4164:
3774:
3786:
946:(IUPAC), usually following recommendations by the recognized discoverers of each element. However, the names of several elements have been the subject of controversies until IUPAC established an official name. In most cases, the controversy was due to a priority dispute as to who first found conclusive evidence for the existence of an element, or as to what evidence was in fact conclusive.
1563:), also in honor of Niels Bohr but using his surname only. While this conforms to the names of other elements honoring individuals where only the surname is taken, it was opposed by many who were concerned that it could be confused with
1032:, another name for the Norse Vanr goddess Freyja, whose facets include connections to beauty and fertility, because of the many beautifully colored chemical compounds it produces. Later that same year,
1079:
discovered that tantalite contained an element similar to tantalum and named it niobium. In the 1860s, it was found that niobium and columbium are the same element and are distinct from tantalum.
1473:
An international committee decided in 1992 that the
Berkeley and Dubna laboratories should share credit for the discovery. An element naming controversy erupted and as a result IUPAC adopted
3816:
1250:
At the time of their discovery, there was an element naming controversy as to what (particularly) the elements from 102 to 109 were to be called. At last, a committee of the
2307:
In some countries, as Poland, Denmark, India, Indonesia prior to 1997 element 104 had a Soviet proposal kurchatovium and element 105 had an
American proposal hahnium.
1519:, although these names were not publicly announced until after Einstein and Fermi's deaths. In 1997, as part of a compromise involving elements 104 to 108, the name
1458:
at the
University of California, Berkeley reported creating the isotope 106. Because their work was independently confirmed first, the Americans suggested the name
3579:
808:
3589:
818:
3639:
868:
3736:
3614:
1363:
1251:
943:
842:
4001:
925:
3619:
3594:
3040:
847:
823:
4193:
3823:
3574:
3290:
803:
451:
1484:
In 1994, a committee of IUPAC adopted a rule that no element can be named after a living person. This ruling was fiercely objected to by the
3713:
3708:
2438:"Ueber das Vanadin, ein neues Metall, gefunden im Stangeneisen von Eckersholm, einer Eisenhütte, die ihr Erz von Taberg in Småland bezieht"
136:
131:
1635:
was discussed in the naming controversy, it was the only proposal and thus never disputed. In 1997, a committee of IUPAC adopted the name
3649:
3609:
3604:
3564:
1608:
877:
838:
834:
793:
2944:
3624:
3559:
3345:
852:
788:
514:
3900:
3718:
3698:
3485:
2316:
680:
151:
121:
3554:
3518:
1005:. Del Río thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the statement of the French chemist that was also backed by del Río's friend
783:
3599:
3549:
2996:
1040:, one of the first US geologists, suggested that the element should be named "rionium" after del Río, but this never happened.
828:
778:
2970:
3996:
3644:
3569:
3480:
2928:
2894:
2512:
872:
798:
675:
2326:
4188:
1443:
1383:
1327:
918:
2702:
Marignac, Blomstrand; Deville, H.; Troost, L.; Hermann, R. (1866). "Tantalsäure, Niobsäure, (Ilmensäure) und Titansäure".
1571:
in some languages including Latin. Despite this, the name bohrium for element 107 was recognized internationally in 1997.
3078:
3033:
172:
4092:
3513:
3470:
2478:
1403:
1351:
1149:
970:
712:
663:
3686:
3006:
2980:
2954:
2873:
1688:
998:
100:
253:
274:
232:
4198:
3634:
3508:
2331:
1037:
911:
862:
246:
239:
267:
4052:
4015:
3853:
3789:
3671:
3026:
1678:
Summary of element naming proposals and final decisions for elements 101–112 (those covered in the TWG report)
740:
109:
3245:
1591:) as a temporary systematic element name. In 1997, a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named
1555:) as a temporary systematic element name. In 1994, a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 107 be named
281:
260:
4203:
4167:
4128:
4011:
3809:
3663:
3584:
3474:
2442:
1455:
989:). Through experimentation, he found it to form salts with a wide variety of colors, so he named the element
814:
736:
667:
83:
2742:
Rayner-Canham, Geoff; Zheng, Zheng (2008). "Naming elements after scientists: an account of a controversy".
2345:
Rayner-Canham, Geoff; Zheng, Zheng (2007). "Naming elements after scientists: an account of a controversy".
49:
4107:
4080:
3961:
3925:
2379:
3872:
3867:
3693:
2906:
117:
3255:
3250:
1611:
where several new elements were discovered or confirmed. The element name was accepted internationally.
