2137:
2108:
2121:
327:, called for a government meeting on the night of March 16. During the meeting, he argued that the ultimatum needed to contain only one demand: the establishment of diplomatic relations. In his view, such an ultimatum would not have violated any genuine Lithuanian interests and would offer much-improved prospects for peaceful resolution of the conflict and a speedy relief of tension. It was in accordance with Beck's vision for Eastern Europe, which was based on a Warsaw-dominated Polish–Baltic–Scandinavian bloc free of Soviet or German influence, a modified version of
22:
633:, Poland made more active efforts to ensure Lithuania's assistance, or at least neutrality, in the event of a war with Nazi Germany. Lithuanian General Stasys Raštikis and Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck made high-profile visits to each other's countries, and Poland improved the conditions of Lithuanians in the Vilnius Region. However, Lithuania did not believe that Poland and its western allies were strong enough to resist Germany and the Soviet Union. When
488:
irrationally rejected peaceful diplomatic relations for eighteen years. Lithuanian diplomats were divided on the issue, while popular opinion was strongly against accepting the ultimatum. Various campaigns for the
Lithuanian liberation of Vilnius had attracted massive participation. "Mourning of Vilnius Day" (October 9, when Żeligowski invaded Lithuania and captured Vilnius), had become an annual event, and the largest social organisation in
245:. The exact circumstances are not clear; the obscure event was variously portrayed as a Lithuanian provocation, a Polish provocation, or an accident. Between 1927 and 1938, seven Lithuanian border guards had been killed in 78 similar events. Usually, such incidents were handled at the local level in an attempt to forestall escalation. On this occasion, however, Polish radio and newspapers picked up the story and fanned
157:
percentage of the inhabitants. According to
Russian (1897), German (1916), and Polish (1919) censuses, Lithuanians or Lithuanian speakers constituted 2–2.6% of the city's population. During the interwar period, the Lithuanian side, while admitting that there were few Lithuanians living in Vilnius, claimed it on historical grounds – as the former capital of the
537:
The ultimatum contributed to the general atmosphere of tension and fear in Europe. It relieved some of the pressure on
Germany that had arisen in the aftermath of the Anschluss and tested the Soviets' willingness to defend their interests in Eastern Europe. Fears were expressed, both in Lithuania and
487:
President
Smetona held a government meeting late on the night of March 18, 1938, to decide whether to accept the ultimatum. Lithuania clearly lacked international support and the demand was rather tame. A refusal would have cast Lithuania in an unfavourable light as an unreasonable disputant that had
369:
2. For this reason the Polish
Government declares that it considers as the only solution corresponding to the gravity of the situation the immediate establishment of normal diplomatic relations without any previous condition. This is the only way to regulate the neighbourly questions for a Government
431:
to invade either Poland or Latvia and could have resulted in a war on two fronts. The
Soviets urged France, a major ally of Poland at the time, to de-escalate the conflict and encourage a more moderate version of the ultimatum. France and the United Kingdom, preoccupied with the Anschluss, pressured
272:
On the night of March 14, the
Lithuanians, acting through France's envoy to Warsaw, proposed a commission to investigate the shooting incident and to agree on measures to avoid such incidents in the future. This was a partial measure that clearly did not satisfy Poland, who responded by refusing, in
156:
At the end of the 19th and in the early 20th century, Vilnius was located outside the
Lithuanian ethno-linguistic territory. Demographically, it was the least Lithuanian of Lithuanian cities. Its population was divided nearly evenly between Poles and Jews, with ethnic Lithuanians comprising a small
478:
in 1934. Its principal purposes were coordination of joint foreign policy and mutual international diplomatic support; it was not a military alliance. In
Latvian and Estonian opinion, the Polish–Lithuanian dispute over Vilnius was outside the scope of the Entente, but they wished for a resolution,
899:
Therefore, the paradox of the national
Lithuanian territory at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century was that regardless of the intention of the Lithuanian map-makers to depict contemporary ethnic Lithuanian territory, their maps usually presented ethnic borders that no longer
637:
in September 1939, Lithuania maintained a policy of strict neutrality, refusing repeated German offers for a joint attack on Poland to capture Vilnius. Instead, Lithuania interned about 15,000 Polish soldiers and accepted about 35,000 Polish civilian refugees. The Soviet Union returned Vilnius to
204:
Poland refused to formally recognise the existence of any dispute regarding the region, since that would have lent legitimacy to the Lithuanian claims. Railroad traffic and telegraph lines could not cross the border, and mail service was complicated. For example, a letter from Poland to Lithuania
268:
called for the establishment of diplomatic relations and for the Lithuanian renunciation of claims to Vilnius. Upon receiving news that Poland was considering extreme measures, President Smetona was verging towards agreeing to discuss diplomatic relations. He changed his mind at the last minute.
