398:
buildings which were practically impossible to meet – new dedicated buildings had to build. In 1933, Rytas had only 21 approved schools and of those only 16 had approved teachers. Realizing that it was losing ground, Rytas began focusing on education of adults and establishing reading rooms. Most of these rooms were headed by now-unemployed teachers, others by university or gymnasium students. The rooms organized readings of books and periodicals, discussions, lectures, courses for children and adults, various social events and gatherings, etc. In the 1934/35 school year, the society maintained 76 reading rooms which registered 244,805 visitors. The officials disapproved the reading rooms and frequently fined them for various minor infractions.
357:. Almost immediately Lithuanian organizations, including Rytas, faced increased scrutiny and restrictions. The Lithuanian gymnasium for girls was closed in August 1921 and the boys' gymnasium (renamed to Vytautas the Great Gymnasium) was forcibly removed from its premises in October 1921. In 1923, the regional education commission began demanding that each school independently obtained a permit which was valid for only a year (multi-year permits were introduced in 1927). The commission had to approve each teacher, and it refused to approve if they were not Polish citizens or did not have certificates of morality (
323:
374:, and 23 other Lithuanian teachers and activists were arrested. It was a retribution for the Lithuanian decision to close more than 60 Polish schools in Lithuania. In 1928, Rytas maintained the gymnasium in Vilnius with 366 students, a vocational evening school, teachers' courses, 103 schools with 3,560 students, and 80 evening courses for adults with 1,765 students. Of the schools, only 52 had official permits. Some of the closed or non-certified schools continued to operate illegally.
478:. Due to wartime disruptions and regime changes, the society was not active. It registered with the Lithuanian government in February 1940 and called a general meeting in March searching for a new mission – a lot of its functions were taken over by the Lithuanian government and it could no longer rely on funding from the government or the public. Rytas, along with other Lithuanian organizations, was abolished by the new Soviet regime following the
461:
Rytas was told that no schools would be approved if they were less than 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from a public Polish school and instead concentrated on reestablishing local chapters and reading rooms. From June to August, Rytas established 103 chapters with about 1,500 members. Further activities
413:
in
December 1935, took particularly strict measures against Rytas. Police raided reading rooms, confiscated the books, and closed them due to "threat to public order and security". In twelve instances, curators of the reading rooms were exiled. In November 1936, police raided Rytas headquarters and
365:
sponsored a law which regulated schools of ethnic minorities. Other requirements and limitations applied to teachers' education, textbooks, classroom hygiene, etc. These requirements particularly affected
Ukrainian and Belarusian schools. Attitudes towards Lithuanian schools were more lenient,
397:
adopted a new law which further restricted private schools. No new permits were issued while old schools were closed by various inspectors. The number of schools decreased from 91 in 1931 to 73 in 1932. New instructions from the Polish
Ministry of Education prescribed requirements for school
248:, the society had 31 chapters, including three in Vilnius. Rytas wanted to establish grammar schools (Школа грамоты) but was allowed to organize only one-year or two-year schools and only if a qualified teacher was available. The first schools were organized in
231:
The society's goals were to establish and fund
Lithuanian-language primary schools, evening classes for adults, a seminary for teachers, reading rooms, bookshops, and other educational institutions in the Roman Catholic spirit. It published its news in
433:
of
Vilnius in January 1938. Rytas appealed the decision to voivode Bociański, but received a negative response on 25 February and was officially closed on 28 February. Rytas' property was taken over by attorney Stefan Wilanowski and the last school in
283:. Initially, the Germans banned Rytas, but after modifications to its statute, it was allowed to operate schools but not to establish new chapters. Despite difficult wartime conditions, Rytas established courses for teachers, which were directed by
164:, and others) established educational Society Vilniaus Aušra (Dawn of Vilnius). The first chairman was Smetona and Tumas was his secretary, but soon they resigned. The new chairman was priest Juozas Bagdonavičius (Bagdonas) and
414:
confiscated some of its funds. The measures had its effects: in March 1936, Rytas had four schools and 77 reading rooms; a year later, it had only two schools with 77 students and 14 reading rooms. Rytas activities in the
369:
The situation of
Lithuanian schools and Rytas society began deteriorating when 44 schools and the teachers' seminary was closed on 4–5 October 1927. At the same time, seminary director Kristupas Čibiras, Rytas chairman
562:
won majorities in the municipal elections neglected the education in the
Lithuanian language and decided to reestablished Rytas to counter this bias. Algimantas Masaitis, long-time director of a Lithuanian school in
88:, diplomatic relations were established between Poland and Lithuania and Rytas was allowed to operate again in May 1939. It could not resume its activities due to World War II and was abolished again soon after the
83:
in 1935, the rooms were often raided by police and closed. Eventually, the society was abolished by Polish authorities in
February 1938. Only the Vytautas the Great Gymnasium was allowed to operate. After the
450:, diplomatic relations were established between Poland and Lithuania and Rytas was allowed to operate again on 20 May 1939. In June, it received its property back – Vileišis Palace, now subject to a 60,000
381:
which became more active in 1927. The two societies shared similar goals and cooperated with each other; for example, sharing
Lithuanian publications. In 1931, with funding from Lithuania, Rytas purchased
79:). The situation continued to worsen as both sides increased restrictions in retribution. As schools were closed, Rytas shifted its focus to maintaining community reading rooms. After the death of
378:
121:, all non-government schools were closed, and government schools prohibited the use of the Lithuanian language. The restrictions were lifted in 1904 and Lithuanians organized societies
571:, became its chairman. The society organizes lectures, events, conferences, excursions, confers awards to distinguished teachers, provides students with school supplies, books, etc.
