
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3119:. 28 July 2021.
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2587:
2585:Mythology portal
2582:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2488:Fountain of Life
2380:Sumerian goddess
2240:Stephen Mitchell
1977:
1910:Gilgamesh meets
1781:Tablet V of the
1662:'s translation.
1530:Sin-leqi-unninni
1491:Sîn-lēqi-unninni
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1429:Washington, D.C.
1403:
1400:
1394:Theodore Kwasman
1336:, his assistant
1305:
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1206:
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980:Enmerkar of Uruk
951:
950:
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5602:Popular culture
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5499:
5464:
5414:Classical music
5409:
5343:
5330:
5304:
5228:
5173:
5166:
5134:by Kovacs, M.G.
5103:
5064:, Oxford 1998–
5041:
5030:
5008:
4980:
4954:
4946:. Eisenbrauns.
4909:
4889:
4869:
4755:
4740:
4698:
4696:Further reading
4693:
4684:
4682:
4675:
4661:, ed. (2020) .
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2694:Wayback Machine
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2223:, published by
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340:
332:
331:
278:
270:
269:
233:
225:
172:
165:
144:
114:
69:
58:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5761:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5559:
5554:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5533:The Beginnings
5529:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5453:
5444:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5399:
5391:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5358:
5356:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5316:Bull of Heaven
5312:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5272:
5267:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5127:
5115:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5048:
5040:
5039:External links
5037:
5036:
5035:
5028:
5013:
5006:
4984:
4978:
4958:
4952:
4937:
4930:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4894:
4887:
4874:
4867:
4849:
4842:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4811:
4784:Sandars, N. K.
4781:
4774:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4718:
4711:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4673:
4655:
4637:
4618:
4612:
4602:, ed. (2000).
4596:
4548:
4496:
4490:
4476:
4462:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4427:
4394:
4387:
4364:
4325:
4313:
4300:10.2307/606502
4278:
4263:
4245:
4219:
4176:
4169:
4147:
4132:
4117:
4100:
4088:
4057:
4042:
4027:
3997:
3983:
3963:
3934:
3903:
3885:
3878:
3860:
3841:
3821:
3809:
3796:
3794:, p. 119.
3784:
3772:
3765:
3747:
3740:
3722:
3703:
3683:
3664:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3618:, p. xxx.
3608:
3596:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3489:
3482:
3476:. p. 99.
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3383:, p. 106.
3370:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3332:, p. 120.
3322:
3320:, p. 105.
3305:
3290:
3255:
3240:
3223:
3208:
3196:
3181:
3179:12 August 2024
3165:
3134:
3104:
3073:
3056:Independent UK
3039:
3027:
3004:Evans, Barry.
2996:
2966:
2951:
2936:
2905:
2865:
2848:
2833:
2810:
2792:
2777:
2755:
2743:
2704:
2679:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2574:
2560:
2544:
2541:
2523:Hayao Miyazaki
2499:Main article:
2496:
2493:
2473:
2470:
2433:
2430:
2411:
2410:Book of Giants
2408:
2404:Jacob and Esau
2394:'s rib in the
2365:Book of Daniel
2361:Nebuchadnezzar
2356:
2353:
2315:
2312:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2286:Garden of Eden
2284:
2272:Garden of Eden
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2229:Eleanor Robson
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2174:
2163:The envoys of
2160:
2156:Bull of Heaven
2152:Hero in battle
2149:
2125:
2124:Sumerian poems
2122:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2045:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2017:
2014:
1996:
1993:
1932:
1929:
1907:
1904:
1883:
1880:
1868:
1865:
1855:
1852:
1847:raise the dead
1843:Bull of Heaven
1826:
1823:
1774:
1771:
1746:
1743:
1734:
1731:
1709:
1706:
1667:
1664:
1655:
1652:
1610:Izdubar-Nimrod
1589:Main article:
1586:
1583:
1564:iškar Gilgāmeš
1542:ša naqba īmuru
1518:Hormuzd Rassam
1513:
1510:
1475: 1800 BC
1468: 2100 BC
1443:
1440:
1402: 2600 BC
1346:British Museum
1338:Hormuzd Rassam
1291:
1277:
1274:
1246:Bull of Heaven
1164: 2100 BC
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
990:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
972:
971:
964:
961:
960:
947:
946:
944:
943:
936:
929:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
908:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
322:
317:
310:Three sky gods
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
253:
244:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
206:
201:
200:
199:
194:
184:
179:
173:
171:
170:
160:
159:
148:
147:
139:
138:
126:
125:
110:
109:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
64:
60:
59:
50:tablet of the
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5760:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5653:
5652:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5633:
5632:Tale of Gudam
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5557:Forgotten One
5555:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5151:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4808:0-14-044100-X
4805:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4722:Parpola, Simo
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4463:0-14-044919-1
4459:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4431:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4323:, p. 22.