4087:
3940:
3887:
3528:
2890:
1209:
974:
748:
339:
2533:"Eigenschaften und chemisches Verhalten des von Charlesw Hatchett entdeckten neuen Metalls, Columbium"
3966:
3930:
3882:
3461:
1491:
Seaborg and
Ghiorso pointed out that precedents had been set in the naming of elements 99 and 100 as
1485:
1311:
656:
3935:
3862:
3063:
56:
3681:
2815:
Norman N., Greenwood (2003). "Vanadium to dubnium: from confusion through clarity to complexity".
2623:"Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Tantalite und ein im Tantalite von Baiern enthaltenes neues Metall"
1254:(IUPAC) resolved the dispute and adopted one name for each element. They also adopted a temporary
1013:
95:
3909:
3877:
3777:
3746:
3240:
3197:
3068:
2401:
Cintas, Pedro (2004). "The Road to
Chemical Names and Eponyms: Discovery, Priority, and Credit".
1255:
962:
891:
409:
351:
159:
66:
22:
2300:, IUPAC 1995 proposal for element 102, was adopted uncontroversially for element 114 (eka-lead).
4072:
3267:
3094:
2572:
1193:
1177:
1072:
1006:
725:
419:
189:
3500:
1670:
1470:, an American chemist. This name was extremely controversial because Seaborg was still alive.
700:
44:
4097:
3836:
3741:
3322:
2504:
2437:
484:
2842:
1450:
reported producing the isotope 106, and in
September 1974, an American research team led by
4102:
4036:
3956:
3832:
3423:
3107:
2676:
2634:
2546:
2451:
1666:
1088:
in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. This was a compromise of sorts; the IUPAC accepted
707:
615:
472:
214:
2664:
2622:
1075:
in 1809, the claims of discovery of
Hatchett were mistakenly considered refuted. In 1846,
205:
8:
4031:
3971:
3340:
760:
2680:
2638:
2550:
2455:
1033:
4149:
3428:
3388:
2794:
2759:
2719:
2600:
2592:
2537:
2362:
755:
631:
608:
603:
329:
309:
2828:
1547:(this was separate from the proposal of the same name for element 105). IUPAC adopted
1434:
The element was discovered almost simultaneously by two laboratories. In June 1974, a
302:
4133:
3523:
3393:
3002:
2976:
2950:
2924:
2854:
2798:
2604:
2508:
2418:
1660:
1656:
1245:
732:
720:
572:
319:
295:
2763:
2723:
2701:
2366:
215:
3758:
3676:
3452:
3317:
3275:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3157:
3152:
3147:
2824:
2786:
2751:
2711:
2684:
2642:
2584:
2554:
2528:
2496:
2459:
2410:
2354:
1467:
1056:
939:
898:
645:
479:
435:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
287:
280:
273:
90:
3801:
2907:
Out of His
Element : Discovery Won't Be Named for Chemist--Because He's Alive
981:
in 1801. He discovered the element after being sent a sample of "brown lead" ore (
3991:
3629:
3490:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
1512:
1303:
857:
687:
266:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
198:
2375:
1016:
of Sweden rediscovered vanadium in a new oxide he found while working with some
3438:
3433:
3403:
3398:
3383:
3049:
2321:
1451:
1439:
1347:
1161:
627:
623:
567:
560:
555:
430:
410:
30:
2790:
2755:
2358:
4182:
2858:
2688:
2660:
2646:
2618:
2558:
2463:
1921:
1319:
1076:
288:
3753:
3418:
3413:
3167:
3102:
2588:
2422:
2414:
2195:
1640:
1516:
1435:
1279:
591:
579:
467:
301:
204:
1129:, a village in Sweden), consists of several compounds (oxides or earths):
3533:
3408:
3162:
2279:
2237:
1775:
1493:
978:
596:
584:
294:
3307:
2715:
2153:
2011:
1875:
1616:
1544:
1427:
1399:
1366:. In 1997, a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 104 be named
1287:
1122:
986:
491:
2596:
2376:"History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers"
225:
3363:
3332:
3187:
3177:
3172:
2297:
1604:
1415:
1224:
1189:
1111:
1028:
in other languages including German and
English) after the Old Norse
997:, since most of the salts turned red when heated. The French chemist
537:
504:
338:
318:
308:
2532:
3355:
3312:
1823:
1263:
1115:
1090:
1049:
1002:
951:
524:
496:
1109:
3182:
3018:
2103:
2055:
1963:
1576:
1528:
1503:
1375:
1126:
1084:
1045:
532:
328:
199:
1001:
incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was only impure
2853:(1). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc: 5. 1995.
1307:
1142:
1130:
1043:
966:
2327:
Symbol (chemistry) § Symbols and names not currently used
1390:(a Russian city north of Moscow), proposed naming element 105
3299:
1600:
1564:
1447:
1387:
1331:
1134:
459:
2483:
The
Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science
2334:(considers claims for discovery and naming of new elements)
1335:
1017:
2874:"What's It Like to Name An Element on the Periodic Table?"
