Lutetia - Knowledge

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clay. Since then every square metre of the island has been dug up and rebuilt, often using the same materials, multiple times, making it unlikely that traces of the Gallic settlement would remain on the island. They argue that a settlement in Nanterre did not necessarily exclude that the Île-de-la-Cité was the site of the oppidum of Lutetia; both settlements could have existed at the same time. Finally, they argue that, while Gallic settlements sometimes relocated to a new site, the new sites were usually given a new name. It would be very unusual to transfer the name of Lutetia from the Nanterre settlement to a new Roman town on the Île-de-la-Cité. They also argue that if Lutetia had not already existed where Paris is today, the new Roman city would have been given a Latin, not a Gallic name. This seems to support the argument that Lutetia was in fact located at the center of modern Paris.

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and Avenue Denfert-Rochereau. It occupied a space of about four hectares, and was in use from the beginning of the first until about the fourth century AD. About four hundred tombs, a fraction of the tombs that were once there, have been excavated. Tombs were often placed one above the other. Some remains were buried in stone sepulchres, others in wooden coffins, others simply in the ground. It was a common practice to bury the dead with some items of their belongings, usually some of their clothing and particularly their shoes, placed in vases. Sometimes items of food and silverware were placed in the burial vessel.

66: 1286: 597: 102: 1513: 834:, which threatened Lutetia. The city at the time had no fortifications. Portions of the left bank settlement, including the baths and amphitheatre, were hurriedly abandoned, and the stones used to construct ramparts around the Île de la Cité. The city was reduced in size from one hundred hectares during the high Roman Empire to ten to fifteen hectares on the left bank, and ten hectares on the Île de la Cité. A new civic basilica and baths were built on the island whose vestiges can be seen in the archeological crypt under the Parvis in front of Notre-Dame Cathedral, Place John Paul II. 1144: 1302: 1243: 137: 109: 73: 921: 1184: 819: 1350: 739: 1559: 1547: 49: 1168: 896: 1575: 766:; across the island, and across a bridge to a smaller enclave on the right bank. The low-lying land along the river was suitable for farming; and since it was easily flooded, the road was raised. The Cardo Maximus met the Decumanus, or main east-west street, located at modern rue Soufflot. Here was the civic basilica, containing a tribunal, and a temple. Gradually the city was furnished with a forum, and baths, all on the upper slope of Mount Sainte-Genevieve. 1450: 641: 1077:, are the largest and best-preserved vestige of Roman Lutetia and date from the late 1st or early 2nd century AD. They were at the junction of the two major Roman roads, between Boulevard Saint-Michel, Boulevard Saint-Germaine, and the Rue des Ecoles. The baths originally occupied a much larger area of about 300 x 400 Roman feet, a standard Roman city block, covering about one hectare. 649: 1408:

Vestiges of Roman buildings on the island, including baths, were found under the parvis of Notre-Dame in 1965 and can be seen today. The rampart was about two metres tall with a wooden walkway and, like most of the buildings on the island, was built from stone brought from the demolished buildings on

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The residential streets of Lutetia, unlike the boulevards, were irregular and not as-well maintained as they were the responsibility of the home-owners, not the city. Traces of several of these early residential neighbourhoods, dating to the beginning of the 1st century AD, particularly on the Rue de

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The slope of Mt. Genevieve was used to provide elevation for the semi-circular seating. The back of the stage faced onto to the Roman road and was decorated with arches and columns. The "pulpitum", or front stage, and "parascenum", or back stage, rested on a base of cement. When excavated in the 19th

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and Boulevard du Port Royal, along the Roman main road leading to Italy. In this necropolis the tombs were mostly composed of stone taken from the monuments in the earlier necropolis of Saint-Jacques. One of the tombs there, dating from the Third Century AD, is notable for the first recorded use of

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It had a stage and backdrop used for the presentation of plays, along with a larger space suitable for the combat of gladiators and of animals, and other large-scale festivities. It was probably built near the end of the 1st century AD. In the early 4th century its stone was used in the construction

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The Forum of Lutetia was in the centre of the city, between the modern streets of Boulevard Saint-Michel on the west, Rue Saint-Jacques on the east, rue Cujas to the north and Rue G. Lussac and rue Malbranch to the south. It was two Roman blocks wide and one block long, 177.6 x 88.8 m. Only a small

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which he visited was on an island. In his account of the war in Gaul Caesar wrote that, when the Romans later laid siege to Lutetia, "the inhabitants had burned their structures and the wooden bridges which served to cross the two branches of the river around their island fortress," which appears to

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During the early, or High Roman Empire, the major Roman necropolis, or cemetery, was located near the Cardo Maximus (Main Street), close to the exit of the city and some distance from the nearest residences. The Necropolis of Saint-Jacques was close to the modern intersection of Avenue Saint-Michel

948:, essentially the town hall, occupied the east of the forum, It contained the courts where political, social and financial issues were discussed and decided. It had a central nave, higher than other parts of the building, and two lower collateral aisles, separated from the nave by rows of columns. 1335:

where a collection tank was excavated. The aqueduct was built in the second half of the 1st century AD mainly to supply the monumental public baths of Cluny. The aqueduct could deliver an estimated 2000 m of water a day. The masonry and cement conduit, about 1/2 metre wide and 3/4 metre deep, was

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The houses of the wealthy often had an underfloor heating system and their own bath suite. Their interior walls were covered with plaster, and often painted with frescoes, some traces of which have been recovered (see gallery). They frequently had a reception room on the ground floor and bedrooms