4322:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4294:(4): 614–22.
4293:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4192:(4): 625–42.
4191:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4151:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4031:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3952:(2): 329–34.
3951:
3947:
3946:
3938:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3642:, p. 42.
3641:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3605:
3600:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3533:
3526:, p. 24.
3525:
3520:
3514:, p. 19.
3513:
3508:
3502:, p. 18.
3501:
3496:
3494:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3455:, p. 17.
3454:
3449:
3443:, p. 14.
3442:
3437:
3431:, p. 13.
3430:
3425:
3419:, p. 12.
3418:
3413:
3407:, p. 10.
3406:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3344:, p. 15.
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3303:, p. ii.
3302:
3297:
3295:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3194:, p. 45.
3193:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3175:
3172:Erik Ofgang,
3169:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2964:, p. 11.
2963:
2958:
2956:
2949:, p. xi.
2948:
2943:
2941:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2759:
2753:, p. 21.
2752:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2677:, p. 23.
2676:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Eridu Genesis
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2575:
2572:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:Book of Enoch
2419:
2418:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:created from
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2367:draws on the
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2332:Robert Wexler
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:Andrew George
2311:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:Andrew George
2217:
2215:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:Eridu Genesis
2184:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2103:Sippar tablet
2100:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2041:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1995:Tablet twelve
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1931:Tablet eleven
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1913:
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1663:
1661:
1660:Andrew George
1651:
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1636:
1635:Neil McGregor
1632:
1627:
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1611:
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1395:
1392:
1391:Assyriologist
1387:
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1303:
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1295:
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1267:
1266:Homeric epics
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:Assyrian king
1213:
1212:library ruins
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:from ancient
1138:
1132:
1096:
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1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
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768:
766:
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761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
750:Lamassu/Shedu
748:
746:
743:
742:
736:
735:
728:(seven sages)
727:
724:
722:
719:
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714:
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621:
619:
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541:
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531:
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424:
421:
420:
417:Minor deities
414:
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318:
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315:Inanna/Ishtar
313:
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182:Ancient Egypt
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53:
49:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
5649:
5627:George Smith
5579:
5561:
5551:Gilgamesh II
5549:
5491:
5483:
5475:
5456:
5447:
5438:
5429:
5420:
5401:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5369:
5361:
5326:Scorpion man
5204:Enmebaragesi
5169:
5168:
5130:
5118:
5104:
5059:
5018:
4992:
4964:
4942:
4933:
4926:
4898:
4878:
4857:
4853:Ferry, David
4845:
4838:
4814:
4787:
4777:
4763:
4756:
4754:
4748:
4725:
4714:
4707:
4701:Translations
4683:. Retrieved
4663:
4647:. Retrieved
4623:
4603:
4560:
4556:
4529:cite journal
4508:
4504:
4480:
4451:
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4412:. Berfrois.
