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262:'s (SAC) arsenal and replace them with the new Minuteman IIIs outfitted with a MIRV payload, increasing their overall effectiveness. The smaller power of the warheads used (W62, W78 and W87) was offset by increasing the accuracy of the system, allowing it to attack the same hard targets as the larger, less accurate, W56. The MMIII was introduced specifically to address the Soviet construction of an
791:
442:) separates from the rocket. 5. The post-boost vehicle maneuvers itself and prepares for re-entry vehicle (RV) deployment. 6. While the post-boost vehicle backs away, the RVs, decoys, and chaff are deployed (this may occur during ascent). 7. The RVs and chaff reenter the atmosphere at high speeds and are armed in flight. 8. The nuclear warheads detonate, either as air bursts or ground bursts.
153:
1080:
1084:
495:
Accuracy is crucial because doubling the accuracy decreases the needed warhead energy by a factor of four for radiation damage and by a factor of eight for blast damage. Navigation system accuracy and the available geophysical information limits the warhead target accuracy. Some writers believe that
350:
vehicles can be used alongside actual warheads to minimize the chances of the actual warheads being intercepted before they reach their targets. A system that destroys the missile earlier in its trajectory (before MIRV separation) is not affected by this but is more difficult, and thus more expensive
277:
The introduction of MIRV led to a major change in the strategic balance. Previously, with one warhead per missile, it was conceivable that one could build a defense that used missiles to attack individual warheads. Any increase in missile fleet by the enemy could be countered by a similar increase in
528:
deploys multiple warheads above a single aimpoint which then drift apart, producing a cluster bomb-like effect. These warheads are not individually targetable. The advantage of an MRV over a single warhead is the increased effectiveness due to the greater coverage; this increases the overall damage
375:
and could thus put more warheads on each missile than the US could. For example, the US MIRVs might have increased their warhead per missile count by a factor of 6 while the
Soviets increased theirs by a factor of 10. Furthermore, the US had a much smaller proportion of its nuclear arsenal in ICBMs
1493:
The idea of multiple warheads dates back to the mid-1960s, but the key year in the history of the MIRV concept was 1962 when several of technological developments made it possible for scientists and engineers to conceive of multiple, separately targeted warheads that could hit a growing list of
345:
now barred by START), interceptors may have only one warhead per missile. Thus, in both a military and an economic sense, MIRVs render ABM systems less effective, as the costs of maintaining a workable defense against MIRVs would greatly increase, requiring multiple defensive missiles for each
536:
Improved warhead designs allow smaller warheads for a given yield, while better electronics and guidance systems allow greater accuracy. As a result, MIRV technology has proven more attractive than MRV for advanced nations. Multiple-warhead missiles require both a miniaturized
412:. It takes up a ballistic trajectory that will deliver a re-entry vehicle containing a warhead to a target and then releases a warhead on that trajectory. It then maneuvers to a different trajectory, releasing another warhead, and repeats the process for all warheads.
324:
payload. Several small and lower yield warheads cause much more target damage area than a single warhead alone. This, in turn, reduces the number of missiles and launch facilities required for a given destruction level – much the same as the purpose of a
541:
and a lower mass re-entry vehicle, both of which are highly advanced technologies. As a result, single-warhead missiles are more attractive for nations with less advanced or less productive nuclear technology. The United States first deployed MRV warheads on the
1494:
Soviet nuclear threat targets. One important innovation was that the weapons laboratories had designed small thermonuclear weapons, a necessary condition for deploying multiple reentry vehicles on the relatively small
Minuteman.
