1343:, forcing the consul to withdraw. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted.
1665:(assembly of soldiers). Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to plebeian tribunate, thoroughly disliked the office. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favour of the plebeian class. Through Sulla's reforms to the plebeian council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens.
620:(a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Years later, in 91 BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of a gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha.
51:
1486:. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers." The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years.
994:
1110:. In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89 BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families – known today as the
1244:
engaged the Pontic army – allegedly 90,000 – on the plain of
Orchomenus. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla on foot personally rallied his men and stabilised the area. Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. Archelaus tried to break out but was unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis.
654:, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed again to be heading for Italy. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; it is likely however that they acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla – a patrician, even if a poor one – as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius.
4415:. "...no less arrogant were his public utterances, which Titus Ampius records: that the state was nothing, a mere name without body or form; that Sulla did not know his ABC when he laid down his dictatorship; that men ought now to be more circumspect in addressing him, and to regard his word as law. So far did he go in his presumption, that when a soothsayer once reported direful inwards without a heart, he said: "They will be more favorable when I wish it; it should not be regarded as a portent, if a beast has no heart..."
1694:, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for office. Sulla wanted to reduce the risk that a general might attempt to seize power, as he had done. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that an individual must wait for ten years before being re-elected to an office. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office.
696:
584:, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. After the massacre of a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he plotted successfully the assassination of another royal claimant before returning home. After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (
635:
1059:'s army. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. No action was taken against the troops nor any action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia.
499:", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Rome’s comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays,
1930:. Sulla is depicted as ruthless and amoral, very self-assured, and personally brave and charming, especially with women. His charm and ruthlessness make him a valuable aide to Gaius Marius. Sulla's desire to move out of the shadow of aging Marius eventually leads to civil war. Sulla softened considerably after the birth of his son, and was devastated when the boy died at a young age. The novels depict Sulla full of regrets about having to put aside his homosexual relationship with a
808:
1091:
492:, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla's stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions.
5829:
2103:
ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, which he allowed as being "fond of a jest." This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property."
772:, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Parthian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals, with Rome being superior. The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. At this meeting, Sulla was told by a
1560:
971:
to which Marius would support
Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs... so it continued to resist him". The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (
1071:. After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. By the end of 87 BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86 BC.
552:
687:
people demanded that he first stand for the aedilate so – due to his friendship with
Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, – he might spend money on games. Whether this story of Sulla's defeat is true is unclear. Regardless, Sulla stood for the praetorship again the next year and, promising he would pay for good shows, was elected praetor for 97 BC; he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship.
1403:
Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. After another attempt to relieve
Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after another failure, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the
1789:
step in the
Republic's fall. Sulla attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware.
1236:
near
Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men; in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000.
1354:, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. The remainder of 83 BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of
2107:
young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.
4215:, p. 195. The "right wing, commanded by Crassus, won an easy victory, but the left, under Sulla's own command, broke... Sulla was forced to take refuge in his camp... when Sulla's fleeing troops reached the gates of Rome the veterans dropped the portcullis, compelling them to stand and fight. The battle continued well into the night".
1034:, Sulpicius, and nine others. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa.
751:) on the Cappadocian throne. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him
914:, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90 BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88 BC; his colleague would be
1281:
Pontus was possible as long as
Mithridates survived. However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy.
938:, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. Pompey Strabo may have coveted a second consulship for similar reasons. The question as to whom to send against Mithridates would be one of the sources of the following domestic crisis.
850:
offensive campaigning. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of
675:. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the
1361:
Fighting in 82 BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and
Sardinia were deposed. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. Marius, buttressed by Samnite
1252:
In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by
Archelaus for terms. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back
1062:
Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War... a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens... what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign
662:
and served under Marius, and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the
Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. His prospects for advancement under Marius being stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding
2106:
His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a
1740:
that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies
1276:
After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. Sulla then settled affairs – "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" – in Asia, staying
1243:
to take over his command. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. Turning south, he
1788:
Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I?" Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another
1280:
The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests in favour of Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over
1047:
as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation; some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. He sent his army back to Capua and then conducted the elections for that year,
984:
and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position... little in return perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy. He may have felt, after this political humiliation, that
970:
for purposes of voting. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, according
841:
The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. At the start of the
833:
Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise
514:
declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. He had one child from this union, before
1463:
Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed
1407:
on the afternoon of 1 November 82 BC. Sulla was defeated and forced to flee into his camp but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing was victorious. Sulla's wing fled to the gates of Rome but were met with a closed gate, forcing them to stand and fight, eventually winning in the night. With
1393:
Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Pompey ambushed
1235:
Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus
1021:
Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". The troops were willing to follow
611:
Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a plan very similar to that of Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. Sulla was popular with the men; charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including
1016:
Sulla was presented with a choice. He could acknowledge the law as valid. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. He can hardly have
792:
by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. Even though the prosecutor declined to
686:
as the commanding generals. Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99 BC. He was, however, defeated. In memoirs related via Plutarch, he claimed this was because the
2102:
He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a
1029:
When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Rome having no troops to defend itself, Sulla
849:
In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted
657:
Starting in 104 BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. The next year, Sulla was elected
2114:
He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made
1402:
forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. In the north at the same time,
607:
When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military
1744:
Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer
1330:
against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year –
1017:
been in any doubt. Like Caesar, he was an outsider in politics, totally self-centred in pursuit of his ambitions, always ready to break the rules of the political game to achieve his objective... If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react.
522:, who also was older than he. The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis.
1161:
Early in 87 BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. He separately besieged Athens and
1129:, p. 150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens' being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Rome defended Delos unsuccessfully from a joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. They were, however, successful in holding
699:
So-called "Sulla", a copy (probably from the time of Augustus) after a portrait of an important Roman from the second century BC, with similarities to the so-called "Marius", suggesting that both statues were conceived and exhibited together as either siblings or rivals;
666:
In 102 BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the
1030:
entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius,
1917:; in it, he has Marcus Tullius Cicero's injured brother, Quintus, recovering in his home, as Quintus is a soldier under his command. He is shown as cold, calculating and ruthless, yet a devoted leader to his men and sternly wedded to his personal ideals for Rome.
1264:
Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate
555:
Denarius minted in Rome, portraying Sulla's first great victory, in which he ended the Jugurthine War. The front depicts Diana wearing a cruciform earring, a double necklace of pearls and pendants, and jewels in her hair, pulled into a knot; crescent above,
1052:, was elected consul for 87 BC in place of his candidate; his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term.
1424:. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender.
1042:
Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that all had been passed by force. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the
1520:("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for
1776:. An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full." Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the
1688:, who had held control since the Gracchan reforms, to the senators. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the
872:
under siege. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under
787:
from Cappadocia. He may have stayed in the east until 92 BC, when he returned to Rome. Keaveney places his departure in the year 93BC. Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed
1482:) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. The purge went on for several months. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two
1231:
was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible.
1011:
With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. Thus,
1408:
Crassus pursuing the enemy as far into the countryside and victory at the Colline Gate, Sulla's forces had won. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over".
1458:
that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents."
941:
Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased
604:, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107 BC. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff.
4460:, says that "was not the close of his life more horrible than the sufferings which had been experienced by any of those who had been proscribed by him? His very flesh eating into itself, and so engendering his own punishment."
1261:, respectively. Mithridates would also equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally.
834:
of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune
1436:) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. With the capture and execution of Carbo, who had fled Sicily for Egypt, both consuls for 82 BC were now dead.
4255:, p. 182, continuing, those who surrendered at Praeneste were either slaughtered en masse after Sulla tired of holding trials or were divided into Roman and non-Romans with the non-Romans butchered and Romans let go.
1295:
Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83 BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome:
930:, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the
538:
in 108 BC. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul
1381:
then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. Sulla had his enemies declared
1323:
The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. The Senate moved the
1269:, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at
1185:) on 1 March 86 BC. The Acropolis was then besieged. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of glorious past" but the city was sacked. In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of
842:
war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul
1701:, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of
1170:
had since been demolished). Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in
1684:, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the
1501:
records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses."
1796:, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. The
1653:
Sulla sought to strengthen the senatorial aristocracy's position in the state. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the
1377:
to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor
1316:
and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including
1745:(symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Accounts were also written that he had an
2099:
Sulla was red-blond and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance."
