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2618:, there are physical and physiologic limits to the rate of gradient switching. Parallel MRI circumvents these limits by gathering some portion of the data simultaneously, rather than in a traditional sequential fashion. This is accomplished using arrays of radiofrequency (RF) detector coils, each with a different 'view' of the body. A reduced set of gradient steps is applied, and the remaining spatial information is filled in by combining signals from various coils, based on their known spatial sensitivity patterns. The resulting acceleration is limited by the number of coils and by the signal to noise ratio (which decreases with increasing acceleration), but two- to four-fold accelerations may commonly be achieved with suitable coil array configurations, and substantially higher accelerations have been demonstrated with specialized coil arrays. Parallel MRI may be used with most
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been applied to achieve targeting. To enhance the sensitivity of the contrast agents, these targeting moieties are usually linked to high payload MRI contrast agents or MRI contrast agents with high relaxivities. A new class of gene targeting MR contrast agents has been introduced to show gene action of unique mRNA and gene transcription factor proteins. These new contrast agents can trace cells with unique mRNA, microRNA and virus; tissue response to inflammation in living brains. The MR reports change in gene expression with positive correlation to TaqMan analysis, optical and electron microscopy.
1956:
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The SENSitivity
Encoding (SENSE) and Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions (GRAPPA) techniques are the parallel imaging methods in most common use today. The advent of parallel MRI resulted in extensive research and development in image reconstruction and RF coil design, as well as in a rapid expansion of the number of receiver channels available on commercial MR systems. Parallel MRI is now used routinely for MRI examinations in a wide range of body areas and clinical or research applications.
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spaces within the lungs. Injectable solutions containing C or stabilized bubbles of hyperpolarized Xe have been studied as contrast agents for angiography and perfusion imaging. P can potentially provide information on bone density and structure, as well as functional imaging of the brain. Multinuclear imaging holds the potential to chart the distribution of lithium in the human brain, this element finding use as an important drug for those with conditions such as bipolar disorder.
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2320:), but the spectra in each voxel contains information about many metabolites. Because the available signal is used to encode spatial and spectral information, MRSI requires high SNR achievable only at higher field strengths (3 T and above). The high procurement and maintenance costs of MRI with extremely high field strengths inhibit their popularity. However, recent
346:, that are in tissues create a signal that is processed to form an image of the body in terms of the density of those nuclei in a specific region. Given that the protons are affected by fields from other atoms to which they are bonded, it is possible to separate responses from hydrogen in specific compounds. To perform a study, the person is positioned within an
1307:
1381:. Most contrast agents are either paramagnetic (e.g.: gadolinium, manganese, europium), and are used to shorten T1 in the tissue they accumulate in, or super-paramagnetic (SPIONs), and are used to shorten T2 and T2* in healthy tissue reducing its signal intensity (negative contrast agents). The most commonly used intravenous contrast agents are based on
631:. This magnetization along z is defined as the equilibrium magnetization; magnetization is defined as the sum of all magnetic dipoles in a sample. Following the equilibrium magnetization, a 90° radiofrequency (RF) pulse flips the direction of the magnetization vector in the xy-plane, and is then switched off. The initial magnetic field B
56:
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2833:, that is, an anomaly during visual representation. Many different artifacts can occur during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some affecting the diagnostic quality, while others may be confused with pathology. Artifacts can be classified as patient-related, signal processing-dependent and hardware (machine)-related.
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Peterson, Bradley S.; Trampush, Joey; Maglione, Margaret; Bolshakova, Maria; Brown, Morah; Rozelle, Mary; Motala, Aneesa; Yagyu, Sachi; Miles, Jeremy; Pakdaman, Sheila; Gastelum, Mario; Nguyen, Bich Thuy (Becky); Tokutomi, Erin; Lee, Esther; Belay, Jerusalem Z.; Schaefer, Coleman; Coughlin, Benjamin;
2854:
Being non-invasive and non-damaging, MRI can be used to study the anatomy of plants, their water transportation processes and water balance. It is also applied to veterinary radiology for diagnostic purposes. Outside this, its use in zoology is limited due to the high cost; but it can be used on many
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of diseased tissue. MR imaging provides a three-dimensional view of the target tissue, allowing for the precise focusing of ultrasound energy. The MR imaging provides quantitative, real-time, thermal images of the treated area. This allows the physician to ensure that the temperature generated during
1432:
announced in a drug safety communication that new warnings were to be included on all gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). The FDA also called for increased patient education and requiring gadolinium contrast vendors to conduct additional animal and clinical studies to assess the safety of these
1347:
Techniques involving phase accumulation (known as phase contrast angiography) can also be used to generate flow velocity maps easily and accurately. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is a similar procedure that is used to image veins. In this method, the tissue is now excited inferiorly, while the
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Most MRI focuses on qualitative interpretation of MR data by acquiring spatial maps of relative variations in signal strength which are "weighted" by certain parameters. Quantitative methods instead attempt to determine spatial maps of accurate tissue relaxometry parameter values or magnetic field,
4614:
American
College of Radiology; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; North American Society for Cardiac Imaging; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography Interventions; Society of Interventional Radiology
2625:
After a number of early suggestions for using arrays of detectors to accelerate imaging went largely unremarked in the MRI field, parallel imaging saw widespread development and application following the introduction of the SiMultaneous
Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics (SMASH) technique in 1996–7.
