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or five years old, she began to receive training in art and literature. She worked as a courtesan apprentice and maid in Guijia Yuan. She was very smart since she was a child, the boss of Guijia Yuan is Xu Fo(徐佛), a former famous courtesan. Xu Fo is also Liu Rushi's teacher. Under her influence, Liu Rushi was able to read extensively, write poetry and paint flowers. When Liu Rushi was about 13 years old, she was sold into the home of Zhou
Daodeng, the former prime minister of Chongzhen, and married to Zhou Daodeng, who was over sixty years old, as his concubine. The relationship between Liu Rushi and Zhou Daodeng is more like that of a granddaughter and a grandfather, Zhou Daodeng often held her on his lap and taught her poetry and songs, which made the other wives and concubines very jealous. After Zhou Daodeng's death, fourteen-year-old Liu Rushi was kicked out of the Zhou family. Liu Rushi, who left the Zhou family, chose to become a courtesan. In 1632, Liu Rushi came to Songjiang and changed his old name to "Ying Lian" to show his self-pity in the troubled times. In Songjiang, he communicated with Fushe, Jishe, and Donglin Party members. She often wore Confucian attire and men's clothing to gather with literati, talk about the general situation of the country, and sang many poems. When making friends with men, she liked to call herself "brother".She also often travels by boat between Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jinling. Liu Rushi performed at the 75th birthday party of calligrapher and painter Chen Jiru. She performed singing and dancing, and the song she sang was the poem "Poetry·Xiaoya·Tianbao" in which the officials of the Zhou Dynasty prayed for the Emperor of Zhou. Liu Rushi's sweet singing voice made the birthday star feel relaxed and happy, and also made the guests present shine.
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knife in front of Song
Zhengyu and broke up with Song Zhengyu. Liu Rushi later fell in love with Chen Zilong, and both of them were very affectionate. They lived in Songjiang Nanlou for a long time, wrote poems, and discussed poems. Chen Zilong's wife, Zhang, led people to make trouble in the south building. Due to opposition from Chen Zilong's family, the two were forced to break up. Liu Rushi was unwilling to be humiliated and left sadly and resolutely. Despite this, Chen Zilong still has feelings for Liu Rushi. Chen Zilong was unfortunately defeated and died in the anti-Qing uprising. Liu Rushi discussed poetry with male literati and socialized with men, but some only stayed in poetry exchanges, and some men were just friends. Wang Ruqian, a wealthy businessman and literati, was Liu Rushi's good friend and he appreciated Liu Rushi's talent.The talented courtesan and poet
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grounds of his Suzhou estate, called the "According to Sutra Studio". They married in 1641 on a river cruise; Qian bestowed upon his bride the new name of Hedong. Although he married her as a concubine, Qian treated Liu as his principal wife, and they were married in a formal wedding ceremony. Her affinity for crossdressing persisted after they were married; she regularly wore men's clothing in public and on occasion made calls on her husband's behalf dressed in his
Confucian robes, earning her the nickname "Confucian Gentleman" (儒士).
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Liu Rushi was born in 1618. Her original surname was Yang and she was from
Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Due to her poor family, she was sold to Guijia Yuan(归家院) who trained courtesans since she was a child. She was unfortunate in her childhood and her life experience is unknown. When Liu Rushi was about four
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Other collections of poems by Liu Rushi include,"Grass on the Lake(湖上草)", "Wuyin Grass(戊寅草)", "Liu Rushi's Poems(柳如是詩)", "Hongdou
Village Miscellanies(紅豆村莊雜錄)", "Plum Blossom Collection(梅花集句)", "Dongshan Sing Collection(東山酬唱集)", "Collection of Poems from Hedong(河東詩文集)", etc. In addition to poetry
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Liu Rushi's name was taken from a line in "Congratulations to the
Bridegroom·Shenyiwushuaiyi" written by Xin Qiji, a patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, "I see how charming the green mountains are, and I expected that the green mountains should be when they see me". Liu Rushi's patriotic
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In 1632, when Liu Rushi met the poet Song
Zhengyu, he was similar in age to her and liked each other. This was Liu Rushi's first lover in Songjiang. Song Zhengyu was born into a wealthy family, and their love was opposed by Song Zhengyu's mother. Liu Rushi cut off the strings of the guqin with a
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In 1640 Liu embarked on a campaign to marry the respected scholar Qian Qianyi. Dressed in men's clothing, she accosted Qian and requested his opinion on one of her poems. Qian apparently believed her to be a man, but later in the year he had established her at a specially built hermitage in the
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306:, partly as a response to the destruction of her husband's substantial personal library, the Crimson Cloud-Storied Hall. After Qian's death in 1664, his creditors and enemies attempted to extort money from Liu; their machinations eventually drove her to hang herself.