1998:
His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely
1476:
or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. senators and
612:
Marius. Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106 BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King
1714:, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. He dismissed his
1869:, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion – but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. This mixture was later referred to by
424:, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. The
4811:. "The date of his formal abdication of the dictatorship... still seems best put at the beginning of 80... the older view that he remained dictator until 79 has been abandoned".
1823:
bearing the name of the dictator, as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period:
1358:; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87 BC.
495:
One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "
515:
his first wife's death. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of whom nothing is known other than her name. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with the
1532:, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to an individual. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for
1674:
gain automatic membership in the Senate. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. This also
5654:
1493:, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters.
1055:
After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of
4633:
Lentzsch, Simon (2024). "In the footsteps of the past – the Severans and the Tomb of Hannibal". In Hoffmann-Salz, Julia; Heil, Matthäus; Wienholz, Holger (eds.).
1450:
In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a proscription (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as
5649:
2115:
friends easily. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money.
5594:
2978:
4408:
4314:
6317:
5611:
2032:
5756:
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1373:
After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. He left one of his allies,
1549:
1332:
1528:
had established as an independent state). This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the
910:, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). This had been preceded by the
4826:
1181:
Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the
980:
During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the
367:. A gifted general, he achieved successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the
5003:
1902:. In each, he is portrayed as a bloody, womanising, ruthless tyrant who eventually repents his ways and steps down from the throne of Rome.
776:
seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime.
4044:, p. 188. "His generosity to his troops in Asia had been such that he was able not only to declare but to enforce a ban on looting".
893:; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near
768:. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador,
5489:
4149:
1150:
60:
5659:
5353:
589:
489:
181:
5685:
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1816:
904:
Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. In 89 BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the
476:
210:
463:. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Later political leaders such as
6327:
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5180:
1765:
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1266:
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Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly
943:
6267:
5381:
1240:
593:
17:
6262:
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5327:
5127:
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5012:
4846:
4646:
4357:
3655:
2473:
2226:
951:
915:
526:, pp. 10–11 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age.
6312:
6257:
1824:
1347:
1201:
outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed.
597:
1720:
and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. In a manner that the historian
1026:). They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command.
6322:
6307:
6154:
4404:
843:
5259:
4310:
1117:
Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. The Athenian politician
6277:
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2010:
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926:
Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89 BC, was not uncontested.
6302:
6025:
5377:
5098:
5033:
4910:
1640:
838:
was assassinated in 91 BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted.
585:
560:
behind. The reverse shows Sulla seated on a raised seat with a bound Jugurtha kneeling beside him; before him kneels
5266:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.
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Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics.
6252:
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1464:
all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time.
1068:
507:, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day".
1760:
in AD 14. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and
5235:
1943:
1832:
1668:
Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year and required that all newly elected
1600:
1300:, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with
50:
4508:
1732:
As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near
881:. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a
5729:
4887:
2067:
1882:
The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history:
1258:
793:
show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated.
736:
4958:
950:
and the Pompeys. He was also assigned by the senate, probably with the support of his consular colleague,
663:
opportunities from him. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it.
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5494:
4145:
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1607:
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1317:
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927:
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1227:
was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian Acropolis was taken. The later battle of
6065:
5956:
5942:
5621:
5580:
5461:
4638:
1854:
visited and renovated Sulla's tomb and commissioned a statue of Sulla to be erected alongside one of
1326:
802:
384:
121:
5109:
1390:, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria.
467:
followed the precedent set by Sulla with his military coup to attain political power through force.
6282:
5242:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 4. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Harvard University Press.
2174:
1815:
Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. His son,
1497:
that he regretted sparing the boy's life in light of the grown man's notorious ambition. Historian
1374:
1351:
1254:
1031:
744:
480:
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1800:
power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the
1589:
375:, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior
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5810:
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5664:
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in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of
1578:
1472:
that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence.
1445:
1297:
963:
672:
504:
452:
399:
186:
1366:
that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. After the battle, Marius withdrew to
6242:
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5998:
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5522:
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2238:
1952:
1899:
1574:
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1309:
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998:
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898:
421:
379:
took credit for ending the war. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the
341:
31:
4838:
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1870:
6247:
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5644:
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5360:
5349:
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4347:
1907:
1866:
1363:
1138:
1085:
1006:
985:
the only way to recover his career was to come back from the Mithridatic command victorious.
885:, the highest Roman military honour. Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with
519:
429:
268:
169:
6020:
5527:
5514:
5499:
4998:
2253:
2051:
1658:
1657:(the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic
1483:
1290:
1228:
1214:
460:
349:
273:
263:
901:. All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89.
8:
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5947:
5780:
5567:
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5404:
5311:
2387:
2185:
1662:
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906:
858:
2265:
83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government
1764:
were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by
6297:
6184:
5723:
5504:
5213:
5162:
5133:
5089:
Olbrycht, Marek (2009). "Mithradates VI Eupator and Iran". In Højte, Jakob Munk (ed.).
3869:
3486:
2548:
2540:
2491:
1927:
1477:
1451:
825:), had deteriorated over the years up to 91 BC. From 133 BC and the start of
780:
432:. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched on Rome again and crushed the
4096:, p. 191 asserts that Carbo returned to hold the elections. This may be an error.
6141:
6124:
6106:
5907:
5854:
5711:
5243:
5154:
5137:
5123:
5094:
5075:
5058:
5048:
5029:
5008:
4916:
4906:
4905:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4842:
4742:
4680:
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4353:
4141:
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2450:
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85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation
2059:
1960:, which are centred around the lives of Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Junius Brutus.
1525:
1417:
1355:
1103:
1064:
931:
826:
671:. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the
392:
2291:
provincial command of Gallia Cisalpina he was allotted as consul, but retaining the
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6016:
5963:
5695:
5205:
5115:
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1724:
thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship.
1654:
1614:
1529:
1429:
947:
874:
659:
488:, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth.
448:
304:
220:
4739:
Swords against the Senate: the rise of the Roman army and the fall of the Republic
4553:: a Brief History of Civilization from Ancient Times to the Dawn of the Modern Age
962:
Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes,
5922:
5799:
5690:
5307:
5023:
4900:
4453:
4276:
4161:
2438:
2047:
1922:
1836:
1702:
1416:
After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of
1270:
1194:
1171:
1111:
765:
215:
1792:
While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the
966:, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the
6237:
6145:
6052:
5984:
5893:
5834:
5751:
5616:
5441:
5397:
2434:
2006:
1999:
1938:
1777:
1773:
1746:
1690:
1515:
1421:
1336:
569:
444:
364:
353:
332:
253:
139:
1304:(who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy.
1063:
enemies". Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. Cinna
695:
6231:
6179:
6137:
5951:
5775:
5762:
5217:
5158:
5062:
4635:
The Eastern Roman Empire under the Severans: Old Connections, new Beginnings?
4412:
4318:
3665:
3561:
3482:
2536:
2268:
83–82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna
2200:
1974:
1969:
1957:
1894:
1753:
1741:
were involved (e.g. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death).
1711:
1533:
1490:
1277:
there until 84 BC. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships.
1239:
After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent
683:
634:
503:, a kind of crude comedy. Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to
500:
484:
464:
5247:
2483:
712:
His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with
6199:
6159:
6110:
6092:
5451:
2688:
2686:
2430:
2166:
in the army of Marius (serving his third consulship) in Gallia Transalpina;
1793:
1677:
1473:
1156:
629:
601:
540:
535:
413:
380:
376:
360:
258:
156:
127:
5278:
5209:
5119:
4920:
3645:
1988:
published in the UK in 1957. The novel is in the form of an autobiography.
735:
While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore
398:
Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the
6189:
6070:
6007:
6002:
5787:
4799:, Oxford University Press, 1999, translation by Robin Waterfield. p. 181.
4545:
4296:, Oxford University Press, 1999, translation by Robin Waterfield. p. 210.
2668:
2463:
1884:
1090:
967:
882:
391:
for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. Sulla was closely associated with
388:
286:
86:
4989:(in German). Vol. 7. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 1522–66 – via
3753:, p. 148, noting on the number of victims, "less credibly 150,000".
