135:
641:. Conditions at the mine deteriorated, with production falling by more than half over five years. An employee estimated only 30% of gem quality stones reached the end of the production line, due to theft. Due to the lack of involvement from the central government, by the 1990s MIBA maintained much of the infrastructure in the city of Mbuji Mayi, including water, electricity, roads, schools and hospitals.
565:. In that year, the company produced just 1.4 million karats of diamonds, almost all of them industrial diamonds. By contrast, between 4 million and 6 million karats of diamonds were produced by diamond smugglers who had previously been tightly controlled by the Belgian colonial administrators, to the benefit of the company's Belgian management.
615:(Sozacom) would be taking over international marketing of the country's diamond production, ending the arrangement with Britmond. However, marketing arrangements through De Beers were reëstablished in early 1983. Sozacom was dissolved in 1984, due to its tendency to divert receipts from the Zaïre treasury.
760:
provided MIBA $ 15 million in financing in exchange for the right to purchase 88% of MIBA's diamond production. While the offtake agreement was initially signed in secret, the arrangement ended up being publicized three months later during a dispute between the
Congolese minister of mines and his
560:
Independence from
Belgium did not necessarily slow the extraction of diamonds, but it did seriously affect MIBA's dominance of the region's diamond trade. In 1959, the year before Congolese independence, MIBA reportedly produced 14.1 million karats of diamonds, and in 1961 set a record production
714:, to work in security for the company. Morgan claimed to find irregularities in the company, including that at least five MIBA officials were engaging in stealing high value stones, and appealed to president Kabila to intervene. Morgan then left the country after receiving death threats.
173:
that were the original source of the
Bakwanga diamonds. Nine of the ten pipes in the Mbuji Mayi cluster were located within the "Polygon" mining license owned by Bécéka (later MIBA). In 1956, MIBA also discovered the Tshibwe cluster of kimberlite pipes, and mined these for a while.
177:
In the 1950s, it was estimated that the city, then known as
Bakwanga, and its surrounding area had the world's most important deposit of diamonds, with at least 300 million karats. While about 95% of the diamonds found near Bakwanga were relatively low value
839:
According to the
Congolese Ministry of Mines, MIBA is one of only two industrial diamond mining companies in the DRC in 2023. However, the vast majority of diamond production in the country is attributed to
158:. The Société minière du Bécéka (Mibeka) was then founded in 1919, with the specific purpose of exploiting the mineral riches in the area of Mbuji-Mayi. A controlling stake in the company was held by
111:. Historically, the company was the largest diamond producer in the world by volume. However, following decades of decline, the company currently produces only a small minority of the DRC's diamonds.
695:, controlled by Omani businessman Thamer Bin Said Ahmed Al-Shanfari, 35% for COMEX Congo, and 16% for MIBA. However, no buyout actually occurred, and the ultimate beneficiary of Oryx's stake was the
2855:
828:
In 2020, the government of the DRC voted to remove MIBA's governing board and restructure the company, after a May 2020 audit found significant irregularities. In August 2020, at the behest of the
557:
when the DRC established its independence from
Belgium. Mibeka transferred all of its exploitation rights and Congolese assets to MIBA while relocating all of its Belgian assets to Belgium.
561:
rate with 18 million karats of diamonds. But by 1963, the numbers had fallen dramatically in the wake of years of turmoil, including an attempt to establish the region as the independent
1440:
1219:
1522:
814:
In
October 2008, the MIBA employees went on strike several times for not being paid for more than 20 months. Production was suspended between November 2008 and March 2011.