342:
The Polish government agreed to Beck's proposal and the ultimatum was toned down. However, at the same time, Beck ordered military preparations. Poland assembled four divisions along the demarcation line; about 50,000 Polish troops were present and just over 20,000 Lithuanian troops. The Polish
375:
3. The Polish Government allows the Lithuanian Government 48 hours from the moment the note is presented for the acceptance of this proposition in making it known that diplomatic representations at Kaunas and Warsaw will be accredited not later than March 31, of this year. Until that date, all
208:
The conflict over Vilnius remained the most important foreign policy issue in Lithuania, but it became increasingly marginalized in the international arena. There were unsuccessful informal attempts to normalise the situation; most notably by the Lithuanian Prime Minister
459:, was informed of these plans. The Poles agreed to cooperate with German troops and to respect German interests in Klaipėda if such an armed conflict were to arise. However, in Hitler's assessment, an immediate bid for Klaipėda was impolitic; he wished to maintain the
609:
and Vilnius. Lithuania closed the League for the Liberation of Vilnius and the Vilnius Foundation; the latter organization had given financial support to Lithuanian activities in the Vilnius Region. Nevertheless, Lithuania continued to claim Vilnius as its
363:
1. The proposition of the Lithuanian Government of 14 March cannot be accepted for it does not give sufficient guarantees concerning the security of the frontier in view of the negative results of all Polish–Lithuanian negotiations made up to the present
392:
The failure to respond or the presentation of any supplements or reservations shall be considered by the Polish Government as a refusal. In the event of a negative reply the Polish Government will guarantee the just interest of the state by its proper
335:, which required the normalisation of relations with Lithuania. The removal of the other demands also reflected political pressure on Poland from the Soviet Union, France and the United Kingdom to prevent the conflict from escalating into
969:
The Lithuanian claim on the city was always based on history (and a very specific understanding of history), not on demography: from the eighteenth century to 1939, this ethnicity never made up more than a small percentage of the city's
553:
to counter both fascism and communism. It stated that it had no wish to incorporate Lithuanian territories and maintained that the bloc would be formed on the basis of bilateral non-aggression and economic treaties. According to
479:
considering the conflict detrimental to the stability of the region. Latvia attempted to persuade Estonia to exert mutual pressure on Lithuania for a speedy acceptance of the ultimatum. This reaction from an ally was unexpected.