2725:
2683:
1339:– who had dangerously divided their forces. He defeated Norbanus at the
946:. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential
5938:
5166:
4990:
4111:
3490:
3467:
1801:
1175:
1167:
1107:
1048:
which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. His enemy,
862:
740:
729:
705:
617:
577:
395:, adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favoured of Aphrodite/Venus.
345:
2544:
2512:
2298:
78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome
1697:
Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the
807:
534:
After meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the
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2446:
1931:
1851:
1769:
1721:
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in autumn 85 BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus.
1253:
to Rome. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to
1186:
973:
761:
753:
613:
561:
420:, headed by Marius. In a dispute over the command of the war against
133:
5846:
2468:. John Joseph Dobbins, Pedar William Foss. London: Routledge. 2007.
1950:
Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the
1581:. Unsourced or badly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
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6043:
6034:
6029:
5878:
4160:. Many source place Scaevola's death at the symbolically important
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2280:
80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. His colleague was
2142:
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1757:
1733:
1698:
1670:
1537:
1521:
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1118:
1023:
894:
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857:
The next year, 89 BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul
851:
812:
769:
668:
651:
573:
459:, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the
372:
82:
56:
2110:
The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla:
977:) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee.
868:
and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. He brought
6133:
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6119:
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5900:
5255:
5114:. Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome. Edinburgh University Press.
4981:
2205:
2192:
2028:
His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility.
2009:, who first married Quintus Pompeius Rufus the Younger and later
1835:
in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of
1809:
1394:
eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the
1313:
1220:
1163:
886:
869:
784:
773:
725:
716:(possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the
581:
516:
511:
368:
5111:
The end of the Roman republic, 149 to 44 BC: conquest and crisis
2608:. Vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown & Company. p. 665.
2574:. Vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown & Company. p. 933.
2159:
to Marius (serving his second consulship) in Gallia Transalpina;
6088:
6011:
5993:
3873:
3621:
2359:
1805:
1761:
1716:
1536:'s dictatorship and for the eventual end of the Republic under
1320:, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side.
1305:
1190:
760:
Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the
701:
647:
639:
5282:
4349:
Aspects of Roman history, 82 BC–AD 14: a source-based approach
2276:
dictator legibus faciendis et rei publicae constituendae causa
1219:
In the summer of 86 BC, two major battles were fought in
551:
30:
This article is about the Roman dictator. For other uses, see
6101:
6038:
5971:
5072:
Cataclysm 90 BC: The forgotten war that almost destroyed Rome
5045:
The breakdown of the Roman republic: from oligarchy to empire
3650:(1st ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing. p. 244.
2311: – politician and collector of books from ancient Athens
2295:
for the reconstruction of the temples on the Capitoline Hill.
2002:, Caesar's first cousin once removed. They had two children:
1780:. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy."
861:. But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi, Sulla was
821:
475:
Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of
4218:
2966:
2441:
nickname he had acquired during his campaigns, ἐπαφρόδιτος (
2073:
A son who died young, shortly before his mother's own death.
1873:
in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler.
5975:
5279:
L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus')
4882:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
4870:. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association.
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2416:
For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated,
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2928:
2853:
2769:
2747:
2745:
2743:
1710:
At the start of his second consulship in 80 BC with
854:, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful.
720:. The next year, 96 BC, he was assigned – "probably
313:
5389:
4582:
4489:
3906:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3408:
3406:
3355:
2913:
2656:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2583:
2581:
2284:. Resigned the dictatorship at the beginning of the year
2271:
82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate
1468:
The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to
829:' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from
608:
experience, as Marius too had married into that family.
416:
supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the
4718:
4140:, p. 105. The victims were Pompey's father-in-law
3950:
3948:
3923:
3921:
3884:
3882:
3837:
3835:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3244:
3113:
2713:
2644:
4987:
Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
4693:
4526:
4258:
4191:
4167:
4099:
4047:
4011:
3996:
3894:
3593:
3549:
3418:
3367:
3333:
3331:
3304:
3229:
3200:
3188:
3125:
3101:
3065:
3025:
2942:
2925:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2781:
2740:
2020:
The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young.
1579:
adding more reliable sources to verify the information
877:, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards
4777:
3684:
3672:
3581:
3537:
3509:
3442:
3403:
3391:
2701:
2627:
2606:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology
2578:
2572:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology
2453:(to Romans) – due to his skill and luck as a general.
2433:– the fortunate – was attained later in life, as the
2184:
101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the
1831:
in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and
1362:
support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at
310:
3972:
3960:
3945:
3933:
3918:
3879:
3847:
3832:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3497:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3164:
3152:
3140:
2793:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2313:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2149:
to Gaius Marius in the war with Jugurtha in Numidia;
2066:
in 54 BC). Fausta's son from her first marriage was
1518:
legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa
1074:
815:
in southern Italy, conquered in 89 BC by Sulla.
316:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3343:
3328:
1843:). His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor
1509:At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC, the
1098:During the close of the Social War, in 89 BC,
690:
359:Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of
333:[ˈɫ̪uːkius̠korˈneːlʲius̠ˈs̠uɫːaˈfeːlʲiːks̠]
307:
4966:(DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa
1178:. These sieges lasted until spring of 86 BC.
3010:, p. 206, calling it "revisionary nonsense".
2393:
2287:79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the
764:, where he was approached by an embassy from the
682:Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted
6229:
5194:and Sulla's empowerment as dictator (82–79 BCE)"
1920:Sulla is a central character in the first three
1913:Sulla is a character in Taylor Caldwell's novel
1749:, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death.
1707:(treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate.
1550:Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla
1427:Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of
1346:For 82 BC, the consular elections returned
1094:Asia Minor just before the First Mithridatic War
638:Depiction of Marius as victor over the invading
4928:Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". In
2215:90–89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as
2082:, with whom he had only one child, a daughter:
679:in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed.
451:, over a century before. He used his powers to
4436:
4434:
2225:Holds the consulship for the first time, with
2017:(third wife of Julius Caesar) with the former.
1736:to be with his family. Plutarch states in his
546:
5862:
5405:
5093:. Aarhus University Press. pp. 163–190.
5004:Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic
4980:
4902:The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC
4713:Ciceronian oratory and the ghosts of the past
747:, who wanted to install one of his own sons (
4741:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. p. 99.
897:before capturing the new Italian capital at
779:In 94 BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of
623:
6318:Ancient Romans who received the grass crown
5283:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic
4431:
4345:
3046:, stating merely, "He was assigned Cilicia
2237:87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King
2094:
819:Relations between Rome and its allies (the
428:seized power once he left with his army to
5869:
5855:
5412:
5398:
1847:made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae.
921:
49:
4874:
4862:
4736:
3785:
3471:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
3250:
2972:
2919:
2417:
1992:
1641:Learn how and when to remove this message
1247:
1197:; after a battle with the Pontic general
1174:, and dispatched a large army across the
1125:and established a tyranny over the city.
408:factions at Rome. He was a leader of the
5088:
5069:
5047:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5021:
4886:
4783:
4724:
4699:
4674:
4632:
4616:
4588:
4495:
4240:
4224:
3611:
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3555:
3527:
3424:
3310:
3262:
3238:
3223:
3211:
3194:
3134:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3031:
3019:
2995:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2787:
2775:
2751:
2719:
2707:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2621:
2587:
2335:
2035:, with whom he also had three children:
1772:and his ashes placed in his tomb in the
1089:
1079:
992:
806:
694:
633:
550:
523:
5233:
4997:
4899:Crook, John; et al., eds. (1994).
4839:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1877
4715:. University of Michigan: UCLA. p. 263.
3766:
2988:
2731:
2674:
2510:
2262:84 BC: Reorganizes the province of Asia
1727:
1412:Dictatorship and constitutional reforms
14:
6230:
5254:
5042:
4947:
4945:
4938:
4929:
4898:
4824:
4808:
4544:
4532:
4264:
4252:
4236:
4212:
4200:
4185:
4173:
4133:
4121:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3990:
3900:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3631:
3627:
3615:
3587:
3575:
3567:
3543:
3531:
3515:
3465:
3453:
3436:
3412:
3397:
3385:
3361:
3322:
3043:
2692:
2404:
1876:
1312:, raised a legion from his clients in
1151:Siege of Athens and Piraeus (87–86 BC)
997:Bust formerly thought to be of Sulla,
988:
743:. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by
350:first major civil war in Roman history
27:Roman general and dictator (138–78 BC)
5876:
5850:
5588:Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis
5393:
5144:
5107:
5091:Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom
4956:
4927:
4880:The magistrates of the Roman republic
4868:The magistrates of the Roman republic
4137:
3876:for 60,000 and 120,000, respectively.