1145:
501:
418:
were prohibited citing concerns over border security. No new initiatives received official approvals and the society was effectively forced to cease its activities.
1150:
1125:
753:
535:
300:
75:
policies, Rytas faced increasing difficulties and restrictions in maintaining its schools. Similar situation existed with Polish schools in
Lithuania (see
788:
846:
327:
475:
168:
was his secretary. The society was active both in Kovno and Vilna Governorates and established 17 local chapters. Most active of them were in
1135:
958:
479:
89:
361:), i.e. a proof of correct political leanings. For example, in 1926, of 106 proposed teachers only 56 were approved. In July 1924, Minister
1130:
620:
429:. The move did not help as both Rytas and the Scientific Society, as well as seven other Lithuanian organizations, were suspended by the
928:
901:
1140:
1120:
415:
559:
1050:
192:
92:
in June 1940. The society, with the same mission of promoting Lithuanian-language education, was reestablished in 2004.
447:
85:
911:
884:
829:
598:
410:
288:
64:
1089:
994:
Lietuvių Šv. Kazimiero draugijos veikla Vilniaus krašte 1925-1937 metais ir jos santykiai su Lenkijos administracija
691:
1012:
593:. On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics. Rodopi. p. 231.
421:
Sensing that its could be abolished, in 1937–1938, Rytas transferred its archives and movable property to the
311:
568:
422:
387:
346:
200:
655:
870:
Klimka, Libertas (2013). "Vytauto Didžiojo gimnazija "Ryto" draugijos globoje". In Gudaitė, Jūratė (ed.).
455:
180:. However, Tsarist authorities closed several chapters and the society was liquidated in December 1908.
506:
157:
242:
and encouraged establishment of local chapters. By the end of 1913, according to a list published in
342:
871:
816:
521:
284:
144:, which had an ethnically mixed population, were slower. In February 1907, Lithuanian activists (
540:
386:
and moved its headquarters to the first floor. The second floor and the attic was rented by the
71:(Wilno, Vilna) in 1927. Due to political tensions between Poland and Lithuania as well as wider
992:
354:
305:
52:
588:
495:
208:
183:
The idea of an educational society was once again raised by the intellectuals in a meeting of
134:
296:
292:
265:
204:
118:
80:
515:
362:
8:
322:
40:
24:
815:
Ragaišis, Mindaugas; Skirius, Juozas (2013). "Įžangos žodis". In Gudaitė, Jūratė (ed.).
435:
406:
149:
467:
377:
Teachers at Rytas schools often initiated the establishments of a local chapter of the
234:
426:
383:
130:
1065:
1018:
973:
939:
907:
880:
825:
764:
695:
667:
631:
594:
141:
126:
153:
528:
371:
249:
106:
1017:. Iš lietuvių kutūros istorijos. Vol. 8. Vilnius: Mokslas. pp. 115–116.
332:
177:
122:
279:, from about August 1915 to November 1918, Vilnius Region was part of the German
220:
145:
60:
451:
212:
161:
110:
76:
59:. Established in 1913, the society maintained some 100 primary schools (mostly
44:
558:
society. Lithuanian activists felt that areas of southeastern Lithuania where
1114:
1069:
977:
943:
768:
699:
671:
635:
114:
1022:
314:
which opened a week earlier) gymnasium to teach in the Lithuanian language.
564:
471:
463:
366:
perhaps in hopes of normalizing the tensions between Poland and Lithuania.
350:
196:
72:
482:
in June 1940. The last board meeting of Rytas took place on 6 July 1940.
276:
269:
216:
165:
789:"Dr. kun. Jonas Steponavičius: kovotojas dėl lietuvybės Vilnijos krašte"
474:
and then partially transferred to Lithuania in October according to the
244:
959:"Lietuvių šv. Kazimiero draugijos veikla Vilniaus krašte: 1926–1940 m."