2777:
Patel, Zh.; Khul'ka K. (2001). "Niobium for Steelmaking".
2891:
Naming of element 106 disputed by international committee
2741:
2577:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1180:
also independently isolated these and proposed the names
969:, the Scandinavian goddess of fertility) was originally
1603:(or Hassia in Latin). This state includes the city of
1160:(but actually, there were two new elements). In 1907,
2918:
2575:(1809). "On the Identity of Columbium and Tantalum".
993:(Greek: all colors). He later renamed this substance
403:
2919:
Hoffman, D. C.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. T. (2000).
2296: name eventually used for a different element.
396:
389:
375:
3831:
2776:
1228:(following Marignac), and in 1949, the spelling of
382:
368:
2909:Thomas H. Maugh II, Los Angeles Times, 1994 Oct.12
2344:
2495:
1711:
1317:
1252:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
944:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
4180:
2476:
1631:) as a temporary systematic element name. While
1523:for element 106 was recognized internationally.
938:The currently accepted names and symbols of the
361:
1418:. IUPAC recommended that element 105 be named
1614:
1425:
1350:, father of the Soviet atomic bomb, while the
1285:
3817:
3034:
2665:"Ueber die Säure im Columbit von Nordamérika"
919:
2923:. Imperial College Press. pp. 369–399.
2912:
1261:
2897:(LBL) Science Articles Archive, 1994 Oct.14
1609:GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research
1574:
1526:
1373:
1098:(in deference to North American usage) and
3824:
3810:
3041:
3027:
2704:Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry
2479:"New Metal, provisionally called Vanadium"
1481:) as a temporary systematic element name.
1036:confirmed del Río's earlier work. Later,
949:
926:
912:
2921:The Transuranium People: The Inside Story
2814:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2571:
2477:Featherstonhaugh, George William (1831).
2317:List of chemical element name etymologies
1069:On the Identity of Columbium and Tantalum
977:(a Spanish-born Mexican mineralogist) in
2527:
2435:
1222:(element 70) was eventually reverted to
1172:("new ytterbium") and called element 71
1164:isolated element 70 and element 71 from
2810:
2808:
2403:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
4181:
2884:
2730:
2400:
2373:
4194:Discovery and invention controversies
3805:
3022:
2895:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2770:
2394:
1683:
1216:), but both proposals were rejected.
1156:consisted of a new element he called
2805:
2695:
2659:
2617:
2611:
2565:
1444:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1384:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1328:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
3785:
2871:
2429:
2290: proposal eventually accepted.
1650:
1599:), in honor of the German state of
1239:
1020:ores. He chose to call the element
13:
3048:
1404:University of California, Berkeley
1352:University of California, Berkeley
1338:, today Russia) named element 104
1150:Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
1106:(in deference to European usage).
14:
4215:
2847:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
999:Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils
4163:
4162:
3784:
3773:
3772:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2255:
2252:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2121:
2118:
2073:
2070:
2029:
2026:
1986:
1983:
1942:
1898:
1846:
1798:
1746:
1743:
1310:; the name was preferred by the
1067:), but after the publication of
2989:
2963:
2937:
2900:
2865:
2835:
2436:Sefström, Nils Gabriel (1831).
2374:Holden, N. E. (12 March 2004).
2332:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party
1038:George William Featherstonhaugh
3997:Medieval Islamic World alchemy
3103:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
2949:. Gyldendal Uddannelse. 2009.
2653:
2521:
2489:
2470:
1:
3645:Thermal expansion coefficient
3341:Lists of metalloids by source
2975:. Mittal Publications. 1984.
2829:10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00318-8
2443:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
2338:
1456:Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
1024:in Swedish (which has become
515:dividing metals and nonmetals
2387:
2380:National Nuclear Data Center
1232:(element 71) was changed to
7:
4189:Naming of chemical elements
3384:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
3087:By periodic table structure
2946:Gyldendals Minilex. Biologi
2310:
1176:. At about the same time,
183:By periodic table structure
10:
4220:
3529:Goldschmidt classification
2872:Fox, Stuart (2009-06-29).