3643:
3503:
3373:
3349:
3337:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3007:
2984:
2799:
2763:
2617:
2615:
2599:
2565:
331:
5250:– via Perseus Digital Library.
4978:
4936:
4352:. Taylor & Francis. p. 33.
4346:Davies, Mark; Swain, Hilary (2010).
3978:
3966:
3954:
3939:
3927:
3912:
3888:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3826:
3809:
3797:
3781:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3714:
1553:
1524:(which the prominent Marian general
1350:, in his third consulship, with the
1126:
1114:– and confiscated their properties.
5187:
5179:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (
5028:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
4960:Gaius Marius: a political biography
2088:, who was born after Sulla's death.
1204:
497:Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix
470:
447:, which had been dormant since the
136:against Mithridates (87–84 BC)
24:
5226:
5188:Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan (2004).
3468:"Sulla's March on Rome in 88 B.C."
2612:
2011:Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus
1910:also wrote operas on this subject.
596:) was defeated. In 109, Rome sent
25:
6339:
5272:
4937:Hind, John GF. "Mithridates". In
4817:
2177:(who was consul at the time) and
1333:Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus
1144:
1075:Proconsular command and Civil War
5828:
5827:
4876:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
4864:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
4802:
4789:
4755:
4730:
4705:
4668:
4655:
4626:
4594:
4569:
4538:
4501:
4476:
4463:
4447:
4418:
4393:
4380:
4366:
4339:
4323:
4299:
4286:
4270:
4246:
4206:
4158:Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex
4152:, and – most scandalously – the
4127:
4087:
4035:
3859:
1768:or Hortensius. Sulla's body was
1558:
1495:Sulla later noted in his memoirs
691:Cilician governorship (96–93 BC)
572:had started in 112 BC when
479:, was born into a branch of the
457:reform Roman constitutional laws
436:and their Italian allies at the
383:, and Italian allies during the
352:and became the first man of the
336:; 138–78 BC), commonly known as
303:
59:minted in 54 BC by his grandson
5198:Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz
3756:
3744:
3647:SPQR: a history of ancient Rome
3637:
3459:
3037:
2593:
2559:
2504:
2232:Invades Rome and outlaws Marius
1439:
1379:Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus
529:
363:twice, as well as reviving the
108:Constitutional reforms of Sulla
6328:People of the Mithridatic Wars
6288:Leaders who took power by coup
5043:Mackay, Christopher S (2009).
2456:
2423:
2410:
2381:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2152:106 BC: End of Jugurthine War;
1963:Sulla is a major character in
356:to seize power through force.
13:
1:
6268:1st-century BC Roman praetors
5074:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
4894:. Cambridge University Press.
4509:"Plutarch, Sulla, chapter 36"
2511:Balsdon, J. P. V. D. (1951).
2318:
2125:
2119:
1934:to take up his public career.
1833:Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix
1682:to draw up a list of senators
1137:Gaius Sentius and his legate
796:
6263:1st-century BC Roman consuls
4957:Evans, Richard John (1995).
4711:Dufallo, Basil John (1999).
2600:Smith, William, ed. (1870).
2517:The Journal of Roman Studies
2323:
2078:His fifth and last wife was
1850:It is recorded that Emperor
1386:, probably from outside the
1284:
1037:
957:
564:, offering an olive branch.
443:Sulla revived the office of
299:Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix
7:
6313:Roman governors of Hispania
6258:1st-century BC Roman augurs
4946:Seager, Robin. "Sulla". In
4833:. Oxford University Press.
4831:Oxford Classical Dictionary
4442:Memorable Deeds and Sayings
4150:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
4146:Gaius Papirius Carbo Arvina
3868:, p. 155, referencing
2302:
2244:86 BC: Participates in the
2138:110 BC: Marries first wife;
1504:
1211:Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC)
954:, the Mithridatic command.
677:Battle of the Raudian Field
547:Jugurthine War (107–106 BC)
10:
6344:
6323:Ancient Roman triumphators
6308:Roman governors of Cilicia
5915:On the Malice of Herodotus
5370:Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius
5025:Sulla: The Last Republican
5022:Keaveney, Arthur (2005) .
4827:"Cornelius Sulla, Publius"
4639:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
2070:, suffect consul in 34 BC.
2025:His second wife was Aelia.
1839:, daughter of the emperor
1547:
1543:
1454:). Plutarch states in his
1443:
1405:Battle of the Colline Gate
1318:Publius Cornelius Cethegus
1288:
1208:
1154:
1148:
1083:
1004:
928:Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo
800:
714:Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo
627:
598:Quintus Caecilius Metellus
438:Battle of the Colline Gate
29:
6278:Roman Republican generals
6208:
6172:
5931:
5885:
5822:
5743:
5704:
5673:
5637:
5630:
5622:Temple of Hercules Custos
5604:
5581:Lex Cornelia de maiestate
5555:
5513:
5480:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5374:
5358:
5346:
5332:
5316:
5304:
5299:
5145:Tatum, W Jeffrey (2003).
5108:Steel, Catherine (2013).
5070:Matyszak, Philip (2014).
4763:"Plutarch, Life of Sulla"
4675:Caldwell, Taylor (1965).
4307:The Life of Julius Caesar
3772:, 12 and Vell. Pat. 2.23.
1783:
1676:removed the need for the
1327:senatus consultum ultimum
624:Cimbrian War (104–101 BC)
490:Publius Cornelius Rufinus
412:, who sought to maintain
292:
282:
246:
238:
233:
229:
195:
162:
152:
113:
101:
93:
75:
67:
48:
41:
6303:Ancient Roman patricians
4979:Fröhlich, Franz (1900).
4892:Roman Republican Coinage
4737:Hildinger, Erik (2002).
4555:. Simon & Schuster.
2175:Quintus Lutatius Catulus
2095:Appearance and character
1980:Sulla is the subject of
1766:Lucius Marcius Philippus
1375:Quintus Lucretius Afella
1370:and was there besieged.
1123:strategos epi ton hoplon
1024:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
922:First consulship, 88 BC
745:Mithridates VI of Pontus
6273:Ancient Roman dictators
6173:Translators and editors
5354:Gn. Cornelius Dolabella
5007:. New York: Doubleday.
4825:Badian, Ernst (2016) .
2566:Smith, William (1870).
2445:), that is, beloved of
2040:Faustus Cornelius Sulla
1941:in the 2002 miniseries
1890:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1829:Faustus Cornelius Sulla
1817:Faustus Cornelius Sulla
1434:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
1298:Marcus Licinius Crassus
1241:Lucius Valerius Flaccus
1121:had himself elected as
964:Publius Sulpicius Rufus
944:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
724:as was customary" – to
673:Battle of Aquae Sextiae
594:Aulus Postumius Albinus
477:Publius Cornelius Sulla
211:Faustus Cornelius Sulla
55:Portrait of Sulla on a
5575:Constitutional reforms
2987:, p. 206, citing
2496:: CS1 maint: others (
2227:Quintus Pompeius Rufus
2117:
2058:in 58 BC), then later
1993:Marriages and children
1900:George Frideric Handel
1825:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
1659:"Servian" organization
1466:
1341:Battle of Mount Tifata
1248:Peace with Mithridates
1100:Mithridates VI Eupator
1095:
1057:Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo
1050:Lucius Cornelius Cinna
1019:
1002:
999:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
952:Quintus Pompeius Rufus
936:Mithridates VI Eupator
916:Quintus Pompeius Rufus
899:Bovianum Undecimanorum
816:
709:
643:
565:
202:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
32:Sulla (disambiguation)
18:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
6253:2nd-century BC Romans
5806:The First Man in Rome
5482:First Mithridatic War
5210:10.3406/ccgg.2004.858
5120:10.1515/9780748629022
4982:"Cornelius 392"
4661:Niccolò Machiavelli,
4513:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2766:, pp. 74 et seq.