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is today, along Boulevard Saint-Michel. It occupied one of the central blocks of the Roman city, three hundred Roman feet on each side. It was probably built in the second part of the 1st century AD, based on coins found; it was renovated in the 2nd century. Like many other buildings on the left

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The streets and squares were laid out in blocks ("insular") of 300 Roman feet (88.8 m) square. As a result the modern Rue Saint Martin and Rue Saint-Denis, which were both laid out in Roman times, are 600 Roman feet apart. Excavations of the streets have uncovered the ruts in the roads from the

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Proponents of the Ile de Cité as the site of the Gallic settlement also address the issue of the lack of archaeological evidence on the island. The original oppidum and bridges were burned by the Parisii to keep them out of the hands of the Romans. The houses of the Parisii were made of wood and

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Lutetia was both a trading centre for art works, through its access to water and land routes, and, later, the home of workshops ceramics and other decorative works. Sculpture was widely used in monuments, particularly in the several necropoli, or Roman cemeteries, in the outskirts of the city.

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A modest headquarters or "Palace" was constructed at the west end of the island, where the Palais de Justice is today. One was the residence and headquarters of the Roman military commander, and the temporary residence of two Emperors during the military campaigns. It was probably here that

1097:, which had the same features at room-temperature. They played an important social and political role in Lutetia as in other Roman cities. They were free of charge, or accessible for a small fee, and contained not only baths but also bars, places to rest, meeting rooms and libraries. 1216:

The houses generally had wood frames covered with clay. The floors were covered with yellow clay or packed earth. Excavations showed that the city had an important plaster industry; plaster was used to simulate stone, as a covering, or in the form of bricks and tiles.

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and at the centre of the facade was a monumental fountain. Beneath there are several lower rooms with vaulted roofs. The drain for emptying the frigidarium pool is still visible that encircled the baths and ran into a main drain located under Boulevard Saint-Michel.

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the name "Paris" for the city. The tombs at Saint Marcel contain a variety of ceramic and glass objects from the workshops of the city, placed at the foot of the deceased. The first symbols of Christian burials, in the 5th century, were also found here.

722:, crossed the river there, marched back toward the city, and decisively defeated the Parisii. The location of the final battle, like the location of the oppidum, is disputed. It was fought near a river, which some historians interpret as the 1049:, or general audience seating, higher up and farther back, and the "maenianum" of the podium, for the notables, in front of the orchestra stage. It had a separate entrance, and was accessed by a covered corridor. There were also several 1134:, or large outdoor exercise area. Vestiges of the circular hot water pool and the cold water pool have survived, along with the hypocaust heating system. Traces were also found of marble wall coverings, frescoes and bronze fixtures. 936:

The forum was surrounded by a wall, with entrances on the north and south. Along the outer walls on the north, south sides and west sides, were arcades sheltering rows of small shops. At the west end was an underground gallery, or

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The site was discovered in 1867-68 during the construction of Rue Monge by Louis-Napoleon, and excavations were begun in 1870. A bus depot was planned to be built on the same site, but a coalition of notable Parisans, including

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The first traces of the Roman occupation of Lutetia appeared at the end of the 1st century BC, during the reign of the Emperor Augustus. By the beginning of the 1st century AD, the construction of the Roman city was underway.

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Other scholars dispute the idea that the settlement was in Nanterre. They point to the description given by Julius Caesar, who came to Lutetia to negotiate with the leaders of the Gallic tribes. He wrote that the

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The amphitheatre is located near the intersection of Rue Monge and Rue de Navarre. It was about 100 x 130 m in plan, making it one of the largest in Gaul. It could accommodate as many as 17000 spectators.

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Clients entered the baths near the modern Rue des Ecoles into a large courtyard lined with shops. They would cross the courtyard to the entrance of the baths, change their clothes, and go first into the

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to Paris. After defeating the Franks in a major battle at Strasbourg in 357, he defended against Germanic invaders coming from the north. He was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 360 in Lutetia. Later

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In the later years of the Empire, when the pressure of invading Germanic tribes led to the abandonment of the old monuments, a new necropolis, named for Saint-Marcel, was established near the modern

1285: 777:. The importance of the city was due in large part to its position as an intersection of land and water trade routes. One of the most striking archeological finds from the early period is the 1540:) by the guild of boatmen, the most influential guild in the city, and was found in the Île-de-la-Cité. It depicted both Roman and Gallic deities in a series of blocks stacked into a column. 664:, where the bridges of the major trading routes of the Parisii crossed the Seine. This view was challenged after the discovery between 1994 and 2005 of a large early Gallic settlement in 1143: 1036:

bank in the 4th century its stone was used in the building of the wall and new buildings on the Île-de-la-Cité. It was excavated and recreated by Theodore Vacquer between 1861 and 1884.

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Another important building on the island was the civic basilica, fulfilling the judicial functions transferred from the Left Bank. It stood between the modern Rue de la Cité and the

730:; and near a large marsh; a feature of the countryside near both the Île-de-la-Cité and Narbonne. Whatever its location was, the battle was decisive; Lutetia became a Roman town. 1401:

Beginning in 307 AD, the increasing number of invasions of Gaul by Germanic tribes forced the Lutetians to abandon a large part of the city on the left bank, and to move to the

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At the west end was the temple devoted to the official gods. Its facade with a portico of pillars with triangular pediment faced to the east, the tradition for Roman temples.

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station. It was 70 x 35 m with a central nave. The entrance was probably on the Rue de la Cité, the Cardo Maximus which crossed the island and connected the bridges.