340:
system that relies on intercepting individual warheads. While a MIRV attacking missile can have multiple warheads (3-12 on United States and
Russian missiles, or 14 in a maximum payload shorter-range configuration of the
376:
than the
Soviets. Bombers could not be outfitted with MIRVs so their capacity would not be multiplied. Thus the US did not seem to have as much potential for MIRV usage as the Soviets. However, the US had a larger number of
529:
produced within the center of the pattern, making it far greater than the damage possible from any single warhead in the MRV cluster; this makes for an efficient area-attack weapon and makes interception by
332:
With single-warhead missiles, one missile must be launched for each target. By contrast, with a MIRV warhead, the post-boost (or bus) stage can dispense the warheads against multiple targets across a broad
1689:
278:
interceptors. With MIRV, a single new enemy missile meant that multiple interceptors would have to be built, meaning that it was much less expensive to increase the attack than the defense. This
266:(ABM) system around Moscow; MIRV allowed the US to overwhelm any conceivable ABM system without increasing the size of their own missile fleet. The Soviets responded by adding MIRV to their
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61:
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reentry vehicles: all eight (of a possible ten) were fired from only one missile. Each line shows the path of an individual warhead captured on reentry via long-exposure photography.
557:
missile carried three warheads each having an approximate yield of 200 kilotonnes of TNT (840 TJ). This system was also used by the Royal Navy who also retained MRV with the
367:
missile of 1970—threatened to rapidly increase the US's deployable nuclear arsenal and thus the possibility that it would have enough bombs to destroy virtually all of the
380:, which could be outfitted with MIRVs, and helped offset the ICBM disadvantage. It is because of their first-strike capability that land-based MIRVs were banned under the
270:
design, first with three warheads in 1975, and eventually up to ten in later versions. While the United States phased out the use of MIRVs in ICBMs in 2014 to comply with
297:
In June 2017 the United States finished converting its
Minuteman III missiles back to using a single reentry vehicle system, as part of its obligations under the
1331:
108:
1295:
1029:"North Korea claims to possess and have successfully tested a MIRV, but there is no confirmation yet that it has operationally deployed MIRVs on any missiles."
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1758:
80:
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508:(CEP). This is the radius of the circle that the warhead has a 50 percent chance of falling into when aimed at the center. CEP is about 90–100 m for the
87:
561:
upgrade, though the number of warheads in
Chevaline was reduced to two due to the ABM counter-measures carried. The Soviet Union deployed 3 MRVs on the
1171:
1707:
1559:
94:
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438:) ignites and separates from the second-stage. 4. About 180 seconds after launch, the third-stage thrust terminates and the post-boost vehicle (
169:
76:
1611:
258:
used on the
Minuteman II. From 1970 to 1975, the United States would remove approximately 550 earlier versions of the Minuteman ICBM in the
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1901:
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warheads, with yields of about 170 kilotons of TNT (710 TJ) each in place of the single 1.2 megatons of TNT (5.0 PJ)
101:
1643:
1553:
1529:
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limits the distances between targets of individual warheads to perhaps a few hundred kilometers. Some warheads may use small
1839:
1386:"Putin has touted an 'invincible' nuclear weapon that really exists — here's how it works and why it deeply worries experts"
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546:
377:
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593:
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228:
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1020:"Pakistan is confirmed to possess MIRV technology, but there is no confirmation yet that it has deployed MIRV missiles."
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and negate any significant retaliation. Later on the US feared the Soviet's MIRVs because Soviet missiles had a greater
1216:
356:
216:
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ballistic flight path. After the boost phase, the bus maneuvers using small on-board rocket motors and a computerized
250:, first successfully tested in 1968 and introduced into actual use in 1970. The Minuteman III held three smaller
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127:
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1524:" (CD-ROM & download available). PDF. 2,600 pages, Sunnyvale, California, Chukelea Publications, 1995, 2007.