2112:
1982:The Sword of Pleasure
1908:Johann Christian Bach
1867:Gnaeus Papirius Carbo
1461:
1348:Gnaeus Papirius Carbo
1289:Further information:
1267:Gaius Flavius Fimbria
1155:Further information:
1139:Quintus Bruttius Sura
1093:
1086:First Mithridatic War
1080:First Mithridatic War
1014:
1007:March on Rome (88 BC)
996:
811:Ruins of the town of
810:
803:Social War (91–87 BC)
698:
637:
600:to continue the war.
554:
461:tribunes of the plebs
387:. He was awarded the
269:First Mithridatic War
5595:Lex Cornelia annalis
5556:Legislative activity
5382:Ap. Claudius Pulcher
5260:"Bellum Iugurthinum"
3644:Beard, Mary (2015).
3185:, pp. 111, 114.
2465:The world of Pompeii
2274:82/81 BC: Appointed
2254:battle of Orchomenus
2217:legatus pro praetore
2181:in Gallia Cisalpina;
2050:, who first married
2031:His fourth wife was
1747:infestation of worms
1728:Retirement and death
1575:improve this article
1569:needs better sources
1452:enemies of the state
1446:Sulla's proscription
1352:younger Gaius Marius
1215:Battle of Orchomenus
1067:with his co-consul,
1065:violently quarrelled
844:Lucius Julius Caesar
836:Marcus Livius Drusus
646:In 104 BC, the
329:Latin pronunciation:
5948:Alexander the Great
4950:, pp. 165–207.
4932:, pp. 104–128.
4227:, pp. 122–123.
4188:, pp. 193–194.
4124:, pp. 191–192.
4068:, pp. 190–191.
4032:, pp. 187–188.
3993:, pp. 181–182.
3915:, pp. 157–158.
3705:, pp. 178–179.
3466:Levick, BM (1982).
3439:, pp. 169–170.
3388:, pp. 167–168.
3325:, pp. 165–166.
3098:, pp. 174–179.
2975:, pp. 570–572.
2388:Velleius Paterculus
2338:, pp. 456–457.
2250:battle of Chaeronea
2204:of the province of
2186:Battle of Vercellae
1967:, the first of the
1937:Sulla is played by
1877:Cultural references
1663:Centuriate Assembly
1491:Gaius Julius Caesar
1225:Battle of Chaeronea
1133:, then governed by
989:First march on Rome
907:lex Plautia Papiria
859:Lucius Porcius Cato
453:purge his opponents
145:Consul (80 BC)
6185:Arthur Hugh Clough
5505:Treaty of Dardanos
5378:P. Servilius Vatia
5340:L. Cornelius Cinna
5300:Political offices
5234:Plutarch (1916) .
4941:, pp. 129–64.
4440:Valerius Maximus,
4331:The Life of Caesar
3364:, pp. 165–67.
2437:equivalent of the
2013:, giving birth to
1973:mystery novels by
1928:Colleen McCullough
1096:
1003:
817:
781:Tigranes the Great
710:
644:
566:
6225:
6224:
6212:Comparison extant
6142:Tiberius Gracchus
5908:De genio Socratis
5844:
5843:
5739:
5738:
5551:
5550:
5388:
5387:
5375:Succeeded by
5350:M. Tullius Decula
5333:Succeeded by
5328:Q. Pompeius Rufus
5147:Classical Journal
5129:978-0-7486-1944-3
5054:978-0-521-51819-2
5014:978-1-4000-7897-4
4888:Crawford, Michael
4848:978-0-19-938113-5
4648:978-3-647-30251-5
4551:Heroes of History
4359:978-0-415-49693-3
4142:Publius Antistius
3788:, pp. 42–43.
3657:978-0-87140-423-7
3376:, pp. 88–89.
3265:, pp. 43–44.
3226:, pp. 41–42.
3086:, pp. 32–33.
3062:, pp. 31–32.
3022:, pp. 28–29.
2998:, pp. 28–29.
2963:, pp. 27–28.
2862:, pp. 19–21.
2778:, pp. 11–12.
2475:978-0-415-17324-7
2309:Apellicon of Teos
2060:Titus Annius Milo
1651:
1650:
1643:
1625:
1526:Quintus Sertorius
1356:Hispania Citerior
1291:Sulla's civil war
827:Tiberius Gracchus
739:to the throne of
296:
295:
274:Sulla's civil war
16:(Redirected from
6335:
6195:Philemon Holland
6084:Cato the Younger
5964:Aratus of Sicyon
5871:
5864:
5857:
5848:
5847:
5831:
5830:
5696:Cornelia Postuma
5635:
5634:
5612:Memoirs of Sulla
5432:
5431:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5391:
5390:
5347:Preceded by
5305:Preceded by
5297:
5296:
5267:
5251:
5221:
5184:
5178:
5170:
5141:
5104:
5085:
5066:
5039:
5018:
4994:
4984:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4895:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4677:A Pillar of Iron
4672:
4666:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4630:
4624:
4614:
4608:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4480:
4474:
4467:
4461:
4451:
4445:
4438:
4429:
4422:
4416:
4397:
4391:
4384:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4343:
4337:
4327:
4321:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4284:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4154:pontifex maximus
4131:
4125:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3877:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3830:
3824:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3779:
3773:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3641:
3635:
3625:
3619:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2665:, pp. 8–10.
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2487:
2460:
2454:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2348:Valerius Maximus
2345:
2339:
2333:
2314:
2164:Tribunus militum
2130:
2127:
2086:Cornelia Postuma
2033:Caecilia Metella
1915:A Pillar Of Iron
1904:Pasquale Anfossi
1762:funeral orations
1683:
1655:Plebeian Council
1646:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1583:
1562:
1554:
1530:Second Punic War
1513:appointed Sulla
1512:
1496:
1471:
1470:similar killings
1430:princeps senatus
1205:Boeotian battles
948:Caecilii Metelli
875:Lucius Cluentius
718:ludi Apollinares
660:military tribune
471:Family and youth
449:Second Punic War
335:
330:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
221:Cornelia Postuma
104:
53:
39:
38:
21:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6283:Cornelii Sullae
6228:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6204:
6168:
6155:Aemilius Paulus
5927:
5923:Pseudo-Plutarch
5881:
5875:
5845:
5840:
5818:
5812:The Grass Crown
5800:Masters of Rome
5735:
5700:
5691:Fausta Cornelia
5669:
5626:
5600:
5547:
5509:
5490:Siege of Athens
5476:
5435:Early campaigns
5428:Military career
5423:
5418:
5384:
5380:
5366:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5338:
5324:
5322:
5314:
5312:L. Porcius Cato
5310:
5308:Pompeius Strabo
5275:
5270:
5236:"Life of Sulla"
5229:
5227:Ancient sources
5224:
5172:
5171:
5130:
5101:
5082:
5055:
5036:
5015:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4913:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4820:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4768:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4710:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4673:
4669:
4665:, chapter XVIII
4660:
4656:
4649:
4641:. p. 234.
4631:
4627:
4615:
4611:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4481:
4477:
4468:
4464:
4458:Natural History
4454:Pliny the Elder
4452:
4448:
4439:
4432:
4423:
4419:
4411:30 May 2012 at
4398:
4394:
4385:
4381:
4372:Lacus Curtius,
4371:
4367:
4360:
4344:
4340:
4328:
4324:
4317:30 May 2012 at
4304:
4300:
4291:
4287:
4277:Anthony Everitt
4275:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4239:, p. 195;
4235:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4199:
4192:
4184:
4180:
4172:
4168:
4162:Temple of Vesta
4136:, p. 192;
4132:
4128:
4120:, p. 181;
4116:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4080:, p. 181;
4076:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3880:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:, p. 151;
3780:
3776:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3658:
3642:
3638:
3630:, p. 173;
3626:
3622:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3570:, p. 173;
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2741:
2730:
2726:
2722:, pp. 8–9.
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2691:
2684:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:, pp. 6–7.
