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of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early knappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch; traditionalist knappers still use antler tines and copper-tipped tools. The major advantage of using soft metals rather than wood or bone is that the metal punches wear down less and are less likely to break under pressure.
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379:". However, it is unclear how severe the issue may actually have been in prehistoric working conditions, as silicosis is aggravated by a lack of ventilation and the use of metal tools which produce more dust. Ancient knappers, working in the open air and with stone and bone tools, would have had less prolonged exposure to dust than in more modern workshops.
853:(Excellent illustrations by Valerie Waldorf of processes, techniques, hand tools, ancient and modern knapped artifacts . On front and rear cover are photos of precisely knapped replicas of prehistoric points and within the text are B&W photos including two full-scale "Danish dagger" replicas made by the author.)
390:. It has been claimed silicosis was responsible for the early death of three-quarters of Brandon gun flint makers. In one workshop, seven of the eight workers died of the condition before the age of fifty. The average age of death for knappers was 44 years, compared to 66 for other employed men in the same area.
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There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. Early knappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. The factors that contribute to the knapping results are varied, but the EPA (exterior platform angle) indeed influences many attributes, such
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involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (when successful) causing a narrow flake to come off
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techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a knapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools. These "soft hammer" techniques also produce longer, thinner flakes, potentially allowing for material
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techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early knappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools. This method of manufacture is
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to guard against dust. A 2020 survey of 173 knappers found that 86% used eye protection, 57% wore gloves, and only 5% used a respirator, mask, or fan to control dust (although 68% preferred to knap outdoors). About half of respondents reported being injured at least "often" when knapping, and 23%
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For building work a hammer or pick is used to split chert nodules supported on the lap. Often the chert nodule will be split in half to create two cherts with a flat circular face for use in walls constructed of lime. More sophisticated knapping is employed to produce near-perfect cubes which are
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meant to strike, shape, or work, so it could theoretically have referred equally well to making statues or dice. Modern usage is more specific, referring almost exclusively to the hand-tool pressure-flaking process pictured. It is distinguished from the more general verb "chip" (to break up into
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who lived in the early twentieth century. Ishi taught scholars and academics traditional methods of making stone tools and how to use them for survival in the wild. Early
European explorers to the New world were also exposed to flint knapping techniques. Additionally, several pioneering
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has led to him being a familiar figure in the UK and beyond. Many groups, with members from all walks of life, can now be found across the United States and Europe. These organizations continue to demonstrate and teach various ways of shaping stone tools.
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admitted having to seek professional medical attention at least once. The most commons injuries were cuts and bruises, typically on the fingers and hands, while flakes in the eye were also frequent.
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Flintknapping or knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product. For stone tools and flintlock strikers, chert is worked using a fabricator such as a
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In cultures that have not adopted metalworking technologies, the production of stone tools by knappers is common, but in modern cultures the making of such tools is the domain of
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small pieces, or unintentionally break off a piece of something) and is different from "carve" (removing only part of a face), and "cleave" (breaking along a natural plane).
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344:, Brandon was supplying over 400,000 flints a month for use by the British Army and Navy. Brandon knappers made gun flints for export to Africa as late as the 1960s.
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Modern knappers are advised to work in the open air to reduce the dust hazard, and to wear eye and hand protection. Some modern knappers wear a
522:
Dibble, Harold; Whittaker, John (1981). "New
Experimental Evidence on the Relation Between Percussion Flaking and Flake Variation".
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nineteenth-century
European experimental knappers are also known and in the late 1960s and early 1970s experimental archaeologist
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believed to have been used to make some of the earliest stone tools ever found, some of which date from over 2 million years ago.
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Knapping for building purposes is still a skill that is practiced in the flint-bearing regions of southern
England, such as
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551:"The Effect of Indentor Type on Flake Attributes: Evidence from a Controlled Experiment"
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A leather leg guard protects the knapper from being injured by the edges of the flint.
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Gala, Nicholas; Lycett, Stephen J.; Bebber, Michelle R.; Eren, Metin I. (2023).
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usually undertake the task so that they can better understand how prehistoric
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conservation or a lighter lithic tool kit to be carried by mobile societies.
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firearms, or to produce flat-faced stones for building or facing walls, and
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knapping; he experimented with ways to replicate stone tools found across
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Modern
American interest in knapping can be traced back to the study of a
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is another contemporary expert, whose exposure on the television series
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The sustained inhalation of flint dust produced by knapping can cause
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Operative
Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
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was formerly a major industry in flint-bearing locations, such as
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851:(Paperback) (4th ed.). Mound Builder Books, Branson MO, USA.
