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450:. No one warlord had enough power to take on all the others at once, so many small battles occurred, pitting one warlord against another. Large conflicts seldom developed, plotting and skirmishing characterized the Sichuanese political scene, and ephemeral coalitions and counter coalitions emerged and vanished with equal rapidity.
536:
Liu tried to establish the infrastructure needed to support the remote province. Its transport was primitive, and it had no industry to speak of. Large projects such as the hydroelectric plant built in 1944 promised to bring the area into the modern world. Liu also promoted education as a way to
540:
Liu walked the tightrope of allegiance throughout the 1940s. He made sure that his forces saw as little action as possible, while at the same time he was careful not to arouse the full wrath of Chiang Kai-shek, and thereby continued to reap the benefits of wearing the
Nationalist mantle.
728:
A force of about 300 soldiers was organized and augmented by recruiting local Khampa bandits into the army. The relationship between the
Consolatory Commission and Liu Wenhui seriously deteriorated in early 1936, when the Norla
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381:
457:. With the province locked in internal struggles, no reinforcements were sent to support the Sichuan troops stationed in Xikang. As a result, the Tibetan army captured, without encountering much resistance,
507:
by Liu Xiang in 1935, when Liu Xiang sided with smaller warlords against Liu. A family-brokered peace was arranged, and Liu was given control of the neighbouring Xikang province.
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529:
In 1936 Liu Wenhui's ties with Chiang soured even further due to his independent policy, but Chiang was not powerful enough to do anything meaningful against him at the time.
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was in process, Chiang Kai-shek repeatedly ordered Liu to bring his troops against the
Communists, but Liu made excuses, while secretly allowing safe passage for the
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in a non-aggression pact. Thus, the engagements around Xiakou
Village in 1934 did not involve Liu's 24th Route Army, but the 21st army of
1250:
477:), sent out a brigade to attack the Tibetan troops in Garze and Xinlong, eventually re-occupying them, and all territories east of the
1014:
611:
Wang
Chengbin (editor-in-chief) "Republic of China Senior Generals (3)", pp. 35-39, Beijing: People's Liberation Army Press, 1998
1204:
964:
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349:(KMT), commanding the Sichuan-Xikang Defence Force from 1927 to 1929. The western part of Sichuan province was then known as
710:. Vol. 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 52.
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province. In March 1932 their force invaded
Qinghai but was defeated. In 1932 Liu, in cooperation with the Qinghai army (
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was unstable, as was the province he governed. Sichuan was in the hands of Liu and four other warlords:
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469:). When a negotiated ceasefire failed, Tibet expanded the war attempting to capture parts of southern
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556:(Chengdu was the last important/major city on the Chinese mainland to fall under Communist control).
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Military and
Political Committee, where he served until 1954. He was also elected a member of the
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Liu was then made
Governor of Sichuan in 1929, but his relationship with
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On June 24, 1976, Liu Wenhui died in Beijing. He was 81 years old.
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and served as a staff officer under warlord Liu Cunhou of the
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660:. 2nd Edition, pp. 134–136. Shambhala Publications, Boston.
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Liu switched sides from his half-hearted alignment with the
333:; 10 January 1895 – 24 June 1976) was a Chinese general and
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and was appointed as the commander of the 24th Army of the
345:). At the beginning of his career, he was aligned with the
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707:
Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west
743:"The Generals of WWII Generals from China Liu Wenhui"
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453:
In May 1930 his province was invaded by the army of
357:, the region had a mixed population of Tibetans and
1506:
People's Republic of China politicians from Sichuan
499:Liu Wenhui had a rivalry with his nephew, General
1491:National Revolutionary Army generals from Sichuan
782:Landscape and Power in a Sichuan Mountain Village
585:Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
510:During the fight with Communist forces while the
411:After graduating in 1916, Liu Wenhui returned to
386:Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
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683:. Millard Publishing Co., inc. 1934. p. 12
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627:. Foreign Languages Press. pp. 352, 355.
807:
559:
522:garrisoned just across the Sichuan border in
384:, and member of the Central Committee of the
372:, and went on to hold high office in the new
777:The Tibetan Army's Second Eastward Invasion
60:29 December 1934 – 9 December 1949
1251:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
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259:Chairman of Xikang Provincial Government
1486:Republic of China warlords from Sichuan
548:to fully siding with the Communists of
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1237:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
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98:March 1929 – 21 December 1934
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488:, Liu drove the Tibetans back to the
392:Military career and Republic of China
492:River and even threatened to attack
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935:Constitutional Protection Movement
624:The biographies of the Dalai Lamas
419:. In November 1926, he joined the
14:
1522:
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621:Hanzhang Ya, Ya Hanzhang (1991).
1223:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
1083:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
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576:, and was also appointed to the
564:Mao Zedong appointed Liu to the
552:on December 9, 1949, during the
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1154:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
680:China monthly review, Volume 70
396:Liu Wenhui was born in 1895 in
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503:. Finally Liu was ousted from
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901:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
741:Steen Ammentorp (2000–2009).