1995:"Final report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S/2002/1146)"
654:
1645:
2143:
2824:
2799:
2725:
2774:
575:
Despite the smuggling and regional turmoil, the company was extremely dominant in the world's diamond trade. In 1963, MIBA produced 80 percent of the world's
2698:
733:
579:
and 57 percent of all diamonds. However, from 1961 to 1967 nearly all of the production was exported illegally through neighboring countries, such as the
155:
62:
1547:
2614:
2586:
2558:
2533:
2508:
1994:
2043:
2168:
798:
In 2007, diamond exports fell by 80%. There was significant insecurity at the mine, with an engineer responsible for running a new $ 10 million
2483:
2433:
2408:
2383:
2355:
1092:
664:
In
February 2000, the Tshibwe cluster, an 800 square kilometer diamond mining area just south of Mbuji-Mayi in the which contained MIBA's best
2229:
1144:
669:
661:
had a monopoly on marketing all the production from MIBA, allowing other buyers to purchase some of MIBA's production at monthly auctions.
2093:
1101:(Enerka) which operates the Tshiala hydroelectric power station to power mining activities, and also provides power to the nearby city of
726:
1189:
591:
In the 1960s, Mobutu looked into ways to sell Zaïre's industrial diamonds. He entered agreements with the
Belgian-American businessman,
2119:
822:
1859:
Nest, Michael (2001-07-01). "Ambitions, Profits and Loss: Zimbabwean
Economic Involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo".
2255:
2305:
159:
2329:
1278:
744:
reported that dozens of people were being shot every year on the MIBA concession. In response to the UN report, DRC president
1716:
1324:
707:
to help finance Zimbabwe's military interventions in the DRC. MIBA took back control of the Sengamines area in August 2005.
1307:
de Wit, Michiel C. J.; Jelsma, Hielke A. (2014-12-16). "A Review of the Kimberlites of the Democratic Republic of Congo".
1465:
122:
Province in south central DRC. Approximately 80% of MIBA's stock is owned by the Congolese government, with 20% owned by
2192:
603:
to import the DRC's diamonds to London. Starting in 1967, exclusive purchasing rights for Zaïre's diamonds was given to
1424:
Gilroy, Harry (2 March 1963). "Belgians Explain Kasai Operations: Diamond Miners Held Ready to Account to Congolese".
2800:"RDC : Félix Tshisekedi recommende au gouvernement d'attribuer une partie de la concession de la MIBA à la SNEL"
1619:
108:
1810:
1764:
1220:"MIBA's Appalling collapse in diamond production, from 10 million carats in 1990 to around 40,000 carats in 2020"
737:
2069:
1835:
680:
2642:
1250:
776:
who recommended the contract be renegotiated. The offtake agreement with Emaxon expired at the end of 2007.
595:, and together they held significant interests in MIBA. Tempelsman helped Mobutu set up a relationship with
619:
611:
Central Selling Organization (CSO). However, in April 1981, Mobutu announced that the Zaïre's state-owned
2825:"Kasaï-Oriental : le député Ntumba Tshiabola plaide pour la construction de la centrale de Tshala 2"
2670:
1554:
634:
562:
1348:
622:
as chief executive officer of MIBA. He remained in the position for more than ten years, up through the
1406:. Mineral Trade Notes: Special Supplement. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. p. 18
2860:
806:
trespassed onto the mining site every day, and employees had not been paid for more than four months.
1126:
1970:
553:
In 1962, Mibeka created the Societé Minière de Bakwanga (MIBA) as a subsidiary. This was during the
1377:
2044:"DRC: President suspends officials named in UN pillage report - Democratic Republic of the Congo"
696:
190:
2019:"Democratic Republic of Congo: Making a killing: The diamond trade in government-controlled DRC"
1919:
1548:"Zaïre - Staff Report for the 1983 Article IV Consultation and Request for Stand-By Arrangement"
1401:
629:
In 1994, the economy of Mbuji-Mayi was increasingly disconnected from the central government of
1493:
31:
1706:
2458:
2279:
741:
2726:"Kasaï-Oriental : le barrage hydro électrique de Tshiala en arrêt depuis deux semaines"
638:
773:
568:
The company's profits were also commandeered by the South Kasai government of rebel leader
17:
2018:
8:
2865:
1154:
As of 2022, only two of the turbines were still working, at a capacity of 3.2 megawatts.
792:
576:
193:. When it reopened on January 1, 1961, Bécéka took over management of the Bakwanga mine.