2285:
1654:
1243:
873:expansion coefficient
749:Goldschmidt classification
4158:
4142:
4116:
4065:
4045:
4024:
4010:
3984:
3949:
3918:
3898:
3851:
3844:
3767:
3729:
3662:
3542:
3499:
3460:
3451:
3376:
3354:
3331:
3298:
3288:
3266:
3196:
3108:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
3093:
3086:
3077:
3056:
2756:10.1007/s10698-007-9042-1
2501:Chemistry of the Elements
2499:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
2359:10.1007/s10698-007-9042-1
2322:Seaborgium § History
1486:American Chemical Society
1312:American Chemical Society
1192:(in the constellation of
1082:IUPAC officially adopted
657:List of chemical elements
2744:Foundations of Chemistry
2689:10.1002/andp.18471460410
2647:10.1002/andp.18441391006
2559:10.1002/andp.18020110507
2464:10.1002/andp.18310970103
2347:Foundations of Chemistry
1535:Some suggested the name
1354:, US, named element 104
1294:IUPAC ratified the name
1270:IUPAC ratified the name
1210:constellation Cassiopeia
1094:(element 74) instead of
550:By other characteristics
160:Systematic element names
4066:On specific discoveries
3747:systematic element name
3719:in East Asian languages
3069:Extended periodic table
2843:"The Transfermium Wars"
2791:10.1023/A:1014897029026
2573:Wollaston, William Hyde
1607:, which is home to the
1256:systematic element name
1168:. He called element 70
773:Data pages for elements
452:metallic classification
218:(alkaline earth metals)
4199:Lists of controversies
3590:Electron configuration
3580:Electrical resistivity
3519:Electron configuration
3323:Post-transition metals
2589:10.1098/rstl.1809.0017
2415:10.1002/anie.200330074
1511:) during the lives of
1178:Carl Auer von Welsbach
1073:William Hyde Wollaston
1007:Alexander von Humboldt
983:plomo pardo de Zimapán
942:are determined by the
809:Electrical resistivity
701:Properties of elements
84:Periodic table history
3424:Transuranium elements
2505:Butterworth-Heinemann
2497:Greenwood, Norman N.
975:Andrés Manuel del Río
561:Platinum-group metals
110:Discovery of elements
4204:Naming controversies
3852:Physical chemistry (
3833:History of chemistry
3640:Thermal conductivity
3615:Heat of vaporization
3057:Periodic table forms
1306:during a meeting in
843:of vaporization
708:Relative atomic mass
681:by isotope stability
676:by atomic properties
39:Periodic table forms
4117:Scientific disputes
3899:Organic chemistry (
3672:Element discoveries
3429:Superheavy elements
3389:Rare-earth elements
2972:Inorganic Chemistry
2681:1847AnP...146..572R
2639:1844AnP...139..317R
2551:1802AnP....11..120H
2456:1831AnP....97...43S
1679:
1406:suggested the name
1196:), for element 70 (
965:, another name for
609:Rare-earth elements
604:Main-group elements
4150:Women in chemistry
3001:. Erlangga. 1999.
2785:(11–12): 477–480.
2716:10.1007/BF01302537
2669:Annalen der Physik
2627:Annalen der Physik
2538:Annalen der Physik
1677:
1567:, which is called
1212:, for element 71 (
1188:), after the star
1137:(sub-component as
1125:, a mineral (from
4176:
4175:
4134:Transfermium Wars
4077:Carbon nanotubes
4061:
4060:
4002:Indian metallurgy
3980:
3979:
3950:Applied chemistry
3919:Nuclear chemistry
3799:
3798:
3658:
3657:
3620:Ionization energy
3595:Electronegativity
3585:Electron affinity
3524:Electronegativity
3514:Crystal structure
3509:Aqueous chemistry
3486:Nuclear stability
3481:Atomic properties
3447:
3446:
3394:Refractory metals
3372:
3371:
3318:Transition metals
3284:
3283:
2930:978-1-86094-087-3
2529:Hatchett, Charles
2514:978-0-08-037941-8
2409:(44): 5888–5894.
2305:
2304:
1661:Transfermium Wars
1364:Ernest Rutherford
1246:Transfermium Wars
1059:named element 41
940:chemical elements
936:
935:
848:Ionization energy
824:Electronegativity
733:Electronegativity
713:Crystal structure
573:Refractory metals
422:(s, p, d, f, ...)
4211:
4166:
4165:
4022:
4021:
3962:Material science
3873:Electrochemistry
3868:Molecular theory
3849:
3848:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3788:
3787:
3776:
3775:
3759:Dmitri Mendeleev
3687:1869 predictions
3677:Dmitri Mendeleev
3458:
3457:
3296:
3295:
3276:Aufbau principle
3188:18 (Noble gases)
3091:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3079:Sets of elements
3043:
3036:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2739:
2728:
2727:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2503:(2nd ed.).