4377:
4367:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4316:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4254:
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4232:the original
4222:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4158:
4150:
4141:
4135:
4126:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4091:
4079:. Retrieved
4071:Bible Review
4070:
4060:
4051:
4045:
4036:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
4009:
4000:
3988:. Retrieved
3973:
3966:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3925:. Retrieved
3916:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3869:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3831:
3824:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3792:Brandão 2015
3787:
3775:
3756:
3750:
3731:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3693:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3654:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3611:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3551:
3547:
3519:
3507:
3474:Viking Press
3469:
3460:
3448:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3381:Brandão 2015
3361:
3354:Brandão 2015
3349:
3337:
3330:Brandão 2015
3325:
3318:Brandão 2015
3283:12 September
3281:. Retrieved
3272:
3268:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3217:
3211:
3199:
3168:
3158:28 September
3156:. Retrieved
3147:
3137:
3127:28 September
3125:. Retrieved
3116:
3107:
3097:28 September
3095:. Retrieved
3086:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3055:
3030:
3020:16 September
3018:. Retrieved
3009:
2999:
2989:16 September
2987:. Retrieved
2978:
2969:
2927:. Retrieved
2919:Sacred Texts
2918:
2908:
2898:12 September
2896:. Retrieved
2887:
2883:
2857:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2766:
2758:
2746:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2682:
2675:Brandão 2020
2646:
2637:
2600:
2536:
2533:Cedar Forest
2526:
2519:World War II
2514:
2506:
2504:
2477:
2475:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2444:ascribed to
2437:
2435:
2415:
2413:
2399:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2326:
2317:
2314:Noah's flood
2309:
2305:Ecclesiastes
2298:
2289:
2276:Ecclesiastes
2267:
2264:Hebrew Bible
2261:
2248:
2237:
2218:
2211:
2208:Translations
2200:
2192:
2180:
2176:
2162:
2151:
2145:Cedar Forest
2140:
2136:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2019:
2005:
1998:
1981:
1971:
1956:
1909:
1885:
1873:
1870:
1867:Tablet eight
1857:
1854:Tablet seven
1828:
1803:
1793:
1782:
1767:Cedar Forest
1764:
1759:Neues Museum
1736:
1733:Tablet three
1723:
1679:
1669:
1657:
1648:
1643:misanthropes
1622:
1609:
1594:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1541:
1535:
1515:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1478:
1454:
1433:
1414:
1406:Enmebaragesi
1388:
1376:Peter Jensen
1363:
1357:
1350:George Smith
1319:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1255:
1251:
1234:Cedar Forest
1223:
1219:Ashurbanipal
1190:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1048:
1047:
1020:
1013:
992:
985:
954:
886:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
633:Paniĝinĝarra
309:
283:Four primary
282:
106:
51:
32:
25:
5698:Flood myths
5573:Video games
5348:Adaptations
5224:Utnapishtim
5076:, version B
5070:, version A
4096:George 2003
4006:"Gilgamesh"
3817:George 2003
3780:George 2003
3715:10 November
3676:10 November
3640:Dalley 2000
3628:George 2003
3616:George 2003
3604:Foster 2003
3589:22 February
3393:George 2003
3301:George 2003
3236:George 2003
3204:Dalley 2000
3192:Dalley 2000
3035:Dalley 2000
2947:George 2003
2724:(1): 3–16.
2687:"Gilgamesh"
2557:Asia portal
2535:episode of
2511:World War I
2341:Utnapishtim
2141:Ho, hurrah!
2044:Yale tablet
1888:Utnapishtim
1882:Tablet nine
1861:Netherworld
1773:Tablet five
1745:Tablet four
1639:BBC Radio 4
1591:Epic poetry
1575:parallelism
1546:Utnapishtim
1421:Hobby Lobby
1315:Iraq Museum
1141:Mesopotamia
775:Ušum/Dragon
518:Lugala'abba
453:Dumuzi-abzu
380:Geshtinanna
325:Utu/Shamash
187:Mesopotamia
100:Clay tablet
80:Mesopotamia
5708:Lost poems
5693:Epic poems
5667:Categories
5504:Television
5355:Literature
5179:Characters
5056:Robson, E.
5034:(Outdated)
5022:. Daimon.
