4227:(p. 362) At the present stage of research, victimization estimates of under 40,000 and over 200,000 push the limits of reason, fairness, and evidence; (p. 384) Japanese military sources dating from 1937, such as official battle reports and private field diaries, are the most reliable and revealing of all the sources examined here. Left by "the side that did the killing," these documents are self-incriminating in ways that their compilers did not intend. When read critically, they attest that Japanese troops illegally and unjustifiably massacred at least 29,240 Chinese—and I would say 46,215—just before and after Nanking fell. Beyond that, there is room for honest debate. Conservatives adhere to this academically reputable low-end estimate of over 40,000. By contrast, I hold that we must add several tens of thousands more Chinese illegally and unjustifiably killed from early December 1937 to the end of March 1938 in the NSAD—the walled city and 6 adjacent counties. This is a longer time span and a wider area than conservatives and deniers will allow. Largely following Kasahara Tokushi, then, I conclude that a final victim total will far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000 in the absence of new evidence. But, to repeat for emphasis, an empirically verifiable, scholarly valid victimization range is from over 40,000 to under 200,000. (p. 384) However, as conservatives admit, the figure 300,000 does represent a credible total for Chinese belligerents and civilians killed in the entire Yangtze delta area from Shanghai to Nanking over the period August to December 1937.
4211:
The
English and Chinese versions of the book had different interpretations of the statistics. The Chinese version: "中央苏区地处江西、福建。在它存在的四年中，人口在全国下降最多。根据中国人口统计，从一九三一到一九三五年，江西根据地内为中共完全控制的十五个县(不包括为中共部分控制的边缘县)，人口减少五十多万，占总人口的百分之二十。闽西根据地的减少幅度也差不多。中央苏区人口共下降七十万。由于住在这些地带的人很难外逃，这七十万基本上应属于死亡人数。毛死后的一九八三年，江西有二十三万八千八百四十四人被官方追认为"烈士"，包括战死的和肃反被杀的。" English version: The Ruijin base, the seat of the first Red state, consisted of large parts of the provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian. These two provinces suffered the greatest population decrease in the whole of China from the year when the Communist state was founded, 1931, to the year after the Reds left, 1935. The population of Red Jiangxi fell by more than half a million—a drop of 20 percent. The fall in Red Fujian was comparable. Given that escapes were few, this means that altogether some 700,000 people died in the Ruijin base. A large part of these were murdered as "class enemies," or were worked to death, or committed suicide, or died other premature deaths attributable to the regime.
7831:
1214:
walk to the Shakee in protest. At 3 am, when the protest had moved to the west bridge, British and French embassy guards, after gunshots were fired at them, fired back at the protesters. In addition, British, French and
Portuguese warships bombarded the north coast of Shamian. Over 50 were killed and more than 170 were seriously injured.
4781:
814:
Due to a combination of massacres, famine, war/famine migration and corpse-transmitted plague, Gansu lost 74.5% (14.55 million) of its population while
Shaanxi lost 44.6% (6.2 million) of its population. Not all "loss" were massacres. Besides the dead, some Hui from Shaanxi permanently moved to Gansu
3295:
At first it was just a demonstration, which later evolved into a series of violent attacks by
Uyghurs against non-Muslim ethnic groups such as the Han. At least more than 1,000 Uyghurs participated in the riot on the first day of the incident. A total of 197 people died, most of whom were Hans, with
3047:
On the night of
November 18, 1995, a mass shooting occurred in Zhaodong, Heilongjiang. Two suspects, 26-year-old Feng Wanhai and 22-year-old Jiang Liming, armed with a double-barreled shotgun and a small-bore rifle, opened fire at 48 people, killing 32 people and wounding 16 others. 37 families were
3477:
Two sport utility vehicles (SUVs) carrying five assailants were driven into a busy street market in Ürümqi, the capital of China's
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Up to a dozen explosives were thrown at shoppers from the windows of the SUVs. The SUVs crashed into shoppers then collided with each
1513:
The
Minsaengdan incident, or Min-Sheng-T'uan Incident, was a series of purges occurring between 1933 and 1936 in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) arrested, expelled, and killed Koreans in Manchuria, based on the suspicion that the purged Koreans were supporting the Japanese occupiers as part
1213:
50 direct deaths. On June 21, 1925, workers in Hong Kong and Canton went on strike in support of the May
Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Two days later, on June 23, over 100,000 people convened in Eastern Jiaochang, announcing their plans to expel the foreign powers, cancel the unequal treaties and
443:
The
Yangzhou massacre in May, 1645 in Yangzhou, Qing dynasty China, refers to the mass killings of innocent civilians by Manchu and defected Han Chinese soldiers, commanded by the Manchu general Dodo. Defected southern Han Chinese made up the majority in addition to the Eight Banner Han forces. The
6036:
6004:
3356:
men led by religious extremist
Abudukeremu Mamuti attacked pedestrians with axes and knives on Happiness Road. Seven terrorists were killed on the spot by the police, while the other one was injured and died after rescue. One police officer died and 4 police were injured, while 15 pedestrians died
3503:
A group of armed separatists attacked coal miners and security personnel, murdering 16 people and injuring 18 others. When the local police arrived at the scene, the attacker used a truck full of coal to hit the police vehicle and then fled into the mountains. The majority of the victims of this
897:
2,600 civilians were slaughtered within the city, while those slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city had no reliable count. In November 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers
2405:
of at least 43 counties report massacres with 15 of them recording a death toll of over 1,000, while in Guangdong at least 28 counties report massacres with 6 of them seeing over 1,000 deaths. The following table only includes major massacres which have been well documented in literature.
3451:
Eight Uyghur terrorists stabbed 31 civilians to death and left 141 injured. On the afternoon of 3 March, the official announced the resolution of the case. A total of 8 people were killed. Of the 5 directly involved in the attack, 4 were killed on the spot and 1 was captured on the spot.
3098:
Uyghyr separatists bombed three buses, killing 9 people, including 3 children, and injuring 28. Another bomb was found at the main railway station but was defused. The bombings were a response to the Ghulja incident in which the Chinese army killed several Uyghur protestors
3021:, retrieved an assault rifle from the weapons vault in his army base, and shot to death 6 soldiers and officers. He then stole a jeep and drove to Jianguo Gate, where he shot and killed 23 civilians, and injured at least 30 others, before being shot by a military sniper.
4550:
3232:
In order to commemorate the 49th anniversary of the armed uprising on 10 March 1959, some Tibetan demonstrators protested collectively in Tibetan areas of China and parts of southern Tibet. However, it later evolved into Tibetan attacks on civilians such as
4166:在这场以清党为名的白色恐怖运动中，到底有多少人被捕被杀，很难有精确统计。目前所见主要有以下几种不同的统计数字：（1） 中共"六大"所作的不完全统计，1927年4月至1928年上半年，在"清党"名义下被杀害的有31万多人，其中共产党员2．6万余人。（2） 当时全国各地慈善救济机关所作的不完全统计，在1927年4月至1928年7月间，全国各省被国民党逮捕和杀害的人数总计81055人，其中被杀害者40643人，被逮捕者40412人（见附表）。（3） 《大公报》比较笼统的说法，到1930年，已有数以十万计的人被杀害。
5814:
1373:. Mao Zedong accused his political rivals of belonging to the Kuomintang intelligence agency "Anti-Bolshevik League". Mao's political purge resulted in killings at Futian and elsewhere, and the trial and execution of Red Army officers and soldiers.
1235:
47 direct deaths. Duan Qirui, who was worried about the situation becoming destabilized, ordered armed military police to disperse the protesters. The confrontation led to violence, in which 47 protesters were killed and more than 200 injured.
6326:
3741:, in a text written in the mid-tenth century, put the figure at 200,000. Both numbers are inflated, but they nonetheless indicate that the rebels attributed some of China's problems to the exploitation of foreigners, particularly merchants.
3120:
Guangdong Province, Shanwei City, the territory of an armed robbery case, the Hong Kong shipping company "Changsheng" million tons of cargo ship on which 23 Chinese expatriate crew were all killed and their corpses dumped into the sea.
3326:
writing, they refused to negotiate and engaged in a firefight with police. The attack ended within 90 minutes when police shot 14 attackers dead. Authorities detained four attackers and rescued six hostages, however two were killed.
3383:
It was an incident of ethnic clash that took place between Muslim Uyghur and Han Chinese community. As reported by BBC nearly 21 people were killed in the incident including 15 police officers and local government officials.
5504:
4534:
5931:
3736:
An Arab account written by Abu Zaid of Siraf within a couple of decades of Huang's rebellion estimated that Huang's forces massacred 120,000 Muslims, Jews, Zoroastrians, Christians and other foreigners. Arab historian
5856:
5543:
2036:
In the siege, in order to exhaust the food supply of the defenders, the communist rebels did not let civilians evacuate until very late so that the civilians and the defending government troops competed for food.
2866:
Wang Zhigang, a worker at a tractor factory, caused a spontaneous explosion in the south corridor of the second floor of the Beijing railway station due to a romantic dispute, killing 9 people and injuring 81-89
3816:
Struve (1993) (note at p. 269), following a 1964 article by Zhang Defang, notes that the entire city's population at the time was not likely to be more than 300,000, and that of the entire Yangzhou Prefecture,
3210:
On July 16, 2001, an embittered villager Ma Hongqing ignited ammonium nitrate explosives in a rival's warehouse. The explosion leveled much of the village and killed at least 89 people, and injured 98 others
6075:
4939:
1682:, mostly within the first five days; while the total victims massacred as of the end of March 1938 in both Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000".
1030:
7038:
6316:
7725:
7750:
2872:
1099:
Hui and Han Chinese revolutionaries massacred Manchus in Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Wuhan and many other places across China, with the death toll of Manchus at Xi'an in the tens of thousands.
5339:
5962:
5444:
4900:
7089:
5494:
6856:
4765:
7735:
4625:
6387:
5527:
321:
4742:
4360:
7303:
3723:
6030:
5988:
6445:"The "Tiananmen Square massacre" is constantly referred to. Why have I never seen film or video footage of a single death? The cameras were there, were they not?"
4606:
395:. Taksi's son Nurhaci blames the Jianzhou Jurchen's Ming rulers for the massacre and starts building up his followers in preparation for revolt against the Ming.
3430:
A car crashed in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, as a terrorist suicide attack. Five people died in the incident; 3 inside the vehicle and 2 civilian nearby.
6922:
1188:
During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Korean civilians who numbered an estimated at least 5,000 and perpetrated widespread rape.