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65:
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215:, each capable of being aimed to hit a different target. The concept is almost invariably associated with
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283:
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MIRV launch sequence: 1. The missile launches out of its silo by firing its first-stage boost motor (
1934:
1672:"India conducts first test flight of domestically developed missile that can carry multiple warheads"
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409:
286:
became the leading concept in strategic planning and ABM systems were severely limited in the 1972
496:
government-supported geophysical mapping initiatives and ocean satellite altitude systems such as
1607:
753:
505:
227:(MRV) missile which carries several warheads which are dispersed but not individually aimed. All
54:
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during the descent to gain additional cross-range distance. Additionally, some buses (e.g. the
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1001:
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on 14 April 2000, but Russia withdrew from the treaty in 2002 after the US withdrew from the
259:
220:
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426:). 2. About 60 seconds after launch, the first-stage drops off and the second-stage motor (
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17:
8:
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27:
Ballistic missile payload containing multiple warheads which are independently targetable
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1583:"China's Evolving Nuclear Deterrent: Major Drivers and Issues for the United States"
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419:
326:
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1905:
1543:
1521:
1238:
994:
941:
877:
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538:
509:
504:, in order to improve accuracies of ballistic missiles. Accuracy is expressed as
501:
447:
909:
901:
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841:
811:
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267:
1205:
The U.S. Nuclear
Arsenal: A History of Weapons and Delivery Systems since 1945
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1918:
1234:
1200:
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883:
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703:
697:
364:
247:
1690:"India's MIRV-tipped Agni-5 Missile Test : All your questions answered"
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1909:
1893:
1506:
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895:
889:
853:
691:
385:
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314:
223:, even if not strictly being limited to them. An intermediate case is the
176:
140:
1138:"North Korea Says it Successfully Conducted Multiple Warhead Missile Test"
450:, to hinder any development of enemy counter-measures. The bus's on-board
415:
823:
817:
500:
may have a covert purpose to map mass concentrations and determine local
236:
434:) is ejected. 3. About 120 seconds after launch, the third-stage motor (
871:
756:(active, suspected capability, not announced, 2-3 technically possible)
533:
more challenging due to the number of warheads being deployed at once.
455:
451:
405:
189:
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were considered destabilizing because they tended to put a premium on
1513:
San
Antonio, TX: Aerofax, 1988; and the more-updated Hansen, Chuck, "
558:
477:
465:
298:
291:
274:, Russia continues to develop new ICBM designs using the technology.
271:
1783:"Mission Divyastra successful: A look at evolution of Agni missiles"
650:
43:
847:
761:
381:
232:
31:
1890:
by Daniel
Buchonnet, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, February 1976.
1888:"MIRV: A BRIEF HISTORY OF MINUTEMAN and MULTIPLE REENTRY VEHICLES"
1465:"MIRV: A BRIEF HISTORY OF MINUTEMAN and MULTIPLE REENTRY VEHICLES"
1226:
243:
is suspected to possess or be in the process of developing MIRVs.
1708:"One missile, many weapons: What makes the latest Agni-5 special"
1635:
Military Persuasion: Deterrence and Provocation in Crisis and War
1515:
Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945
1047:
835:
730:
644:
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632:
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458:
212:
185:
1505:
The best overall printed sources on nuclear weapons design are:
744:
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718:
682:
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was so heavily biased towards the attacker that the concept of
240:
239:
are currently confirmed to have deployed MIRV missile systems.
1899:
The Defense of the United States, 1981 CBS Five-Part TV Series
790:
711:
662:
617:
473:
469:
1608:"Question Re Mirv Warheads — Military Forum | Airliners.net"
1514:
1108:
778:
721:(active, 3-6 (tested) 10–12 (Operational) nuclear warheads)
674:
668:
156:
Technicians secure a number of Mk21 re-entry vehicles on a
152:
1111:"Why Did Pakistan Test Its MIRV-Capable Ababeel Missile?"
255:
251:
1170:. (Idaho). Associated Press. July 20, 1970. p. 1.
1081:"Statement for the Record: Worldwide Threat Assessment"
462:
148:
missile, with the re-entry vehicles highlighted in red.
1545:
First Strike!: The Pentagon's Strategy for Nuclear War
1759:"India to conduct first user trial of Agni-V missile"
938:(active, 1-3 warheads, currently carries one warhead)
998:—1980s video game in which MIRVs must be intercepted
1862:"Pakistan missile test confirms its MIRV ambitions"
1058:. Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles.