1449: 632:, they settled in villages, in houses made of wood and clay. Their life was closely attached to the river, which served as a trade route to other parts of Europe. 1373: 1301: 1003: 991: 482:

and a city began to be built. Remains of the Roman forum, amphitheatre, aqueduct and baths can still be seen. In the fifth century it became the capital of the

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upstairs, accessed by a stairway, as well as a cellar which sometimes had its own well. Several houses were grouped together with a common courtyard.

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are the main remaining rooms. They were originally covered on the inside with mosaics, marble or frescoes. The northern side was occupied by two

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mainly below ground level over the distance of 26 kilometres to the city. The major obstacle it faced was crossing the valley of the river

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wheels of chariots and wagons. The roads were regularly repaired with fresh stones, gradually raising their height by as much as a metre.

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part of a wall of the old forum remains above ground today, but the foundations have been extensively excavated since the 19th century.

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was named in honor of its discovery in a Paris laboratory, and the characteristic building material of the city of Paris,

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In the 4th century, Lutetia remained an important bulwark defending the Empire against the Germanic invaders. In 357–358

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Remains of other baths have been discovered. The best-preserved were found in the 19th century within the present

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on the "Cardo" or rue Saint-Jacques. They were of about two hectares, even larger than Cluny, and included a

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l'Abbé de l'Épée, rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, and the garden of the Êcole des Mines have been discovered.

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Goudineau, Christian, "Lutetia" in Dictionary of Antiquity under the direction of Jean Leclant. PUF. 2005

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of the fortress on the Île de Ia Cité, at a time when the province was threatened by barbarian invasion.

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Other major public works projects and monuments were built in the 2nd century AD including an aqueduct.

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Vestiges of the aqueduct have been discovered in several places including under the Institute Curie.

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where the conduit was raised on arches, some of which still exist in the Valley of Arcueil-Cachan.

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had already been used for centuries. Lutetia had gradually become Paris, the city of the Parisii.

759: 20: 2498: 1424:, near where the flower market is today. It was discovered in 1906 during the construction of the 4460: 4440: 4380: 4370: 4360: 3766: 3455: 3355: 3335: 3250: 3240: 2945: 2885: 2865: 2577: 2529: 1995:"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, LUTETIA PARISIORUM later PARISIUS (Paris） France" 1870: 1671: 1322: 812: 2204:

Alain Bouet and Florence Saragoza, "Les Thermes de Cluny", the Archeologia files, no. 323, p. 25

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Guillaume, Valerie, "Musee Carnavalet-Histoire de Paris - Guide de Visite" (2021), p. 22-27

1635: 1232:(27 BC – 14 AD) containing heated floors were found. The owners were wealthy enough to own 808: 792: 781:

which was erected by the corporation of local river merchants and sailors and dedicated to

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This spelling is used by O. Seel (1961, 1968) in the Teubner text of Caesar's Gallic War:

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Pottery and a shoe sole from a tomb in the necropolis of Saint-Jacques (Carnavalet Museum)

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resided in Lutetia for a brief period (365–366). The first documented bishop of Paris was

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is still disputed by historians. They had traditionally placed the main settlement on the

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Much of the remaining building stone was reused in the city wall of Paris constructed by

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The mid third century brought a series of invasions of Gaul by two Germanic peoples, the

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first agreed to submit to Caesar and Rome, but in 52 BC they joined other tribes, led by

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Nanterre et les Parisii : Une capitale au temps des Gaulois ?, Antide Viand,

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visited the city in 360, there was a cathedral, near the site of Notre-Dame de Paris.

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Tombstone of a cavalier defeating a barbarian (High Roman Empire - Carnavalet Museum)

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had that distinction) and it was to the west of the most important Roman north-south

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Excavation of collection tank at beginning of the aqueduct at Wissous (1903 photo)

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Remains of a decorative mural from 12, rue de l'Abbé-de-l'Épée, (2nd century AD) (

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In the 3rd century, according to legend, Christianity was brought to the town by

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Sculpture of a Triton and a Nymph (2nd century AD) found on the Île de la Cité (

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The original baths were probably destroyed during the first invasion by the

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Model of forum of Lutetia, with temple at left and civic basilica at right (

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The source of the aqueduct was in the hills outside the city at Rungis and

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Several scientific discoveries have been named after Lutetia. The element

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Many artifacts from Lutetia have been recovered and are on display at the

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Figure of Venus, bronze and cast iron (1st-4th c. AD -Carnavalet Museum)

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campus. Additionally, remains of private houses dating from the reign of

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habitations, dating as far back as 4500 BC, have been found along the

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century, the chalk builders' marks were still visible on the floor.

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Pieces of the Pillar of the Boatmen displayed in the Baths of Cluny

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was donated to the city in about 14-17 AD (dedicated to the Emperor

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street, perpendicular to the Seine. It began at the heights of the

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The end of the Roman Empire in the west, and the creation of the

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was fought with the local tribe. The Gallic forces were led by

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Steps to the wharf of the Roman port, now 50 m from the river.(

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Others were found in rue Gay-Lussac and on the Ile de la Cite.

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Model of the "pilier des nautes" (1st century AD), Musee Cluny

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In May 2006, a Roman road was found during expansion of the

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Section of the Roman aqueduct on Avenue Reille, (14th Arr.)

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Model of the ancient amphitheatre with its stage and arena

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Detail of a fresco of a bird, 14, rue Monsieur-le-Prince,

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In the first century BCE, the settlement was conquered by

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The 3rd century walls (red) and ancient riverbanks (blue)

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in the 5th century, with its capital placed in Paris by

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tribe. The site was an important crossing point of the

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Musée Carnavalet - Histoire de Paris - Guide de visite

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Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation

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Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France

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Julius Caesar: De Bello Gallico, book six, VI p. 62

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of French kings, and thereafter was known as Paris.