5012:(Outdated)
4893:(Outdated)
4873:(Outdated)
4772:(Outdated)
4565:Uberlândia
4557:ArtCultura
4420:18 October
4081:18 October
4020:19 October
3990:9 November
3927:18 October
3366:Tigay 1982
3066:25 January
2657:References
2442:epic poems
2278:, and the
2214:Taha Baqir
1975:Atra-Hasis
1935:See also:
1906:Tablet ten
1825:Tablet six
1708:Tablet two
1674:, king of
1666:Tablet one
1559:Atra-Hasis
1554:flood myth
1372:Paul Haupt
1368:logographs
1244:sends the
880:Enūma Eliš
866:Atra-Hasis
716:Atra-Hasis
701:Lugalbanda
643:Shul-utula
523:Mami/Nintu
478:Hendursaga
365:Ereshkigal
360:Enmesharra
123:Wikisource
96:Media type
5748:Gilgamesh
5563:Gilgamesh
5457:Gilgamesh
5450:(Nørgård)
5448:Gilgamesh
5439:Gilgamesh
5432:(Kodallı)
5430:Gilgamesh
5219:Urshanabi
5194:Gilgamesh
4583:202426524
4472:901129328
4351:0392-4866
4273:441880596
4214:161293144
4109:Gilgamesh
3576:161833317
3554:: 69–90.
2828:225040700
2787:644697404
2738:0022-0256
2515:Gilgamesh
2513:that the
2327:Gilgamesh
2246:of 2003.
2238:In 2004,
2171:King Akka
1919:Urshanabi
1819:Euphrates
1761:, Germany
1672:Gilgamesh
1598:Herodotus
1276:Discovery
1145:Gilgamesh
859:An = Anum
853:Mythology
795:Ušumgallu
696:Gilgamesh
613:Ninsikila
583:Ningirima
578:Ningirida
433:Asaruludu
320:Nanna/Sin
303:Ninhursag
192:Babylonia
107:Full text
52:Gilgamesh
5651:Category
5459:(Brucci)
5441:(Saygun)
5245:Anunnaki
4990:(1976).
4920:Analysis
4855:(1993).
4832:Versions
4817:Tel Aviv
4786:(2006).
4724:(1997).
4685:19 March
4679:Archived
4649:17 April
4643:Archived
4587:Archived
4567:: 9–24.
4521:Archived
4414:Archived
4375:(2011).
4359:43927088
4206:23488271
4075:Archived
4014:Archived
3958:30044781
3921:Archived
3853:26 April
3847:Archived
3709:Archived
3670:Archived
3580:Archived
3468:(2011).
3277:Archived
3152:Archived
3148:NBC News
3121:Archived
3117:BBC News
3091:Archived
3087:NBC News
3060:Archived
3014:Archived
2983:Archived
2929:27 March
2923:Archived
2892:Archived
2890:: 7–30.
2690:Archived
2543:See also
2337:Ziusudra
2244:Iraq War
2233:exegesis
2130:Sumerian
2081:Ishchali
1985:boxthorn
1972:Epic of
1548:) about
1506:Sumerian
1483:Akkadian
1457:Sumerian
1442:Versions
1262:Hercules
1258:Heracles
1168:Akkadian
1149:Sumerian
1135:) is an
820:Lamashtu
790:Mušmaḫḫū
721:Ziusudra
691:Enmerkar
638:Sarpanit
618:Ninšubur
593:Ninkilim
558:Ninmarki
533:Maštabba
498:Kajamanu
458:Enbilulu
428:Anunnaki
177:Anatolia
135:a series
133:Part of
90:Akkadian
86:Language
56:Akkadian
54:epic in
5321:Humbaba
5275:Shamash
5233:Deities
5214:Shamhat
4821:Am Oved
4442:Sources
2476:In the
2465:Odyssey
2193:Huluppu
2159:Enkidu.
2026:lacunae
1989:serpent
1968:bitumen
1924:punting
1912:alewife
1810:Shamash
1806:Humbaba
1800:, Iraq.