2649:
2645:
2637:
2628:
2620:
2613:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2579:
2564:
2560:
2509:
2505:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2312:
2305:
2289:post consulatum
2193:Praetor urbanus
2128:
2122:
2097:
2048:Fausta Cornelia
2038:They had twins
1995:
1923:Masters of Rome
1879:
1837:Claudia Antonia
1786:
1730:
1675:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1584:
1582:
1572:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1510:
1507:
1494:
1469:
1448:
1442:
1414:
1293:
1287:
1250:
1217:
1209:Main articles:
1207:
1172:northern Greece
1159:
1153:
1147:
1112:Asiatic vespers
1088:
1082:
1077:
1069:Gnaeus Octavius
1045:comitia tributa
1040:
1009:
991:
960:
924:
805:
799:
766:Parthian Empire
693:
632:
626:
549:
532:
473:
328:
306:
302:
278:
234:Military career
225:
216:Cornelia Fausta
191:
148:
142:(82–80 BC)
124:(90–89 BC)
102:
89:
80:
79:78 BC (aged 60)
63:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6341:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6215:Four unpaired
6213:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6157:
6148:
6146:Gaius Gracchus
6131:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6077:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6041:
6032:
6023:
6014:
6005:
5996:
5987:
5985:Cato the Elder
5978:
5961:
5945:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5897:
5894:Parallel Lives
5889:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5874:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5851:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5796:
5784:
5772:
5760:
5752:Parallel Lives
5747:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5617:Curia Hostilia
5614:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5442:Jugurthine War
5438:
5436:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5385:
5376:
5373:
5357:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5334:
5331:
5315:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5286:
5274:
5273:External links
5271:
5269:
5268:
5252:
5240:Parallel Lives
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5185:
5153:(2): 203–216.
5142:
5128:
5105:
5099:
5086:
5081:978-1848847897
5080:
5067:
5053:
5040:
5034:
5019:
5013:
4995:
4976:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4911:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4860:
4847:
4821:
4819:
4818:Modern sources
4816:
4814:
4813:
4801:
4788:
4776:
4754:
4748:978-0306812798
4747:
4729:
4717:
4704:
4692:
4685:
4667:
4654:
4647:
4625:
4609:
4602:Life of Pompey
4593:
4591:, p. 228.
4581:
4568:
4562:978-0743235945
4561:
4537:
4535:, p. 207.
4525:
4500:
4498:, p. 175.
4488:
4475:
4462:
4446:
4430:
4417:
4392:
4379:
4365:
4358:
4338:
4322:
4298:
4285:
4269:
4267:, p. 196.
4257:
4245:
4243:, p. 123.
4229:
4217:
4205:
4203:, p. 194.
4190:
4178:
4176:, p. 193.
4166:
4126:
4110:
4108:, p. 191.
4098:
4086:
4084:, p. 191.
4070:
4058:
4056:, p. 190.
4046:
4034:
4022:
4020:, p. 187.
4010:
4008:, p. 182.
3995:
3983:
3981:, p. 162.
3971:
3969:, p. 161.
3959:
3957:, p. 160.
3944:
3942:, p. 159.
3932:
3930:, p. 158.
3917:
3905:
3903:, p. 181.
3893:
3891:, p. 157.
3878:
3858:
3856:, p. 156.
3846:
3844:, p. 155.
3831:
3829:, p. 154.
3814:
3812:, p. 153.
3802:
3800:, p. 151.
3790:
3786:Broughton 1952
3774:
3755:
3743:
3741:, p. 148.
3731:
3729:, p. 145.
3719:
3717:, p. 144.
3707:
3695:
3693:, p. 175.
3683:
3681:, p. 174.
3671:
3656:
3636:
3620:
3618:, p. 173.
3614:, p. 62;
3604:
3592:
3590:, p. 173.
3580:
3574:, p. 59;
3560:
3548:
3546:, p. 172.
3536:
3534:, p. 172.
3530:, p. 56;
3520:
3518:, p. 171.
3508:
3506:, p. 167.
3496:
3477:(4): 503–508.
3458:
3456:, p. 170.
3441:
3429:
3417:
3415:, p. 169.
3402:
3400:, p. 168.
3390:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3301:, p. 123.
3291:
3289:, p. 126.
3279:
3277:, p. 125.
3267:
3255:
3251:Broughton 1952
3243:
3228:
3216:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3173:, p. 109.
3163:
3161:, p. 105.
3151:
3149:, p. 104.
3139:
3124:
3122:, p. 173.
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3036:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2977:
2973:Broughton 1951
2965:
2953:
2941:
2924:
2922:, p. 564.
2920:Broughton 1951
2912:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2802:, p. 184.
2792:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2739:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2682:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2626:
2611:
2592:
2577:
2558:
2529:10.2307/298093
2503:
2474:
2455:
2422:
2420:, p. 557.
2418:Broughton 1952
2409:
2392:
2380:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2246:sack of Athens
2242:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2220:
2213:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2139:
2136:
2121:
2118:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2046:in 54 BC, and
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2005:The first was
2000:Julia Caesaris
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1961:
1948:
1939:Richard Harris
1935:
1918:
1911:
1878:
1875:
1785:
1782:
1778:Campus Martius
1774:Campus Martius
1754:public funeral
1729:
1726:
1691:cursus honorum
1649:
1648:
1566:
1564:
1557:
1548:Main article:
1545:
1542:
1506:
1503:
1444:Main article:
1441:
1438:
1422:Campus Martius
1413:
1410:
1337:Gaius Norbanus
1286:
1283:
1249:
1246:
1206:
1203:
1149:Main article:
1146:
1145:Sack of Athens
1143:
1084:Main article:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1039:
1036:
1005:Main article:
990:
987:
959:
956:
923:
920:
801:Main article:
798:
795:
692:
689:
628:Main article:
625:
622:
576:, grandson of
570:Jugurthine War
548:
545:
531:
528:
501:Atellan farces
472:
469:
340:, was a Roman
294:
293:
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289:
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120:Legate during
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105:
103:Notable credit
99:
98:
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61:Pompeius Rufus
54:
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42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6340:
6329:
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6324:
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6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:138 BC births
6241:
6239:
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6235:
6233:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6196:
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6180:Jacques Amyot
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6018:
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5988:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5958:
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5952:Julius Caesar
5949:
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5912:
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5880:
5872:
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5503:
5501:
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5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5472:March on Rome
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5410:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5371:
5365:80 BC
5363:
5362:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5329:
5323:88 BC
5321:
5320:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5291:Life of Sulla
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5100:9788779344433
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4908:
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4810:
4805:
4798:
4792:
4785:
4784:Keaveney 2005
4780:
4764:
4758:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4727:, p. 10.
4726:
4725:Keaveney 2005
4721:
4714:
4708:
4701:
4700:Keaveney 2005
4696:
4688:
4682:
4679:. Doubleday.
4678:
4671:
4664:
4658:
4650:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4618:
4617:Crawford 1974
4613:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4589:Keaveney 2005
4585:
4578:
4572:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4534:
4529:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4497:
4496:Keaveney 2005
4492:
4485:
4484:Bellum Civile
4479:
4472:
4471:Life of Sulla
4466:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4427:
4426:Life of Sulla
4421:
4414:
4413:archive.today
4410:
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4402:
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4389:
4388:Life of Sulla
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4326:
4320:
4319:archive.today
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4302:
4295:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4241:Keaveney 2005
4238:
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4225:Keaveney 2005
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4083:
4079:
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3649:
3648:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3612:Keaveney 2005
3608:
3602:, p. 59.
3601:
3600:Keaveney 2005
3596:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3572:Keaveney 2005
3569:
3564:
3558:, p. 57.
3557:
3556:Keaveney 2005
3552:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3529:
3528:Keaveney 2005
3524:
3517:
3512:
3505:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3427:, p. 49.
3426:
3425:Keaveney 2005
3421:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3352:, p. 88.
3351:
3346:
3340:, p. 89.
3339:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3313:, p. 44.
3312:
3311:Keaveney 2005
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3263:Keaveney 2005
3259:
3253:, p. 32.
3252:
3247:
3241:, p. 43.
3240:
3239:Keaveney 2005
3235:
3233:
3225:
3224:Keaveney 2005
3220:
3214:, p. 41.
3213:
3212:Keaveney 2005
3208:
3206:
3204:
3197:, p. 40.
3196:
3195:Keaveney 2005
3191:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3137:, p. 35.
3136:
3135:Keaveney 2005
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:Olbrycht 2009
3116:
3110:, p. 33.
3109:
3108:Keaveney 2005
3104:
3097:
3096:Olbrycht 2009
3092:
3085:
3084:Keaveney 2005
3080:
3074:, p. 32.
3073:
3072:Keaveney 2005
3068:
3061:
3060:Keaveney 2005
3056:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3034:, p. 30.