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Remains of arches of Aqueduct of Lutetia at Arcueil

1093:, which had a cold-water pool and baths, or to the 1031:The Roman theatre of Lutetia was located where the 807:). According to tradition, he carried his head to 475:, the intersection of land and water trade routes. 393: 296: 1915: 1459:(360–363), made Emperor by his soldiers in Lutetia 656:The original location of the early capital of the 1857:, Xavier Delamarre, éditions errance 2003, p. 209 758:on the left bank, went downhill along the modern 644:Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC) 4493: 1276:Objects from daily life in Lutetia found in the 1236:which was a status symbol among Roman citizens. 1149:Model of Thermes de Cluny: In the centre is the 997:The ancient Amphitheatre, or "Arenes" of Lutetia 1657:Lutetia is featured in the French comic series 1693:uses the name Lutecia for the Japanese market 769:It was not the capital of the Roman province ( 2550: 2224: 2222: 2113: 2111: 1968: 1966: 1758: 1756: 1417:was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 361. 718:, one of Caesar's generals, marched south to 2525:Arènes de Lutèce - Paris Parks & Gardens 2407:(in French). Monum- Éditions du Patrimoine. 1871:"The first inhabitants | Paris antique" 1697:subcompact car, and is named after Lutetia. 1604:A stele of the god Mercury, found under the 2396: 1850: 1848: 1391:A section of aqueduct near Place Montsouris 1043:The theatre had two groups of seating; the 750:The Roman city was laid out along the main 430: 357: 349: 88:of Lutetia lies in the modern city of Paris 2557: 2543: 2219: 2108: 1963: 1753: 1608:on the Île-de-la-Cité (Carnavalet Museum) 1073:, the grand public baths, now part of the 160:Lutetia Parisorum (Latin), Lutèce (French) 47: 2306:"Plaster production | Paris antique" 1989: 1987: 1924:Sarmant, "History of Paris" (2012), p. 10 1564:Jupiter holding a lightning bolt, on the 1845: 1732: 1580:Hunting scene decorating the Cluny baths 919: 817: 737: 647: 639: 635: 595: 2564: 2474: 2440: 2057: 2018: 915: 591: 4494: 2421: 2402: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2292: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2213: 2189: 2145: 2102: 2030: 1984: 1957: 1936: 1626:, derives from the ancient name. The " 1473:Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II 1442:Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II 30:. For the municipality in Brazil, see 2538: 1523: 1396: 955:The Amphitheatre, or Arenes de Lutece 424: 342: 329: 2477:Lutece- Paris, des origines a Clovis 1811: 1809: 1736:The Seine: The River that Made Paris 1226:University of Pierre and Marie Curie 525:meaning "a swamp or marsh" + suffix 1440:Ruins of the Roman baths under the 775:road between Provence and the Rhine 13: 4502:Populated places in pre-Roman Gaul 2382:"Roman aqueducts: Paris (country)" 2159:"The theatre | Paris antique" 1855:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise 521:. Likely origins are Celtic root 119:Show map of Île-de-France (region) 14: 4518: 2513: 2424:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris 1806: 1331:in the present department of the 1112:, with its vault intact, and the 604:boat and pottery found near Bercy 2119:"The forum | Paris antique" 1597: 1585: 1573: 1557: 1545: 1511: 1499: 1464: 1448: 1433: 1384: 1372: 1360: 1348: 1300: 1284: 1269: 1253: 1241: 1182: 1166: 1142: 1014: 1002: 990: 894: 878: 733: 536:("pool, meadow") and the Breton 365: 286: 135: 128: 116:Lutetia (Île-de-France (region)) 107: 100: 71: 64: 16:Roman city, predecessor of Paris 2445:. Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. 2298: 2151: 2072: 2063: 2036: 1942: 1904: 694:, in a revolt near the end of 136: 108: 72: 1888: 1825: 1797: 1786: 1739:. W. W. Norton & Company. 1726: 1026: 1021:The seats of the amphitheatre 901:Interior of the Roman baths, ( 501:The settlement is attested in 275:1st century BCE to 5th century 1: 1719: 1678:Asterix and the Laurel Wreath 1666:Asterix and the Golden Sickle 1480: 1207: 679:describe the Île de la Cité. 457: 253: 3129:Frontiers and fortifications 1058: 543:A less likely origin is the 529:, It survives today in the 496: 7: 3188:Decorations and punishments 2495:Lutèce: Paris ville romaine 2163:archeologie.culture.gouv.fr 2123:archeologie.culture.gouv.fr 1875:archeologie.culture.gouv.fr 1700: 1654:, is named after the city. 1316: 1260:A bronze key from Lutetia ( 1108:in 275, then rebuilt. The 910: 426:[...pariːsiˈoːrʊ̃ː] 182:, later Lugdunensis Senonia 10: 4523: 4095:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2670:historiography of the fall 2493:Philippe de Carbonnières, 2043:2 Roman and Medieval Paris 1769:Collins English Dictionary 1684:Asterix and the White Iris 1320: 1198: 1062: 958: 586: 553:, which means "mouse" and 25: 18: 4476:External wars and battles 4343: 4237: 4050: 3642: 3635: 3557: 3469: 3374: 3249: 3201: 3079: 3029: 2968: 2959: 2841: 2793: 2713: 2630: 2600: 2591: 2573: 2441:Sarmant, Thierry (2012). 