6519:
7705:
7700:
7288:
7158:
7030:
3478:
other and exploded. Forty-three people were killed, including 4 of the assailants, and more than 90 wounded. The event was designated as a terrorist attack.
2533:
1514:
of the pro-Japanese and anti-communist group, Minsaengdan. The CCP arrested and expelled over 1,000 of its Korean members and killed 500 during the purges.
7685:
1600:
turned against the Japanese and massacre Japanese forces in revenge for Japanese planes bombing their barracks when they refused to attack fellow Chinese.
488:
People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong
467:
People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong
7720:
6633:
5096:
2202:
Exact death toll is unknown. In Shanghai alone, from 25 January to 1 April 1952, at least 876 people committed suicide. Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
7562:
7008:
5609:
2568:
3661:
3556:
21+ people, including a doctor who arrived at the scene to provide medical assistance, were killed in a village massacre in Juxian County, Shandong.
6452:
7515:
6727:
5673:
2950:'s estimates puts the number of deaths at several hundred to close to 1,000. As many as 10,000 estimated people were arrested during the protests.
2709:
6485:
7690:
4643:
2852:
6887:
6806:
5261:
4407:
2269:
Exact death toll is unknown. Official statistics shows that at least 550,000 people were purged and many died. Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
6695:
5954:
5333:
4675:
3795:
3322:. They occupied the police station, took eight hostages, and smashed and set fire to the station. Shouting slogans and unfurling banners with
1299:
7730:
6783:
4129:
3865:
924:
group attacked British missionaries who were then taking summer holidays at Gutian Huashan, killing eleven people and destroying two houses.
5731:
5576:
5432:
4892:
3930:
2393:
Some Chinese researchers have estimated that at least 300,000 people were killed in massacres during the Cultural Revolution. Massacres in
5798:
4861:
2343:, at least 2.5 million (2–3 million) people were beaten or tortured to death, which accounted for 6–8% of the total deaths in the famine.
7785:
7308:
5369:
4198:
2925:
2169:
7710:
6848:
5775:
2207:
1747:
587:'s brother. Manchus then massacred all male members of Abunai and Borni's particular branch of the Borjigin family after killing them.
199:
10,000 Uyghurs were killed at Shahu by Tang armies, more Manichaean priests massacred after Shahu and more Uyghurs were killed by the
6948:
6665:
2897:
592:
179:
Many foreign Sogdians and other Central Asians (known as "Hu" barbarians) were massacred by Gao Juren, a general of Goguryeo origin.
4622:
625:
Tibetan rebels massacred Manchu officials and soldiers and Manchus crushed the uprising and executed the Tibetan rebels by torture.
7587:
4244:
4102:
2943:
4155:
7298:
5155:
Chai, May-Lee (31 May 2012). "A Review of "Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962"".
6379:
6356:
7867:
7795:
7652:
6575:
5034:
4711:
3530:
Yang Qingpei killed his parents in an argument over money and then murdered 17 neighbours in an attempt to cover up his crime.
2726:
2631:
2556:
2508:
184:
5130:
4734:
1348:
Tibetan Goloks and Hui Muslims repeatedly fought each other for decades with huge massacres of Goloks occurring several times
7178:
7168:
6545:
6069:
5998:
5925:
5850:
4933:
4775:
3675:
3632:
3578:
3270:
Two men drove an attack on the armed police of the border guard detachment of Kashgar, which was in operation. A total of 17
2228:
6753:
5705:
4969:
4354:
213:
where Manichaean priests were slaughtered. Another Tang dynasty general Liu Mian massacred the remaining Uyghur troops. The
7882:
7872:
7790:
7695:
7532:
7505:
7253:
6978:
2729:. Over 50,000 people were jailed and thousands were permanently disabled. Conducted by People's Liberation Army and local
1280:
7800:
7715:
7117:
5915:
5840:
1918:
338:
7064:
2453:" which killed 325 people in a few days. Statistics from 1985 showed a death toll of over 10,000 due to the Red August.
7353:
7163:
6597:
6428:
4576:
2188:
1063:
258:
3895:
7780:
7775:
7592:
6059:
5808:
5700:
5415:
4192:
3717:
1775:
1151:
6910:
3638:
493:
7597:
7542:
7500:
7490:
7323:
7203:
7173:
6511:
5190:
Wemheuer, Felix (2010). "Dealing with Responsibility for the Great Leap Famine in the People's Republic of China".
4923:
3573:
2374:
1889:
1058:
massacres Manchus in Beijing and a separate all Russian force massacres Manchus in Aigun and massacres Manchus and
210:
188:
81:
30,000, exaggerated and many Sogdian and Indian foreigner diaspora residing in Luoyang also died in the disaster.
7745:
7520:
7313:
7233:
7228:
7183:
4812:
1539:
Estimates are that 2,000 to 8,000 Uighur civilians were killed in revenge by Hui Muslims for the Kizil massacre.
1331:
974:-inspired Yihewani organization then joined in and encouraged the revolt, which was crushed by loyalist Muslims.
815:
while other Hui from both Shaanxi and Gansu permanently left China and moved to Russian controlled Central Asia.
543:
161:
85:
7031:"Released Shandong man allegedly seeks revenge, exploits firecracker sounds to slaughter village - Dimsum Daily"
4834:
3409:
On 26 June 2013, 35 people died in the riots, including 22 civilians, two police officers and eleven attackers.
7770:
7740:
7657:
7612:
7572:
7460:
7418:
7393:
7358:
7223:
7218:
5882:
5635:
4466:
1403:
1353:
284:
6623:
5065:
48:
7839:
7632:
7582:
7577:
7510:
7470:
7328:
7283:
3835:
3078:
2976:
929:
793:
514:
7662:
7647:
7547:
7495:
7480:
7450:
7430:
7408:
7378:
7343:
7333:
7263:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7213:
7208:
7000:
5601:
3414:
2904:
2593:
2348:
2138:
921:
877:
3665:
7877:
7642:
7637:
7627:
7567:
7557:
7552:
7537:
7475:
7445:
7413:
7368:
7348:
7338:
7293:
7268:
7258:
6444:
6287:
4505:
3568:
3457:
3279:
2946:
states that around 2,600 died and the official Chinese government figure is 241 dead with 7,000 wounded.
2818:
2788:
2525:
2291:
1605:
209:
slaughtered 10,000 Uyghur Manichaeans at Shahu on 13 February 843 and then the Tang dynasty launched the
6717:
5667:
2920:
Official source states the death toll between 10–20, but other estimates range from dozens to hundreds.
765:
Taiping rebels slaughtered Manchus and wiped them out entirely in many garrisons in the Yangtze region.
7844:
7667:
7622:
7617:
7607:
7602:
7485:
7455:
7440:
7435:
7425:
7388:
7373:
7318:
7273:
6474:
3943:陕西人口损失主要原因主要有以下四种：战死、饿毙、病死及逃亡。其中前两种原因造成的人口损失数量最大。战后或是灾后因为尸体腐烂、水源污染等原因，导致各地瘟疫流行。死于瘟疫的人口在全部损失的人口中占有一定的比例。
3152:
1630:
1588:
101:
2390:. Estimates of total deaths during the Cultural Revolution generally range from 500,000 to 2,000,000.
7527:
7465:
7403:
7398:
6879:
5245:
3483:
2996:
sightseeing cruise were robbed and murdered. The incident cast a shadow over cross-strait relations.
2387:
1935:
1800:
1438:
1416:
1386:
1361:
1241:
6810:
3318:
18 young Uyghur men stormed a police station and killed two security guards by stabbing and lobbing
1706:
officials ordered the city be set on fire to prevent the Japanese from benefiting from its capture.
7383:
7138:
6687:
4668:
4142:可见，经过落实，旅顺市街被杀人数为2600至2700人。请注意：这个数字仅是指旅顺市街的被杀人数而言，并不包括逃离市街以及旅顺郊区和山区被杀的人数，同时也不包括在炮台阵地或北撤过程中阵亡的清军官兵。
3759:
3389:
3271:
3190:
3181:
2679:
1551:
1519:
214:
6775:
6261:
6207:
4650:
4137:
4076:
4024:
3970:
3857:
1402:'s purge of the Jiangxi Action Committee, ordered on the pretext of its alleged connection to the
1070:
7110:
5741:
5566:
4644:"Mao's "Killing Quotas." Human Rights in China (HRIC). 26 September 2005, at Shandong University"
4458:
3362:
2483:
2157:
1914:
1262:
1135:
472:
276:
124:
3938:
3627:. Qiraat. Vol. 8. Riyadh: King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies. p. 11.
6179:
4869:
3001:
2255:
2089:
1881:
1855:
1822:
1792:
1763:
1731:
1650:
1463:
720:
On 10 August 1842, 187 British and Indian prisoners of war captured by Chinese forces from the
5361:
4182:
3707:
2992:
Twenty-four Taiwanese tourists, 6 crew members and 2 mainland Chinese passengers on board the
1653:
caused deaths of between 60,000 to over 155,000 laborers working in coal mines around Datong.
872:
Hundreds of thousands of Mongols of Inner Mongolia were slaughtered in the Jindandao incident
7363:
6660:
6233:
6125:
4535:"HOW MANY DIED? NEW EVIDENCE SUGGESTS FAR HIGHER NUMBERS FOR THE VICTIMS OF MAO ZEDONG'S ERA"
3996:
2947:
2771:
2299:
2011:
2007:
1492:
An estimated 800 Chinese Muslim and Chinese civilians were killed by Turkic Muslim fighters.
1446:
1055:
92:
compiled in 648. All Sogdians and Indians living in Luoyang were killed during the disaster.
5767:
4050:
3104:
3073:
Government sources state the death toll at 10, but other estimates range into the hundreds.
6832:"Initial probe completed and arrest warrants to be issued soon, Xinjiang prosecutor says".
6418:
4483:
3009:
2622:
2546:
2541:
2336:
2321:
2113:
1989:
1679:
1497:
898:
disguised as civilians. The 20,000 figure became the orthodox figure in communist sources.
6944:
6655:
6380:"'Consternation, fear and disbelief': Chinese soldier remembers Tiananmen Square massacre"
4484:"Control Yuan Calls for Justice Over 1987 Massacre of Vietnamese Refugees by the Military"
3681:
1026:
8:
4581:
4266:
4221:
Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2008). "Leftover Problems". In Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (ed.).