166:
was responsible for management of the Bakwanga mine, though Bécéka maintained ownership.
123:
67:
1140:
829:
1670:
1595:
799:
592:
1491:
1876:
1712:
1587:
1320:
725:, an exclusive 18 month monopoly on exports from the country. However, following the
600:
580:
2775:"Kasaï-Oriental : la Miba résilie son contrat avec la société Hydroforce Congo"
1739:
1868:
1312:
841:
803:
630:
151:
1895:
1316:
650:
623:
170:
2204:
1872:
772:
This deal was criticized by a 2005 Congolese parliamentary commission headed by
1944:
704:
691:
claimed it had sold off equity in the company, 49% to the Cayman Islands-based
684:
569:
119:
2751:
717:
In July 2000, the DRC government announced a ban on diamond exports, granting
2849:
1880:
1591:
1169:
1163:
745:
674:
147:
2699:"DRC suspends board of state-owned diamond firm Miba on governance concerns"
163:
861:
711:
554:
548:
206:
186:
833:
740:
report describing pillaging of the DRC's resources. Also in October 2002,
134:
2671:"2017-2018 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kishasa) [Advanced Release]"
1143:
recommended the plant be transferred to the national electricity company
762:
722:
1599:
1711:. Africa South of the Sahara. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 259.
1575:
1125:
expansion of the plant was finalized after a $ 5 million contract with
1102:
665:
154:
in December 1918 by George Young, a Scottish geologist employed by the
139:
115:
817:
Since 2013, MIBA has handed over management of the Tshibwe cluster to
1283:. London: Review of the Foreign Press. November 12, 1919. p. 396
703:(OSLEG). Rather than a commercial sale, the transfer was a means for
2752:"Off-Grid Solar Market Assessment: Democratic Republic of the Congo"
1311:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 361–369.
1106:
658:
608:
596:
1914:
1912:
1190:"DR Congo diamond mining giant struggles to revive its glory days"
761:
deputy; the previously unclear owner of Emaxon was revealed to be
2280:"Congo suspends board and management of state diamond miner MIBA"
1789:
1492:
United States. Bureau of Mines; Geological Survey (U.S.) (1981).
1105:. The plant was previously installed with twelve turbines and 18
780:
710:
In 2000, MIBA hired a British-South African security consultant,
104:
98:
2856:
Diamond mining companies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2120:"DRC: Dan Gertler, the inevitable rise of Kabila's businessman"
1909:
101:
1466:"FRONTLINE: previous reports: transcripts: the diamond empire"
1399:
1375:
2230:"Mbuji-Mayi : une marche des agents de la Miba étouffée"
1740:"Rebels to End DeBeers Contract To Only Buy Zaire's Diamonds"
2169:"Diamants: la Sibeka revend ses actions et surprend la Miba"
1136:
which had managed the hydropower plant for over four years.
572:. In 1961, those profits were estimated to be $ 12 million.
1787:
179:
2306:"DRC: State-owned diamond company, MIBA, hopes to rebound"
2330:"DRC's MIBA produces 16.6K carats of diamonds in Q1 2023"
2256:"DRC: towards a relaunch of MIBA with government support"
1896:"Congo-Kinshasa: DRC Takes Over Controversial Sengamines"
1586:(10). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 188–190.
736:
was among those named in an October 2002 report from the
655:
Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo
668:
deposits was transferred from MIBA to the joint venture
182:, the grade was very high and relatively cheap to mine.