1842:, éditions Larousse 1968. 1733:Sciolino, Elaine (2019). 1660:The Adventures of Asterix 1613: 1177:, or hot baths, of Cluny 756:Montagne Sainte-Geneviève 358: 350: 271: 249: 244: 236: 223: 186: 175: 164: 156: 58: 46: 2397:Bibliography (in French) 1822:, éditions errance 1994. 1650:, discovered in 1852 by 21:Lutetia (disambiguation) 4471:Roman–Iranian relations 2946:Optimates and populares 2530:Roman aqueduct of Paris 2422:Fierro, Alfred (1996). 2403:Busson, Didier (2001). 2386:www.romanaqueducts.info 1672:Asterix and the Banquet 1323:Roman aqueduct of Paris 813:Basilica of Saint-Denis 452:. Traces of an earlier 240:284 acres (115 ha) 4481:Civil wars and revolts 3747:Sextus Pompeius Festus 3394:Conflict of the Orders 2753:Legislative assemblies 2475:Schmidt, Joel (2009). 2310:archeologie.culture.fr 2234:archeologie.culture.fr 1248:A Roman keyhole plaque 929: 823: 743: 653: 652:Lutetia in 2nd century 645: 605: 339: 4190:Simplicius of Cilicia 3942:Quintus Curtius Rufus 3171:Siege in Ancient Rome 2780:Executive magistrates 2499:Découvertes Gallimard 2079:The City of Antiquity 1999:www.perseus.tufts.edu 1974:"Paris, a Roman city" 1566:Pillar of the Boatmen 1534:Pillar of the Boatmen 977:in the 12th century. 923: 821: 779:Pillar of the Boatmen 741: 651: 643: 636:The Gallic settlement 599: 257: 3rd century BC 157:Alternative name 4200:Stephanus Byzantinus 4105:Eusebius of Caesaria 3967:Sidonius Apollinaris 3657:Ammianus Marcellinus 2996:Tribune of the plebs 2459:Guillaume, Valérie, 1978:www.paris.culture.fr 1646:Epoch. The asteroid 1422:Tribunal de Commerce 916:The Forum of Lutetia 799:thereafter known as 726:, and others as the 592:Earliest inhabitants 331:[luːˈteːtia] 208:48.85472°N 2.34750°E 19:For other uses, see 4376:Distinguished women 4027:Velleius Paterculus 3867:Nicolaus Damascenus 3847:Marcellus Empiricus 3236:Republican currency 2405:Paris ville antique 2256:, pp. 102–105. 1820:Pierre-Yves Lambert 1652:Hermann Goldschmidt 1491:Avenue des Gobelins 863:Merovingian dynasty 803:(Martyrs' Hill, or 620:, and close to the 484:Merovingian dynasty 204: / 43: 36:Lutetium(III) oxide 4150:Phlegon of Tralles 3957:Seneca the Younger 3431:Naming conventions 3161:Personal equipment 2694:Later Roman Empire 2426:. Robert Laffont. 2359:, p. 120-131. 2347:, p. 132-133. 2084:2008-12-12 at the 1816:La langue gauloise 1663:, most notably in 1632:geologic timescale 1624:Lutetian Limestone 1524:Art and Decoration 1397:The Île de la Cité 930: 824: 744: 654: 646: 606: 359:Lutetia Parisiorum 180:Gallia Lugdunensis 147:Show map of France 41: 4489: 4488: 4451:Pontifices maximi 4233: 4232: 4090:Diogenes Laërtius 3912:Pliny the Younger 3667:Asconius Pedianus 3627:Romance languages 3499:Civil engineering 3241:Imperial currency 3114:Political control 3075: 3074: 2709: 2708: 2486:978-2-262-03015-5 2469:978-2-7596-0474-6 2452:978-2-7558-0330-3 2414:978-2-85822-368-8 2371:, p. 18-129. 2335:, p. 98-100. 2148:, pp. 80–89. 1900:978-2-7572-0162-6 1746:978-0-393-60936-3 1455:A coin depicting 1126:College de France 1033:Lycée Saint-Louis 815:was later built. 760:Rue Saint-Jacques 704:Battle of Lutetia 279: 278: 213:48.85472; 2.34750 91:Show map of Paris 4514: 4441:Magistri equitum 4356:Cities and towns 4349: 4275:Constantinopolis 4085:Diodorus Siculus 4017:Valerius Maximus 3952:Seneca the Elder 3872:Nonius Marcellus 3640: 3639: 3193:Hippika gymnasia 3156:Infantry tactics 3062:Consular tribune 3052:Magister equitum 3001:Military tribune 2966: 2965: 2926:Pontifex maximus 2921:Princeps senatus 2911:Magister militum 2677:Byzantine Empire 2598: 2597: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2490: 2456: 2437: 2418: 2390: 2389: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2302: 2296: 2295:, p. 47-49. 2290: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2226: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2193: 2192:, p. 94-97. 2187: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2115: 2106: 2105:, p. 64-66. 2100: 2089: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1970: 1961: 1960:, p. 32-33. 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1925: 1922: 1913: 1911:De Bello Gallico 1908: 1902: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1867: 1858: 1852: 1843: 1836:Charles Rostaing 1829: 1823: 1813: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1730: 1707:History of Paris 1601: 1589: 1577: 1568:(1st century AD) 1561: 1549: 1515: 1503: 1468: 1452: 1437: 1388: 1376: 1364: 1352: 1309:Musée Carnavalet 1304: 1293:Musée Carnavalet 1288: 1278:Musée Carnavalet 1273: 1262:Musée Carnavalet 1257: 1245: 1186: 1170: 1146: 1071:Thermes de Cluny 1065:Thermes de Cluny 1018: 1006: 994: 975:Philippe-Auguste 961:Arènes de Lutèce 926:Musée Carnavalet 898: 887:Musée Carnavalet 882: 572:"mice", and the 552: 517:(Λευκοτεκία) by 509:(Λoυκoτοκία) by 