3435:
3332:
3250:
3216:
2896:
8 minors commit murders and rapes in Hongqigou Farm, The incident directly triggered the
2379:
2068:
153:
68:
6420:
The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leadership's Decision to Use Force, in Their Own Words
5917:
The Killing Wind: A Chinese County's Descent Into Madness During the Cultural Revolution
4240:
3760:"The Culmination of a Chinese Peasant Rebellion: Chang Hsien-chung in Szechwan, 1644-46"
3670:. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. pp. 221–227.
7834:
7103:
6061:
Anti-drug Crusades in Twentieth-century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building
5314:
5223:
5215:
5172:
5088:
5016:
4598:
4401:
4161:
3787:
3779:
3242:
3176:
bombs at four locations across Shijiazhuang, killing 108 people and injuring 38 others
2955:
2614:
2576:
2446:
2398:
2019:
1926:
1863:
1834:
1687:
856:
611:
222:
655:
509:
100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming dynasty were massacred by Qing Eight banner armies.
275:
Genghis Khan and his sons waged war against the Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and after
7816:
6424:
6348:
6065:
5994:
5921:
5846:
5804:
5736:
5535:
5411:
5306:
5301:
5284:
5253:
5227:
5207:
5176:
5008:
4929:
4771:
4602:
4542:
4462:
4294:
4188:
3791:
3713:
3671:
3628:
3301:
3026:
2984:
2475:
2161:
1964:
1783:
1767:
1739:
1711:
1323:
1219:
751:
735:
712:
701:
538:
men and take Daur girls and women as concubines before being fought off by the Qing.
427:
415:
242:
170:
141:
6567:
5092:
4701:
2340:
6852:
6184:
6153:
5887:
5640:
5296:
5199:
5164:
5122:
5080:
5042:
5000:
4590:
3771:
3535:
3374:
3319:
3296:
1,721 others injured, and a large number of vehicles and buildings were destroyed.
3173:
2933:
2796:
2647:
2458:
2394:
1658:
1613:
1201:
1159:
Unarmed Korean peaceful protestors were fired on by Chinese soldiers under warlord
903:
743:
739:
630:
531:
20:
that have occurred in China. The massacres are grouped for different time periods.
6541:
6097:
5528:"The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion"
4373:除了共產黨夏初開始圍城,封鎖不嚴,利用各種方法逃生,至多不過廿萬人外,我計算一下,長春餓死的約有十六萬人。記得長春被圍開始時還有四十幾萬人,到失守時僅剩六、七萬人。
6970:
6749:
6722:
6628:
5695:
5168:
4961:
4629:
4448:
3522:
3491:
3340:
3053:
3018:
2746:
2738:
2717:
2695:
2690:
2450:
2274:
2215:
1825:
as retaliation for Chinese civilians giving shelter to American pilots after the
1597:
1580:
1378:
1193:
1143:
1046:
841:
820:
770:
676:
663:
638:
419:
346:
7090:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)"
5495:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)"
4862:"The 1957-1958 Anti-Rightist Campaign in China: History and Memory (1978-2014)"
3509:
3194:
2888:
2759:
2491:
2236:
1952:
The Red Army murdered over 1,000 Japanese refugees by the end of the massacre.
1943:
1939:
1826:
1759:
1727:
1471:
1168:
864:
571:
270:
250:
200:
149:
97:
6656:"China: Remember the Gulja massacre? China's crackdown on peaceful protesters"
5203:
4594:
4422:
3971:""苏州杀降"，李鸿章一生的污点！真实的历史比电影更狠-中国世界遗产-中国文物-大运河-太平军-曾国荃-曾国藩-清廷-程学启-苏州市-苏州杀降_手机网易网"
1307:
448:, by Wang Xiuchu which is the account that exaggerated the figure to 800,000.
119:
and other "barbarians". Non-Han in general were targeted by Ran Min's forces.
7861:
7060:
6410:
5539:
5310:
5257:
5211:
5012:
4546:
4385:尚传道 (1985). "长春困守纪事". In Subcommittee of Cultural and Historical Data of the
3353:
1017:
911:
309:
303:
6601:
6598:"1995年 黑龙江肇东市四站镇11.18特大持枪杀人案（冯万海 姜立明_鹤庆新闻网-鹤庆新闻-鹤庆旅游攻略-鹤庆天气-鹤庆县-鹤庆天气预报-鹤庆地图"
5084:
7004:
4572:
4510:
4325:
Foreign Broadcast information Service. No ISBN digitized text March 5, 2007
3887:
3160:
3038:
1555:
1454:
1311:
1160:
1031:
Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre
1013:
996:
were incited to revolt against the Qing by the Multicoloured Mosque leader
993:
989:
963:
849:
392:
363:
6288:"美国中文网--发1983严打的导火索：呼伦贝尔牙克石特大杀人案 少年流氓连杀27人强奸多人 ... - 老村长的博文 - 美国中文网 - 手机版"
3622:
950:
Second Dungan Revolt (Chinese: 乙未河湟事变) was a rebellion of various Chinese
885:
6883:
6321:
5499:
3916:
Geometric mean of 480,000 and 600,000 rounded up to nearest ten thousand.
3603:
3465:
3287:
3234:
3086:
2763:
2601:
1719:
1059:
535:
313:
89:
5318:
5219:
5020:
2563:) were released. Local citizens began massive killings as self-defense.
6414:
6292:
4426:
3783:
3238:
3172:
Jin Ruchao motivated by hatred of his ex-wife and her family detonated
2814:
2671:
2429:
2383:
2153:
1910:
1703:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1370:
1001:
997:
985:
116:
6624:"Uyghurs still push for accountability 25 years after Ghulja Massacre"
4804:
3664:. In Krahl, Regina; Guy, John; Wilson, J. Keith; Raby, Julian (eds.).
414:
There is no reliable figure, but estimated 1 million out of 3 million
7095:
5004:
4838:
3738:
3370:
3198:
2963:
2884:
2635:
1897:
1872:
1842:
1505:
1205:
1180:
1082:
845:
721:
584:
384:
230:
206:
5892:
5645:
3775:
84:
The capital was sacked in the disaster, an landmark incident in the
7127:
3548:
3495:
3469:
3401:
3397:
3344:
3323:
3262:
3090:
3065:
3034:
2639:
2585:
2093:
1809:
1695:
1531:
1484:
1249:
1090:
1020:, and Xunhua they directed their adherents to join the rebellion.
1009:
1005:
1000:. Soldiers were ordered to destroy the rebels by Brigadier General
889:
435:
354:
132:
17:
3827:
1625:
Kidnapping and Murder of nine Catholic priests by Japanese troops
6918:
4299:
3443:
3422:
3258:
3202:
3112:
2880:
2730:
2658:
2516:
2500:
2466:
2437:
2282:
1901:
1813:
1670:
1666:
1527:
1480:
1425:
1339:
1227:
1176:
1086:
1038:
981:
971:
955:
938:
832:
802:
684:
557:
522:
459:
406:
329:
293:
217:
helped the Tang dynasty massacre Uyghurs on the Mongolia steppe.
76:
56:
6804:
6208:"1983年，内蒙古牙克石镇的一个红旗沟农场，27人被杀多人被强奸-于洪-内蒙古-李东东-牙克石-红旗沟农场-菜窖_手机网易网"
5800:
A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China
4577:"Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries"
4423:"Relatives of Victims of 1987 Lieyu Massacre Call for Reburial"
3544:
3518:
3061:
2779:
2755:
2560:
2402:
2219:
2080:
1994:
1642:
1638:
1437:
According to census, 700,000 died in the 15 counties under the
1429:
977:
951:
828:
785:
647:
580:
480:
5362:"A Brief Overview of China's Cultural Revolution | Britannica"
5571:
4386:
3309:
3224:
3164:
2912:
2662:
2307:
2076:
2024:
1846:
1751:
1617:
1314:
1289:
1147:
1078:
1042:
959:
942:
806:
688:
560:
ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners on Taiwan
501:
388:
297:
246:
145:
6776:"1998年长胜号海劫案：万吨巨轮离奇失踪，23名船员惨遭杀害-大海-巨轮-海盗-渔民-货轮-长胜号海劫案_手机网易网"
5602:"Interview: 'People Were Eaten by The Revolutionary Masses'"
4421:
Li, Luffy; Van Trieste, John; Watt, Louise (9 August 2024).
6238:
6130:
6102:
4706:
4323:
China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs.
4271:
4001:
967:
966:, that originated because of a violent dispute between two
728:
366:
massacred Hui Semu Muslims who rebelled against Yuan rule.
5066:"Tibetan Population in China: Myths and Facts Re-examined"
4893:"The Silence that Preceded China's Great Leap into Famine"
4455:
8-year Diary of the Chief of the General Staff (1981–1989)
3357:
from Mamuti's assault and 14 more civilians were injured.
2873:
Rape and murder case in Xiguitu Banner of Hulunbuir League
2102:
1027:
Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion
6974:
4991:
Bradsher, Henry S. (1969). "Tibet Struggles to Survive".
3017:
Tian Mingjian, angered by the death of his wife during a
1884:. Biological weapons and human experimentation involved.
4635:
3888:"15 Deadliest Massacres in China History - Booboone.com"
2010:
campaign. The Chinese Kuomintang-led government imposed
1441:. Some scholars attribute all the deaths to the regime.
279:
they massacred Jurchens of the imperial family, Wanyan.
152:
and other foreigners were killed. It coincided with the
6262:"惨绝人寰，毫无人性的红旗沟农场事件616特大惨案-李东东-杨万春-柱子-红旗沟农场-胡子-赵波_手机网易网"
4243:. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies.
4223:
The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture
1545:
4025:"费志杰:李鸿章苏州杀降事件还原-太平军-曾国荃-李秀成-清军-清廷-程学启-苏州杀降-费志杰_手机网易网"
2401:
were among the most serious: in Guangxi, the official
1398:. The Futian battalion's leaders had mutinied against
1163:, which caused 17 or 19 deaths and around 30 injuries
4835:"Uneasy silences punctuate 60th anniversary coverage"
2033:
120,000 to 160,000 civilian deaths due to starvation
6849:"China says 14 extremists killed in Xinjiang attack"
2375:
Cultural Revolution § Massacres and cannibalism
914:(at that time known in the west as Kucheng), Fujian
308:
Genghis Khan ordered genocidal extermination of the
112:
More than 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians"
4962:"Tibetan Uprising Day: Statement of the Dalai Lama"
4533:Strauss, Valerie; Southerl, Daniel (17 July 1994).
4077:"李鸿章苏州杀降8000太平军，被后世诟病，其中真正原因却少有人知-太平军-清廷-程学启_手机网易网"
2559:. Caused by the rumor that Laogaifan (prisoners of
1054:Boxer rebels massacre foreigners, then the foreign
6911:"Understanding the Hotan (Xinjiang) Riot in China"
4241:"The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends"
2368:
696:Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Muslims.
671:Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Uyghurs.
6805:Yan Hao, Geng Ruibin and Yuan Ye (18 July 2009).
4506:"Ministry urged to reopen massacre investigation"
4420:
4341:据最低估计，长春四周匪军前线野地里，从6月末到10月初，四个月中，前后堆积男女老少尸骨不下15万具
3662:"Gold and Silver Wares on the Belitung Shipwreck"
2092:, followed by evidence destroyed and denial with
1326:were massacred by Muslim Hui and Salar soldiers.
1105:
444:massacre is described in a contemporary account,
253:, Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians were killed.
7859:
4181:Halliday, Jon; Chang, Jung (30 September 2012).
3757:
2787:Over 1.3 million people persecuted. Part of the
6807:"Xinjiang riot hits regional anti-terror nerve"
5283:Ó Gráda, Cormac (2011). Dikötter, Frank (ed.).
4674:(in Chinese). Chinese University of Hong Kong.
4532:
4321:US Joint Publication research service. (1979).
2670:Took place in more than 10 counties, mainly in
646:The Qing Dynasty's army slaughtered 80% of the
237:(modern estimate) 120-200,000 (primary source)
23:
5803:. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong.
2942:Between 200 and 10,000 civilians were killed.
2315:The exact number of deaths has been disputed.
1300:Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe
579:Manchus massacred Chahar Mongol rebels led by
494:Massacre of Muslims loyal to the Ming in Gansu
7111:
6836:. Associated Press. 17 July 2009. p. A7.
6825:
6475:"The massacre of June 1989 and its aftermath"
5842:The A to Z of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
5410:(in Chinese). Open Magazine Press (开放杂志出版社).
4214:
4180:
3770:(3). Association for Asian Studies: 387–400.
3667:Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds
3596:
3594:
1257:300–400 direct deaths. Five thousand missing
1051:Tens of thousands of Manchus and Daur people
742:in retaliation for the Chinese defeat at the
6880:"Attack on police station was 'long-planned"
5839:Guo, Jian; Song, Yongyi; Zhou, Yuan (2009).
4571:
4565:
2449:in Chinese Cultural Revolution, triggering "
2160:(CCP). Liquidation of the landlord class in
7001:"Is the Kunming Knife Attack China's 9-11?"
6750:"长胜轮23人惨案一主犯落网 大海盗张军红即将受审, (June 24, 2002)"
5838:
4238:
4220:
4176:
4174:
3858:"满清入关的血腥杀戮之金华之屠-南明-大学士-朱大典-金华-隆武帝-顺治_手机网易网"
2926:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2170:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
7118:
7104:
6798:
6349:"Tiananmen Square death toll 'was 10,000'"
4414:
4406:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4225:. Berghahn Books. pp. 362, 382, 384.
3591:
2208:1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown
1008:arranged a deal with the fellow Dongxiang
6909:Rajan, D.S.; Tiku, Ashok (29 July 2011).
6908:
6234:"1983年红旗沟血案始末：8名未成年，一天内杀害27人，最后怎样了_手机搜狐网"
6126:"1980年一知青泄愤制造爆炸案，事发北京火车站，20年国策随之改变_手机搜狐网"
5567:"文革中"非正常死亡"了多少人？ ---- 读苏扬的《文革中中国农村的集体屠杀》"
5300:
4164:on 15 January 2022 – via Sohu.com.
3937:(in Chinese). 上海: 上海人民出版社. Archived from
3753:
3751:
3749:
606:Tibetan rebels were massacred by Manchus
6971:"China's Xinjiang hit by deadly clashes"
5525:
5285:"Great Leap into Famine: A Review Essay"
5243:
5189:
4990:
4339:. Nanjing: Kuomintang. 24 October 1948.
4171:
3624:The earliest Muslim communities in China
1958:
717:197 British and Indian prisoners of war
88:. The deaths of 30,000 was based on the
6510:Library, C. N. N. (16 September 2013).
6509:
6341:
5282:
5121:FISH, ISAAC STONE (26 September 2010).
4827:
3924:
3922:
3705:
2609:Conducted by People's Liberation Army.
2103:People's Republic of China (since 1949)
1596:Chinese collaborationist troops of the
7860:
7125:
6993:
6902:
6846:
6809:. Chinaview.cn. Xinhua. Archived from
6522:from the original on 19 September 2019
5834:
5832:
5761:
5759:
5725:
5723:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5246:"Opinion | Mao's Great Leap to Famine"
5239:
5237:
5150:
5148:
5102:from the original on 23 September 2020
3746:
3712:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 198.
316:after they betrayed him and rebelled.
7099:
7067:from the original on 15 February 2024
7041:from the original on 16 February 2024
6668:from the original on 22 November 2018
6636:from the original on 14 February 2024
6408:
6078:from the original on 15 February 2024
6039:from the original on 15 February 2024
6024:
6022:
6007:from the original on 15 February 2024
5982:
5980:
5965:from the original on 30 November 2018
5934:from the original on 15 February 2024
5876:
5874:
5859:from the original on 15 February 2024
5817:from the original on 15 February 2024
5729:
5676:from the original on 15 February 2024
5629:
5627:
5596:
5594:
5579:from the original on 10 December 2019
5480:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
4942:from the original on 15 February 2024
4859:
4837:. China Media Project. Archived from
4784:from the original on 15 February 2024
4457:] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei:
4363:from the original on 15 February 2024
4315:
4232:
3868:from the original on 15 February 2024
3726:from the original on 15 February 2024
3641:from the original on 27 February 2021
3579:Mass killings under communist regimes
2977:Thousand Island Lake robbery killings
418:were massacred mainly by the army of
6877:
6548:from the original on 18 January 2017
6377:
6057:
6028:
5708:from the original on 17 January 2022
5546:from the original on 8 December 2019
5430:
5405:
5331:
5264:from the original on 19 January 2017
5244:DikÖtter, Frank (15 December 2010).
5154:
5120:
4972:from the original on 1 December 2016
4903:from the original on 14 October 2019
4802:
4745:from the original on 31 October 2017
4481:
3928:
3919:
3798:from the original on 31 January 2016
1917:. Regarded by many as the origin of
1546:1937–1945 (Second Sino-Japanese War)
1462:800–1200 direct deaths conducted by
7061:"「旧正月に山東省で自作銃殺人、１０人以上死傷」…中国当局は報道統制"
5986:
5946:
5913:
5829:
5790:
5756:
5720:
5384:
5234:
5145:
5063:
4915:
4767:半资本主义与中国 （Semi-Capitalism in China）
4763:
4699:
4641:
4609:from the original on 27 August 2016
4446:
4384:
4352:
4127:
3620:
756:December 1850 – August 1864 (Qing)
534:leads Russian Cossacks to massacre
339:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty
13:
6981:from the original on 26 April 2013
6542:"第67期：千岛湖事件(组图), (April 25, 2008)"
6491:from the original on 19 March 2020
6390:from the original on 11 March 2020
6314:
6098:"1980年10月29日 北京车站发生爆炸案 9死81伤-搜狐新闻"
6019:
5977:
5907:
5880:
5871:
5796:
5669:Chinese Sociology and Anthropology
5624:
5612:from the original on 10 April 2023
5591:
5507:from the original on 25 April 2019
5459:
4921:
4726:
4714:from the original on 1 August 2013
4693:
4660:
4475:
4201:from the original on 11 April 2023
3838:from the original on 7 August 2021
3659:
2386:in May 1966, with the help of the
2229:People's Liberation Army Air Force
2189:Three-anti and Five-anti campaigns
1880:At least 100,000 deaths caused by
1281:Kuomintang anti-communist massacre
506:100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming
259:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
14:
7894:
7083:
7011:from the original on 6 March 2014
6945:"新疆叶城县处置一起袭击公安机关暴恐案件_要闻_新闻_中国政府网"
6890:from the original on 21 July 2011
6859:from the original on 22 July 2011
6786:from the original on 9 March 2024
6730:from the original on 9 March 2024
6698:from the original on 9 March 2024
6578:from the original on 30 June 2023
5778:from the original on 27 June 2020
5447:from the original on 23 July 2021
5342:from the original on 9 March 2021
5289:Population and Development Review
5157:Asian Affairs: An American Review
5133:from the original on 26 June 2020
4681:from the original on 25 June 2020
4666:
4267:"文夕大火，火烧长沙30000人！一着不慎，酿成惨案_手机搜狐网"
4247:from the original on 5 April 2018
106:350–352 (Later Zhao and Ran Wei)
7830:
7829:
7304:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7053:
7023:
6963:
6951:from the original on 16 May 2023
6937:
6925:from the original on 18 May 2012
6871:
6840:
6782:(in Chinese). 12 February 2024.
6768:
6756:from the original on 16 May 2023
6455:from the original on 8 June 2020
6329:from the original on 4 July 2020
6180:"惨案在凌晨发生：一群无知少年酒后寻刺激血洗红旗沟，残杀27人"
5696:"丁抒：文革首次血案——青海"二·二三事件" – 独立中文笔会"
5564:
5492:
5390:
5372:from the original on 6 July 2019
5302:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00398.x
4922:Li, Jianglin (10 October 2016).
4890:
4815:from the original on 5 July 2019
4732:
4514:. Taipei, Taiwan. 11 August 2024
4447:Hau, Pei-tsun (1 January 2000).
4359:. New York City: World Journal.
3898:from the original on 31 May 2023
3574:List of Chinese wars and battles
2704:Influenced by Daoxian Massacre.
2183:Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
1919:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
1369:5000 direct deaths conducted by
576:Several thousand Chahar Mongols
446:A Record of Ten Days in Yangzhou
211:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
189:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
6742:
6726:(in Chinese). 8 February 2000.
6710:
6694:(in Chinese). 15 October 1999.
6680:
6648:
6616:
6600:. 13 March 2013. Archived from
6590:
6560:
6534:
6503:
6467:
6437:
6423:. Public Affairs. p. 436.
6402:
6371:
6359:from the original on 7 May 2020
6308:
6280:
6254:
6226:
6200:
6172:
6146:
6118:
6090:
6051:
5952:
5772:Chinese University of Hong Kong
5765:
5688:
5660:
5633:
5558:
5519:
5424:
5399:
5354:
5325:
5276:
5183:
5114:
5057:
5027:
4984:
4954:
4884:
4853:
4796:
4757:
4553:from the original on 9 May 2019
4526:
4498:
4440:
4395:根据人民政府进城后确实统计……饿、病而死的长春市民共达十二万人
4378:
4346:
4328:
4287:
4259:
4153:
4147:
4121:
4095:
4069:
4043:
4017:
3989:
3977:(in Chinese). 23 September 2023
3963:
3954:
3948:
3910:
3864:(in Chinese). 1 December 2022.