77:"Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle"
68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1838:. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
1541:
1109:Usman Haider; Abdul Moiz Khan (18 November 2023).
446:The precise technical details are closely guarded
198:multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle
1916:
1733:"Why India Testing Agni-5 is a Milestone Moment"
1357:"Last Malmstrom ICBM reconfigured under treaty"
524:A multiple re-entry vehicle (MRV) system for a
170:National Museum of the United States Air Force
1808:"India Launches Second Ballistic Missile Sub"
1535:
320:Providing greater target damage for a given
309:The military purpose of a MIRV is fourfold:
1625:
1580:
192:. Each missile can carry up to 14 warheads.
1600:
1511:U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History.
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
1164:"Military says Minuteman missiles ready"
1156:
789:
576:
482:
414:
384:agreement. START II was ratified by the
175:
163:
151:
139:
1631:
1456:
14:
1917:
1499:
1483:from the original on 15 September 2019
1104:
1102:
1463:Buchonnet, Daniel (1 February 1976).
1279:
1277:
400:In a MIRV, the main rocket motor (or
378:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
1842:from the original on 21 January 2013
1756:
1301:from the original on August 12, 2022
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1174:from the original on August 28, 2020
904:(development stopped, 4-16 warheads)
580:
480:balloons or electronic noisemakers.
472:to confuse interception devices and
404:) pushes a "bus" into a free-flight
66:adding citations to reliable sources
37:
1581:Heginbotham, Eric (15 March 2017).
1477:United States Department of Defense
1337:from the original on March 26, 2023
1203:; Norris, Robert S. (1 July 2009).
1099:
246:The first true MIRV design was the
217:intercontinental ballistic missiles
24:
1652:from the original on 26 April 2016
1274:
1053:
25:
1946:
1881:
1757:Rout, Hemant Kumar (2021-09-13).
1562:from the original on 16 July 2014
1548:. South End Press. pp. 65–.
1415:"The End of MIRVs for U.S. ICBMs"
1186:
898:(development stopped, 4 warheads)
317:proficiency for strategic forces.
168:LGM-118A Peacekeeper MIRV at the
1805:
1638:. Penn State Press. p. 86.
1199:
584:
336:Reduces the effectiveness of an
42:
1854:
1824:
1799:
1775:
1750:
1725:
1700:
1682:
1664:
1614:from the original on 2007-10-16
1589:from the original on 2017-12-01
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1432:
1407:
1396:from the original on 2018-09-08
1378:
1367:from the original on 2020-08-28
1349:
1313:
1263:from the original on 2019-01-18
1083:. March 6, 2018. Archived from
1062:from the original on 2011-03-15
430:) ignites. The missile shroud (
53:needs additional citations for
1249:
1130:
1073:
1023:
1014:
369:Soviet Union's nuclear weapons
184:, operated exclusively by the
13:
1:
1473:Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
1440:"NMHB 2020 [Revised]"
1036:
988:Maneuverable re-entry vehicle
799:National Air and Space Museum
288:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
1632:Cimbala, Stephen J. (2010).
1462:
1321:"W87-1 Modification Program"
944:(retired, 10 or 14 warheads)
665:(active, up to 10 warheads)
395:
363:. The world's first MIRV—US
290:in order to avoid a massive
7:
1542:Robert C. Aldridge (1983).