491:Musée Carnavalet 462: 459: 447: 444: 438: 435: 432: 428: 423: 416: 412: 406: 405: 402: 401: 398: 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 370: 361: 360: 353: 352: 347:) also known as 346: 333: 328: 321: 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 258: 255: 219: 218: 216: 215: 214: 209: 205: 202: 201: 200: 197: 148: 144:Lutetia (France) 139: 138: 132: 120: 111: 110: 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1877: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1853: 1846: 1830: 1826: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1776: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1703: 1616: 1609: 1602: 1593: 1590: 1581: 1578: 1569: 1562: 1553: 1550: 1526: 1519: 1516: 1507: 1504: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1460: 1453: 1444: 1438: 1409:the left bank. 1399: 1392: 1389: 1380: 1377: 1368: 1365: 1356: 1353: 1325: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1296: 1289: 1280: 1274: 1265: 1258: 1249: 1246: 1210: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1178: 1171: 1162: 1147: 1067: 1061: 1029: 1022: 1019: 1010: 1007: 998: 995: 963: 957: 918: 913: 906: 899: 890: 883: 736: 638: 600:Fragments of a 594: 589: 548: 531:Scottish Gaelic 499: 461: 4500 BCE 460: 445: 440:Lutetia of the 439: 436: 433: 421: 414: 410: 371: 368: 364: 344:[lytɛs] 326: 319: 289: 285: 263:, refounded as 256: 227:oppidum, later 212: 210: 206: 203: 198: 195: 193: 191: 190: 152: 151: 150: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 140: 123: 122: 121: 118: 117: 114: 113: 112: 95: 94: 93: 90: 89: 78: 77: 76: 54: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4520: 4510: 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3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2901:Vigintisexviri 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2861:Cursus honorum 2858: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2660:Western Empire 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2514:External links 2512: 2511: 2510: 2491: 2485: 2472: 2457: 2451: 2438: 2432: 2419: 2413: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2337: 2322: 2297: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2218: 2216:, p. 106. 2206: 2194: 2175: 2150: 2135: 2107: 2090: 2071: 2062: 2047: 2035: 2033:, p. 154. 2023: 2011: 1983: 1962: 1950: 1941: 1926: 1914: 1903: 1887: 1859: 1844: 1824: 1805: 1796: 1785: 1752: 1745: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1572: 1570: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1544: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1498: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1454: 1447: 1445: 1439: 1432: 1403:Île de la Cité 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1347: 1321:Main article: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1297: 1290: 1283: 1281: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1240: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1193:, or Cold bath 1188: 1181: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1163: 1148: 1141: 1075:Musée de Cluny 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1001: 999: 996: 989: 959:Main article: 956: 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4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3807:Julius Paulus 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3742:Fabius Pictor 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3479:Amphitheatres 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3216:Deforestation 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3166:Siege engines 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3099:Establishment 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030:Extraordinary 3028: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3016:Promagistrate 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2803:Twelve Tables 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2508: 2507:2-07-053389-1 2504: 2500: 2497:, collection 2496: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2433:2-221-07862-4 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2280:, p. 45. 2279: 2274: 2268:, p. 40. 2267: 2262: 2255: 2250: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2215: 2210: 2201: 2199: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2066: 2060:, p. 14. 2059: 2054: 2052: 2044: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2021:, p. 12. 2020: 2015: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1959: 1954: 1945: 1939:, p. 32. 