188:
The result was a state of "no war, no peace" as Lithuania avoided recognising any Polish claims to the city and the region, as well as refusing to undertake any actions that would recognise Poland's control of Vilnius even
383:
The exchange of notes attached concerning the establishment of diplomatic relations shall take place, before the expiration of the period of 48 hours mentioned, at Tallinn between the Polish and Lithuanian Ministers at
397:
The ultimatum contained an attachment: a draft of what would be deemed an acceptable response to the ultimatum. The proposed response stated only that Lithuania agreed to establish regular diplomatic relations, send a
172:
presented concrete proposals to form a federation. However, both sides were unwilling to make compromises and negotiations collapsed in January 1922. In January 1923, Lithuanian troops crossed over to the Allied-held
426:
of 1932. It made it clear, though, that it did not wish to be drawn into an armed conflict. This stance has been attributed to the growth of a threat from Japan; armed assistance to Lithuania would have required the
455:. In the event of armed hostilities between Poland and Lithuania, German troops were to defend and occupy the Klaipėda region and significant portions of western Lithuania. The Polish ambassador to Nazi Germany,
88:
In preferring peace to war, Lithuania accepted the ultimatum on March 19. Although diplomatic relations were established as a result of the ultimatum, Lithuania did not agree to recognize the loss of Vilnius
575:, who was in favour of normalising relations with Poland, assembled a new cabinet of ministers. Despite increasing pressure to form a broader coalition, the new cabinet was composed solely of members of the
579:. The unconditional acceptance hurt Lithuanian pride and damaged the reputation of the party. The suppressed opposition used this damage as an opportunity to renew its activities and formed a group called
273:
the first paragraph of the ultimatum delivered three days later, to establish such a commission. At the same time, Lithuanian diplomats approached foreign powers in a bid for international support.
564:; on March 17, the foreign currency and bond markets sagged, in some cases reaching the lowest points seen in several years. These markets recovered on March 19, after the ultimatum was accepted.
538:
abroad, that the establishment of diplomatic relations was not the only goal of Warsaw and that more far-reaching ultimata might follow. Speculations arose that Poland might seek to resurrect the
525:, the commander of the Lithuanian army. He testified that a military victory over Poland was impossible and argued for a peaceful resolution. The government's decision was confirmed by the
615:
499:
Passionate feelings about Vilnius were expressed in a popular slogan "Mes be Vilniaus nenurimsim" (we will not calm down without Vilnius), part of a poem by Petras Vaičiūnas. While
529:
with minimal discussion. On March 19, Dailidė relayed acceptance of the ultimatum to the Poles, who gave a 12-hour extension to decide on the ultimatum as a show of good faith.
521:
President Smetona received memoranda from nine nationalistic organisations urging the government to reject the ultimatum. However, a decisive comment was made by General
2084:
61:
tensions in Europe intensified, Poland perceived the need to secure its northern borders. On March 12, Poland, feeling supported by international recognition of the
2186:
571:, who held uncompromising positions over Vilnius and at the time of the ultimatum was undergoing medical treatment in Switzerland, stepped down. His successor,
343:
troops were reinforced by armoured vehicles, by two air force regiments, consisting of about one hundred aircraft, and by the Polish fleet in the waters of the
642:, signed in August 1939, in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to divide the region into their spheres of influence. In June 1940, the Soviet Union
591:
900:
existed.(...) some of the significant national symbols (the most important of which was the city of Vil'na) were located outside ethnic Lithuanian space.
376:
discussions of a technical or other character between the Polish and Lithuanian Governments shall be continued by the envoys extraordinary and ministers
982:
Snyder, Timothy (1998). "The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth since 1989: National narratives in relations among Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine".
583:(Axis). In Poland, the acceptance was greeted with enthusiasm, described as a "great bloodless victory", and celebrated by a military march in Vilnius.
1377:
2077:
618:
was adopted, which echoed the previous constitution's statement that Vilnius was the permanent capital of Lithuania and that Kaunas was merely a
115:, annexed by Czechoslovakia 20 years earlier. On both occasions, Poland used the international crises to address long-standing border disputes.
2191:
638:
Lithuania after the Soviet invasion of Eastern Poland in September 1939. Neither country was aware at the time of the secret protocols of the
389:
4. The proposition above mentioned will not be the subject of discussion with regard to its content or form—it is an unchangeable proposition.
1438:
432:
Lithuania to normalise the relationship with Poland as soon as possible. They feared that the ultimatum had been approved by Nazi Germany.
193:. Hence, Lithuania broke off all diplomatic relations with Poland and continuously emphasised that Vilnius remained its permanent capital (
850:
69:, decided to deliver an ultimatum to Lithuania. The ultimatum demanded that the Lithuanian government unconditionally agree to establish
2070:
594:
was sent to Kaunas before March 31, the deadline indicated in the ultimatum. Negotiations over practical matters began on March 25, in
205:
needed to be sent to a neutral country, repackaged in a new envelope to remove any Polish signs and only then delivered to Lithuania.