3033:
3032:Keaveney 2005
3028:
3021:
3020:Keaveney 2005
3016:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2996:Keaveney 2005
2993:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2961:Keaveney 2005
2957:
2951:, p. 27.
2950:
2949:Keaveney 2005
2945:
2939:, p. 26.
2938:
2937:Keaveney 2005
2933:
2931:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2910:, p. 25.
2909:
2908:Keaveney 2005
2904:
2898:, p. 24.
2897:
2896:Keaveney 2005
2892:
2886:, p. 23.
2885:
2884:Keaveney 2005
2880:
2874:, p. 38.
2873:
2872:Keaveney 2005
2868:
2861:
2860:Keaveney 2005
2856:
2850:, p. 18.
2849:
2848:Keaveney 2005
2844:
2838:, p. 16.
2837:
2836:Keaveney 2005
2832:
2826:, p. 14.
2825:
2824:Keaveney 2005
2820:
2814:, p. 13.
2813:
2812:Keaveney 2005
2808:
2801:
2796:
2790:, p. 12.
2789:
2788:Keaveney 2005
2784:
2777:
2776:Keaveney 2005
2772:
2765:
2760:
2754:, p. 11.
2753:
2752:Keaveney 2005
2748:
2746:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2720:Keaveney 2005
2716:
2709:
2708:Keaveney 2005
2704:
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2689:
2687:
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2671:
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2663:Keaveney 2005
2659:
2652:
2651:Keaveney 2005
2647:
2640:
2639:Keaveney 2005
2635:
2633:
2631:
2624:, p. 165
2623:
2622:Keaveney 2005
2618:
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2596:
2589:
2588:Keaveney 2005
2584:
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2546:
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2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:"Sulla Felix"
2507:
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2376:Life of Sulla
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2368:
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2349:
2344:
2337:
2336:Crawford 1974
2332:
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2297:
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2286:
2283:
2282:Metellus Pius
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2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:pro quaestore
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2129: 138 BC
2124:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
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2072:
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2068:Gaius Memmius
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2052:Gaius Memmius
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1984:, a novel by
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1975:Steven Saylor
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1970:Roma Sub Rosa
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1567:This article
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1489:The teenaged
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527:
525:
524:Keaveney 2005
521:
518:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
486:
485:gens Cornelia
482:
478:
468:
466:
465:Julius Caesar
462:
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454:
450:
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402:
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382:
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366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
348:. He won the
347:
343:
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334:
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291:
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285:
281:
275:
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270:
267:
265:
262:
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239:Service years
237:
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88:
84:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6248:78 BC deaths
6216:
6200:Thomas North
6160:Themistocles
6111:Gaius Marius
6047:
5955:
5899:
5892:
5833:
5826:
5811:
5805:
5798:
5786:
5774:
5763:
5750:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5568:
5563:Proscription
5543:Colline Gate
5533:Sena Gallica
5523:Mount Tifata
5452:Cimbrian War
5420:
5368:
5361:Roman consul
5359:
5336:Gn. Octavius
5326:
5319:Roman consul
5317:
5290:
5263:
5239:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5175:cite journal
5150:
5146:
5110:
5090:
5071:
5044:
5024:
5002:
4999:Holland, Tom
4986:
4968:. Retrieved
4959:
4948:CAH 9 (1994)
4939:CAH 9 (1994)
4930:CAH 9 (1994)
4901:
4891:
4879:
4867:
4852:. Retrieved
4830:
4804:
4796:
4791:
4779:
4767:. Retrieved
4757:
4738:
4732:
4720:
4712:
4707:
4702:, p. 8.
4695:
4676:
4670:
4662:
4657:
4634:
4628:
4612:
4601:
4596:
4584:
4576:
4571:
4549:
4546:Durant, Will
4540:
4528:
4516:. Retrieved
4512:
4503:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4465:
4457:
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4280:
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3470:
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3294:
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3270:
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3246:
3219:
3190:
3178:
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3142:
3115:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3055:
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3039:
3027:
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2990:
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2831:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2733:
2727:
2715:
2710:, p. 7.
2703:
2694:
2676:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2641:, p. 6.
2605:
2595:
2590:, p. 5.
2571:
2561:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2464:
2458:
2443:epaphroditos
2442:
2425:
2412:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2292:
2288:
2275:
2229:as colleague
2216:
2209:
2199:
2191:
2178:
2170:
2169:102–101 BC:
2163:
2156:
2146:
2141:107–105 BC:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2063:
2055:
2043:
2042:, who was a
1981:
1968:
1964:
1951:
1942:
1921:
1914:
1893:
1883:
1864:
1849:
1820:
1814:
1791:
1787:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1637:
1628:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1585:
1573:Please help
1568:
1514:
1508:
1488:
1478:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1440:Proscription
1428:
1426:
1415:
1392:
1383:
1372:
1360:
1345:
1325:
1322:
1294:
1279:
1275:
1263:
1259:Ariobarzanes
1251:
1238:
1234:
1218:
1180:
1160:
1157:Roman Greece
1134:
1122:
1116:
1097:
1061:
1054:
1044:
1041:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1010:
981:
979:
972:
968:Roman tribes
961:
940:
925:
911:
905:
903:
865:
856:
848:
840:
830:
820:
818:
789:
778:
759:
752:
737:Ariobarzanes
734:
721:
717:
711:
681:
665:
656:
645:
630:Cimbrian War
610:
606:
602:Gaius Marius
592:); and one (
567:
557:
541:Gaius Marius
536:quaestorship
533:
530:Early career
509:
496:
494:
483:
474:
442:
433:
425:
417:
409:
404:
400:
397:
381:Cimbrian War
377:Gaius Marius
365:dictatorship
358:
337:
298:
297:
259:Cimbrian War
157:Gaius Marius
130:(88 BC)
36:
6190:John Dryden
6071:Philopoemen
6008:Demosthenes
5788:Lucio Silla
5730:Chrysogonus
5569:Lex Valeria
5528:Sacriportus
5289:Plutarch's
5192:lex Valeria
4809:Badian 2012
4797:Roman Lives
4619:, pp.
4533:Seager 1994
4473:, pp. 36–37
4399:Suetonius,
4305:Suetonius,
4294:Roman Lives
4265:Seager 1994
4253:Mackay 2009
4237:Seager 1994
4213:Seager 1994
4201:Seager 1994
4186:Seager 1994
4174:Seager 1994
4134:Seager 1994
4122:Seager 1994
4118:Mackay 2009
4106:Seager 1994
4094:Seager 1994
4082:Seager 1994
4078:Mackay 2009
4066:Seager 1994
4054:Seager 1994
4042:Seager 1994
4030:Seager 1994
4018:Seager 1994
4006:Seager 1994
3991:Seager 1994
3901:Seager 1994
3703:Seager 1994
3691:Seager 1994
3679:Seager 1994
3632:Badian 2012
3628:Seager 1994
3616:Seager 1994
3588:Seager 1994
3576:Badian 2012
3568:Seager 1994
3544:Seager 1994
3532:Seager 1994
3516:Seager 1994
3454:Seager 1994
3437:Seager 1994
3413:Seager 1994
3398:Seager 1994
3386:Seager 1994
3362:Seager 1994
3323:Seager 1994
3048:pro consule
3044:Badian 2012
2405:Badian 2012
2239:Mithridates
2210:pro consule
2179:pro consule
1986:Peter Green
1965:Roman Blood
1932:Greek actor
1926:novels, by
1885:Lucio Silla
1871:Machiavelli
1865:His rival,
1802:consulships
1474:Proscribing
1364:Sacriportus
1032:Marius' son
883:grass crown
866:pro consule
722:pro consule
422:Mithridates
389:Grass Crown
287:Grass Crown
94:Nationality
6293:Memoirists
6232:Categories
6075:Flamininus
5968:Artaxerxes
5943:Coriolanus
5939:Alcibiades
5732:(freedman)
5726:(freedman)
5714:(mistress)
5500:Orchomenus
5462:Social War
4991:Wikisource
4795:Plutarch,
4765:. May 2008
4686:0385053037
4663:The Prince
4600:Plutarch,
4577:Ad Atticum
4518:9 December
4486:, 1.12.105
4469:Plutarch,
4424:Plutarch,
4386:Plutarch,
4329:Plutarch,
4292:Plutarch,
4138:Steel 2013
3504:Evans 1995
3374:Steel 2013
3350:Steel 2013
3338:Steel 2013
3299:Gabba 1994
3287:Gabba 1994
3275:Gabba 1994
3183:Gabba 1994
3171:Gabba 1994
3159:Gabba 1994
3147:Gabba 1994
3008:Tatum 2003
2985:Tatum 2003
2800:Evans 1995
2764:Evans 1995
2319:References
2201:Propraetor
2131:: Born in
2120:Chronology
1956:novels by
1671:quaestores
1601:newspapers
1229:Orchomenus
1176:Hellespont
1168:Long Walls
1135:propraetor
1108:Roman Asia
797:Social War
749:Ariarathes
741:Cappadocia
730:Asia Minor
706:Glyptothek
618:Mauretania
578:Massinissa
414:senatorial
385:Social War
264:Social War
122:Social War
6298:Optimates
6138:Cleomenes
6125:Sertorius
6098:Poplicola
6093:Agesilaus
6066:Marcellus
6062:Pelopidas
5999:Demetrius
5981:Aristides
5877:Works of
5718:Metrobius
5712:Nicopolis
5515:Civil War
5495:Chaeronea
5456:Vercellae
5446:2nd Cirta
5258:(1921) .