2493:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2398:
2383:
2370:
2295:
2289:
1713:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1655:This section is
1651:Elements 101–112
1468:Glenn T. Seaborg
1240:Elements 102–109
1057:Charles Hatchett
1034:Friedrich Wöhler
928:
921:
914:
899:Chemistry Portal
533:nonmetal halogen
436:Aufbau principle
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
344:
334:
324:
314:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
227:
220:
209:
201:
173:Sets of elements
101:1869 predictions
71:
65:
61:
18:
17:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4154:
4138:
4129:Joule–von Mayer
4112:
4088:Electrophoresis
4057:
4041:
4006:
3992:Chinese alchemy
3985:Ancient history
3976:
3945:
3914:
3894:
3840:
3830:
3800:
3795:
3763:
3725:
3654:
3630:Oxidation state
3538:
3495:
3443:
3439:Minor actinides
3434:Major actinides
3399:Precious metals
3368:
3350:
3327:
3280:
3262:
3192:
3178:16 (Chalcogens)
3173:15 (Pnictogens)
3073:
3052:
3047:
3017:
3016:
3009:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2889:
2885:
2878:Popular Science
2870:
2866:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2817:Catalysis Today
2813:
2806:
2775:
2771:
2740:
2731:
2700:
2696:
2658:
2654:
2633:(10): 317–341.
2616:
2612:
2570:
2566:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:. p. 976.
2494:
2490:
2475:
2471:
2434:
2430:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2341:
2313:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2287:
1675:
1664:
1653:
1621:
1581:
1543:), in honor of
1533:
1513:Albert Einstein
1432:
1422:, after Dubna.
1380:
1324:
1304:Ernest Lawrence
1292:
1268:
1248:
1242:
1120:
1054:
956:
932:
883:
882:
858:Oxidation state
774:
766:
765:
703:
693:
692:
659:
649:
638:
637:
568:Precious metals
551:
543:
542:
485:post-transition
454:
443:
442:
431:Atomic orbitals
184:
176:
165:
164:
86:
76:
75:
69:
63:
59:
40:
12:
11:
5:
4217:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Element naming
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4012:Periodic table
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3967:Nanotechnology
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3883:Thermodynamics
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3650:Vapor pressure
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Speed of sound
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3610:Heat of fusion
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Critical point
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3404:Coinage metals
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3050:Periodic table
3046:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3007:
2988:
2981:
2962:
2955:
2936:
2929:
2911:
2899:
2883:
2864:
2834:
2804:
2769:
2729:
2710:(1): 384–389.
2694:
2675:(4): 572–577.
2661:Rose, Heinrich
2652:
2619:Rose, Heinrich
2610:
2564:
2545:(5): 120–122.
2520:
2513:
2488:
2469:
2428:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2371:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1652:
1649:
1623:IUPAC adopted
1620:
1613:
1583:IUPAC adopted
1580:
1573:
1532:
1525:
1466:) in honor of
1452:Albert Ghiorso
1431:
1424:
1414:) in honor of
1379:
1372:
1362:) in honor of
1348:Igor Kurchatov
1346:) in honor of
1323:
1316:
1302:) in honor of
1291:
1284:
1278:) in honor of
1267:
1260:
1244:Main article:
1241:
1238:
1162:Georges Urbain
1119:
1108:
1053:
1042:
955:
948:
934:
933:
931:
930:
923:
916:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:
895:
885:
884:
881:
880:
878:Vapor pressure
875:
865:
863:Speed of sound
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:of fusion
831:
826:
821:
813:Electron
811:
806:
801:
796:
794:Critical point
791:
786:
781:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
758:
752:
751:
745:
744:
729:
728:
723:
716:
715:
710:
704:
699:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
684:
683:
678:
672:
671:
660:
655:
654:
651:
650:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
620:
619:
612:
611:
606:
600:
599:
594:
588:
587:
582:
576:
575:
570:
564:
563:
558:
556:Coinage metals
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
535:
529:
528:
520:
519:
518:
517:
509:
508:
500:
499:
494:
488:
487:
482:
476:
475:
473:alkaline earth
470:
464:
463:
455:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
433:
425:
424:
415:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
357:
356:
347:
346:
336:
326:
316:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
222:
212:
195:
194:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
156:
155:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
134:
126:
125:
113:
112:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
87:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
53:
52:
47:
41:
38:
37:
34:
33:
31:Periodic table
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4216:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4108:Haber process
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Atomic theory
3861:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:controversies
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Melting point
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Heat capacity
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Boiling point
3558:
3556:
3555:Atomic radius
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:Native metals
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3346:Dividing line
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:17 (Halogens)
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3010:
3008:9789797817138
3004:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2982:9788170998280
2978:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2956:9788702028096
2952:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2893:Lynn Yarris,
2892:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2823:(1–4): 5–11.
2822:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:(in German).
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:(in German).
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:(in German).