452:
237:, Justas Lukoševičius, a Lithuanian border guard shot Stanisław Serafin, a Polish soldier, on the demarcation line in the village of
2171:
1046:
264:
On March 13, 1938, the Polish government issued a threatening statement accusing Lithuania of provocation. The following day, the
663:
418:
recognised Lithuanian claims to the Vilnius Region and continued to support them. In its responses to the 1938 ultimatum, the
2024:
1666:
1632:
892:
824:
423:
675:
96:
626:
493:
77:
within 48 hours, and that the terms be finalized before March 31. The establishment of diplomatic relations would mean a
1261:
2125:
1087:
962:
954:
630:
539:
411:
1329:
1977:
1953:
1928:
1757:
1732:
1700:
1590:
1553:
1519:
1477:
1307:
1199:
1159:
1114:
1025:
919:
MacQueen, Michael (1998). "The Context of Mass Destruction: Agents and Prerequisites of the Holocaust in Lithuania".
770:
511:
286:
265:
257:, and four other cities where the crowds shouted for military action against Lithuania. There is evidence that the
2145:
619:
198:
1330:"Documents: The Polish Ultimatum to Lithuania – The Despatch of Lithuanian Minister J. Baltrušaitis in Moscow"
601:
The railway, torn apart for several kilometers at the border, was repaired. A customs post was established in
221:
to re-establish diplomatic relations with Poland. Both sides engaged in emotional and nationalistic rhetoric.
2141:
598:, and by June three agreements covering rail transit, mail service, and river navigation had been concluded.
576:
150:
25:
Map of the territorial disputes of Lithuania in 1939–1940, including the Vilnius Region in brown and orange
1383:
300:
Allow normal railway and road traffic and direct telephone and telegraph lines across the demarcation line
679:
651:
639:
100:
2196:
2176:
1580:
1944:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.).
1919:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.).
1723:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.).
1468:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.).
1298:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.).
1190:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.).
1150:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.).
634:
246:
182:
303:
Amend the Lithuanian constitution to acknowledge that Vilnius was no longer the capital of Lithuania
138:
158:
1874:
Shapiro, Jerzy (March 20, 1939). "Warsaw, Pleased with Results, Now Would Form a Baltic Entente".
1446:
503:' regional peace plans at the League of Nations were under negotiation, Lithuanian Prime Minister
451:) and its surrounding area was Germany's second-most important issue, following the status of the
2181:
2166:
355:
The final text of the ultimatum, completed by Józef Beck and delivered through a Polish envoy in
282:
230:
2016:
858:
694:. On both occasions, Poland used international crisis to address long-standing border disputes.
2107:
510:
A government decision to open over 80 Polish schools in Lithuania was a probable factor in the
290:
258:
42:
1581:
Kamuntavičius, Rūstis; Vaida Kamuntavičienė; Remigijus Civinskas; Kastytis Antanaitis (2001).
814:
1690:
1656:
1622:
1543:
1509:
1104:
504:
210:
1997:
K. Dawisha, B. Parrott. The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe. 1997 p. 293.
884:
655:
328:
142:
70:
50:
1752:. Translated by Algirdas Budreckis (6th ed.). New York: Manyland Books. p. 219.
165:
134:
8:
1889:
Shapiro, Jerzy (March 21, 1939). "Poland Calls Back Army on Frontier; Talks Will Begin".
643:
306:
Conclude the convention protecting the rights of the Polish minority in Lithuania in full
545:
Poland announced that it planned to create a neutral bloc comprising Poland, Lithuania,
444:
402:
to Warsaw and guarantee normal conditions of operation for a Polish legation in Kaunas.