2569:
Multinuclear imaging is primarily a research technique at present. However, potential applications include functional imaging and imaging of organs poorly seen on H MRI (e.g., lungs and bones) or as alternative contrast agents. Inhaled hyperpolarized He can be used to image the distribution of air
2565:
Moreover, the nucleus of any atom that has a net nuclear spin and that is bonded to a hydrogen atom could potentially be imaged via heteronuclear magnetization transfer MRI that would image the high-gyromagnetic-ratio hydrogen nucleus instead of the low-gyromagnetic-ratio nucleus that is bonded to
2307:
in body tissues, which can be achieved through a variety of single voxel or imaging-based techniques. The MR signal produces a spectrum of resonances that corresponds to different molecular arrangements of the isotope being "excited". This signature is used to diagnose certain metabolic disorders,
1393:
are rare, occurring in approx. 0.03–0.1%. Of particular interest is the lower incidence of nephrotoxicity, compared with iodinated agents, when given at usual doses—this has made contrast-enhanced MRI scanning an option for patients with renal impairment, who would otherwise not be able to undergo
1261:
Swallowing movement of throat and oesophagus can cause motion artifact over the imaged spine. Therefore, a saturation pulse applied over this region the throat and oesophagus can help to avoid this artifact. Motion artifact arising due to pumping of the heart can be reduced by timing the MRI pulse
2605:
with high specificity and high relaxivity (sensitivity) are required. To date, many studies have been devoted to developing targeted-MRI contrast agents to achieve molecular imaging by MRI. Commonly, peptides, antibodies, or small ligands, and small protein domains, such as HER-2 affibodies, have
1173:
Though MRI is used widely in research on mental disabilities, based on a 2024 systematic literature review and meta analysis commissioned by the
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), available research using MRI scans to diagnose ADHD showed great variability. The authors conclude
4615:(October 2006). "ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group".
2794:
Medical societies issue guidelines for when physicians should use MRI on patients and recommend against overuse. MRI can detect health problems or confirm a diagnosis, but medical societies often recommend that MRI not be the first procedure for creating a plan to diagnose or manage a patient's
2374:
4675:
Aivazoglou, LU; Guimarães, JB; Link, TM; Costa, MAF; Cardoso, FN; de Mattos
Lombardi Badia, B; Farias, IB; de Rezende Pinto, WBV; de Souza, PVS; Oliveira, ASB; de Siqueira Carvalho, AA; Aihara, AY; da Rocha Corrêa Fernandes, A (21 April 2021). "MR imaging of inherited myopathies: a review and
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Traditional MRI generates poor images of lung tissue because there are fewer water molecules with protons that can be excited by the magnetic field. Using hyperpolarized gas an MRI scan can identify ventilation defects in the lungs. Before the scan, a patient is asked to inhale hyperpolarized
2679:
Quantitative MRI (or qMRI) sometimes more specifically refers to multi-parametric quantitative MRI, the mapping of multiple tissue relaxometry parameters in a single imaging session. Efforts to make multi-parametric quantitative MRI faster have produced sequences which map multiple parameters
246:
can induce an RF signal in a radio frequency coil and thereby be detected. In other words, the nuclear magnetic spin of protons in the hydrogen nuclei resonates with the RF incident waves and emit coherent radiation with compact direction, energy (frequency) and phase. This coherent amplified
1332:(vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture). MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (called a "run-off"). A variety of techniques can be used to generate the pictures, such as administration of a
481:
systems, also called 3 Tesla MRIs, have stronger magnets than 1.5 systems and are considered better for images of organs and soft tissue. Whole-body MRI systems for research applications operate in e.g. 9.4T, 10.5T, 11.7T. Even higher field whole-body MRI systems e.g. 14 T and beyond are in
1293:
sequences. Extracellular contrast agents are used widely in liver MRI, and newer hepatobiliary contrast agents also provide the opportunity to perform functional biliary imaging. Anatomical imaging of the bile ducts is achieved by using a heavily T2-weighted sequence in magnetic resonance
612:
following their perturbation by an oscillating magnetic field (in the form of radiofrequency pulses through the sample). The relaxation rates are a measure of the time it takes for a signal to decay back to an equilibrium state from either the longitudinal or transverse plane.