966:
838:mod 3 (retired, 6 warheads)
211:payload containing several
10:
1951:
880:(active, 4 or 12 warheads)
868:(active, 4 or 10 warheads)
304:
284:mutual assured destruction
29:
808:(retired, 10-14 warheads)
1257:"The Minuteman III ICBM"
1168:Lewiston Morning Tribune
1007:
892:(active, 10-15 warheads)
410:inertial guidance system
225:multiple reentry vehicle
224:
921:(active, 8-14 warheads)
706:(active, 6-10 warheads)
565:SLBM and 3 MRVs on the
531:anti-ballistic missiles
506:circular error probable
1763:The New Indian Express
962:(active 8-14 warheads)
956:(retired, 10 warheads)
886:(active 6-10 warheads)
874:(active, 3-4 warheads)
862:(retired, 10 warheads)
850:(retired, 10 warheads)
801:
773:(active, 3-8 warheads)
671:(active, 1-3 warheads)
659:(active, 3-5 warheads)
653:(active, 3-5 warheads)
641:(active, 3-8 warheads)
519:
492:
443:
338:anti-ballistic missile
264:anti-ballistic missile
221:thermonuclear warheads
193:
173:
161:
149:
1930:MIRV capable missiles
1209:Naval Institute Press
1002:Multiple Kill Vehicle
950:(retired, 8 warheads)
856:(retired, 4 warheads)
844:(retired, 3 warheads)
832:(retired, 4 warheads)
826:(retired, 7 warheads)
814:(active, 10 warheads)
793:
700:(retired, 6 warheads)
694:(retired, 6 warheads)
647:(active, 10 warheads)
635:(retired, 3 warheads)
629:(retired, 3 warheads)
577:MIRV-capable missiles
486:
418:
346:offensive one. Decoy
260:Strategic Air Command
229:nuclear-weapon states
179:
167:
155:
143:
1806:Gady, Franz-Stefan.
1285:"Nuclear Chronology"
978:DARPA Falcon Project
936:LGM-30 Minuteman III
820:(active, 3 warheads)
727:(active, 2 warheads)
598:adding missing items
571:atmospheric re-entry
468:system) can release
322:thermonuclear weapon
62:improve this article
1361:Great Falls Tribune
973:Comparison of ICBMs
954:LGM-118 Peacekeeper
739:(under development)
733:(under development)
677:(under development)
280:cost-exchange ratio
1925:Ballistic missiles
1904:2011-06-07 at the
1712:The Indian Express
1520:2016-12-30 at the
960:UGM-133 Trident II
919:UGM-133 Trident II
802:
783:Russian Federation
596:; you can help by
573:for more details.
551:USS Daniel Webster
493:
444:
194:
182:Trident II missile
174:
162:
150:
30:For the band, see
1694:Business Standard
1645:978-0-271-04126-1
1555:978-0-89608-154-3
1530:978-0-9791915-0-3
1330:. March 1, 2019.
1054:Parsch, Andreas.
614:
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526:ballistic missile
502:gravity anomalies
209:ballistic missile
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16:(Redirected from
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1678:. 11 March 2024.
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878:R-29RMU2 Layner
830:MR-UR-100 Sotka
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549:in 1964 on the
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1877:
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1836:Missile Threat
1823:
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1218:978-1557506818
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1201:Polmar, Norman
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1144:. 27 June 2024
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902:BZhRK Barguzin
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881:
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866:R-29RMU Sineva
863:
860:RT-23 Molodets
857:
851:
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842:RSD-10 Pioneer
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795:RSD-10 Pioneer
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361:striking first
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206:exoatmospheric
144:The MIRV U.S.
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135:
50:
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41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1507:Hansen, Chuck
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1294:. July 2021.
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1087:on 2018-03-13
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983:List of ICBMs
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420:Minuteman III
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365:Minuteman III
362:
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351:to implement.