129:
1545:
79:
2643:"The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa), 2016 (PDF)"
1280:
Economic Review: Review of the Foreign Press, Volume 1
821:(SACIM), a joint venture between MIBA and the Chinese
679:. After a failed bid to float the Oryx company on the
1441:"U.S. Businessman Plays a Key Role As Aide to Mobutu"
2144:"Congo state diamond miner to hold April 28 auction"
1704:
1671:"No sympathy for Mobutu in Zaire's diamond capital"
1668:
802:, and a security guard both murdered. About 10,000
613:Société Zaïroise de Commercialisation des Minérais
156:Compagnie du chemin de fer du bas-Congo au Katanga
63:Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2356:"The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa) - 1998"
1309:Geology and Resource Potential of the Congo Basin
809:
30:For Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash (MIBA), see
2847:
2094:"Israeli group in $ 15m deal with DRC gem miner"
1251:"A History of Diamond Sources in Africa: Part I"
1168:MIBA formerly operated a cargo airline known as
1132:In 2012, MIBA ended a contract with the company
819:Societé Anhui-Congo d’Investissement Minier Sprl
2664:
2662:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2608:
2606:
2580:
2578:
2409:"The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa) 2001"
2384:"The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa)-2000"
2377:
2375:
2070:"Montreal company named in U.S. sanctions list"
1893:
1867:(400). Oxford University Press (OUP): 469–490.
1487:
1485:
2193:Societé minière de Bakwanga @ Mwana Africa plc
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1248:
1109:total capacity. These consisted of the 1.4 MW
1093:Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
537:
2720:
2718:
2431:
2406:
2381:
2353:
2000:. United Nations Security Council. 2002-10-16
1151:project bring the plant up to combined 8 MW.
751:
607:(Britmond). Britmond was a subsidiary of the
2659:
2631:
2603:
2575:
2372:
1737:
1643:
1482:
1306:
836:gave MIBA $ 5 million to revamp operations.
2692:
2690:
2668:
2615:"2014 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshaasa)"
2612:
2584:
2556:
2531:
2506:
2481:
1687:
1523:"Zaire Gambles By Resigning Diamond Cartel"
1516:
1514:
1512:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1244:
1242:
1240:
542:
2715:
2587:"2012 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2559:"2011 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2534:"2007 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2509:"2006 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2484:"2005 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2434:"2002 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2303:
189:, the Bakwanga mine was closed due to the
150:, diamonds were first discovered near the
1968:
1520:
1438:
1214:
1212:
1210:
823:Anhui Foreign Economic Construction Group
644:
586:
2687:
2067:
1836:"Diamonds and disappearing tax revenues"
1573:
1546:J.B. Zulu; W.A. Beveridge (1983-11-30).
1509:
1295:
1237:
133:
2117:
1833:
1403:Mineral Trade Notes: Special supplement
1400:United States. Bureau of Mines (1954).
1376:United States. Bureau of Mines (1963).
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
14:
2848:
2253:
1971:"Israel 's diamond trade in the rough"
1808:
1762:
1705:Publications, E.; Murison, K. (2002).
1423:
1207:
729:, the deal was revoked in April 2001.
719:International Diamond Industries-Congo
2749:
2696:
1463:
1346:
1271:
846:Anhui Congo Mining Investment Company
130:Société Minière du Bécéka (1919–1961)
27:Diamond mining company in Kasai (DRC)
2456:
2304:Africanews, Rédaction (2021-06-07).
1858:
1811:"Oryx: The carat and the UN's stick"
1576:"A New Economic Direction in Zaire?"
1349:"Gem Smuggling On The Rise In Congo"
1333:
1086:
1646:"In Zaire, Diamonds are for Export"
1382:. Information Circular. p. 101
1347:Lukas, J. Anthony (March 7, 1963).
24:
2205:"Slump at DR Congo's diamond firm"
1669:Christiane Amanpour (1997-03-30).
657:ended the arrangement under which
25:
2877:
1969:Steinberg, Jessica (2020-07-30).
1920:"Sifting Through A Dark Business"
1788:United Nations Security Council.
605:British Diamond Distributing Ltd.
832:administration, the state miner
637:and supported opposition leader
169:In 1946, geologists located the
109:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2817:
2792:
2767:
2743:
2550:
2525:
2500:
2475:
2459:"DRC's MIBA to Lift Production"
2450:
2425:
2400:
2347:
2322:
2297:
2272:
2247:
2222:
2197:
2186:
2161:
2136:
2118:Olivier, Mathieu (2022-08-24).