173:
272:. During the first three years, Rytas established about 120 schools.
253:
48:
850:
554:
Rytas Society was reestablished in April 2004 with the help of the
518:(8 November 1915 – 13 December 1916; 30 August 1918 – 19 June 1922)
430:
379:
Society of Saint Casimir for the Education and Care of Young People
257:
1000:(Master's thesis) (in Lithuanian). Vilnius University. p. 33.
1090:"Atkurtos lietuvių švietimo draugijos „Rytas" veikla (2004–2012)"
847:"Kartą ir visiems laikams: kuri Lietuvos mokykla – iš tiesų Nr.1"
555:
280:
261:
188:
68:
56:
824:(in Lithuanian). Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejus. pp. 5–6.
195:
on 29 November 1912 and the founding meeting took place at the
169:
879:(in Lithuanian). Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejus. p. 137.
692:"Lietuvių švietimo draugijos Vilniaus "Aušra" Alantos skyrius"
590:
1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania's History
545:(14 August 1933 – 28 February 1938; 20 May 1939 – July 1940)
394:
345:
in October 1920, Vilnius region was incorporated into the
39:) was a Roman Catholic society fostering education in the
903:
Antanas ir Emilija Vileišiai: Gyvenimo ir veiklos bruožai
226:
656:"Naujas Lietuvių švietimo draugijos "Rytas" šimtmetis"
470:
in September 1939, Vilnius Region was occupied by the
458:, 33,303 złoty receivables, and 7,745 złoty payables.
207:, elected a six-member board, which included priest
844:
1146:Lithuanian minority in the Second Polish Republic
1051:"Lietuvių švietimo draugija „Rytas" 1939–1940 m."
754:"Lietuvių švietimas Vilniaus krašte 1920–1939 m."
1112:
287:and which grew to a seminary, and took over the
814:
100:
1048:
786:
310:in October 1915. It was the second (after the
1126:Educational organizations established in 1913
618:
906:(in Lithuanian). Alma littera. p. 378.
621:"Lietuviškos mokyklos Vilniuje 1920–1939 m."
203:on 31 January 1913. The meeting, chaired by
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
990:
929:"Lenkų mokyklų steigimas Lietuvoje 1926 m."
787:Vasiliauskienė, Aldona (27 November 2012).
480:occupation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union
90:occupation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union
1151:Lithuania–Second Polish Republic relations
845:Urbonaitė-Vainienė, Ieva (June 15, 2015).
653:
476:Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
317:
191:in 1911. Its statute was approved by the
1087:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1029:
956:
950:
751:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
685:
683:
681:
614:
612:
610:
441:
321:
137:to fund and operate Lithuanian schools.
810:
808:
806:
782:
780:
778:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
694:(in Lithuanian). Voruta. pp. 5–6.
649:
647:
645:
326:Ballet performance at Rytas' school in
1113:
1014:Mokslo, kultūros ir švietimo draugijos
1010:
1004:
926:
920:
899:
869:
689:
586:
560:Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania
425:, which was headquartered in the same
223:was a candidate, but was not elected.
1088:Masaitis, Algimantas (8 April 2013).
1076:
984:
893:
863:
678:
607:
580:
1136:Organizations disestablished in 1940
838:
803:
775:
706:
642:
227:Russian Empire and German occupation
1131:1940 disestablishments in Lithuania
654:Virvičienė, Aušra (30 March 2013).
524:(13 December 1916 – 30 August 1918)
13:
873:Lietuvių švietimo draugija "Rytas"
818:Lietuvių švietimo draugija "Rytas"
690:Šeikis, Gintautas (25 June 2016).
490:The chairmen of the society were:
55:, now split between Lithuania and
47:, then fiercely contested between
29:Lietuvių švietimo draugija „Rytas“
21:Lithuanian Education Society Rytas
14:
1162:
511:(14 April 1915 – 8 November 1915)
498:(31 January 1913 – 14 April 1915)
1141:Lithuanian educational societies
1121:1913 establishments in Lithuania
1058:SOTER: religijos mokslo žurnalas
619:Stravinskienė, Vitalija (2015).
1049:Vasiliauskienė, Aldona (2013).
531:(19 June 1922 – 14 August 1933)
133:(light, beacon) in 1905 in the
119:Lithuanian press was prohibited
1011:Merkys, Vytautas, ed. (1975).
448:Polish ultimatum of March 1938
401:
86:Polish ultimatum of March 1938
1:
574:
569:Vilnius District Municipality
549:
423:Lithuanian Scientific Society
388:Lithuanian Scientific Society
347:Republic of Central Lithuania
201:Church of All Saints, Vilnius
957:Ereminas, Gintautas (2020).
752:Ereminas, Gintautas (2015).