1938: 1933: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832:Albert Dauzat 1828: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1775: 1774:HarperCollins 1771: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1630:" is, in the 1629: 1625: 1621: 1607: 1600: 1595: 1588: 1583: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1555: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1514: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1474: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1387: 1382: 1375: 1370: 1363: 1358: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1310: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1205: 1192: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1017: 1012: 1005: 1000: 993: 988: 987: 986: 984: 978: 976: 971: 967: 962: 952: 949: 947: 942: 940: 934: 927: 922: 904: 897: 892: 888: 881: 876: 875: 874: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 848:Valentinian I 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 820: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:Mons Martyrum 798: 794: 789: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752:Cardo Maximus 748: 740: 734:Roman Lutetia 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 708:Vercingetorix 705: 701: 697: 696:Julius Caesar 693: 692:Vercingetorix 689: 684: 680: 677: 676: 669: 667: 663: 659: 650: 642: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 603: 598: 584: 582: 578: 575: 571: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 546: 541: 539: 535: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 503:Ancient Greek 494: 492: 487: 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 466: 455: 451: 443: 427: 419: 418: 404: 362: 354: 345: 341: 337: 332: 324: 323: 313: 283: 274: 270: 266: 262: 252: 248: 243: 239: 235: 232: 231: 226: 222: 217: 189: 185: 181: 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 131: 103: 87: 83: 67: 57: 50: 45: 37: 33: 29: 22: 4421:Institutions 4299: 4285:Leptis Magna 4238:Major cities 4145:Philostratus 3932:Quadrigarius 3752:Rufus Festus 3615:Contemporary 3336:Romanization 3259:Architecture 2866:Collegiality 2715:Constitution 2566:Ancient Rome 2494: 2476: 2460: 2442: 2423: 2404: 2385: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2313:. Retrieved 2309: 2300: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2237:. Retrieved 2233: 2209: 2166:. Retrieved 2162: 2153: 2126:. Retrieved 2122: 2074: 2065: 2058:Sarmant 2012 2038: 2026: 2019:Sarmant 2012 2014: 2002:. Retrieved 1998: 1977: 1953: 1944: 1906: 1890: 1878:. Retrieved 1874: 1854: 1839: 1827: 1815: 1799: 1788: 1777:. Retrieved 1767: 1735: 1728: 1689: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1617: 1531: 1527: 1488: 1484: 1419: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1342: 1326: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1189:Bath in the 1157:, right the 1136: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1099: 1079: 1068: 1050: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1030: 979: 972: 968: 964: 950: 943: 935: 931: 870: 860: 856:Saint Martin 836: 825: 811:, where the 800: 796: 790: 787: 768: 749: 745: 685: 681: 673: 670: 655: 607: 580: 576: 569: 562: 554: 549: 542: 537: 533: 526: 522: 514: 506: 500: 488: 477: 456:settlement ( 356: 348: 281: 280: 264: 260: 228: 85: 81: 28:Renault Clio 4507:Roman Paris 4416:Geographers 4100:Dioscorides 4080:Cassius Dio 3702:Cassiodorus 3605:Renaissance 3211:Agriculture 3183:Auxiliaries 3124:Engineering 2961:Magistrates 2813:Citizenship 2808:Mos maiorum 2743:Late Empire 2369:Busson 2001 2357:Busson 2001 2345:Busson 2001 2333:Busson 2001 2293:Busson 2001 2278:Busson 2001 2266:Busson 2001 2254:Busson 2001 2214:Busson 2001 2190:Busson 2001 2146:Busson 2001 2103:Busson 2001 2031:Busson 2001 1958:Busson 2001 1937:Busson 2001 1426:Paris Metro 1191:Frigidarium 1153:, left the 1151:frigidarium 1110:frigidarium 1091:frigidarium 1027:The Theatre 983:Victor Hugo 809:Saint-Denis 712:Camulogenus 700:Gallic Wars 579:, genitive 540:("dirty"). 367:/ ... 211: / 187:Coordinates 4496:Categories 4305:Mediolanum 4245:Alexandria 4210:Themistius 4175:Porphyrius 4002:Tertullian 3937:Quintilian 3927:Propertius 3822:Lactantius 3772:Fulgentius 3707:Censorinus 3529:Sanitation 3514:Metallurgy 3471:Technology 3436:Demography 3384:Patricians 3351:Spectacles 3309:Literature 3304:Hairstyles 3141:Technology 2891:Praefectus 2843:Government 2833:Litigation 2818:Auctoritas 2763:Centuriate 2650:Principate 2645:Pax Romana 2605:Foundation 2479:. Perrin. 1779:2023-02-14 1720:References 1648:21 Lutetia 1606:Hotel Dieu 1481:Cemeteries 1208:Residences 1155:tepidarium 1095:tepidarium 944:The civic 871:Parisiacus 852:Victorinus 805:Montmartre 626:Bronze Age 608:Traces of 515:Leukotekía 507:Loukotokía 196:48°51′17″N 4461:Quaestors 4391:Empresses 4381:Dynasties 4371:Dictators 4346:and other 4335:Volubilis 4330:Vindobona 4290:Londinium 4215:Theodoret 4185:Procopius 4165:Polyaenus 4140:Pausanias 4042:Vitruvius 3987:Symmachus 3982:Suetonius 3892:Petronius 3877:Obsequens 3842:Macrobius 3837:Lucretius 3762:Frontinus 3737:Eutropius 3722:Columella 3672:Augustine 3662:Appuleius 3610:Neo-Latin 3585:Classical 3576:Versions 3484:Aqueducts 3426:Patronage 3346:Sexuality 3319:Mythology 3294:Education 3284:Cosmetics 3109:Campaigns 3104:Structure 3057:Decemviri 2916:Imperator 2615:overthrow 1764:"Lutetia" 1175:Caldarium 1159:caldarium 1131:Palaestra 1114:caldarium 1087:hypocaust 1083:caldarium 1059:The Baths 1052:vomitoria 1046:maenianum 839:Julian II 610:Neolithic 602:Neolithic 583:"mouse". 