5218:2117-5624
5204:: 37–84.
5159:0009-8353
5138:247651331
5063:270232275
3979:Hind 1994
3967:Hind 1994
3955:Hind 1994
3940:Hind 1994
3928:Hind 1994
3913:Hind 1994
3889:Hind 1994
3866:Hind 1994
3854:Hind 1994
3842:Hind 1994
3827:Hind 1994
3810:Hind 1994
3798:Hind 1994
3782:Hind 1994
3765:, citing
3763:Hind 1994
3751:Hind 1994
3739:Hind 1994
3727:Hind 1994
3715:Hind 1994
3666:902661394
3483:0018-2311
2602:"Rufinus"
2553:166133294
2537:0075-4358
2492:cite book
2447:Aphrodite
2429:The name
2324:Citations
2241:of Pontus
1852:Caracalla
1827:in 5 BC,
1819:, issued
1722:Suetonius
1631:July 2024
1499:Suetonius
1400:Lucanians
1368:Praeneste
1285:Civil war
1255:Nicomedes
1199:Archelaus
1187:Epidaurus
1183:Acropolis
1131:Macedonia
1127:Hind 1994
1038:Aftermath
982:iustitium
974:iustitium
958:Sulpicius
912:lex Julia
863:prorogued
790:imperator
762:Euphrates
754:imperator
614:Bocchus I
520:Nicopolis
481:patrician
434:populares
426:populares
418:populares
410:optimates
405:populares
401:optimates
346:statesman
242:107–82 BC
134:Proconsul
6164:Camillus
6151:Timoleon
6057:Lycurgus
6044:Lysander
6035:Lucullus
6030:Pericles
5879:Plutarch
5835:Category
5724:Epicadus
5681:Cornelia
5674:Children
5660:Caecilia
5248:40115288
5001:(2003).
4890:(1974).
4878:(1952).
4866:(1951).
4579:, 9.10.2
4575:Cicero,
4548:(2002).
4482:Appian,
4409:Archived
4375:Pomerium
4315:Archived
2523:: 1–10.
2484:74522705
2390:, 2.17.2
2372:Plutarch
2303:See also
2252:and the
2162:103 BC:
2155:104 BC:
2143:Quaestor
2044:quaestor
2007:Cornelia
1856:Hannibal
1841:Claudius
1770:cremated
1758:Augustus
1717:lictores
1704:maiestas
1699:pomerium
1538:Augustus
1522:Hispania
1516:dictator
1505:Dictator
1398:and the
1396:Samnites
1388:pomerium
1271:Dardanus
1119:Aristion
1106:invaded
895:Aesernia
891:Aeclanum
852:Aesernia
813:Aeclanum
774:Chaldean
770:Orobazus
684:triumphs
669:river Po
652:Teutones
650:and the
574:Jugurtha
445:dictator
373:Jugurtha
369:Numidian
354:Republic
206:Cornelia
196:Children
182:Caecilia
153:Opponent
140:Dictator
57:denarius
6129:Eumenes
6120:Theseus
6116:Romulus
6107:Pyrrhus
6080:Phocion
5990:Crassus
5901:Moralia
5720:(lover)
5686:Faustus
5665:Valeria
5655:Cloelia
5538:Clusium
5281:in the
5264:Sallust
5256:Sallust
5167:3298069
4854:6 April
4621:449–451
4444:, 9.3.8
4428:, p. 37
4390:, p. 34
4283:, p. 41
3491:4435825
2994:, 5.1;
2568:"Sulla"
2362:, 1.105
2350:, 9.3.8
2293:curatio
2222:88 BC:
2206:Cilicia
2198:96 BC:
2190:97 BC:
2171:Legatus
2157:Legatus
2080:Valeria
2064:praetor
2056:praetor
2015:Pompeia
1953:Emperor
1821:denarii
1810:Crassus
1734:Puteoli
1686:equites
1661:to the
1615:scholar
1590:"Sulla"
1544:Reforms
1484:talents
1479:equites
1420:on the
1418:Bellona
1314:Picenum
1221:Boeotia
1195:Olympia
1164:Piraeus
887:Stabiae
870:Pompeii
831:de jure
785:Armenia
726:Cilicia
590:Spurius
582:Numidia
562:Bocchus
517:hetaira
512:Sallust
505:Valeria
342:general
187:Valeria
178:Cloelia
172:(Ilia?)
163:Spouses
83:Puteoli
6089:Pompey
6026:Fabius
6021:Brutus
6012:Cicero
6003:Antony
5994:Nicias
5793:Mozart
5769:Handel
5744:Legacy
5631:Family
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5325:With:
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4769:3 July
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4281:Cicero
3874:Appian
3870:Memnon
3767:Plut.
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2732:Plut.
2693:Sall.
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2360:Appian
2248:, the
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1794:Senate
1784:Legacy
1679:censor
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1603:
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1588:
1511:Senate
1384:hostes
1306:Pompey
1223:. The
1193:, and
1191:Delphi
1104:Pontus
934:king,
932:Pontic
702:Munich
648:Cimbri
640:Cimbri
586:Bestia
558:lituus
455:, and
361:consul
283:Awards
128:Consul
114:Office
71:138 BC
6238:Sulla
6217:Lives
6102:Solon
6048:Sulla
6039:Cimon
5972:Galba
5932:Lives
5886:Works
5781:Graun
5776:Silla
5764:Silla
5757:Sulla
5705:Other
5650:Aelia
5645:Julia
5638:Wives
5605:Works
5421:Sulla
5214:eISSN
5190:"The
5163:JSTOR
5134:S2CID
4964:(PDF)
4456:, on
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2734:Sull.
2698:, 95.
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2549:S2CID
2541:JSTOR
2451:Venus
2439:Greek
2435:Latin
2431:Felix
1895:Silla
1622:JSTOR
1608:books
1166:(the
822:socii
393:Venus
371:king
338:Sulla
175:Aelia
170:Julia
97:Roman
87:Italy
43:Sulla
6162:and
6153:and
6140:and
6134:Agis
6127:and
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6109:and
6100:and
6091:and
6082:and
6073:and
6064:and
6055:and
6053:Numa
6046:and
6037:and
6028:and
6019:and
6017:Dion
6010:and
6001:and
5992:and
5983:and
5976:Otho
5970:and
5957:life
5950:and
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5466:Nola
5244:OCLC
5181:link
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5076:ISBN
5059:OCLC
5049:ISBN
5030:ISBN
5009:ISBN
4972:2019
4917:OCLC
4907:ISBN
4856:2023
4843:ISBN
4771:2011
4743:ISBN
4681:ISBN
4643:ISBN
4606:22.3
4557:ISBN
4520:2015
4354:ISBN
3872:and
3662:OCLC
3652:ISBN
3479:ISSN
2737:, 2.
2695:Iug.
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2470:ISBN
2145:and
2133:Rome
1906:and
1892:and
1860:Troy
1845:Nero
1808:and
1798:veto
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1594:news
1335:and
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588:and
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76:Died
68:Born
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