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359:, in 1992. The largest weighs 15kg, and may have been used as an anvil. According to Harmand, it appeared that the tool makers had purposely selected large, heavy blocks of strong stone, ignoring smaller blocks of the same material found in the area. She ruled out the possibility that the tools were actually natural rock formations, saying "The artifacts were clearly
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Artifacts excavated from
Lomekwi date back to 3.3 million years ago, completely overturning the history of human use and tool making and advancing it by about 500,000 years. Its appearance, the most conspicuous among these cultural relics is a large stone tool with obvious traces of human processing.
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fossils had previously been found. The group made a wrong turn on the way and ended up in a previously unexplored region and decided to do some surveying. They quickly found some stone artifacts on the site, which they named
Lomekwi 3. A year later, they returned to the site for a full excavation.
363:
and not the result of accidental fracture of rocks". Analysis suggested the cores had been rotated as flakes were struck off. The purpose of the tools found at
Lomekwi 3 is unclear, as animal bones found at the site do not bear any sign of hominin activity. This is the greatest expression of late
371:
Based on the buried artifacts' stratigraphic position (in undisturbed sediment) relative to two layers of volcanic ash and known magnetic reversals, Harmand and her team dated the tools to 3.3 million years ago. The finds at
Lomekwi therefore represent the oldest stone tools ever discovered,
544:
Harmand, Sonia; Lewis, Jason E.; Feibel, Craig S.; Lepre, Christopher J.; Prat, Sandrine; Lenoble, Arnaud; Boës, Xavier; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brenet, Michel; Arroyo, Adrian; Taylor, Nicholas; Clément, Sophie; Daver, Guillaume; Brugal, Jean-Philip;
342:
Around 20 well preserved artifacts have been dug up at
Lomekwi 3, including anvils, cores, and flakes. An additional 130 artifacts were found on the surface. In one instance, Harmand's team was able to match a flake to its core, suggesting a
302:
The artifacts from
Lomekwi have a unique production method and are an independent production style. The archaeological team calls it Lomekwian. These tools, which are not highly processed, completely distinguish
549:; Mortlock, Richard A.; Wright, James D.; Lokorodi, Sammy; Kirwa, Christopher; Kent, Dennis V.; Roche, Hélène (May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".
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Harmand presented her findings at the annual meeting of the
Paleoanthropology Society on April 14, 2015 and published the full announcement and results on the cover of Nature on May 21, 2015.
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tool making tradition and should be considered part of a distinct tradition, which she termed
Lomekwian. It has been hypothesized that tool making may have aided in the evolution of
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has been suggested on the basis of cut-marks on animal bones, but those findings have been debated, with no scientific consensus forming on either side of the debate.
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McPherron, Shannon P.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Marean, Curtis W.; Wynn, Jonathan G.; Reed, Denné; Geraads, Denis; Bobe, René; Béarat, Hamdallah A. (2010).
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623:; Renne, Paul R; Butler, Robert F; Dominguez-Rodrigo, Manuel; Stout, Dietrich; Hart, William S; Pickering, Travis; Simpson, Scott W (2003-08-01).
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had made and discarded the tool at the site. The tools were generally quite large – larger than the oldest known stone tools, recovered in the
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in the United States discovered traces of
Lomekwi by chance in July 2011, and made substantial progress four years after in-depth excavations.
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anthropologist Alison Brooks said the tools "could not have been created by natural forces ... the dating evidence is fairly solid."
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672:"Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia"
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into a distinct genus. However, it is unclear whether the
Lomekwian tools are related to those made by
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from other primates, and it is highly likely that ancient humans already had basic cognitive abilities.
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765:. Seventy-First Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. p. 146.
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Independent researchers who have seen the tools are generally supportive of Harmand's conclusions.
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625:"2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia"
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291:. It is an important milestone in the history of human archaeology. An archaeological team from
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A comparative study of Pliocene hominin fossils from Lomekwi, west of Lake Turkana (Kenya)
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do. "There's no doubt it's purposeful" toolmaking, he remarked. A Paleoanthropologist
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Balter, Michael (14 April 2015). "World's oldest stone tools discovered in Kenya".
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species – it is possible the technology was forgotten and later rediscovered.
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398:(which was found near Lomekwi 3). Previously, evidence of stone tool use by
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It looks like a cutting board, but its exact purpose is not clear yet.
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772:"Stone tools may have been used before our genus came on the scene"
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482:"Archaeologists Take Wrong Turn, Find World's Oldest Stone Tools"
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by 500,000 years, suggesting this tool making was undertaken by
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predating the Gona tools, dated to 2.6 mya, by 700,000 years.