3828:"清军屠城记："扬州十日"和"嘉定三屠"-历史频道-手机搜狐"
3245:and other civilian facilities.
3241:civilians and shops, cars, the
3127:
2863:10 (including the perpetrator)
2853:Beijing railway station bombing
2369:1966–1976 (Cultural Revolution)
2250:Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP
2043:
2030:1948, 23 May – 19 October 1948
1394:200 direct deaths conducted by
115:Ran Min massacred over 200,000
86:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
6847:Olesen, Alexa (19 July 2011).
6242:(in Chinese). 11 February 2024
6188:(in Chinese). 30 December 2019
5701:Independent Chinese PEN Center
4764:Luo, William (30 March 2018).
4700:Liu, Yongfeng (26 July 2013).
4157:党员、党权与党争: 1924-1949年中国国民党的组织形态
4005:(in Chinese). 9 September 2021
3880:
3850:
3820:
3810:
3699:
3653:
3614:
2968:9 (including the perpetrator)
2290:The massacre was conducted by
1776:St. Stephen's College massacre
1383:December 1930 - December 1931
1354:Anti-Bolshevik League incident
1106:Republic of China (since 1912)
1062:in Blagoveshchensk during the
788:killed 40 Portuguese pirates.
593:Tibetan civil war of 1727-1728
583:and his son Borni. Abunei was
362:Yuan dynasty loyalists led by
285:Mongol conquest of Western Xia
185:Massacre of Uyghur Manichaeans
1:
7868:Lists of massacres by country
6512:"Tiananmen Square Fast Facts"
6315:Bo, Cheng (25 January 2016).
6214:(in Chinese). 7 December 2022
6154:"内蒙古616特大凶杀案 8名少年血洗农场 屠杀27人…"
6106:(in Chinese). 29 October 2009
5704:(in Chinese). 1 August 2016.
5526:Phillips, Tom (11 May 2016).
4803:Chen, Zhaonan (9 June 2018).
4482:Hioe, Brian (8 August 2024).
4187:. Random House. p. 133.
3758:James B. Parsons (May 1957).
3584:
2534:Guangzhou Laogai Fan Incident
2335:Killings occurred during the
2231:, 10 of the 19 on board died
1890:Yan'an Rectification Movement
1678:40,000 were massacred within
1096:Tens of thousands of Manchus
1064:Russian invasion of Manchuria
970:orders of the same sect. The
762:tens of thousands of Manchus
759:mid and lower Yangtze valley
527:Several thousand Daur people
515:Sino-Russian border conflicts
7706:Eritrean War of Independence
7701:Croatian War of Independence
6064:. Rowman & Littlefield.
6029:Yang, Jishen (4 July 2017).
5987:Lin, Xue (17 October 2019).
5845:. Rowman & Littlefield.
5740:(in Chinese). Archived from
5644:(in Chinese). Archived from
5332:Yang, Jishen (4 July 2017).
5169:10.1080/00927678.2012.681276
5035:"LEARN A LITTLE ABOUT TIBET"
4928:. Harvard University Press.
4109:(in Chinese). 9 October 2019
3997:"苏州陷落：毫无意义的坚持，4万太平军被杀_手机搜狐网"
3764:The Journal of Asian Studies
3415:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
3274:were killed and 15 injured.
2827:
2349:Socialist Education Movement
2107:
1110:
752:Taiping massacres of Manchus
223:Guangzhou merchants massacre
24:Imperial China (before 1912)
7:
7883:Lists of disasters in China
7873:China history-related lists
6268:(in Chinese). 25 March 2024
6160:(in Chinese). 28 March 2024
5920:. Oxford University Press.
4486:. Taipei, Taiwan: New Bloom
4303:(in Chinese). 17 March 2024
4275:(in Chinese). 20 April 2016
3569:List of rebellions in China
3562:
2789:Chinese Cultural Revolution
2000:1947, 28 February – 16 May
1805:1942, 15 May – 4 September
1606:Zhengding Missionary Murder
1012:when rebelling against the
544:massacre of Dutch prisoners
453:Three massacres in Jiading
125:Yangzhou merchants massacre
16:The following is a list of
10:
7899:
6878:Shao, Wei (21 July 2011).
6378:Xiao, Bang (2 June 2019).
6296:(in Chinese). 5 March 2020
6134:(in Chinese). 17 July 2023
5881:Chen, Baode; Li, Xuechao.
4669:"执政的道德困境与突围之道——"三反五反"运动解析"
4239:David Askew (April 2002).
4083:(in Chinese). 24 July 2020
3959:(in Chinese). p. 635.
3153:2001 Shijiazhuang bombings
3048:affected by the incident.
2584:Targeted the relatives of
2372:
2111:
1962:
1801:Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres
1589:Tongzhou District, Beijing
1549:
1173:October 1920 – April 1921
548:1661–1662 (Southern Ming)
440:300,000 (modern estimate)
7825:
7809:
7761:
7721:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
7676:
7192:
7147:
7134:
5204:10.1017/S0305741009991123
4860:Vidal, Christine (2016).
4595:10.1017/S0305741008000064
4160:. 上海书店出版社. Archived from
4031:(in Chinese). 9 July 2023
3553:21+ killed, many wounded
3484:2015 Aksu colliery attack
3095:9 (including 3 children)
3014:30 dead, 30-100+ wounded
2388:Cultural Revolution Group
2294:towards local civilians.
1936:Horqin Right Front Banner
1663:13 December 1937 to 1938
1270:Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei
1242:Shanghai massacre of 1927
882:1894, 21 November (Qing)
784:Cantonese pirates led by
693:Several thousand Muslims
668:Several thousand Uyghurs
7139:List of massacres at sea
6834:South China Morning Post
6568:"94建国门事件:天才枪神到丧心病狂的杀人狂魔"
4702:"那一年，中国商贾千人跳楼 全家共赴黄泉（图）"
3706:Rossabi, Morris (2013).
3504:attack were Han people.
3390:June 2013 Shanshan riots
3182:Mafang Village explosion
3079:1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
2819:People's Liberation Army
2743:September –October 1968
2680:Shaoyang County Massacre
2526:People's Liberation Army
2434:August – September 1966
2362:Launched by Mao Zedong.
2292:People's Liberation Army
2149:1 million – 4.7 million
1871:Nanshitou Refugee Camp,
1552:Second Sino-Japanese War
565:Chahar Mongol rebellion
400:Second Sichuan massacre
371:Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre
347:Ispah Quanzhou massacres
215:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
7521:List of Palestine lists
7516:Palestinian territories
6058:Zhou, Yongming (1999).
5993:(in Chinese). 世界华语出版社.
5955:""文革"时期湖南省邵阳县"黑杀风"事件始末"
5730:Zhang, Zhishen (2014).
5395:(in Chinese). 天地图书有限公司.
5085:10.1080/146313600115054
4811:(in Chinese (Taiwan)).
4770:(in Chinese). 世界华语出版社.
4739:Phoenix New Media (凤凰网)
4620:(subscription required)
4459:Commonwealth Publishing
4055:suzhouculture.szlib.com
3363:April 2013 Bachu unrest
3105:Long wins round robbery
2484:Inner Mongolia incident
2158:Chinese Communist Party
1915:Chinese Communist Party
1263:Autumn Harvest Uprising
1136:Longjing Manse Movement
277:Mongol siege of Kaifeng
49:Massacre of the Eunuchs
7786:Indigenous Australians
7254:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6325:(in Chinese (China)).
5732:"揭秘："文革"期间广州的"打劳改犯"事件"
4184:Mao: The Unknown Story
4103:"1863年后，一座千年繁华城市的绝地反击"
3458:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
3280:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
2569:Anti-Peng Pai Incident
2256:Anti-Rightist Campaign
2227:Airliner shootdown By
2090:Republic of China Army
922:Fasting folk religious
781:40 Portuguese pirates
383:The Jianzhou Jurchens
322:First Sichuan massacre
102:Ran Wei–Later Zhao War
7563:São Tomé and Príncipe
6718:"南中国海上的惊天劫难_光明日报_光明网"
6661:Amnesty International
6482:Amnesty International
6409:Zhang, Liang (2001).
5914:Tan, Hecheng (2017).
5672:. M.E. Sharpe. 1986.
5406:Song, Yongyi (2002).
4805:"遇到中共就失憶！國民黨還能騙自己多久？"
4051:"Cultural Suzhou文化苏州"
3660:Qi, Dongfang (2010).
3607:. 648. p. 2659.
3272:People's Armed Police
2948:Amnesty International
2772:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
2300:1959 Tibetan uprising
1959:1945–1949 (Civil War)
1791:100 people killed by
1447:Pingdingshan massacre
1439:Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
1417:Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
1404:Anti-Bolshevik League
1387:Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
1362:Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
1056:Eight Nation Alliance
738:on the orders of the
205:Tang dynasty general
7840:Massacres by country
7037:. 13 February 2024.
6572:www.triadchinese.net
6355:. 23 December 2017.
6035:(in Chinese). 天地图书.
5959:Modern China Studies
5797:Li, Gucheng (1995).
5437:Modern China Studies
5338:(in Chinese). 天地图书.
5123:"Mao's Great Famine"
4632:at China Change blog
4436:– via Youtube.
4140:on 16 January 2022.
3601:"Volume 102: 劉聰載記".
3044:34 dead, 16 injured
2623:Yangjiang, Guangdong
2602:Qingtongxia, Ningxia
2594:Qingtongxia Incident
2337:Great Chinese Famine
2322:Great Chinese Famine
2266:550,000 – 2 million
2180:712,000 – 2 million
2114:Great Chinese Famine
1990:February 28 incident
1762:policy conducted by
1730:policy conducted by
1498:Minsaengdan incident
930:Second Dungan Revolt
878:Port Arthur massacre
193:13 February 843-845
7159:Mandatory Palestine
6449:www.theguardian.com
5768:"文革中广州街头"吊劳改犯事件"调查"
5648:on 24 November 2020
5192:The China Quarterly
4872:on 28 November 2019
4628:5 July 2016 at the
4582:The China Quarterly
4136:(1). Archived from
3941:on 1 January 2009.
3894:. 7 December 2022.