2540:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2261:
2258:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2219:
2216:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:rutherfordium
1992:
1990:rutherfordium
1989:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:rutherfordium
1920:
1918:
1917:rutherfordium
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:rutherfordium
1907:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1892:rutherfordium
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1844:rutherfordium
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:eka-ytterbium
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:Compromise 92
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1615:Element 109 (
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1575:Element 108 (
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1527:Element 107 (
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:G. N. Flyorov
1437:
1429:
1426:Element 106 (
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1374:Element 105 (
1371:
1369:
1368:rutherfordium
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:rutherfordium
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1320:Rutherfordium
1318:Element 104 (
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1286:Element 103 (
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1262:Element 102 (
1259:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:), after the
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:assumed that
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1110:Elements 70 (
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1077:Heinrich Rose
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1044:Elements 41 (
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:(named after
960:
953:
947:
945:
941:
929:
924:
922:
917:
915:
910:
909:
907:
906:
901:
900:
896:
894:
893:
889:
888:
887:
886:
879:
876:
874:
871: /
870:
867:Thermal
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:Melting point
851:
849:
846:
844:
841: /
840:
837: /
836:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
819:configuration
817: /
816:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:Boiling point
787:
785:
784:Atomic radius
782:
780:
777:
776:
770:
769:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:configuration
724:
722:
718:
717:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
702:
697:
696:
689:
686:
685:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
669:
668:in human body
665:
662:
661:
658:
653:
652:
648:
647:
642:
641:
633:
629:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
595:
593:
592:Native metals
590:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
547:
546:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
522:
521:
516:
513:
512:
511:
510:
507:
506:
502:
501:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
453:
447:
446:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:
423:
421:
417:
416:
413:
408:
406:
401:
399:
394:
392:
387:
385:
380:
378:
373:
371:
366:
364:
359:
358:
355:
353:
349:
348:
345:
343:
342:(noble gases)
337:
335:
333:
327:
325:
323:
317:
315:
313:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
219:
213:
210:
208:
207:alkali metals
202:
197:
196:
193:
191:
187:
186:
180:
179:
175:
174:
169:
168:
161:
158:
157:
153:
149:
148:
143:
142:controversies
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
115:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
80:
79:
68:
58:
55:
54:
51:
48:
46:
43:
42:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
4123:
4093:Gaseous fuel
3910:Biochemistry
3878:Spectroscopy
3783:
3771:
3754:Trivial name
3742:nomenclature
3703:
3414:Heavy metals
3409:Noble metals
3168:14 (Tetrels)
3064:Alternatives
2997:
2991:
2971:
2965:
2945:
2939:
2920:
2914:
2902:
2886:
2877:
2867:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2820:
2816:
2782:
2779:Metallurgist
2778:
2772:
2750:(1): 13–18.
2747:
2743:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2672:
2668:
2655:
2630:
2626:
2613:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2542:
2536:
2523:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2472:
2450:(1): 43–49.
2447:
2441:
2431:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2350:
2346:
2306:
2259:
2217:
2196:darmstadtium
2176:darmstadtium
2175:
2172:becquerelium
2163:eka-platinum
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2050:
2047:nielsbohrium
2044:nielsbohrium
2039:
2036:nielsbohrium
2033:nielsbohrium
2024:unnilseptium
2006:
2001:
1996:
1979:
1973:eka-tungsten
1958:
1946:kurchatovium
1940:nielsbohrium
1934:unnilpentium
1931:eka-tantalum
1916:
1908:
1896:kurchatovium
1891:
1888:unnilquadium
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1839:
1836:(unniltrium)
1833:eka-lutetium
1818:
1810:
1805:
1791:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1739:
1736:(unnilunium)
1723:
1644:
1641:Lise Meitner
1639:in honor of
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:unnilseptium
1548:
1540:
1537:nielsbohrium
1536:
1534:
1520:
1517:Enrico Fermi
1508:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1438:team led by
1433:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:, while the
1395:
1392:nielsbohrium
1391:
1381:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1343:
1340:kurchatovium
1339:
1325:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1280:Alfred Nobel
1275:
1271:
1269:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:Neoytterbium
1219:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1185:
1182:aldebaranium
1181:
1173:
1170:neoytterbium
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1121:
1114:Yb) and 71 (
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1048:Nb) and 74 (
1029:
1025:
1021:
1011:
994:
990:
985:, now named
982:
958:
957:
950:Element 23 (
937:
897:
890:
869:conductivity
664:by abundance
644:
616:Transuranium
597:Noble metals
585:Light metals
580:Heavy metals
523:
503:
458:
418:
350:
341:
331:
322:(chalcogens)
321:
312:(pnictogens)
311:
217:
206:
188:
171:
152:in East Asia
141:
116:
91:D. Mendeleev
15:
4025:By elements
3790:WikiProject
3534:Term symbol
3364:Noble gases
3308:Lanthanides
3291:metallicity
3163:13 (Triels)
2583:: 246–252.