497:Etymology 454:Neolithic 199:2°20′51″E 4466:Tribunes 4456:Praetors 4406:Generals 4386:Emperors 4295:Lugdunum 4280:Eboracum 4270:Carthage 4255:Aquileia 4170:Polybius 4160:Plutarch 4130:Libanius 4120:Josephus 4115:Herodian 4007:Tibullus 3922:Priscian 3897:Phaedrus 3857:Manilius 3802:Jordanes 3787:Hydatius 3717:Claudian 3697:Catullus 3687:Boëthius 3682:Ausonius 3600:Medieval 3572:Alphabet 3544:Theatres 3519:Numerals 3504:Concrete 3494:Circuses 3461:Bagaudae 3451:Adoption 3446:Marriage 3419:Assembly 3324:Religion 3299:Folklore 3279:Clothing 3274:Calendar 3231:Currency 3221:Commerce 3119:Strategy 3081:Military 3067:Triumvir 3047:Dictator 3042:Interrex 3021:Governor 3006:Quaestor 2969:Ordinary 2951:Province 2941:Tetrarch 2931:Augustus 2896:Vicarius 2886:Officium 2823:Imperium 2773:Plebeian 2733:Republic 2655:Dominate 2622:Republic 2583:Timeline 2082:Archived 1715:(French) 1713:Aqueduct 1701:See also 1628:Lutetian 1620:lutetium 1538:Tiberius 1317:Aqueduct 1230:Augustus 1118:gymnasia 946:basilica 911:The City 867:Clovis I 832:Alemanni 830:and the 793:St Denis 783:Tiberius 666:Nanterre 630:Iron Age 555:-ek(t)ia 550:*luco-t- 267:in 52 BC 171:, France 165:Location 4436:Legions 4396:Fiction 4366:Consuls 4361:Climate 4315:Ravenna 4310:Pompeii 4300:Lutetia 4265:Bononia 4260:Berytus 4250:Antioch 4225:Zosimus 4220:Zonaras 4195:Sozomen 4180:Priscus 4155:Photius 3997:Terence 3992:Tacitus 3977:Statius 3962:Servius 3947:Sallust 3902:Plautus 3882:Orosius 3862:Martial 3817:Juvenal 3792:Hyginus 3777:Gellius 3636:Writers 3567:History 3549:Thermae 3539:Temples 3489:Bridges 3456:Slavery 3404:Equites 3376:Society 3356:Theatre 3329:Deities 3289:Cuisine 3269:Bathing 3251:Culture 3226:Finance 3203:Economy 3094:Borders 3089:History 2991:Tribune 2986:Praetor 2876:Legatus 2871:Emperor 2758:Curiate 2728:Kingdom 2723:History 2699:History 2682:decline 2640:History 2610:Kingdom 2593:History 2578:Outline 2315:Nov 26, 2239:Nov 26, 2168:Nov 26, 2128:Nov 26, 2004:Nov 26, 1880:Nov 26, 1691:Renault 1642:in the 1333:Essonne 1329:Wissous 1199:Streets 1106:Alamans 688:Parisii 675:oppidum 658:Parisii 587:History 538:loudour 519:Ptolemy 465:Parisii 442:Parisii 434: 369: 351:Lutecia 282:Lutetia 272:Periods 265:civitas 261:oppidum 250:Founded 245:History 230:civitas 86:civitas 82:oppidum 42:Lutetia 32:Lutécia 4446:Nomina 4431:Legacy 4411:Gentes 4348:topics 4344:Lists 4325:Smyrna 4205:Strabo 4135:Lucian 4125:Julian 4075:Arrian 4070:Appian 4060:Aelian 4037:Vergil 3812:Justin 3797:Jerome 3782:Horace 3767:Fronto 3757:Florus 3732:Ennius 3712:Cicero 3692:Caesar 3590:Vulgar 3414:Tribes 3341:Romans 3151:Legion 3134:castra 3011:Aedile 2981:Censor 2976:Consul 2936:Caesar 2906:Lictor 2828:Status 2768:Tribal 2748:Senate 2738:Empire 2632:Empire 2568:topics 2505: 2483: 2467: 2449: 2430: 2411: 1898: 1743: 1644:Eocene 1614:Legacy 1457:Julian 1415:Julian 1338:Bièvre 1102:Franks 828:Franks 702:, the 622:Louvre 581:luchad 570:llygod 565:, the 559:Breton 545:Celtic 511:Strabo 480:Romans 469:Gallic 422:Latin: 340:Lutèce 336:French 327:Latin: 176:Region 4110:Galen 4052:Greek 4022:Varro 3832:Lucan 3644:Latin 3559:Latin 3534:Ships 3524:Roads 3509:Domes 3441:Women 3389:Plebs 3314:Music 2856:Forum 2851:Curia 1636:stage 1234:baths 843:Trier 728:Yonne 724:Seine 720:Melun 618:Bercy 614:Seine 574:Irish 567:Welsh 563:logod 561:word 547:root 527:-ecia 473:Seine 450:Paris 320:TEESH 259:as a 169:Paris 4426:Laws 4401:Film 4320:Roma 3887:Ovid 3827:Livy 3595:Late 3409:Gens 3366:Wine 3178:Navy 3146:Army 2785:SPQR 2687:fall 2665:fall 2503:ISBN 2481:ISBN 2465:ISBN 2447:ISBN 2428:ISBN 2409:ISBN 2317:2022 2241:2022 2170:2022 2130:2022 2006:2022 1896:ISBN 1882:2022 1741:ISBN 1711:The 1695:Clio 1681:and 1634:, a 1532:The 1173:The 1104:and 1069:The 771:Sens 686:The 628:and 577:luch 523:lut- 513:and 467:, a 431:lit. 413:-ee- 355:and 318:loo- 237:Area 224:Type 80:The 3580:Old 3264:Art 3037:Rex 2881:Dux 2795:Law 1834:et 1640:age 1638:or 698:'s 616:at 534:lòn 505:as 417:-əm 411:RIZ 409:pə- 397:ɔːr 284:, ( 4498:: 2384:. 2325:^ 2308:. 2285:^ 2232:. 2221:^ 2197:^ 2178:^ 2161:. 2138:^ 2121:. 2110:^ 2093:^ 2050:^ 1997:. 1986:^ 1976:. 1965:^ 1929:^ 1917:^ 1873:. 1862:^ 1847:^ 1838:, 1818:, 1808:^ 1772:. 1766:. 1755:^ 1687:. 1675:, 1669:, 1405:. 1311:) 941:. 785:. 493:. 458:c. 429:; 420:; 415:OR 400:əm 338:: 334:; 325:, 322:-ə 303:iː 294:uː 254:c. 2558:e 2551:t 2544:v 2509:. 2489:. 2471:) 2455:. 2436:. 2417:. 2388:. 2319:. 2243:. 2172:. 2132:. 2008:. 1980:. 1884:. 1782:. 1749:. 1475:) 1295:) 1264:) 1161:. 928:) 905:) 889:) 446:' 437:' 403:/ 394:ˈ 391:i 388:z 385:ɪ 382:r 379:ˌ 376:ə 373:p 363:( 312:/ 309:ə 306:ʃ 300:t 297:ˈ 291:l 288:/ 38:. 23:.

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