168:. Poland rejected Żeligowski's actions. The league attempted to mediate the dispute and
2009:
1043:
567:
The acceptance triggered a government crisis in Lithuania: on March 24, Prime Minister
556:
550:
489:
2129:
1013:
522:
440:
178:
145:. General Zeligowski invaded Lithuanian-held territory, captured the disputed city of
2201:
2020:
1973:
1949:
1924:
1763:
1753:
1728:
1696:
1662:
1628:
1586:
1549:
1515:
1473:
1341:
1303:
1253:
1195:
1155:
1110:
1083:
1021:
958:
888:
820:
766:
214:
2062:
568:
995:
928:
586:
A few days after the ultimatum, both Lithuania and Poland named their ambassadors.
124:
1748:
Gerutis, Albertas (1984). "Independent Lithuania". In Ed. Albertas Gerutis (ed.).
1050:
377:
218:
81:
renunciation of Lithuanian claims to the region containing its historic capital,
587:
456:
21:
687:
572:
475:
128:
108:
54:
46:
1545:
The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence
999:
332:
2160:
1345:
1257:
1241:
526:
515:
471:
164:
Lithuania demanded Polish troops withdraw behind the line established by the
1814:
Streit, Clarence K. (March 20, 1939). "Geneva's Anxiety on Poles Persists".
1493:
Streit, Clarence K. (March 16, 1938). "Reich-Polish Deal Feared in Geneva".
320:
2136:
2120:
1349:
1194:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 146, 152–153.
1067:(in Polish). Warsaw: Biblioteka Delegacji Rad Polskich Litwy i Białej Rusi.
798:
Streit, Clarence K. (March 19, 1939). "Pressure on Poles Weakens Demands".
756:
659:
443:, then held by Lithuania. In April 1938, Hitler stated that control of the
436:
419:
415:
66:
58:
1946:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
1921:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
1725:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
1470:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
1300:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
1192:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
1152:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
932:
467:. The German suggestion was that Lithuania concede to the Polish demands.
2050:
Sakwa, George (1977). "The Polish Ultimatum to Lithuania in March 1938".
561:
500:
169:
1988:
I. Žiemele. Baltic Yearbook of International Law, 2001. 2002, Vol.1 p.10
1242:"The Polish–Lithuanian Crisis of 1938: Events Surrounding the Ultimatum"
606:
595:
1943:
1918:
1722:
1467:
1297:
1189:
1175:
Lengyel, Emil (March 20, 1939). "Poland and Lithuania in a Long Feud".
1149:
1065:
Spisy ludności m. Wilna za okupacji niemieckiej od. 1 listopada 1915 r.
881:
Constructing Lithuania. Ethnic Mapping in Tsarist Russia, ca. 1800-1914
691:
647:
344:
313:
238:
112:
1302:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 154–158.
686:
on September 30, 1938. In this instance, Poland took advantage of the
625:
A thaw in Polish–Lithuanian relations began in spring 1939. After the
242:
2094:
991:
514:. Any government making concessions to Poland at that time risked an
464:
359:
to Bronius Dailidė, the Lithuanian envoy in Tallinn, was as follows:
234:
174:
62:
38:
32:
1727:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 83–84.
622:. Poland continued to suppress Lithuanian organisations in Vilnius.
428:
399:
324:
760:
1948:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 168.
1923:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 178.
1472:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 109.
1154:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 146.
356:
254:
181:. It was one of the main factors that led to the decision of the
146:
91:
82:
1767:
133:
Lithuania severed its diplomatic ties with Poland after General
49:. The Lithuanian government had steadfastly refused to have any
683:
602:
546:
250:
194:
104:
74:
1405:
Shapiro, Jerzy (March 18, 1938). "Poland Sends An Ultimatum".
297:
Establish normal diplomatic and consular relations with Poland
1781:
Shapiro, Jerzy (March 19, 1938). "Poland Ready for Action".
1138:
The Great Powers Lithuania and the Vilna Question, 1920-1928
370:
animated by good faith to avoid events dangerous to peace.
229:
On March 11, 1938, a day before Austria was annexed into
336:
53:
with Poland after 1920, protesting the annexation of the
1376:
Sipols, Vilnis (1982). "Polish Ultimatum to Lithuania".
542:, using Germany's annexation of Austria as a precedent.
765:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
2092:
107:
on September 30, 1938, when it took advantage of the
1511:
The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War
1020:(in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. p. 11.
2008:
1585:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vaga. pp. 302–303.
914:
912:
910:
908:
281:The first version of the ultimatum, as drafted by
153:. This area was incorporated into Poland in 1922.
213:, between 1927 and 1928; and by Foreign Minister
2158:
1507:
905:
757:"Lietuvos–Lenkijos santykiai 1938–1939 metais"
2115:regarding reestablishing diplomatic relations
2078:
1692:Lithuania: The Rebirth of a Nation, 1991–1994
1382:. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Archived from
217:, between 1934 and 1936, who asked President
669:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
2187:Lithuania–Second Polish Republic relations
2085:
2071:
1606:"Paris urging Kaunas to Yield to Warsaw".
1514:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
1062:
1056:
1006:
819:. Columbia University Press. p. 319.
560:, the impact of the ultimatum was felt on
507:barely survived an assassination attempt.
470:Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, the three
185:to award Vilnius to Poland in March 1923.
1799:"Nazis are Pleased with Polish "Peace"".
1688:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1183:
1012:
405:
261:was involved in organising the protests.
1829:"Envoy Says Poland Plans Neutral Bloc".
1794:
1792:
1433:
1431:
1276:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1034:
918:
878:
750:
748:
746:
20:
1888:
1873:
1844:"Wall St. Reflects Turmoil in Europe".
1780:
1747:
1404:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1174:
944:
942:
754:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
710:Sometimes incorrectly cited as March 7.
323:, who had just returned from a trip to
2159:
2015:. Columbia University Press. pp.
2006:
1813:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1541:
1492:
1379:Diplomatic Battles Before World War II
1375:
1364:
981:
812:
797:
2192:Diplomatic crises of the 20th century
2066:
2049:
2011:God's Playground: A History of Poland
1867:
1859:"Bond Prices Rise on a Broad Front".
1789:
1658:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
1624:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
1548:. Yale University Press. p. 77.
1428:
1327:
1239:
1208:
1080:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
948:
845:
843:
816:God's Playground: A History of Poland
793:
791:
789:
762:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
463:until more time had passed after the
309:Conclude a trade and tariff agreement
1654:
1620:
1316:
1102:
1077:
1063:Brensztejn, Michał Eustachy (1919).
939:
723:
1569:
1264:from the original on March 23, 2008
494:Union for the Liberation of Vilnius
13:
2043:
1018:Konflikt polsko–litewski 1918–1920
955:Northern Illinois University Press
951:Vilnius between Nations, 1795–2000
840:
786:
439:, now turned its attention to the
312:Fully investigate the incident in
276:
118:
14:
2213:
2052:Slavonic and East European Review
1508:Hiden, John; Thomas Lane (1992).
650:Lithuania in accordance with the
424:Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact
2135:
2119:
2106:
1445:. March 28, 1938. Archived from
1140:. E.J. Brill. 1966. pp. 107-113.
605:, and consulates were opened in
350:
266:Senate of the Republic of Poland
149:and established the short-lived
2172:1938 in international relations
2000:
1991:
1982:
1970:World War Two. Nation by Nation
1962:
1937:
1912:
1897:
1882:
1852:
1837:
1822:
1807:
1774:
1741:
1716:
1695:. Lexington Books. p. 16.
1682:
1648:
1614:
1599:
1583:Lietuvos istorija 11–12 klasėms
1535:
1501:
1486:
1461:
1413:
1398:
1168:
1143:
1130:
1096:
1071:
984:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
704:
975:
921:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
872:
806:
540:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
412:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
1:
1972:, London, Cassell, page 191.
1689:Ashbourne, Alexandra (1999).
1328:Vitas, Robert (Winter 1985).
1240:Vitas, Robert (Summer 1984).
857:. MSN Encarta. Archived from
717:
577:Lithuanian Nationalists Union
482:
151:Republic of Central Lithuania
1106:Lithuania: Stepping Westward
664:Nazi occupation of Lithuania
532:
496:, with some 25,000 members.