2389:
2471:, in which an MRI is used in surgery. Some specialized MRI systems allow imaging concurrent with the surgical procedure. More typically, the surgical procedure is temporarily interrupted so that MRI can assess the success of the procedure or guide subsequent surgical work.
60:
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Low signal for fat − Note that this only applies to standard Spin Echo (SE) sequences and not the more modern Fast Spin Echo (FSE) sequence (also referred to as Turbo Spin Echo, TSE), which is the most commonly used technique today. In FSE/TSE, fat will have a high
57:
1189:
522:
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scanner approved by the FDA in 2020. Recently, MRI has been demonstrated also at ultra-low fields, i.e., in the microtesla-to-millitesla range, where sufficient signal quality is made possible by prepolarization (on the order of 10–100 mT) and by measuring the
2749:
when either modality could yield the same information. Some patients experience claustrophobia and may require sedation or shorter MRI protocols. Amplitude and rapid switching of gradient coils during image acquisition may cause peripheral nerve stimulation.
2351:
2562:-water) that hyperpolarization is not a necessity. Using helium or xenon has the advantage of reduced background noise, and therefore increased contrast for the image itself, because these elements are not normally present in biological tissues.
333:
Schematic of a cylindrical superconducting MR scanner. Top: cross section of the cylinder with primary coil, gradient coils and RF transmit coilsBottom: longitudinal section of the cylinder and table, showing the same coils and the RF receive
59:
2902:, followed by the picture of a living animal, a clam, and in 1974 by the image of the thoracic cavity of a mouse. Lauterbur called his imaging method zeugmatography, a term which was replaced by (N)MR imaging. In the late 1970s, physicists
2347:
408:
of the main magnetic field, the gradient system which is used to localize the region to be scanned and the RF system, which excites the sample and detects the resulting NMR signal. The whole system is controlled by one or more computers.
1144:. Since many images are taken milliseconds apart, it shows how the brain responds to different stimuli, enabling researchers to study both the functional and structural brain abnormalities in psychological disorders. MRI also is used in
2315:
Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) combines both spectroscopic and imaging methods to produce spatially localized spectra from within the sample or patient. The spatial resolution is much lower (limited by the available
5390:
2594:, a typical field strength for clinical MRI, the difference between high and low energy states is approximately 9 molecules per 2 million. Improvements to increase MR sensitivity include increasing magnetic field strength and
446:
218:
or abdomen. However, it may be perceived as less comfortable by patients, due to the usually longer and louder measurements with the subject in a long, confining tube, although "open" MRI designs mostly relieve this. Additionally,
2589:
to 10 mol/L, which, compared to other types of imaging, can be very limiting. This problem stems from the fact that the population difference between the nuclear spin states is very small at room temperature. For example, at 1.5
9135:
Sakr, HM; Fahmy, N; Elsayed, NS; Abdulhady, H; El-Sobky, TA; Saadawy, AM; Beroud, C; Udd, B (1 July 2021). "Whole-body muscle MRI characteristics of LAMA2-related congenital muscular dystrophy children: An emerging pattern".
1298:. MR enterography provides non-invasive assessment of inflammatory bowel disease and small bowel tumors. MR-colonography may play a role in the detection of large polyps in patients at increased risk of colorectal cancer.
635:, however, is still applied. Thus, the spin magnetization vector will slowly return from the xy-plane back to the equilibrium state. The time it takes for the magnetization vector to return to its equilibrium value, M
2584:
MRI has the advantages of having very high spatial resolution and is very adept at morphological imaging and functional imaging. MRI does have several disadvantages though. First, MRI has a sensitivity of around 10
3345:
1364:
MRI for imaging anatomical structures or blood flow do not require contrast agents since the varying properties of the tissues or blood provide natural contrasts. However, for more specific types of imaging,
2378:
378:. As these coils are rapidly switched during the excitation and response to perform a moving line scan, they create the characteristic repetitive noise of an MRI scan as the windings move slightly due to
1340:) or using a technique known as "flow-related enhancement" (e.g., 2D and 3D time-of-flight sequences), where most of the signal on an image is due to blood that recently moved into that plane (see also
573:(TR). This image weighting is useful for assessing the cerebral cortex, identifying fatty tissue, characterizing focal liver lesions, and in general, obtaining morphological information, as well as for
5257:
Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Dawson P (November 2006). "Is there a causal relation between the administration of gadolinium based contrast media and the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)?".