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Harmand said the Lomekwi 3 artifacts do not fit into the
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Kenyan archaeological site dated to 3.3 million years ago
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735:"World's oldest tools found near Africa's Lake Turkana"
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35:, which is pictured in green on this satellite image.
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Lower Paleolithic Archaeological cultures of Africa
448:had made tools, also backed Harmand's conclusions.
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368:technology known to the archaeological record.
323:, United States, were heading to a site near
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756:Spoor, F; Leakey, L; Leakey, M (April 2002).
716:"New Discovery Of World's Oldest Stone Tools"
602:"Oldest stone tools pre-date earliest humans"
315:In July 2011, a team of archeologists led by
287:located on the west bank of Turkana Lake in
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268:Learn how and when to remove this message
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783:List of stone tools and their 3D-model
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714:Joyce, Christopher (15 April 2015).
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619:Semaw, Sileshi; Rogers, Michael J;
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240:tone or style may not reflect the
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1934:Megalithic architectural elements
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31:Lomekwi is near the west bank of
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600:Morelle, Rebecca (20 May 2015).
486:Scientific American Blog Network
250:guide to writing better articles
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60:Approximate location of dig site
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25:
2553:Evolutionary origin of religion
770:Feltman, Rachel (20 May 2015).
733:Hays, Brooks (16 April 2015).
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2670:Archaeological sites in Kenya
2166:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1696:British megalith architecture
641:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9
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2161:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1701:Nordic megalith architecture
422:George Washington University
380:The date predates the genus
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629:Journal of Human Evolution
480:Wong, Kate (20 May 2015).
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1944:Oldest extant buildings
1871:Archaeological features
1390:Prepared-core technique
528:10.1126/science.aab2487
434:Smithsonian Institution
2503:Unchambered long cairn
2351:Mound Builders culture
1684:Neolithic architecture
819:Prehistoric technology
330:Kenyanthropus platyops
321:Stony Brook University
293:Stony Brook University
209:Stony Brook University
2178:List of Stone Age art
1380:Microblade technology
1328:Langdale axe industry
926:Ard / plough
430:Human Origins Program
188:Excavation dates
160:3.3 million years ago
75:Alternative name
2585:Prehistoric medicine
2580:Prehistoric counting
2563:Prehistoric religion
2558:Paleolithic religion
2536:Behavioral modernity
1893:Causewayed enclosure
1785:Abri de la Madeleine
909:Neolithic Revolution
128:3.87417°N 35.75083°E
101:Rift Valley Province
2624:Prehistoric warfare
1370:Magdalenian culture
1333:Levallois technique
1264:Earliest toolmaking
688:10.1038/nature09248
571:10.1038/nature14464
563:2015Natur.521..310H
442:Zeresenay Alemseged
327:, Kenya near where
319:and Jason Lewis of
285:archaeological site
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2575:Origin of language
2568:Spiritual drug use
2478:Rectangular dolmen
2380:Dartmoor kistvaens
2193:Carved stone balls
1905:Circular enclosure
1864:Other architecture
1807:Alp pile dwellings
1395:Solutrean industry
1306:Gravettian culture
956:Secondary products
216:Public access
66:Shown within Kenya
19:
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2546:music archaeology
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2028:Clothing/textiles
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1400:Striking platform
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1154:Projectile points
1046:Mortar and pestle
682:(7308): 857–860.
557:(7552): 310–315.
376:Hominin evolution
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244:used on Knowledge
242:encyclopedic tone
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133:3.87417; 35.75083