347:along the Lithuanian shore.
319:The Polish Foreign Minister
224:
7:
1655:Senn, Alfred Erich (2007).
1621:Senn, Alfred Erich (2007).
1078:Senn, Alfred Erich (2007).
1049:September 27, 2007, at the
949:Weeks, Theodore R. (2015).
879:Petronis, Vytautas (2007).
512:1926 Lithuanian coup d'état
422:threatened to abrogate the
287:Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
95:. The government of Poland
10:
2218:
414:was ratified in 1920, the
122:
16:Pre-WWII diplomatic demand
2101:
1904:"Poland Welcomes Envoy".
1109:. Routledge. p. 31.
1000:10.1080/13537119808428536
670:Poland and Czechoslovakia
293:, contained six demands:
247:anti-Lithuanian sentiment
183:Conference of Ambassadors
2093:Ultimatums presented to
1833:: 1, 12. March 22, 1939.
1420:"Lithuania Surrenders".
755:Skirius, Juozas (2002).
697:
631:German–Lithuanian crises
590:was sent to Warsaw, and
249:. Protests were held in
159:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2007:Davies, Norman (2005).
1542:Lieven, Anatol (1994).
813:Davies, Norman (2005).
690:to demand a portion of
652:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
640:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1661:. Rodopi. p. 52.
1627:. Rodopi. p. 34.
1082:. Rodopi. p. 51.
635:Germany invaded Poland
406:International reaction
259:Camp of National Unity
197:was designated as the
139:mutiny in October 1920
26:
1863:: 52. March 20, 1939.
1803:: 34. March 20, 1939.
1424:: 14. March 21, 1938.
1103:Lane, Thomas (2001).
614:capital. In May 1938
505:Ernestas Galvanauskas
211:Augustinas Voldemaras
63:annexation of Austria
24:
2146:loss of independence
1968:J.Lee Ready (1995),
1908:: 11. April 1, 1939.
1848:: 4. March 18, 1939.
1750:Lithuania: 700 Years
1610:: 2. March 19, 1939.
887:. pp. 274–275.
885:Stockholm University
71:diplomatic relations
51:diplomatic relations
933:10.1093/hgs/12.1.27
855:Collier's Year Book
676:made a similar move
656:Russia was attacked
97:made a similar move
85:(Wilno in Polish).
1891:The New York Times
1876:The New York Times
1861:The New York Times
1846:The New York Times
1831:The New York Times
1816:The New York Times
1801:The New York Times
1783:The New York Times
1608:The New York Times
1495:The New York Times
1422:The New York Times
1407:The New York Times
1177:The New York Times
1136:Alfred Eric Senn.
861:on August 31, 2009
800:The New York Times
616:a new constitution
592:Franciszek Charwat
557:The New York Times
490:interwar Lithuania
283:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
57:by Poland. As pre-
27:
2197:March 1938 events
2177:1938 in Lithuania
2154:
2153:
2026:978-0-231-12819-3
1668:978-90-420-2225-6
1634:978-90-420-2225-6
894:978-91-85445-79-0
851:"1938: Lithuania"
826:978-0-231-12819-3
620:temporary capital
474:, had formed the
285:, Prime Minister
215:Stasys Lozoraitis
199:temporary capital
166:Suwałki Agreement
135:Lucjan Żeligowski
37:was delivered to
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1348:. Archived from
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445:Port of Klaipėda
435:Germany, led by
125:Vilnius conflict
2217:
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2212:
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2210:
2208:
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2206:
2157:
2156:
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2130:Klaipėda Region
2118:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2046:
2044:Further reading
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2001:
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1449:on May 18, 2008
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662:leading to the
654:. A year later
549:, Estonia, and
535:
523:Stasys Raštikis
485:
441:Klaipėda Region
408:
378:plenipotentiary
353:
329:Józef Piłsudski
279:
277:Initial version
231:Greater Germany
227:
179:Klaipėda revolt
177:and staged the
143:Józef Piłsudski
131:
123:Main articles:
121:
119:Vilnius Dispute
17:
12:
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1906:New York Times
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1439:"Baltic Peace"
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1089:978-9042022256
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680:Czechoslovakia
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573:Vladas Mironas
569:Juozas Tūbelis
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233:following the
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129:Vilnius Region
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109:Sudeten Crisis
103:government in
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1978:1-85409-290-1
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957:. p. 2.