222:" described by late Qing official Zhang Jingqi. In addition to her creative works (many of which have survived) and independent spirit, she has been revered in later times for her unwavering love for her husband and for her country (the Ming) during the
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During her life Liu Rushi was a prolific poet, publishing four collections of her work before the age of 22. Her calligraphy was noted for its bold, masculine strokes, using the "wild-grass script" style. Her solo anthologies included
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After the collapse of the Ming dynasty in 1644, Liu tried to persuade her husband to commit suicide and martyr himself to the fallen Ming. Qian refused, instead choosing to assist the growing anti-
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Xie 谢, Yongfang 永芳; Shi 施, Qin 琴 (2014). "像传题咏与经典重构———以《秦淮八艳图咏》为中心" ["Qinhuai bayan tuyong"-centered acclaim for portraits and classical reconstruction].
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Other paintings by Liu Rushi include "Mountain
Village in Smoke and Rain(煙雨山村)", "Early Spring Garden Drama(早春園戲)", "Fragrance Far and Bright(香遠益清)" etc.
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Liu Shi (柳是), Liu Yin (柳隱), Yang
Yunjuan (楊雲娟), Yang Yinglian (楊影憐), Yang Ai (楊愛),Hedong Jun(河東君),Miwu Jun(蘼蕪君),Wowenshi Zhuren(我聞室主人),Wowen Jushi(我聞居室)
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spirit is very strong, and she also regards Liang Hongyu, a patriotic female general of the Song
Dynasty who was a courtesan, as her idol.
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519:"[Baijia Forum] Although Liu Rushi came from a humble background and was bullied, she remained proud and refreshing"
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573:陈寅恪《柳如是别传·第三章》:“未几，为郡守所驱，如是请辕文商决。置古琴一张，倭刀一口。问辕文曰：‘为今之计，奈何？’辕文徐应曰：‘姑避其锋。’如是大怒曰：‘他人为此言，无是怪。君不应尔。我与君自此绝矣。’持刀斫琴，七弦俱断。辕文骇愕出。”
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584:""Thinking about past stories makes me sad like this" ——A brief explanation of "Liu Rushi's Farewell Biography""
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547:"[Stories in the Clouds] Liu Rushi in the Clouds - Songjiang Memories Behind the Names of Celebrities"
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855:"Group photo: Talented, beautiful and upright, the life and calligraphy and painting works of Qinhuai Bayan"
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359:) helped preserve her tomb and once helped rebuild it. To this day, Liu Rushi's tomb still exists.
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612:"Dong Xiaowan has outstanding talents, loves to write poetry, and is very serious and hardworking"
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215:, who was 36 years her senior, at the age of 23. She died by suicide shortly after his death.
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collections, calligraphy and painting works, Liu Rushi also wrote 31 Chidu(尺牘).
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Flowering in the Shadows: Women in the History of Chinese and Japanese Painting
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Flowering in the Shadows: Women in the History of Chinese and Japanese Painting
317:, album leaves, ink and color on paper. Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
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Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China
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The last years of her life were difficult for Liu. In 1663, she entered the
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was also Wang Ruqian's good friend. She was friends with fellow courtesan
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814:"Voices from the Crimson Clouds Library: Reading Liu Rushi's (1618-1664)
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in which Liu Rushi is one of the three protagonists, the other two being
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640:"[Baijia Forum] Liu Rushi's name comes from a poem by Xin Qiji"
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323:, 1643, handscroll, ink and color on paper. Palace Museum, Beijing.
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1847 portrait of Liu Rushi, ink on paper, by Lu Ji and Cheng Tinglu
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resistance movement. In 1648, the couple had a daughter together.
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set
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Dangerous Women: Warriors, Grannies, and Geishas of the Ming
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899:)《履园丛话》也有记载：“嘉庆二十年间，钱塘陈云伯（陈文述）为常熟令，访得柳夫人墓在拂水岩下，为清理立石。”
674:
598:"Wang Ranming, a businessman who values friendship"
533:"Take off all the rouge and gouache in the boudoir"
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454:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp.
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761:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p.
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208:with whom she exchanged verses. She married the
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204:Early in her life, she had a relationship with
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727:. Oxford University Press. pp. 125–6.
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31:
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822:Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture
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675:Victoria Baldwin Cass (January 1, 1999).
355:The Qing dynasty magistrate Chen Wenshu (
929:United States Government Printing Office
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421:. Stanford University Press. pp.
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683:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp.