1755:Hattusa
1739:Shamash
1727:Humbaba
1694:Shamhat
1690:Shamash
1538:incipit
1526:Nineveh
1520:in the
1487:lacunae
1364:Izdubar
1330:Nineveh
1238:Humbaba
1230:Shamhat
1199:
1182:tablets
1172:incipit
1052:tablets
1044:tablets
1042:Dumuzid
805:Humbaba
726:Apkallu
706:Shamhat
588:Ninkasi
553:Nindara
468:Erragal
423:Agasaya
400:Ninurta
355:Enkimdu
350:Dumuzid
209:Semitic
204:Iranian
143:Ancient
76:Country
63:Written
5543:Comics
5512:Darmok
5496:(2024)
5488:(1997)
5480:(1985)
5406:(2009)
5398:(2006)
5390:(1991)
5382:(1986)
5374:(1984)
5366:(1973)
5295:Silili
5290:Siduri
5270:Ninsun
5264:Inanna
5260:Ishtar
5209:Enkidu
5187:Humans
5026:
5004:
4976:
4950:
4905:
4885:
4865:
4806:
4796:
4768:
4736:
4671:
4635:
4610:
4581:
4563:(38).
4488:
4470:
4460:
4385:
4357:
4349:
4308:606502
4306:
4271:
4261:
4212:
4204:
4167:
3981:
3956:
3876:
3839:
3763:
3738:
3701:
3662:
3574:
3566:
3480:
3275:: 11.
2826:
2785:
2775:
2736:
2643:Ugarit
2426:Qumran
2378:, the
2301:Siduri
2148:power.
2110:Siduri
2083:tablet
1915:Siduri
1835:Dumuzi
1831:Ishtar
1720:, Iraq
1702:Ninsun
1686:Enkidu
1637:, and
1618:Hesiod
1579:Psalms
1348:hired
1340:, and
1286:Louvre
1242:Ishtar
1226:Enkidu
911:Sukkal
906:Dingir
835:Rabisu
830:Pazuzu
760:Edimmu
711:Siduri
686:Enkidu
658:Tišpak
653:Šulpae
648:Šubula
623:Ninsun
608:Ninšar
603:Ninmug
598:Ninlil
573:Ningal
568:Ninazu
563:Nisaba
548:Nanshe
543:Namtar
528:Mamitu
488:Isimud
438:Ashnan
405:Šulpae
395:Nergal
390:Marduk
260:Anshar
256:Kishar
247:Lahamu
238:Tiamat
219:Canaan
214:Arabia
48:Deluge
5617:Mashu
5595:Other
5255:Enlil
4579:S2CID
4505:E-hum
4355:JSTOR
4304:JSTOR
4238:2 May
4210:S2CID
4202:JSTOR
3954:JSTOR
3583:(PDF)
3572:S2CID
3564:JSTOR
3544:(PDF)
2629:Notes
2459:Iliad
2446:Homer
2376:Ninti
1964:pitch
1896:Mashu
1815:Enlil
1602:Homer
1585:Genre
900:Terms
847:Tales
810:Hanbi
785:Bašmu
765:Siris
681:Adapa
628:Nuska
513:Lisin
503:Lahar
483:Igigi
473:Gibil
443:Ashgi
385:Lahar
375:Kingu
293:Enlil
265:Mummu
251:Lahmu
197:Sumer
5612:Uruk
5469:Film
5240:Adad
5024:ISBN
5002:ISBN
4974:ISBN
4948:ISBN
4903:ISBN
4883:ISBN
4863:ISBN
4804:ISBN
4794:ISBN
4766:ISBN
4734:ISBN
4687:2023
4669:ISBN
4651:2020
4633:ISBN
4608:ISBN
4535:link
4486:ISBN
4468:OCLC
4458:ISBN
4422:2017
4383:ISBN
4347:ISSN
4269:OCLC
4259:ISBN
4240:2019
4165:ISBN
4083:2017
4022:2022
3992:2012
3979:ISBN
3929:2017
3874:ISBN
3855:2020
3837:ISBN
3761:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3717:2020
3699:ISBN
3678:2020
3660:ISBN
3591:2019
3478:ISBN
3285:2018
3160:2021
3129:2021
3099:2021
3068:2022
3022:2019
2991:2019
2931:2020
2900:2018
2824:OCLC
2783:OCLC
2773:ISBN
2734:ISSN
2505:The
2392:Adam
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