2280:copernicium
2260:copernicium
2247:eka-mercury
2238:roentgenium
2218:roentgenium
2116:unnilennium
2113:eka-iridium
2068:unniloctium
2021:eka-rhenium
1976:unnilhexium
1885:eka-hafnium
1788:(unnilbium)
1776:mendelevium
1771:mendelevium
1766:mendelevium
1761:mendelevium
1756:mendelevium
1751:mendelevium
1740:mendelevium
1733:eka-thulium
1657:transcluded
1625:unnilennium
1585:unniloctium
1494:einsteinium
1475:unnilhexium
1202:cassiopeium
1102:instead of
995:erythronium
991:panchromium
979:Mexico City
57:Alternative
4183:Categories
3714:for people
3709:for places
3682:1871 table
3575:Elasticity
3543:Data pages
3501:Properties
3377:Other sets
3333:Metalloids
2339:References
2166:ununnilium
2154:meitnerium
2149:meitnerium
2144:meitnerium
2139:meitnerium
2134:meitnerium
2126:meitnerium
2065:eka-osmium
2012:seaborgium
2007:seaborgium
2002:seaborgium
1997:seaborgium
1980:seaborgium
1902:meitnerium
1876:lawrencium
1871:lawrencium
1866:lawrencium
1861:lawrencium
1856:lawrencium
1851:lawrencium
1840:lawrencium
1693:Systematic
1637:meitnerium
1633:meitnerium
1617:Meitnerium
1545:Niels Bohr
1521:seaborgium
1460:seaborgium
1428:Seaborgium
1400:Niels Bohr
1296:lawrencium
1288:Lawrencium
1123:Gadolinite
987:vanadinite
971:discovered
833:Heat
804:Elasticity
505:Metalloids
492:lanthanide
480:transition
354:(1–7, ...)
332:(halogens)
137:for places
132:for people
96:1871 table
4103:Gunpowder
4053:Nonmetals
3957:Cosmetics
3845:By branch
3699:etymology
3550:Abundance
3475:in humans
3471:Abundance
3356:Nonmetals
3313:Actinides
2859:0096-3402
2799:137569464
2605:110567235
2388:Footnotes
2353:(1): 13.
2298:Flerovium
2208:unununium
1955:joliotium
1949:joliotium
1815:flerovium
1802:joliotium
1796:joliotium
1689:Mendeleev
1605:Darmstadt
1416:Otto Hahn
1225:ytterbium
1198:ytterbium
1190:Aldebaran
1158:ytterbium
1148:In 1878,
1112:Ytterbium
1104:columbium
1063:in 1801 (
1061:columbium
1012:In 1831,
779:Abundance
756:Nutrition
719:Electron
688:by symbol
634:actinides
538:noble gas
525:Nonmetals
122:etymology
50:32-column
45:18-column
4168:Category
4098:Graphene
4081:timeline
4046:By class
4016:timeline
3972:Pharmacy
3901:timeline
3888:timeline
3854:timeline
3837:timeline
3778:Category
3730:See also
3600:Hardness
3453:Elements
2764:96082444
2724:97246260
2663:(1847).
2621:(1844).
2531:(1802).
2423:15376297
2367:96082444
2311:See also
2250:ununbium
2205:eka-gold
1824:nobelium
1819:nobelium
1811:nobelium
1806:nobelium
1792:nobelium
1720:IUPAC 97
1717:IUPAC 95
1708:IUPAC 94
1696:American
1398:) after
1272:nobelium
1264:Nobelium
1234:lutetium
1230:lutecium
1214:lutetium
1174:lutecium
1166:ytterbia
1154:ytterbia
1139:ytterbia
1116:Lutetium
1091:tungsten
1050:Tungsten
1026:vanadium
1014:Sefström
1003:chromium
959:Vanadium
952:Vanadium
892:Category
835:capacity
829:Hardness
815:affinity
721:affinity
646:Elements
618:elements
497:actinide
67:extended
23:a series
21:Part of
4073:Battery
3941:Weapons
3926:Fission
3664:History
3570:Density
3198:Periods
2998:Biology
2677:Bibcode
2635:Bibcode
2547:Bibcode
2452:Bibcode
2169:hahnium
2130:hahnium
2104:hassium
2099:hassium
2095:hahnium
2091:hassium
2087:hahnium
2083:hassium
2078:hassium
2056:bohrium
2051:bohrium
2040:bohrium
1964:dubnium
1959:dubnium
1952:hahnium
1937:hahnium
1913:dubnium
1905:dubnium
1724:Present
1699:Russian
1671:history
1669:|
1593:hassium
1577:Hassium
1557:bohrium
1529:Bohrium
1504:fermium
1454:at the
1442:at the
1420:dubnium
1408:hahnium
1376:Dubnium
1200:), and
1127:Ytterby
1100:niobium
1096:wolfram
1085:niobium
1046:Niobium
1030:Vanadís
1022:vanadin
963:Vanadís
799:Density
761:Valence
741:Pauling
352:Periods
3931:Fusion
3694:Naming
3491:Symbol
3300:Metals
3268:Blocks
3256:Pyykkö
3251:Fricke
3246:Aufbau
3095:Groups
3005:
2979:
2953:
2927:
2857:
2797:
2762:
2722:
2603:
2597:107264
2595:
2511:
2421:
2365:
2294:
2288:
1702:German
1569:borium
1501:) and
1436:Soviet
1334:(then
1308:Geneva
1194:Taurus
1143:terbia
1141:) and
1131:yttria
967:Freyja
632:trans-
468:alkali
460:Metals
420:Blocks
192:(1–18)
190:Groups
118:Naming
70:
64:
60:
25:on the
4143:Other
3936:Power
3737:IUPAC
3462:Lists
2795:S2CID
2760:S2CID
2720:S2CID
2601:S2CID
2593:JSTOR
2485:: 69.