2111:
2086:
2061:
2036:
2011:
1987:
1962:
1937:
1887:
1852:
1834:Sharife, Khadija (2010-11-19).
1827:
1802:
1781:
1756:
1731:
1708:Africa South of the Sahara 2003
1662:
1637:
1612:
1567:
1539:
1498:. Bureau of Mines. p. 1143
1457:
1432:
844:or the other industrial miner,
787:, sold its interest in MIBA to
738:United Nations Security Council
727:assassination of Laurent Kabila
185:On August 27, 1960, during the
2641:Thomas R. Yager (2021-08-30).
2068:Serebrin, Jacob (2017-12-22).
1894:Dumisani Ndlela (2005-11-24).
1620:"IRIN Briefing Part VI: Kasai"
1417:
1393:
1369:
1249:A. J. A. Janse (Winter 1995).
1182:
810:Further decline (2008–present)
701:Operation Sovereign Legitimacy
38:Societé minière de Bakwanga SA
13:
1:
2254:Savana, Albert (2021-11-18).
1175:
732:MIBA chief executive officer
681:Alternative Investment Market
653:in March 1997, the ascendant
212:Fraction of World Production
138:Diamond mining slag heaps in
1898:. Financial Gazette (Harare)
1809:Doward, Jamie (2002-10-27).
1763:Doward, Jamie (2000-06-11).
1464:Flynn, Laurie (1994-02-01).
1317:10.1007/978-3-642-29482-2_17
758:Emaxon Finance International
620:Jonas Mukamba Kadiata Nzemba
162:. From the start of mining,
160:Société Générale de Belgique
7:
2697:McKay, David (2020-06-01).
2457:Katz, Sheryl (2004-03-07).
1738:Robert Block (1997-04-25).
1644:Cindy Shiner (1994-03-21).
1555:International Monetary Fund
563:Mining State of South Kasai
538:Societé Minière de Bakwanga
91:Societé minière de Bakwanga
10:
2882:
1574:Kronsten, Gregory (1985).
1161:
1157:
1090:
752:Emaxon offtake (2003–2007)
618:In 1986, Mobutu appointed
546:
197:Bécéka diamond production
29:
2334:Copperbelt Katanga Mining
1975:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1945:"DR Congo's diamond deal"
1873:10.1093/afraf/100.400.469
1765:"Oryx float killed by FO"
1224:Copperbelt Katanga Mining
1194:Copperbelt Katanga Mining
1127:Anglo Belgian Corporation
699:, through its subsidiary
633:. Residents rejected the
599:consortium, allowing the
74:
58:
50:
42:
1521:Leon Dash (1981-11-11).
1439:Leon Dash (1979-12-31).
852:MIBA diamond production
543:Congo Crisis (1962–1965)
2831:(in French). 2021-12-16
2806:(in French). 2021-12-04
2781:(in French). 2012-11-11
2732:(in French). 2022-09-14
2236:(in French). 2008-10-25
2175:(in French). 2006-06-01
1097:MIBA has a subsidiary,
721:(IDI), a firm owned by
697:Zimbabwe Defence Forces
191:Invasion of South Kasai
2750:USAID (October 2019).
2676:. US Geological Survey
2647:U.S. Geological Survey
2620:. US Geological Survey
2592:. US Geological Survey
2564:. US Geological Survey
2539:. US Geological Survey
2514:. US Geological Survey
2489:. US Geological Survey
2439:. US Geological Survey
2414:. US Geological Survey
2389:. US Geological Survey
2361:. US Geological Survey
693:Oryx Natural Resources
645:Congo Wars (1998–2003)
587:Mobutu era (1965–1997)
143:
32:Incinerator Bottom Ash
2124:The Africa Report.com
2023:Amnesty International
1840:The Africa Report.com
742:Amnesty International
137:
1379:Information Circular
774:Christophe Lutundula
2432:George J. Coakley.
2407:George J. Coakley.
2382:George J. Coakley.
2354:George J. Coakley.