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527:Fourth Seimas
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472:Baltic states
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351:The ultimatum
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45:on March 17,
44:
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34:
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19:
2112:
2058:(2): 204–26.
2055:
2051:
2030:. Retrieved
2010:
2002:
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1706:. Retrieved
1691:
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1623:
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1559:. Retrieved
1544:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1510:
1503:
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1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:the original
1442:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:the original
1378:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1337:
1333:
1299:
1266:. Retrieved
1249:
1245:
1191:
1185:
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1151:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1105:
1098:
1079:
1073:
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1058:
1041:(in Russian)
1036:
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1008:
987:
983:
977:
968:
950:
927:(1): 27–48.
924:
920:
898:
880:
874:
863:. Retrieved
859:the original
854:
830:. Retrieved
815:
808:
799:
776:. Retrieved
761:
706:
673:
660:Nazi Germany
627:German–Czech
624:
611:
600:
588:Kazys Škirpa
585:
580:
566:
555:
544:
536:
520:
509:
498:
486:
469:
460:
457:Józef Lipski
453:Sudeten area
448:
437:Adolf Hitler
434:
420:Soviet Union
416:Russian SFSR
409:
396:
354:
341:
318:
280:
271:
263:
228:
207:
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190:
187:
163:
155:
141:by order of
132:
101:Czechoslovak
99:against the
90:
87:
78:
67:Nazi Germany
59:World War II
35:to Lithuania
31:1938 Polish
30:
28:
18:
2142:1940 Soviet
2126:1939 German
2113:1938 Polish
970:population.
562:Wall Street
501:Paul Hymans
380:at Tallinn.
333:Międzymorze
291:Jan Szembek
170:Paul Hymans
2161:Categories
2144:regarding
2128:regarding
865:2008-03-14
718:References
692:Trans-Olza
483:Acceptance
461:status quo
410:After the
345:Baltic Sea
321:Józef Beck
314:Trasninkas
239:Trasninkas
113:Trans-Olza
111:to demand
2095:Lithuania
1453:March 14,
1390:March 15,
1346:0024-5089
1258:0024-5089
1044:Demoscope
992:Routledge
533:Aftermath
465:Anschluss
447:(German:
235:Anschluss
225:Rationale
175:Memelland
39:Lithuania
33:ultimatum
2202:Ultimata
2032:June 16,
1878:: 1, 33.
1768:75-80057
1708:June 16,
1674:June 16,
1640:June 16,
1561:June 16,
1527:June 16,
1356:March 2,
1334:Lituanus
1268:March 2,
1262:Archived
1246:Lituanus
1122:June 16,
1047:Archived
1016:(1995).
832:June 16,
778:March 2,
678:against
644:occupied
607:Klaipėda
596:Augustów
492:was the
429:Red Army
400:legation
384:Tallinn.
325:Sorrento
191:de facto
79:de facto
1893:: 1, 4.
674:Poland
648:annexed
612:de jure
551:Romania
357:Tallinn
337:warfare
255:Vilnius
243:Merkinė
219:Smetona
147:Vilnius
92:de jure
83:Vilnius
2023:
1976:
1952:
1927:
1785:: 1–2.
1766:
1756:
1731:
1699:
1665:
1631:
1589:
1552:
1518:
1476:
1344:
1306:
1256:
1198:
1158:
1113:
1086:
1024:
961:
891:
823:
769:
684:Prague
603:Vievis
547:Latvia
516:ouster
393:means.
289:, and
251:Warsaw
195:Kaunas
105:Prague
75:Warsaw
43:Poland
1818:: 34.
1497:: 11.
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