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2519:Archaeoastronomy
2262:Petrosomatoglyph
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400:Australopithecus
389:Australopithecus
305:Australopithecus
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248:See Knowledge's
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147:Ancient campsite
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2429:wedge-shaped
2414:Funeral pyre
2407:Great dolmen
2363:Chamber tomb
2344:Round barrow
2299:Stone circle
2171:Blombos Cave
2099:Grooved ware
2023:Chalcolithic
1927:Thornborough
1845:Flush toilet
1780:Blombos Cave
1775:Rock shelter
1731:Quiggly hole
1623:Architecture
1598:illustration
1240:Buffalo jump
1061:Storage pits
1024:Aşıklı Höyük
1014:Ground stone
850:Subdivisions
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325:Lake Turkana
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174:
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33:Lake Turkana
2451:unchambered
2446:Long barrow
2436:Grave goods
2392:Court cairn
2387:Clava cairn
2339:Bowl barrow
2277:Rock cupule
2220:Golden hats
2213:Hill figure
2114:Unstan ware
2094:Cord-marked
1959:Sweet Track
1881:Burnt mound
1802:Stilt house
1790:Sibudu Cave
1583:Tally stick
1551:Quern-stone
1536:Hammerstone
1526:Fire plough
1497:Pesse canoe
1455:Bannerstone
1425:Other tools
1338:Lithic core
1286:Aurignacian
1174:Bare Island
1056:Quern-stone
438:chimpanzees
353:Afar Region
131: /
107:Coordinates
2659:Categories
2590:trepanning
2483:Ring cairn
2441:Jar burial
2424:transepted
2356:U.S. sites
2257:Petroglyph
2183:Bird stone
2141:wine press
1814:Stone roof
1797:Roundhouse
1689:long house
1666:Stonehenge
1634:Ceremonial
1578:Stone tool
1405:Tool stone
1375:Metallurgy
1279:Mousterian
1256:Toolmaking
1194:Cumberland
1167:Transverse
1137:Schöningen
1029:Qesem cave
997:Earth oven
951:Irrigation
862:Technology
830:Prehistory
621:Quade, Jay
452:References
426:Rick Potts
258:April 2023
183:Site notes
2634:symbolism
2498:Tor cairn
2456:Grønsalen
2397:Cremation
2289:Sculpture
2267:Pictogram
2252:Petroform
2072:amber use
2040:Cosmetics
1850:Reservoir
1835:Check dam
1765:Pueblitos
1760:Pit-house
1743:Longhouse
1677:Dwellings
1546:Microlith
1477:Bow drill
1472:Bone tool
1465:prismatic
1274:Acheulean
1189:Cresswell
1162:Arrowhead
1088:Boomerang
1004:Granaries
966:Terracing
845:Stone Age
696:1476-4687
649:0047-2484
349:Gona area
338:Artifacts
311:Discovery
119:35°45′3″E
116:3°52′27″N
2272:Rock art
2235:painting
2208:Geoglyph
2033:timeline
2013:Beadwork
1753:Mehrgarh
1748:Mudbrick
1656:megalith
1531:Fire-saw
1353:debitage
1348:analysis
1316:Hand axe
1296:Cupstone
874:Glossary
835:Timeline
657:14529651
606:BBC News
579:25993961
357:Ethiopia
199:–present
165:Cultures
83:Location
2675:Lithics
2629:Symbols
2240:pigment
2126:Weaving
2089:Cardium
2084:Pottery
2079:Mirrors
2067:Jewelry
2008:Baskets
1988:culture
1840:Cistern
1646:Pyramid
1588:Weapons
1566:Scraper
1556:Racloir
1516:Cleaver
1504:Chopper
1410:Uniface
1321:Grooves
1311:Hafting
1269:Oldowan
1228:Systems
1179:Cascade
1142:woomera
1132:harpoon
1105:history
1071:Hunting
1051:Pottery
992:Cooking
901:Farming
867:history
840:Outline
587:1207285
559:Bibcode
520:Science
432:at the
407:Oldowan
366:Neogene
361:knapped
351:of the
345:hominin
281:Lomekwi
219:Limited
193: (
157:Periods
152:History
20:Lomekwi
2607:flutes
2402:Dolmen
2326:Burial
2136:winery
2109:Linear
1939:Midden
1917:Cursus
1910:Goseck
1770:Pueblo
1721:Dugout
1706:Burdei
1385:Mining
1209:Lamoka
1204:Folsom
1184:Clovis
1041:Metate
1019:Hearth
987:Basket
961:Sickle
694:
676:Nature
655:
647:
585:
577:
551:Nature
283:is an
97:Region
2524:sites
2468:Mummy
2188:Cairn
2104:JĹŤmon
2055:shoes
2050:Hides
1922:Henge
1876:Broch
1738:Jacal
1593:Wheel
1541:Knife
1487:Canoe
1482:Burin
1460:Blade
1358:flake
1219:Plano
1127:baton
1117:Spear
1083:Arrow
1036:Manos
889:Tools
763:(PDF)
583:S2CID
289:Kenya
91:Kenya
2617:gudi
2375:Cist
2304:list
2131:Wine
2060:Ă–tzi
2045:Glue
2018:Beds
1986:and
1984:Arts
1855:Well
1711:Cave
1641:Kiva
1571:side
1561:Rope
1509:tool
1443:bone
1433:Adze
1199:Eden
1112:Nets
982:Fire
946:Goad
931:Celt
692:ISSN
653:PMID
645:ISSN
575:PMID
415:Homo
411:Homo
383:Homo
211:, US
195:2011
191:2011
144:Type
78:LOM3
1726:Hut
1661:row
1492:Oar
1450:Axe
1438:Awl
739:UPI
720:NPR
684:doi
680:466
637:doi
567:doi
555:521
524:doi
392:or
355:of
173:or
2661::
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704:^
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633:45
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460:^
89:,
811:e
804:t
797:v
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686::
659:.
639::
608:.
589:.
569::
561::
530:.
526::
488:.
271:)
265:(
260:)
256:(
246:.
197:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