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924:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
337:Songs from the Mandarin Duck Chamber
309:
16:Chinese Ming Dynasty artist and poet
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508:清·郏抡逵《虞山画志》:“博览群籍，能诗文，间作白描花卉，秀雅绝伦。”
13:
1358:17th-century Chinese women singers
1353:17th-century Chinese women writers
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472:
14:
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273:Tomb of Liu Rushi, on Mount Yu,
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626:"《親愛的・柳如是》劇力萬鈞 主題沉重卻不失幽默｜何故專欄"
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496:"Eight Scenes of Shenghu Lake"
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321:Misty Willows at the Moon Dike
232:
193:, poet and writer in the late
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1:
1343:17th-century Chinese painters
816:Misty Willows by Moonlit Dike
391:
239:
1263:Suicides by hanging in China
757:. In Weidner, Marsha (ed.).
561:"Liu Rushi, practicing love"
450:. In Weidner, Marsha (ed.).
169:; 1618–1664), also known as
7:
1313:17th-century Chinese people
812:Lee, Hui-shu (April 2015).
362:
10:
1384:
1308:17th-century Chinese women
1293:17th-century Chinese poets
1227:Gai Shanxi and Her Sisters
883:"莫怪女儿太唐突，蓟门朝士几须眉：秦淮八艳之柳如是"
793:. Smitihsonian Institution
120:
1318:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai
1219:
1146:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai
1118:
1087:
1069:Prostitution in Hong Kong
1061:
973:
967:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai
787:"Landscapes with Figures"
755:"The Painting of Liu Yin"
448:"The Painting of Liu Yin"
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220:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai
111:
103:
95:
87:
72:
64:
42:
30:
23:
1232:Sex trafficking in China
834:10.1215/23290048-2887589
721:Bonnie G. Smith (2008).
375:Tales of Ming Courtesans
369:Classical Chinese poetry
341:Poems Drafted by a Lake
315:Landscapes with Figures
265:Marriage to Qian Qianyi
115:Poetry,Patriotic spirit
1323:Painters from Zhejiang
753:Cahill, James (1990).
482:Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiu
446:Cahill, James (1990).
379:a historical novel by
285:
277:
189:(河東君), was a Chinese
1348:17th-century suicides
1328:Ming dynasty painters
1079:Prostitution in Tibet
1074:Prostitution in Macau
1055:Prostitution in China
913:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
283:
272:
107:courtesan,poet,writer
1333:Artists from Jiaxing
1283:Writers from Jiaxing
1131:Empress Dowager Bian
224:Ming–Qing transition
1298:Poets from Zhejiang
1288:Chinese women poets
413:Dorothy Ko (1994).
218:She is one of the "
1363:Ming dynasty Gējìs
1338:Chinese concubines
1278:Ming dynasty poets
286:
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1303:Burials in Suzhou
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734:978-0-19-514890-9
694:978-0-8476-9395-5
432:978-0-8047-2359-6
310:List of paintings
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1273:1664 deaths
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1191:Su Xiaoxiao
1181:Ma Shouzhen
1166:Li Xiangjun
1088:Prostitutes
988:Li Xiangjun
983:Bian Yujing
978:Ma Xianglan
895:Qian Yong (
869:"Liu Rushi"
839:February 7,
657:""女侠名姝"柳如是"
351:Commemorate
213:Qian Qianyi
206:Chen Zilong
166:Liu Ju-shih
127:family name
88:Nationality
1257:Categories
1186:Sai Jinhua
1119:Courtesans
1110:Lin Hei'er
1100:Ching Shih
1008:Kou Baimen
392:References
381:Alice Poon
240:Early life
228:Chen Yinke
197:and early
187:Hedong Jun
185:(楊影憐) and
161:Wade–Giles
76:Mount Yu,
1211:Yu Xuanji
1176:Liu Rushi
1161:Li Shishi
1126:Bai Mudan
1003:Gu Hengbo
993:Liu Rushi
797:March 31,
284:Tombstone
233:女俠名姝 文宗國士
191:courtesan
156:Liú Rúshì
139:Liu Rushi
25:Liu Rushi
1201:Xue Susu
1196:Wang Wei
363:See also
301:Buddhist
275:Changshu
251:Wang Wei
121:In this
78:Changshu
58:Zhejiang
1206:Xue Tao
1062:Regions
179:Liu Yin
175:Liu Shi
171:Yang Ai
143:Chinese
91:Chinese
82:Jiangsu
54:Jiaxing
1156:Hongfu
1151:Gu Mei
1105:Du Zhu
1095:Ah Toy
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330:Poetry
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173:(楊愛),
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1220:Other
1171:Li Ye
687:–44.
304:laity
181:(柳隱),
1242:Geji
841:2017
799:2019
767:ISBN
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339:and
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357:陳文述
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