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532:From 1939 on, as Governor of
985:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
537:improve Xikang’s situation.
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1300:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1035:Washington Naval Conference
583:Politically, he joined the
578:Central Military Commission
425:National Revolutionary Army
364:In 1949 he defected to the
16:Chinese warlord (1895–1976)
10:
1527:
1362:National Pacification Army
1227:Northeast Flag Replacement
1133:Zhongshan Warship Incident
830:and warlordism during the
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406:Baoding Military Academy
272:Second Sino-Japanese War
197:Baoding Military Academy
1123:Canton–Hong Kong strike
905:National Protection War
1109:May Thirtieth Movement
965:Paris Peace Conference
408:, graduating in 1916.
1005:Guangdong–Guangxi War
955:Siberian intervention
658:Tibet and its History
404:, and studied at the
238:Years of service
1511:Governors of Sichuan
1260:Sino-Soviet conflict
915:Death of Yuan Shikai
572:and a member of the
484:In 1932, during the
1219:Huanggutun incident
1149:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
1144:Northern Expedition
974:May Fourth Movement
787:Generals from China
772:A Vanished Province
317:traditional Chinese
1471:History of Sichuan
1271:Central Plains War
1105:Yunnan–Guangxi War
1056:First United Front
925:Manchu Restoration
891:Twenty-One Demands
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309:simplified Chinese
48:Governor of Xikang
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1185:Shanghai massacre
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717:978-0-415-58264-3
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353:. Bordering
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304:
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296:
289:Chinese name
264:Battles/wars
156:(1976-06-24)
154:24 June 1976
104:Succeeded by
93:
84:Governor of
66:Succeeded by
55:
1481:1976 deaths
1476:1895 births
1425:Kuomintang
1410:New Guangxi
1405:Old Guangxi
1320:Two-Liu war
1310:Han–Liu War
828:Warlord Era
767:Liu_Wen-hui
398:Dayi County
293:family name
175:Han Chinese
171:Nationality
145:Qing Empire
137:Dayi County
74: [
71:He Guoguang
1465:Categories
1368:Zhili Army
748:31 October
723:2011-12-27
687:2011-06-13
656:. (1984).
640:2010-06-28
594:References
550:Mao Zedong
546:Kuomintang
520:GMD troops
512:Long March
444:Deng Xihou
421:Kuomintang
370:Mao Zedong
347:Kuomintang
341:province (
330:Liú Wénhuī
305:Liu Wenhui
208:Allegiance
192:Alma mater
185:Kuomintang
130:1895-01-10
37:Liu Wenhui
23:Liu Wenhui
1415:Guangdong
1380:Guominjun
1292:1931–1935
1278:1930–1932
1233:1928–1929
1201:1927–1930
1139:1926–1928
1115:1925–1926
1051:1923–1927
1031:1921–1922
1011:1920–1926
1001:1920–1921
981:1919–1921
951:1918–1920
941:1917–1929
931:1917–1922
897:1915–1916
867:1911–1914
852:1925–1934
849:1915–1924
501:Liu Xiang
475:Ma clique
436:Liu Xiang
361:Chinese.
241:1928–1954
109:Liu Xiang
94:In office
56:In office
1390:Xinjiang
1358:Fengtian
856:Factions
704:(2010).
524:Mingshan
440:Yang Sen
287:In this
256:Commands
1420:Guizhou
1400:Sichuan
1343:Beiyang
1253:(incl.
729:Hutuktu
505:Chengdu
490:Yangtze
471:Qinghai
467:Zhanhua
463:Xinlong
413:Sichuan
402:Sichuan
339:Sichuan
335:warlord
250:General
161:Beijing
141:Sichuan
86:Sichuan
1395:Yunnan
1375:Shanxi
714:
668:(pbk).
664:
631:
494:Chamdo
446:, and
351:Xikang
327::
325:pinyin
319::
311::
291:, the
229:
217:
1435:(CCP)
1427:(KMT)
1353:Zhili
1348:Anhui
459:Garze
455:Tibet
355:Tibet
165:China
78:]
1326:1934
1316:1932
1306:1932
1266:1930
1243:1929
1211:1928
1191:1927
1181:1927
1171:1927
1161:1927
1129:1926
1101:1925
1073:1924
1063:1923
1041:1922
1021:1921
991:1920
961:1919
921:1917
911:1916
887:1915
877:1913
750:2010
712:ISBN
662:ISBN
629:ISBN
461:and
246:Rank
151:Died
124:Born
368:of
359:Han
337:of
321:劉文輝
313:刘文辉
298:Liu
295:is
25:刘文辉
1467::
1385:Ma
1364:)
1298:/
1284:/
726:.
602:^
580:.
526:.
496:.
481:.
442:,
438:,
427:.
400:,
388:.
323:;
315:;
274:,
270:,
163:,
143:,
139:,
76:zh
1360:(
1257:)
815:e
808:t
801:v
752:.
690:.
643:.
465:(
307:(
301:.
132:)
128:(
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