3514:2016, September 29
3488:2015, 18 September
3436:2014 Kunming attack
3333:2012 Yecheng attack
3251:2008 Kashgar attack
3217:2008 Tibetan unrest
3058:1997, February 3–5
3010:Jianguomen, Beijing
3006:1994, 20 September
3002:Jianguomen Incident
2898:Anti-crime Campaign
2710:Dan County Massacre
2380:Cultural Revolution
2218:, off the coast of
2139:Chinese land reform
1451:1932, 16 September
1415:Communist purge in
241:Merchants from the
235:Tens of thousands.
154:An Lushan Rebellion
140:Merchants from the
7878:Massacres in China
7751:WWII in Yugoslavia
7726:Sudanese civil war
7691:Algerian Civil War
7686:1948 Palestine war
7309:Dominican Republic
7035:www.dimsumdaily.hk
6915:Sri Lanka Guardian
6317:"胡锦涛1989年镇压西藏骚乱真相"
5990:赵紫阳 · 从革命到改良 （广东篇）
5366:www.britannica.com
5250:The New York Times
4425:. Taipei, Taiwan:
4337:Central Daily News
4295:"1938年长沙文夕之火-今日头条"
3709:A History of China
3540:2024, February 10
3337:2012, 28 February
3243:Lhasa Great Mosque
3109:1998, November 15
3083:1997, February 25
3031:1995, 18 November
2956:Chongqing shooting
2727:Guangdong Massacre
2632:Guangdong Massacre
2615:Yangjiang Massacre
2577:Shanwei, Guangdong
2557:Guangdong Massacre
2471:100,000 – 150,000
2399:Guangdong Province
2020:Siege of Changchun
1927:Gegenmiao massacre
1864:Nanshitou Massacre
1835:Changjiao massacre
1780:1941, 25 December
1688:1938 Changsha fire
1680:Nanjing City Walls
1267:September 7, 1927
869:150,000 – 500,000
857:Jindandao incident
736:summarily executed
612:Lhasa riot of 1750
53:189, 22 September
7855:
7854:
7845:Massacres by year
7817:List of genocides
7736:Greco-Turkish War
7711:Finnish Civil War
6977:. 24 April 2013.
6813:on 5 October 2009
6484:. 31 March 1990.
6071:978-0-8476-9598-0
6000:978-1-940266-62-6
5927:978-0-19-062252-7
5852:978-0-8108-6870-0
5433:""文革"中的集体屠杀：三省研究"
5431:Yang, Su (2006).
5064:HAO, YAN (2000).
4935:978-0-674-08889-4
4777:978-1-940266-12-1
4391:辽沈战役亲历记:原国民党将领的回忆
4107:view.inews.qq.com
3677:978-1-58834-305-5
3634:978-603-8206-39-3
3621:Wan, Lei (2017).
3560:
3559:
3419:2013, 28 October
3352:A group of eight
3320:molotov cocktails
3302:2011 Hotan attack
3125:
3124:
3027:Zhaodong massacre
2985:Zhejiang Province
2857:1980, 29 October
2825:
2824:
2684:July – September
2652:August – October
2496:16,632 – 100,000
2366:
2365:
2162:struggle sessions
2100:
2099:
2094:cover-up measures
2041:
2040:
2006:Beginning of the
2003:20,000 to 28,000
1965:Chinese Civil War
1956:
1955:
1882:Japanese military
1856:Japanese military
1854:Conducted by the
1823:Japanese military
1793:Japanese military
1768:Three Alls Policy
1764:Japanese military
1744:1941, 25 January
1740:Panjiayu Massacre
1732:Japanese military
1712:Three Alls Policy
1692:13 November 1938
1651:Japanese military
1631:Datong Mass Grave
1543:
1542:
1464:Japanese military
1324:Labrang Monastery
1220:March 18 Massacre
1152:Republic of China
1103:
1102:
1075:1911–1912 (Qing)
954:ethnic groups in
934:1895–1896 (Qing)
798:1862–1873 (Qing)
713:Taiwan Prefecture
656:Uqturpan massacre
635:1755–1757 (Qing)
597:1727-1728 (Qing)
530:Russian explorer
519:1650–1653 (Qing)
428:Yangzhou massacre
403:1645–1646 (Qing)
391:are massacred by
351:1357–1366 (Yuan)
326:1221–1264 (Song)
263:1211–1234 (Song)
243:Abbasid Caliphate
171:Jicheng (Beijing)
142:Abbasid Caliphate
7890:
7833:
7832:
7731:Syrian civil war
7169:Ottoman Bulgaria
7120:
7113:
7106:
7097:
7096:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6853:Associated Press
6844:
6838:
6837:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6604:on 13 March 2013
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6490:
6479:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6185:Sina Corporation
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6026:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
5984:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5891:. Archived from
5888:Yanhuang Chunqiu
5878:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5836:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5763:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5641:Yanhuang Chunqiu
5631:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5598:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5490:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5304:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5198:(201): 176–194.
5187:
5181:
5180:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5070:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5041:. Archived from
5031:
5025:
5024:
5005:10.2307/20039413
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4868:. Archived from
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4735:"三反五反：资产阶级命运的终结"
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4673:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4656:on 29 July 2009.
4655:
4649:. Archived from
4648:
4639:
4633:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4397:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4368:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4332:
4326:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3926:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3755:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3680:. Archived from
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:曜於是害諸王公及百官已下三萬餘人
3598:
3536:Ju County attack
3189:Mafang Village,
3174:ammonium nitrate
3132:
3131:
2934:Tiananmen Square
2832:
2831:
2797:Shadian incident
2648:Daoxian massacre
2509:Qinghai Massacre
2459:Guangxi Massacre
2409:
2408:
2395:Guangxi Province
2382:was launched by
2320:Violence in the
2118:
2117:
2073:1987, 7–8 March
2048:
2047:
1969:
1968:
1675:100,000~200,000
1659:Nanjing Massacre
1560:
1559:
1520:Kashgar massacre
1358:May 1930 - 1931
1115:
1114:
1071:Shaanxi Uprising
904:Kucheng massacre
744:Battle of Ningpo
740:Daoguang Emperor
631:Dzungar genocide
532:Yerofey Khabarov
460:Jiading District
302:Several million
269:Several million
162:Fanyang massacre
69:Yongjia disaster
28:
27:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7821:
7805:
7791:Nizari Ismailis
7764:
7757:
7679:
7672:
7588:Solomon Islands
7506:North Macedonia
7197:
7195:
7188:
7152:
7150:
7149:By past country
7143:
7130:
7124:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7070:
7068:
7063:(in Japanese).
7059:
7058:
7054:
7044:
7042:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7014:
7012:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6984:
6982:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6954:
6952:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6928:
6926:
6907:
6903:
6893:
6891:
6876:
6872:
6862:
6860:
6845:
6841:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6816:
6814:
6803:
6799:
6789:
6787:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6733:
6731:
6723:Guangming Daily
6716:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6699:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6629:Radio Free Asia
6622:
6621:
6617:
6607:
6605:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6581:
6579:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6525:
6523:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6456:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6431:
6407:
6403:
6393:
6391:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6271:
6269:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6245:
6243:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6137:
6135:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6079:
6072:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6032:天地翻覆: 中国文化大革命历史
6027:
6020:
6010:
6008:
6001:
5985:
5978:
5968:
5966:
5951:
5947:
5937:
5935:
5928:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5895:on 27 June 2020
5879:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5853:
5837:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5811:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5779:
5764:
5757:
5747:
5745:
5744:on 27 June 2020
5728:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5677:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5649:
5636:"我参与处理广西文革遗留问题"
5632:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5606:Radio Free Asia
5600:
5599:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5547:
5524:
5520:
5510:
5508:
5491:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5404:
5400:
5389:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5335:天地翻覆: 中国文化大革命历史
5330:
5326:
5281:
5277:
5267:
5265:
5242:
5235:
5188:
5184:
5153:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5073:Asian Ethnicity
5068:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5033:
5032:
5028:
4993:Foreign Affairs
4989:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4936:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4891:King, Gilbert.
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4841:on 11 June 2010
4833:
4832:
4828:
4818:
4816:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4778:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4733:Yang, Kuisong.
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4653:
4646:
4640:
4636:
4630:Wayback Machine
4619:
4612:
4610:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4539:Washington Post
4531:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4419:
4415:
4399:
4398:
4383:
4379:
4366:
4364:
4351:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4237:
4233:
4219:
4215:
4204:
4202:
4195:
4179:
4172:
4152:
4148:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3953:
3949:
3931:"同治光绪年间陕西人口的损失"
3927:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3776:10.2307/2941233
3756:
3747:
3729:
3727:
3720:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3635:
3619:
3615:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3565:
3543:Juxian County,
3523:Yunnan Province
3492:Aksu Prefecture
3462:2014, 22 March
3367:2013, 24 April
3255:2008, 4 August
3221:2008, 16 March
3157:2001, 16 March
3130:
3054:Ghulja massacre
3019:forced abortion
2981:1994, 31 March
2830:
2817:. Conducted by
2747:Ruijin, Jiangxi
2739:Ruijin Massacre
2718:Danzhou, Hainan
2451:Daxing Massacre
2377:
2371:
2339:. According to
2275:Xunhua Incident
2216:South China Sea
2116:
2110:
2105:
2046:
1967:
1961:
1931:14 August 1945
1839:1943, 9–12 May
1766:as part of the
1610:9 October 1937
1598:East Hebei Army
1581:Tongzhou mutiny
1558:
1548:
1379:Futian incident
1332:Golok massacres
1294:40,643~310,000
1246:1927, 12 April
1194:Shakee Massacre
1140:March 13, 1919
1113:
1108:
1047:Blagoveshchensk
908:August 1, 1895
821:Suzhou massacre
771:Ningpo massacre
709:10 August 1842
677:Jahriyya revolt
664:Uqturpan County
639:Dzungar Khanate
473:Jinhua massacre
420:Zhang Xianzhong
411:1 million est.
377:Gure (古哷 Gǔlè)
334:2 million est.
266:Northern China
245:such as Muslim
227:878–879 (Tang)
109:Northern China
34:Date (Dynasty)
26:
12:
11:
5:
7896:
7886:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7801:Turkish people
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7299:Czech Republic
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7200:
7198:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7123:
7122:
7115:
7108:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7092:by Song Yongyi
7085:
7084:External links
7082:
7079:
7078:
7052:
7022:
6992:
6962:
6936:
6901:
6870:
6839:
6824:
6797:
6767:
6752:(in Chinese).