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in France. Meusnes has a small museum dedicated to the industry.
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Shaping of conchoidal fracturing stone to manufacture stone tools
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International Union of
Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
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804:"Knapper's Rot, Silicosis in East Anglian Flint Knappers"
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When gun flint knapping was a large-scale industry in
590:"Basic Tool Production Techniques, Health and Safety"
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A gun-flint mounted in the jaws of a flintlock musket
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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310:Knapping is often learned by outdoor enthusiasts.
797:. Idaho State University Museum. ASIN B0006XPAQU.
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224:as length, thickness and termination of flakes.
890:- Interactive 3D models of stone tool artifacts
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375:. This has been called "the world's first
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1315:Mason Contractors Association of America
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1310:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
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592:. ancientcrafts.co.uk. Archived from
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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329:, England, and the small towns of
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793:Crabtree, Donald (January 1971).
555:Journal of Archaeological Science
524:Journal of Archaeological Science
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386:, silicosis was widely known as
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1160:Non-explosive demolition agents
34:needs additional citations for
737:"The Injury Costs of Knapping"
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472:Ancient Egyptian flint jewelry
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690:"Flintknapping and Silicosis"
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148:stone through the process of
1325:Worshipful Company of Masons
536:10.1016/0305-4403(81)90004-2
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857:Whittaker, John C. (1994).
795:Experiments in Flintworking
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433:Experiments in Flintworking
297:experimental archaeologists
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125:Flintknapping a stone tool
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1150:Lewis (lifting appliance)
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863:University of Texas Press
849:The Art of Flint Knapping
821:10.1017/s0025727300034359
672:"Architectural flintwork"
636:10.1017/s0003598x00061032
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1361:Experimental archaeology
615:Whittaker, John (2001).
431:published texts such as
284:Knapped flint walls and
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802:Shaw, A. Batty (1981).
692:. Pudget Sound Knappers
688:Kalin, Jeffery (2010).
549:Peclin, Andrew (1997).
439:was an early writer on
422:Native American called
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847:Waldorf, D.C. (1994).
568:10.1006/jasc.1996.0145
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1351:Primitive technology
974:Massive precut stone
969:Post-tensioned stone
596:on 14 September 2015
492:Nap (disambiguation)
410:French prehistorian
340:In 1804, during the
238:Soft hammer knapping
43:improve this article
1170:Stonemason's hammer
1135:Ceramic tile cutter
754:10.1017/aaq.2023.27
741:American Antiquity
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402:Contemporary study
377:industrial disease
319:flintlock firearms
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1206:Polygonal masonry
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487:Lithic technology
288:at the church of
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32:This article
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1109:Stone veneer
925:Stonemasonry
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694:. Retrieved
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594:the original
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452:Phil Harding
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429:Don Crabtree
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1130:Bush hammer
1065:Lime mortar
944:Rustication
307:were made.
305:stone tools
243:Soft hammer
228:Hard hammer
193:hammerstone
154:stone tools
144:, or other
99:August 2012
1340:Categories
1284:Stone wall
1211:Repointing
1184:Techniques
1040:Fieldstone
1025:Cast stone
979:Monumental
657:2015-08-18
509:References
420:California
395:respirator
317:, used by
315:gun flints
205:tool stone
195:to remove
69:newspapers
58:"Knapping"
1279:Sculpture
1268:Footstone
1264:Headstone
1231:Brickwork
1216:Scabbling
1196:Flushwork
1092:Sandstone
1070:Limestone
1045:Flagstone
1008:Materials
989:Sculpture
954:Dry stone
763:0002-7316
723:Shaw 1981
711:Shaw 1981
696:24 August
644:163235035
624:Antiquity
600:23 August
502:Solutrean
457:Time Team
441:Old World
373:silicosis
313:Knapping
286:flushwork
162:flushwork
158:flintlock
1247:Products
1201:Knapping
994:Slipform
477:Debitage
465:See also
361:Normandy
357:Brittany
142:obsidian
130:Knapping
1346:Lithics
1191:Flaming
1055:Granite
999:Snecked
964:Masonry
949:Carving
840:7012479
831:1139012
497:Olduwan
353:Norfolk
331:Meusnes
327:Suffolk
323:Brandon
83:scholar
1274:Mosaic
1254:Castle
1226:Veneer
1155:Trowel
1140:Chisel
1087:Mortar
1075:Marble
1050:Gabion
984:Rubble
939:Ashlar
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349:Sussex
335:Couffy
173:Method
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