2363:S2CID
1659:from
1601:Hesse
1565:boron
1448:Dubna
1388:Dubna
1332:Dubna
1135:erbia
737:Allen
628:minor
624:Major
72:forms
3469:By:
3003:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2855:ISSN
2509:ISBN
2419:PMID
1667:edit
1515:and
1382:The
1336:USSR
1326:The
1018:iron
630:and
120:and
3289:By
2825:doi
2787:doi
2752:doi
2712:doi
2685:doi
2673:146
2643:doi
2631:139
2585:doi
2555:doi
2460:doi
2411:doi
2355:doi
2244:112
2202:111
2160:110
2110:109
2062:108
2018:107
1970:106
1928:105
1882:104
1830:103
1782:102
1730:101
1712:ACS
1647:).
1629:Une
1619:Mt)
1589:Uno
1579:Hs)
1553:Uns
1531:Bh)
1479:Unh
1446:at
1430:Sg)
1386:in
1378:Db)
1330:in
1322:Rf)
1290:Lr)
1266:No)
1118:Lu)
1071:by
973:by
450:By
340:18
330:17
320:16
310:15
62:and
4185::
4037:Al
3241:8+
3158:12
3153:11
3148:10
2876:.
2851:51
2849:.
2845:.
2821:78
2819:.
2807:^
2793:.
2783:45
2781:.
2758:.
2748:10
2746:.
2732:^
2718:.
2706:.
2683:.
2667:.
2641:.
2625:.
2599:.
2591:.
2581:99
2579:.
2553:.
2543:11
2535:.
2481:.
2458:.
2448:97
2446:.
2440:.
2417:.
2407:43
2405:.
2378:.
2361:.
2351:10
2349:.
1714:94
1663:.
1645:Mt
1597:Hs
1561:Bh
1541:Ns
1509:Fm
1499:Es
1488:.
1464:Sg
1412:Ha
1396:Ns
1370:.
1360:Rf
1344:Ku
1314:.
1300:Lr
1282:.
1276:No
1258:.
1236:.
1206:Cp
1186:Ad
1145:.
1133:,
1065:Cb
1052:W)
1009:.
954:V)
739:,
626:,
411:8+
303:14
296:13
289:12
282:11
275:10
216:2
4032:F
4018:)
4014:(
3903:)
3856:)
3839:)
3835:(
3825:e
3818:t
3811:v
3477:)
3473:(
3236:7
3231:6
3226:5
3221:4
3216:3
3211:2
3206:1
3143:9
3138:8
3133:7
3128:6
3123:5
3118:4
3113:3
3042:e
3035:t
3028:v
3011:.
2985:.
2959:.
2933:.
2880:.
2861:.
2831:.
2827::
2801:.
2789::
2766:.
2754::
2726:.
2714::
2708:5
2691:.
2687::
2679::
2649:.
2645::
2637::
2607:.
2587::
2561:.
2557::
2549::
2517:.
2466:.
2462::
2454::
2425:.
2413::
2382:.
2369:.
2357::
2276:—
2273:—
2270:—
2267:—
2264:—
2256:—
2253:—
2234:—
2231:—
2228:—
2225:—
2222:—
2214:—
2211:—
2192:—
2189:—
2186:—
2183:—
2180:—
2122:—
2119:—
2074:—
2071:—
2030:—
2027:—
1987:—
1984:—
1943:—
1899:—
1847:—
1799:—
1747:—
1744:—
1684:Z
1673:)
1665:(
1643:(
1627:(
1595:(
1587:(
1559:(
1551:(
1539:(
1507:(
1497:(
1477:(
1462:(
1410:(
1394:(
1358:(
1342:(
1298:(
1274:(
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1184:(
927:e
920:t
913:v
743:)
735:(
670:)
666:(
404:7
397:6
390:5
383:4
376:3
369:2
362:1
268:9
261:8
254:7
247:6
240:5
233:4
226:3
211:)
203:(
200:1
154:)
150:(
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