1258:Gems & Gemology
1139:In 2021, president
853:
793:Asa Resources Group
577:industrial diamonds
198:
124:Asa Resources Group
68:Asa Resources Group
39:
1426:The New York Times
1356:The New York Times
851:
800:dragline excavator
791:(now known as the
734:Jean-Charles Okoto
639:Étienne Tshisekedi
593:Maurice Tempelsman
196:
144:
114:MIBA operate near
37:
2669:Thomas R. Yager.
2613:Thomas R. Yager.
2585:Thomas R. Yager.
2557:Thomas R. Yager.
2532:Thomas R. Yager.
2507:Thomas R. Yager.
2482:Thomas R. Yager.
1718:978-1-85743-131-5
1495:Minerals Yearbook
1326:978-3-642-29481-5
1087:Energy production
1084:
1083:
748:suspended Okoto.
581:Republic of Congo
535:
534:
88:
87:
16:(Redirected from
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1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
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1785:
1779:
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1754:
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1685:
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1641:
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1610:
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1607:
1606:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1518:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1397:
1391:
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1388:
1387:
1373:
1367:
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1353:
1344:
1331:
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1304:
1293:
1292:
1290:
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1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1216:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1186:
1141:Félix Tshisekedi
1134:Hydroforce Congo
1099:Energie du Kasaï
854:
850:
842:artisanal miners
830:Félix Tshisekedi
804:artisanal miners
678:
631:Mobutu Sese Seko
199:
195:
171:kimberlite pipes
84:
81:
40:
36:
21:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2695:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2074:montrealgazette
2066:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1861:African Affairs
1857:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1703:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1650:Washington Post
1642:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1580:The World Today
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1527:Washington Post
1519:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1445:Washington Post
1437:
1433:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1334:
1327:
1305:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1166:
1160:
1117:, and 10.08 MW
1095:
1089:
812:
756:In April 2003,
754:
672:
651:First Congo War
647:
624:First Congo War
589:
551:
545:
540:
152:Bushimaie river
132:
78:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2861:Kasaï-Oriental
2858:
2842:
2841:
2816:
2791:
2766:
2742:
2714:
2686:
2658:
2630:
2602:
2574:
2549:
2524:
2499:
2474:
2449:
2424:
2399:
2371:
2346:
2321:
2296:
2271:
2246:
2221:
2196:
2185:
2160:
2135:
2110:
2085:
2060:
2035:
2010:
1986:
1961:
1936:
1908:
1886:
1851:
1826:
1801:
1790:"S /2002/1146"
1780:
1755:
1730:
1717:
1686:
1661:
1636:
1611:
1566:
1538:
1508:
1481:
1456:
1431:
1416:
1392:
1368:
1332:
1325:
1294:
1270:
1236:
1206:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1162:Main article:
1159:
1156:
1129:in July 2000.
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
994:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
962:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
938:
937:
934:
930:
929:
926:
922:
921:
918:
914:
913:
910:
906:
905:
902:
898:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
882:
881:
878:
874:
873:
870:
866:
865:
858:
811:
808:
753:
750:
705:Laurent Kabila
687:in June 2000,
685:Petra Diamonds
683:by selling to
646:
643:
635:1993 New Zaïre
588:
585:
570:Albert Kalonji
547:Main article:
544:
541:
539:
536:
533:
532:
529:
526:
522:
521:
518:
515:
511:
510:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
445:
444:
441:
438:
434:
433:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
390:
389:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
361:
357:
356:
353:
350:
346:
345:
342:
339:
335:
334:
331:
328:
324:
323:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
284:
280:
279:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
203:
131:
128:
120:Kasai-Oriental
86:
85:
76:
72:
71:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
46:Diamond mining
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2878:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2753:
2746:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2560:
2553:
2535:
2528:
2510:
2503:
2485:
2478:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2435:
2428:
2410:
2403:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2357:
2350:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2261:
2260:Kapital Afrik
2257:
2250:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2189:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2024:
2020:
2014:
1996:
1990:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1791:
1784:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1260:. p. 249
1259:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1170:MIBA Aviation
1165:
1164:MIBA Aviation
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
963:
959:
956:
955:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
939:
935:
932:
931:
927:
924:
923:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
907:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
883:
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
867:
863:
859:
856:
855:
849:
847:
843:
837:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
815:
807:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
770:
768:
764:
759:
749:
747:
746:Joseph Kabila
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
642:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
584:
582:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
558:
556:
550:
530:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
447:
446:
442:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
414:
413:
409:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
381:
380:
376:
373:
370:
369:
365:
362:
359:
358:
354:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
315:
314:
310:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
271:
270:
266:
263:
260:
259:
255:
252:
249:
248:
244:
241:
238:
237:
233:
230:
227:
226:
222:
219:
216:
215:
211:
208:
204:
201:
200:
194:
192:
188:
183:
181:
175:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
142:, Kasai, 1950
141:
136:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
107:based in the
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:(abbreviated
92:
83:
77:
73:
69:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
19:
2833:. Retrieved
2828:
2819:
2808:. Retrieved
2803:
2794:
2783:. Retrieved
2778:
2769:
2758:. Retrieved
2745:
2734:. Retrieved
2729:
2706:. Retrieved
2702:
2678:. Retrieved
2650:. Retrieved
2646:
2622:. Retrieved
2594:. Retrieved
2566:. Retrieved
2552:
2541:. Retrieved
2527:
2516:. Retrieved
2502:
2491:. Retrieved
2477:
2466:. Retrieved
2463:Diamonds.net
2462:
2452:
2441:. Retrieved
2427:
2416:. Retrieved
2402:
2391:. Retrieved
2363:. Retrieved
2349:
2338:. Retrieved
2336:. 2023-07-14
2333:
2324:
2313:. Retrieved
2309:
2299:
2288:. Retrieved
2286:. 2020-05-30
2283:
2274:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2211:. 2007-01-25
2208:
2199:
2188:
2177:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2152:. Retrieved
2150:. 2008-04-25
2147:
2138:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:
2113:
2102:. Retrieved
2100:. 2003-10-28
2097:
2088:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2050:. 2002-11-12
2047:
2038:
2027:. Retrieved
2025:. 2002-10-21
2022:
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1953:. Retrieved
1951:. 2000-09-05
1948:
1939:
1928:. Retrieved
1926:. 2003-12-07
1923:
1900:. Retrieved
1889:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1815:the Guardian
1814:
1804:
1793:. Retrieved
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1769:the Guardian
1768:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1707:
1678:. Retrieved
1674:
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1626:. 1997-03-21
1623:
1614:
1603:. Retrieved
1583:
1579:
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1541:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:
1500:. Retrieved
1494:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1434:
1428:. p. 3.
1425:
1419:
1408:. Retrieved
1402:
1395:
1384:. Retrieved
1378:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1308:
1285:. Retrieved
1279:
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1257:
1228:. Retrieved
1226:. 2023-01-09
1223:
1198:. Retrieved
1196:. 2021-06-08
1193:
1184:
1167:
1153:
1148:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1098:
1096:
860:Production (
845:
838:
827:
818:
816:
813:
797:
789:Mwana Africa
788:
784:
778:
771:
766:
757:
755:
731:
718:
716:
712:Nigel Morgan
709:
700:
692:
688:
663:
648:
628:
617:
612:
604:
601:Oppenheimers
590:
574:
567:
559:
555:Congo Crisis
552:
549:Congo Crisis
205:Production (
187:Congo Crisis
184:
176:
168:
148:Belgian rule
145:
113:
94:
90:
89:
2829:Radio Okapi
2804:Radio Okapi
2779:Radio Okapi
2730:Radio Okapi
2234:Radio Okapi
2173:Radio Okapi
1123:Lubilanji 2
1119:Lubilanji 2
1115:Lubilanji 1
936:4,5000,000
872:12,400,000
783:subsidiary
763:Dan Gertler
723:Dan Gertler
673: [
649:During the
2866:Mbuji-Mayi
2850:Categories
2835:2023-10-02
2810:2023-10-02
2785:2023-10-05
2760:2023-10-02
2736:2023-10-02
2708:2023-10-01
2680:2023-10-01
2652:2023-10-01
2624:2023-10-01
2596:2023-10-01
2568:2023-10-01
2543:2023-10-01
2518:2023-10-01
2493:2023-10-01
2468:2023-10-01
2443:2023-10-01
2418:2023-10-01
2393:2023-10-01
2365:2023-10-01
2340:2023-10-05
2315:2022-10-09
2310:Africanews
2290:2022-10-09
2265:2023-10-01
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2029:2023-10-09
2004:2023-10-09
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1955:2023-10-02
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1724:2023-10-01
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1410:2023-10-08
1386:2023-10-08
1264:2023-10-09
1230:2023-10-01
1200:2023-10-01
1176:References
1149:Tshiala II
1103:Mbuji-Mayi
1091:See also:
984:2,510,000
976:5,800,000
968:7,240,000
960:6,700,000
952:5,560,000
944:6,200,000
928:4,800,000
920:6,400,000
912:6,500,000
904:6,500,000
896:9,556,436
888:8,200,000
880:8,100,000
689:Sengamines
670:Sengamines
666:kimberlite
528:12,056,057
517:11,025,430
506:10,027,065
164:Forminière
116:Mbuji Mayi
2048:ReliefWeb
1881:1468-2621
1624:ReliefWeb
1592:0043-9134
1111:Tshiala 1
848:(SACIM).
834:Gécamines
779:In 2006,
767:DGI Group
495:9,604,129
484:9,099,472
473:5,273,752
462:4,933,767
451:5,520,146
440:9,863,086
429:7,037,227
418:4,393,316
407:5,402,457
396:5,188,310
385:8,870,142
374:7,556,848
363:6,435,362
352:4,120,918
341:3,836,324
330:2,377,069
319:2,727,939
308:1,736,465
297:3,189,014
286:2,885,601
275:1,969,332
264:1,407,095
253:1,232,029
2703:Miningmx
2209:BBC NEWS
1949:BBC News
1924:Newsweek
1600:40395670
1361:11 April
1287:11 April
1147:, and a
1107:megawatt
1064:119,000
1048:188,376
1040:273,300
1032:289,600
1024:174,000
1016:500,726
1008:243,522
659:De Beers
609:De Beers
597:De Beers
140:Bakwanga
43:Industry
2284:Reuters
2148:Reuters
1158:Airline
1113:, 7 MW
1080:38,788
1072:19,683
1056:72,262
781:Umicore
242:655,373
231:771,358
220:579,888
146:During
105:company
99:diamond
97:) is a
80:mibardc
75:Website
51:Founded
1879:
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1590:
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1121:. The
862:carats
785:Sibeka
531:59.7%
520:59.3%
509:58.9%
498:63.1%
487:63.8%
476:51.0%
465:50.6%
454:54.5%
443:68.6%
432:59.8%
421:50.5%
410:56.3%
399:57.0%
388:68.0%
377:58.8%
366:55.0%
355:39.6%
344:46.0%
333:31.0%
322:49.5%
311:45.6%
300:52.6%
289:40.8%
278:25.5%
267:17.8%
256:15.4%
234:12.4%
223:12.3%
207:carats
102:mining
59:Owners
2755:(PDF)
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1998:(PDF)
1596:JSTOR
1551:(PDF)
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1254:(PDF)
677:]
245:8.2%
118:, in
70:(20%)
65:(80%)
1877:ISSN
1713:ISBN
1588:ISSN
1363:2016
1321:ISBN
1289:2016
1145:SNEL
1077:2020
1069:2019
1061:2018
1053:2017
1045:2016
1037:2015
1029:2014
1021:2013
1013:2012
1005:2011
997:2010
989:2009
981:2006
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228:1926
217:1925
202:Year
180:bort
95:MIBA
82:.net
54:1962
18:MIBA
1869:doi
1865:100
1744:WSJ
1675:CNN
1470:PBS
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