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248:Minuteman III
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79: –
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74:
73:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
51:This article
49:
45:
40:
39:
36:
33:
19:
1910:Google Video
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1835:
1826:
1815:. Retrieved
1811:
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1786:
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1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1739:. 2024-03-12
1736:
1727:
1716:. Retrieved
1714:. 2024-03-12
1711:
1702:
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1654:. Retrieved
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1616:. Retrieved
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
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1564:. Retrieved
1544:
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1501:
1492:
1485:. Retrieved
1468:
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1421:. 2014-06-27
1419:The Equation
1418:
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1360:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1327:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1291:
1265:. Retrieved
1251:
1204:
1176:. Retrieved
1167:
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1146:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:The Diplomat
1114:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1049:
1025:
1016:
993:
896:RS-26 Rubezh
890:RS-28 Sarmat
854:R-29RM Shtil
797:MIRV at the
602:
535:
523:
494:
445:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
399:
386:Russian Duma
373:throw-weight
354:
342:
315:first-strike
308:
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245:
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197:
195:
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115:
105:
98:
91:
84:
72:
60:Please help
55:verification
52:
35:
1832:"Jericho 3"
1787:India Today
1566:26 February
1487:24 November
1341:January 18,
1305:January 18,
605:August 2020
555:Polaris A-3
544:Polaris A-3
514:Peacekeeper
489:Peacekeeper
237:North Korea
158:Peacekeeper
146:Peacekeeper
1919:Categories
1871:2024-04-04
1817:2024-03-12
1792:2024-03-12
1768:2024-03-12
1743:2024-03-14
1718:2024-03-14
1676:apnews.com
1618:2008-07-02
1593:2017-12-01
1449:2024-01-19
1425:2024-01-19
1400:2018-09-08
1371:2018-09-08
1328:energy.gov
1267:2017-09-17
1227:2008054725
1066:2014-06-13
1037:References
872:RS-24 Yars
812:R-36 mod 5
806:R-36 mod 4
725:Agni Prime
594:incomplete
516:missiles.
510:Trident II
478:aluminized
476:, such as
456:hypersonic
452:propellant
406:suborbital
390:ABM treaty
343:Trident II
190:Royal Navy
88:newspapers
1532:(2nd Ed.)
1243:22843826M
1235:602923650
1091:March 31,
1056:"UGM-133"
754:Jericho 3
559:Chevaline
466:Chevaline
396:Operation
299:New START
292:arms race
272:New START
219:carrying
160:MIRV bus.
118:June 2014
1902:Archived
1840:Archived
1650:Archived
1612:Archived
1587:Archived
1560:Archived
1518:Archived
1481:Archived
1394:Archived
1365:Archived
1332:Archived
1296:Archived
1261:Archived
1172:Archived
1122:11 March
1060:Archived
967:See also
848:R-39 Rif
762:Pakistan
459:airfoils
382:START II
348:re-entry
313:Enhance
301:treaty.
233:Pakistan
213:warheads
204:) is an
32:M.I.R.V.
1846:4 April
1469:gwu.edu
1178:May 31,
1148:26 June
836:UR-100N
771:Ababeel
731:Agni-VI
463:British
402:booster
305:Purpose
231:except
186:US Navy
102:scholar
1737:News18
1642:
1552:
1528:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1215:
1142:NKNews
824:R-29RK
745:Israel
719:Agni-V
683:France
657:DF-31B
651:DF-31A
553:. The
498:Seasat
474:radars
470:decoys
241:Israel
104:
97:
90:
83:
75:
1908:from
1656:3 May
1335:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1299:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
1042:Notes
1008:Notes
818:R-29R
712:India
663:DF-41
645:DF-5C
639:DF-5B
633:DF-4A
627:DF-3A
618:China
567:R-36P
563:R-27U
357:ICBMs
333:area.
109:JSTOR
95:books
1866:IISS
1848:2020
1658:2013
1640:ISBN
1568:2013
1550:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1489:2019
1343:2024
1307:2024
1231:OCLC
1223:LCCN
1213:ISBN
1180:2020
1150:2024
1124:2024
1093:2024
779:USSR
675:JL-3
669:JL-2
547:SLBM
512:and
268:R-36
235:and
202:MIRV
188:and
81:news
18:MIRV
737:K-6
704:M51
698:M45
600:.
520:MRV
256:W56
252:W62
64:by
1921::
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1276:^
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1188:^
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1101:^
692:M4
392:.
294:.
196:A
180:A
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603:(
440:D
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432:E
428:B
424:A
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