6741:
6709:
6679:
6647:
6615:
6589:
6559:
6533:
6502:
6466:
6436:
6430:978-1586481223
6429:
6411:Nathan, Andrew
6401:
6370:
6340:
6307:
6279:
6253:
6225:
6199:
6171:
6145:
6117:
6089:
6070:
6050:
6018:
5999:
5976:
5961:(in Chinese).
5945:
5926:
5906:
5883:"阳江"乱打乱杀事件"始末"
5870:
5851:
5828:
5809:
5789:
5755:
5719:
5687:
5659:
5623:
5590:
5565:Song, Yongyi.
5557:
5518:
5493:Song, Yongyi.
5458:
5439:(in Chinese).
5423:
5416:
5398:
5391:Yang, Jishen.
5383:
5353:
5324:
5295:(1): 191–202.
5275:
5233:
5182:
5163:(2): 127–128.
5144:
5113:
5056:
5045:on 1 July 2021
5026:
4999:(4): 750–762.
4983:
4953:
4934:
4925:Tibet in Agony
4914:
4883:
4852:
4826:
4795:
4776:
4756:
4741:(in Chinese).
4725:
4710:(in Chinese).
4692:
4659:
4634:
4564:
4525:
4497:
4474:
4467:
4439:
4413:
4377:
4345:
4327:
4314:
4286:
4258:
4231:
4213:
4193:
4170:
4146:
4120:
4094:
4068:
4042:
4016:
3988:
3962:
3947:
3918:
3909:
3879:
3849:
3819:
3809:
3745:
3718:
3698:
3676:
3652:
3633:
3613:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3515:
3512:
3510:Yema stabbings
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3440:2014, 1 March
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3395:
3394:2013, 26 June
3392:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3368:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3347:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3306:2011, 18 July
3304:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3195:Baota District
3187:
3186:2001, 16 July
3184:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2960:1993, 5 April
2958:
2952:
2951:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2905:Tibetan unrest
2901:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:Inner Mongolia
2878:
2877:1983, 16 June
2875:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2801:July – August
2799:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2760:Xingguo County
2754:Took place in
2752:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2553:
2550:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2513:February 1967
2511:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2492:Inner Mongolia
2489:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2445:Origin of the
2443:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2341:Frank Dikötter
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:Sufan movement
2233:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2213:
2212:1954, 23 July
2210:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2083:
2074:
2071:
2069:Lieyu Massacre
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:Inner Mongolia
1940:Hinggan League
1932:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1907:
1904:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:Doolittle Raid
1819:
1816:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1760:Scorched earth
1757:
1754:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1728:Scorched earth
1725:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:Hebei province
1611:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1477:
1474:
1472:Kizil massacre
1468:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1288:Nationwide in
1286:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1224:18 March 1926
1222:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1169:Gando massacre
1165:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1089:in Shanxi and
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1052:
1049:
1036:
1033:
1023:
1022:
948:
945:
935:
932:
926:
925:
918:
915:
909:
906:
900:
899:
895:
892:
883:
880:
874:
873:
870:
867:
865:Inner Mongolia
862:
859:
853:
852:
838:
837:20,000-40,000
835:
826:
825:December 1863
823:
817:
816:
812:
809:
799:
796:
790:
789:
782:
779:
776:
773:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
748:
747:
718:
715:
710:
707:
698:
697:
694:
691:
682:
679:
673:
672:
669:
666:
661:
658:
652:
651:
644:
641:
636:
633:
627:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
608:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
589:
588:
577:
574:
572:Inner Mongolia
569:
566:
562:
561:
555:
552:
549:
546:
540:
539:
528:
525:
520:
517:
511:
510:
507:
504:
499:
496:
490:
489:
486:
483:
478:
475:
469:
468:
465:
462:
457:
454:
450:
449:
441:
438:
433:
430:
424:
423:
412:
409:
404:
401:
397:
396:
381:
378:
375:
372:
368:
367:
360:
357:
352:
349:
343:
342:
335:
332:
327:
324:
318:
317:
306:
300:
290:
287:
281:
280:
273:
271:Jurchen people
267:
264:
261:
255:
254:
239:
233:
228:
225:
219:
218:
203:
201:Yenisei Kyrgyz
197:
194:
191:
181:
180:
177:
174:
167:
164:
158:
157:
138:
135:
130:
127:
121:
120:
113:
110:
107:
104:
94:
93:
82:
79:
74:
73:304–316 (Jin)
71:
65:
64:
62:
59:
54:
51:
45:
44:
41:
38:
35:
32:
25:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7895:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7828:
7827:
7824:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7781:Hazara people
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7760:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7675:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7653:United States
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
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7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7354:Great Britain
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
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7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7191:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7164:Ottoman Syria
7162:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7146:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7129:
7121:
7116:
7114:
7109:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7066:
7062:
7056:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6843:
6835:
6828:
6812:
6808:
6801:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6619:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6487:
6483:
6476:
6470:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6311:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6229:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6054:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6025:
6023:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5983:
5981:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5953:Lin, Qishan.
5949:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5910:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5877:
5875:
5858:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5835:
5833:
5816:
5812:
5810:9789622016156
5806:
5802:
5801:
5793:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5766:Tan, Jialuo.
5762:
5760:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5726:
5724:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5675:
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5670:
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5643:
5642:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5611:
5607:
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5597:
5595:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5561:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5417:9789627934097
5413:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5393:天地翻覆-中国文革大革命史
5387:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5263:
5259:
5255:
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5240:
5238:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
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5197:
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5186:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
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5158:
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5149:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5044:
5040:
5039:www.umass.edu
5036:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4971:
4967:
4963:
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4941:
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4931:
4927:
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4902:
4898:
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4871:
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4863:
4856:
4840:
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4830:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4760:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4677:
4670:
4667:Zhang, Ming.
4663:
4652:
4645:
4642:Changyu, Li.
4638:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
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4584:
4583:
4578:
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4349:
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4338:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4200:
4196:
4194:9781448156863
4190:
4186:
4185:
4177:
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4167:
4163:
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4150:
4143:
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4124:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4082:
4078:
4072:
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4046:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3929:路伟东 (2003年).
3925:
3923:
3913:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3837:
3833:
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3813:
3797:
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3773:
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3752:
3750:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3721:
3719:9781118473450
3715:
3711:
3710:
3702:
3687:on 4 May 2021
3683:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3663:
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3464:
3461:
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3408:
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3379:
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3360:
3355:
3351:
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3342:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:2009, 5 July
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
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3236:
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3214:
3209:
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3200:
3196:
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3150:
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3143:
3140:
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3134:
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3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:The Red Cross
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:1989, 4 June
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
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2902:
2899:
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2809:
2806:
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2800:
2798:
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2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:Ruijin County
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
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2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
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2669:
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2637:
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2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2597:
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2592:
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2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2524:Conducted by
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
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2404:
2400:
2396:
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2259:
2257:
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2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Hainan Island
2217:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:Conducted by
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:Provinces of
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:29 July 1937
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:1933 to 1936
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:Provinces of
1423:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:23 June 1925
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:. In Hezhou,
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
988:, Dongxiang,
987:
983:
979:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
944:
940:
937:Provinces of
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
896:
893:
891:
887:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:
834:
830:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
813:
810:
808:
804:
801:Provinces of
800:
797:
795:
794:Dungan Revolt
792:
791:
787:
783:
780:
777:
775:26 June 1857
774:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
714:
711:
708:
706:
704:
700:
699:
695:
692:
690:
686:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
665:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
624:
621:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:
524:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
503:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
484:
482:
479:
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466:
463:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:
447:
442:
439:
437:
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431:
429:
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421:
417:
413:
410:
408:
405:
402:
399:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
369:
365:
361:
358:
356:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
340:
336:
333:
331:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
311:
310:Tangut people
307:
305:
304:Tangut people
301:
299:
295:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
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244:
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232:
229:
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224:
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220:
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212:
208:
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202:
198:
195:
192:
190:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
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134:
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128:
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111:
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103:
99:
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95:
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87:
83:
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78:
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72:
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66:
63:
60:
58:
55:
52:
50:
47:
46:
42:
39:
36:
33:
30:
29:
21:
19:
7796:Palestinians
7776:Azerbaijanis
7746:World War II
7593:South Africa
7278:
7196:or territory
7179:Soviet Union
7151:or territory
7069:. Retrieved
7055:
7043:. Retrieved
7034:
7025:
7013:. Retrieved
7005:The Diplomat
6995:
6983:. Retrieved
6965:
6953:. Retrieved
6939:
6927:. Retrieved
6914:
6904:
6892:. Retrieved
6873:
6861:. Retrieved
6842:
6833:
6827:
6815:. Retrieved
6811:the original
6800:
6788:. Retrieved
6779:
6770:
6758:. Retrieved
6744:
6732:. Retrieved
6721:
6712:
6700:. Retrieved
6692:news.sina.cn
6691:
6688:"None_手机新浪网"
6682:
6670:. Retrieved
6659:
6650:
6638:. Retrieved
6627:
6618:
6606:. Retrieved
6602:the original
6592:
6580:. Retrieved
6571:
6562:
6550:. Retrieved
6536:
6524:. Retrieved
6515:
6505:
6493:. Retrieved
6481:
6469:
6457:. Retrieved
6448:
6439:
6419:
6404:
6392:. Retrieved
6383:
6373:
6361:. Retrieved
6352:
6343:
6331:. Retrieved
6320:
6310:
6298:. Retrieved
6291:
6282:
6270:. Retrieved
6265:
6256:
6244:. Retrieved
6237:
6228:
6216:. Retrieved
6211:
6202:
6190:. Retrieved
6183:
6174:
6162:. Retrieved
6157:
6148:
6136:. Retrieved
6129:
6120:
6108:. Retrieved
6101:
6092:
6080:. Retrieved
6060:
6053:
6041:. Retrieved
6031:
6009:. Retrieved
5989:
5967:. Retrieved
5958:
5948:
5936:. Retrieved
5916:
5909:
5897:. Retrieved
5893:the original
5886:
5861:. Retrieved
5841:
5819:. Retrieved
5799:
5792:
5780:. Retrieved
5771:
5746:. Retrieved
5742:the original
5737:Renming Wang
5735:
5710:. Retrieved
5699:
5690:
5678:. Retrieved
5668:
5662:
5650:. Retrieved
5646:the original
5639:
5634:Yan, Lebin.