193:Ministry of Internal Affairs
101:Background and establishment
65:Vytautas the Great Gymnasium
7:
991:Lavrijaniec, Tomaš (2008).
927:Šetkus, Benediktas (2007).
485:
456:Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego
393:In spring 1931, the Polish
10:
1167:
219:, and Jonas Basanavičius.
95:
67:and Teacher's Seminary in
587:Liekis, Šarūnas (2010).
140:The developments in the
16:A Roman Catholic Society
932:Istorija. Mokslo darbai
791:(in Lithuanian). Voruta
624:Istorija. Mokslo darbai
522:Aleksandras Stulginskis
285:Aleksandras Stulginskis
158:Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas
63:), 50 evening classes,
900:Aničas, Jonas (1999).
355:Second Polish Republic
338:
318:Second Polish Republic
53:Second Polish Republic
28:
442:Briefly reestablished
416:Białystok Voivodeship
359:świadectwo moralności
325:
462:were interrupted by
289:Lithuanian gymnasium
496:Jonas Steponavičius
343:Żeligowski's Mutiny
312:Panevėžys Gymnasium
301:Povilas Gaidelionis
211:(chairman), priest
209:Jonas Steponavičius
135:Suwałki Governorate
41:Lithuanian language
502:Juozas Kairiūkštis
468:invasion of Poland
339:
293:Jonas Basanavičius
205:Jonas Basanavičius
1060:(in Lithuanian).
968:(in Lithuanian).
934:(in Lithuanian).
849:(in Lithuanian).
759:(in Lithuanian).
662:(in Lithuanian).
626:(in Lithuanian).
536:Kristupas Čibiras
516:Mečislovas Reinys
363:Stanisław Grabski
291:, established by
142:Vilna Governorate
127:Kovno Governorate
125:(Sun) in 1906 in
105:After the failed
1158:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1055:
1046:
1027:
1026:
1008:
1002:
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982:
981:
966:Gimtasai kraštas
963:
954:
948:
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757:Gimtasai kraštas
749:
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703:
687:
676:
675:
651:
640:
639:
616:
605:
604:
584:
544:
529:Petras Kraujalis
510:
454:mortgage to the
411:voivode of Wilno
407:Ludwik Bociański
372:Petras Kraujalis
336:
309:
297:Mykolas Biržiška
107:Uprising of 1863
61:one-room schools
31:; "rytas" means
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1096:(in Lithuanian)
1086:
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1030:
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1005:
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989:
985:
961:
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427:Vileišis Palace
404:
384:Vileišis Palace
330:
320:
303:
229:
221:Antanas Smetona
146:Antanas Smetona
113:enacted strict
103:
98:
81:Józef Piłsudski
17:
12:
11:
5:
1164:
1154:
1153:
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1128:
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403:
400:
319:
316:
228:
225:
213:Vladas Mironas
187:publishers in
162:Vladas Mironas
154:Jonas Vileišis
117:policies: the
111:Tsarist regime
102:
99:
97:
94:
77:Lithuanization
45:Vilnius Region
43:mostly in the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1163:
1152:
1149:
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1144:
1142:
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1119:
1118:
1116:
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1080:
1071:
1067:
1064:(75): 34–47.
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
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1020:
1016:
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915:
913:9789986027942
909:
905:
904:
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888:
886:9786098039450
882:
875:
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841:
833:
831:9786098039450
827:
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712:
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697:
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684:
682:
673:
669:
666:(771): 7, 9.
665:
661:
657:
650:
648:
646:
637:
633:
629:
625:
622:
615:
613:
611:
602:
600:9789042027626
596:
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583:
579:
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438:was closed.
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266:Švenčionėliai
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178:Bagaslaviškis
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115:Russification
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62:
58:
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50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
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26:
22:
1098:. Retrieved
1093:
1061:
1057:
1013:
1006:
993:
986:
969:
965:
952:
935:
931:
922:
902:
895:
872:
865:
854:. Retrieved
840:
817:
793:. Retrieved
760:
756:
663:
659:
627:
623:
589:
582:
565:Marijampolis
553:
489:
472:Soviet Union
466:. After the
464:World War II
460:
445:
420:
409:, appointed
405:
392:
376:
368:
358:
351:puppet state
340:
274:
243:
239:
233:
230:
197:clergy house
184:
182:
139:
104:
73:Polonization
36:
32:
20:
18:
539: [
505: [
402:Liquidation
331: [
304: [
277:World War I
270:Valkininkai
250:Dieveniškės
217:Liudas Gira
166:Liudas Gira
148:, brothers
1115:Categories
856:2017-04-19
575:References
550:Since 2004
446:After the
341:After the
328:Kukutėliai
156:, priests
25:Lithuanian
1070:1392-7450
978:2029-0101
944:1392-0456
769:2029-0101
763:: 18–27.
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