5614:. Retrieved
5605:
5581:. Retrieved
5570:
5560:
5548:. Retrieved
5532:The Guardian
5531:
5521:
5509:. Retrieved
5498:
5449:. Retrieved
5440:
5436:
5426:
5407:
5401:
5392:
5386:
5374:. Retrieved
5365:
5356:
5344:. Retrieved
5334:
5327:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5266:. Retrieved
5249:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5160:
5156:
5135:. Retrieved
5126:
5116:
5104:. Retrieved
5076:
5072:
5059:
5047:. Retrieved
5043:the original
5038:
5029:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4974:. Retrieved
4965:
4956:
4944:. Retrieved
4924:
4917:
4905:. Retrieved
4896:
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4870:the original
4865:
4855:
4845:30 September
4843:. Retrieved
4839:the original
4829:
4817:. Retrieved
4809:www.storm.mg
4808:
4798:
4786:. Retrieved
4766:
4759:
4747:. Retrieved
4738:
4728:
4716:. Retrieved
4705:
4695:
4683:. Retrieved
4662:
4651:the original
4637:
4611:. Retrieved
4586:
4580:
4573:Yang Kuisong
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4538:
4528:
4516:. Retrieved
4511:Taipei Times
4509:
4500:
4488:. Retrieved
4477:
4454:
4449:
4442:
4430:. Retrieved
4416:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4372:
4365:. Retrieved
4355:
4353:段克文 (1978).
4348:
4340:
4336:
4335:"长春国军防守经过".
4330:
4322:
4317:
4305:. Retrieved
4298:
4289:
4277:. Retrieved
4270:
4261:
4249:. Retrieved
4234:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4203:. Retrieved
4183:
4165:
4162:the original
4156:
4149:
4141:
4138:the original
4133:
4128:戚其章 (2001).
4123:
4111:. Retrieved
4106:
4097:
4085:. Retrieved
4080:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4057:(in Chinese)
4054:
4045:
4033:. Retrieved
4028:
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
4000:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3974:
3965:
3957:中国人口史 卷5 清时期
3956:
3950:
3942:
3939:the original
3934:
3912:
3900:. Retrieved
3892:Booboone.com
3891:
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3861:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3831:
3822:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3767:
3763:
3735:
3728:. Retrieved
3708:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3682:the original
3666:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3623:
3616:
3608:
3602:
3161:Shijiazhuang
3128:2000–present
3039:Heilongjiang
2993:
2813:Uprising of
2802:
2725:Part of the
2714:August 1968
2694:
2685:
2653:
2634:. Mainly in
2630:Part of the
2598:August 1967
2573:August 1967
2555:Part of the
2545:
2538:August 1967
2392:
2378:
2332:2.5 million
2152:Launched by
2088:Launched by
2044:1949–present
2014:until 1987.
2008:White Terror
1909:Launched by
1724:2.7 million
1556:World War II
1536:2,000–8,000
1455:Pingdingshan
1434:<700,000
1406:and ties to
1322:Tibetans in
1312:Xiahe County
1161:Zhang Zuolin
1085:in Jiangsu,
1035:1900 (Qing)
1014:Qing dynasty
984:, masses of
975:
964:Qing dynasty
962:against the
894:2600–20,000
861:1891 (Qing)
850:Li Hongzhang
840:Massacre of
731:
724:
702:
681:1781 (Qing)
660:1765 (Qing)
616:1750 (Qing)
568:1675 (Qing)
498:1649 (Qing)
477:1646 (Qing)
456:1645 (Qing)
445:
432:1645 (Qing)
393:Nikan Wailan
387:and his son
374:1583 (Ming)
364:Chen Youding
236:
98:Jie genocide
15:
7741:World War I
7696:Bosnian War
7603:South Sudan
7598:South Korea
7543:Puerto Rico
7533:Philippines
7501:North Korea
7491:New Zealand
7324:El Salvador
7204:Afghanistan
7174:Roman Judea
7071:14 February
7045:27 February
6884:China Daily
6672:15 February
6640:15 February
6415:Link, Perry
6322:Duowei News
6158:c.m.163.com
5550:23 December
5500:Sciences Po
4907:28 November
4897:Smithsonian
4876:28 November
4749:22 November
4718:22 November
4589:: 102–121.
4393:. Beijing.
4130:"旅顺大屠杀真相再考"
3902:12 February
3872:11 February
3604:Book of Jin
3377:, Xinjiang
3312:, Xinjiang
2939:200–10,000
2764:Yudu County
2476:cannibalism
2356:Nationwide
2329:Nationwide
2263:Nationwide
2244:Nationwide
2196:Nationwide
2177:Nationwide
2146:Nationwide
2012:martial law
1934:Gegenmiao,
1720:North China
1476:1933, June
1308:Jonê County
1093:in Shaanxi
1060:Daur people
314:Western Xia
166:761 (Tang)
129:760 (Tang)
90:Book of Jin
7862:Categories
7716:Kosovo War
7314:East Timor
7234:Bangladesh
7229:Azerbaijan
7194:By country
7184:Yugoslavia
6552:16 January
6293:SinoVision
6082:6 November
6043:6 November
6011:6 November
5938:6 November
5863:6 November
5821:6 November
5511:5 December
5376:13 October
5346:6 November
4946:6 November
4788:6 November
4613:8 December
4468:9576216389
4427:TaiwanPlus
4367:24 January
4251:6 December
3832:m.sohu.com
3739:al-Mas'udi
3730:16 January
3585:References
2971:3 Injured
2936:, Beijing
2909:1987–1989
2815:Hui people
2776:1968–1969
2672:Dao County
2619:1967–1969
2488:1967–1969
2478:occurred.
2463:1966–1976
2447:Red Terror
2430:Red August
2384:Mao Zedong
2373:See also:
2353:1963–1965
2326:1959–1961
2260:1957–1959
2241:1955–1957
2193:1951–1952
2174:1950–1953
2154:Mao Zedong
2143:1949–1953
2112:See also:
1963:See also:
1911:Mao Zedong
1894:1942–1945
1868:1942–1945
1716:1940–1942
1704:Kuomintang
1635:1937–1945
1550:See also:
1421:1931–1935
1408:Trotskyism
1400:Mao Zedong
1396:Mao Zedong
1371:Mao Zedong
1342:and Gansu
1336:1917–1949
1179:, Eastern
1081:in Hubei,
1002:Tang Yanhe
998:Ma Yonglin
416:Sichuanese
289:1225–1227
137:thousands
117:Jie people
7835:Massacres
7771:Armenians
7658:Venezuela
7613:Sri Lanka
7573:Singapore
7461:Lithuania
7419:Jerusalem
7394:Indonesia
7359:Guatemala
7224:Australia
7219:Argentina
7128:massacres
7126:Lists of
6780:m.163.com
6266:m.163.com
6212:m.163.com
6138:29 August
6110:29 August
5540:0261-3077
5311:0098-7921
5258:0362-4331
5228:154460757
5212:0305-7410
5177:153769216
5079:: 11–36.
5013:0015-7120
4603:154927374
4547:0190-8286
4518:14 August
4490:13 August
4432:13 August
4402:cite book
4081:m.163.com
4029:m.163.com
3975:m.163.com
3862:m.163.com
3792:162377335
3141:Location
3041:province
2964:Chongqing
2885:Hulunbuir
2841:Location
2828:1976–1999
2751:>1000
2636:Yangjiang
2547:Guangdong
2542:Guangzhou
2418:Location
2199:100,000+
2127:Location
2108:1949–1966
2057:Location
2027:Province
1997:Province
1975:Location
1873:Guangzhou
1843:Changjiao
1784:Hong Kong
1647:155,000+
1614:Zhengding
1569:Location
1506:Manchuria
1459:800-1200
1206:Guangzhou
1181:Manchuria
1156:17 or 19
1124:Location
1111:1912–1937
1083:Zhenjiang
886:Lüshunkou
846:Huai Army
722:troopship
650:Mongols.
585:Ejei Khan
385:Giocangga
231:Guangzhou
207:Shi Xiong
196:Shahu in
169:Fanyang (
37:Location
18:massacres
7810:See also
7763:By group
7633:Thailand
7583:Slovenia
7578:Slovakia
7511:Pakistan
7471:Malaysia
7329:Ethiopia
7284:Colombia
7065:Archived
7039:Archived
7009:Archived
6979:Archived
6955:29 April
6949:Archived
6923:Archived
6888:Archived
6857:Archived
6784:Archived
6754:Archived
6728:Archived
6696:Archived
6666:Archived
6634:Archived
6576:Archived
6546:Archived
6526:17 April
6520:Archived
6495:17 April
6486:Archived
6459:17 April
6453:Archived
6417:(eds.).
6394:17 April
6388:Archived
6384:ABC News
6363:17 April
6357:Archived
6353:BBC News
6327:Archived
6076:Archived
6037:Archived
6005:Archived
5963:Archived
5932:Archived
5899:14 April
5857:Archived
5815:Archived
5782:14 April
5776:Archived
5748:14 April
5712:14 March
5706:Archived
5674:Archived
5610:Archived
5577:Archived
5544:Archived
5505:Archived
5451:14 April
5445:Archived
5370:Archived
5340:Archived
5319:23043270
5268:3 August
5262:Archived
5220:20749353
5137:3 August
5131:Archived
5127:Newsweek
5097:Archived
5093:18471490
5021:20039413
4970:Archived
4940:Archived
4901:Archived
4813:Archived
4782:Archived
4743:Archived
4712:Archived
4676:Archived
4626:Archived
4607:Archived
4575:(2008).
4551:Archived
4450:八年參謀總長日記
4361:Archived
4307:27 March
4279:27 March
4245:Archived
4199:Archived
4113:26 March
4087:26 March
4061:26 March
4035:26 March
4009:26 March
3981:26 March
3935:历史地理第19辑
3896:Archived
3866:Archived
3842:7 August
3836:Archived
3817:800,000.
3796:Archived
3724:Archived
3639:Archived
3563:See also
3549:Shandong
3496:Xinjiang
3470:Xinjiang
3402:Xinjiang
3398:Shanshan
3371:Selibuya
3345:Xinjiang
3263:Xinjiang
3191:Nanniwan
3144:Victims
3091:Xinjiang
3066:Xinjiang
3035:Zhaodong
2860:Beijing
2844:Victims
2731:militias
2722:>700
2691:Shaoyang
2640:Yangchun
2586:Peng Pai
2581:>160
2552:187–197
2474:Massive
2421:Victims
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2130:Victims
2060:Victims
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1913:and the
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1810:Zhejiang
1748:Panjiayu
1696:Changsha
1572:Victims
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1273:390,000
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1127:Victims
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725:Nerbudda
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7548:Romania
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7481:Myanmar
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7379:Hungary
7344:Germany
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