1038:
and around 50,000 scanners are estimated to be in use worldwide. MRI affects diagnosis and treatment in many specialties although the effect on improved health outcomes is disputed in certain cases.
4406:
Heilbrun MP, Sunderland PM, McDonald PR, Wells TH, Cosman E, Ganz E (1987). "Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic frame modifications to accomplish magnetic resonance imaging guidance in three planes".
444:
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values are dependent on the chemical environment of the sample; hence their utility in MRI. Soft tissue and muscle tissue relax at different rates, yielding the image contrast in a typical scan.
4137:"PEOPLE: PatiEnt prOstate samPLes for rEsearch, a tissue collection pathway utilizing magnetic resonance imaging data to target tumor and benign tissue in fresh radical prostatectomy specimens"
3309:
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extend the utility of MRI to capture neuronal tracts and blood flow respectively in the nervous system, in addition to detailed spatial images. The sustained increase in demand for MRI within
2851:
technique is also used, for example, to measure the ratio between water and fat in foods, monitoring of flow of corrosive fluids in pipes, or to study molecular structures such as catalysts.
4613:
1170:
The record for the highest spatial resolution of a whole intact brain (postmortem) is 100 microns, from
Massachusetts General Hospital. The data was published in NATURE on 30 October 2019.
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applied magnetic field gradients in all three dimensions and a back-projection technique to create NMR images. He published the first images of two tubes of water in 1973 in the journal
6655:
Uyanik I, Lindner P, Tsiamyrtzis P, Shah D, Tsekos NV, Pavlidis IT (2013). "Applying a Level Set Method for
Resolving Physiologic Motions in Free-Breathing and Non-gated Cardiac MRI".
445:
2420:(real-time) yields a temporal resolution of 20 to 30 milliseconds for images with an in-plane resolution of 1.5 to 2.0 mm. Real-time MRI adds information about diseases of the
362:
frequency. Scanning with X and Y gradient coils causes a selected region of the patient to experience the exact magnetic field required for the energy to be absorbed. The atoms are
58:
2412:(RT-MRI) refers to the continuous monitoring of moving objects in real time. Traditionally, real-time MRI was possible only with low image quality or low temporal resolution. An
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1456:
In Europe, where more gadolinium-containing agents are available, a classification of agents according to potential risks has been released. In 2008, a new contrast agent named
731:
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to move at great speeds, posing a projectile risk, and may cause fatal accidents. However, as millions of MRIs are performed globally each year, fatalities are extremely rare.
5340:
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4004:
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2265:
6361:
Landheer K, Schulte RF, Treacy MS, Swanberg KM, Juchem C (April 2020). "Theoretical description of modern H in Vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic pulse sequences".
3334:
6611:(2010a) Real-time cardiovascular magnetic resonance at high temporal resolution: radial FLASH with nonlinear inverse reconstruction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 12, 39,
2492:
each cycle of ultrasound energy is sufficient to cause thermal ablation within the desired tissue and if not, to adapt the parameters to ensure effective treatment.
2598:
via optical pumping or dynamic nuclear polarization. There are also a variety of signal amplification schemes based on chemical exchange that increase sensitivity.
3003:
4094:
Recommendations for Cross-Sectional
Imaging in Cancer Management: Computed Tomography – CT Magnetic Resonance Imaging – MRI Positron Emission Tomography – PET-CT
2680:
simultaneously, either by building separate encoding methods for each parameter into the sequence, or by fitting MR signal evolution to a multi-parameter model.
2271:
374:. The RF signal may be processed to deduce position information by looking at the changes in RF level and phase caused by varying the local magnetic field using
10195:
1417:
is occupied by a water molecule which exchanges rapidly with water molecules in the reagent molecule's immediate environment, affecting the magnetic resonance
6926:
Brown RA, Venters RA, Tang PP, Spicer LD (1995). "A Test for Scaler
Coupling between Heteronuclei Using Gradient-Enhanced Proton-Detected HMQC Spectroscopy".
8189:"Investigating cardiac stimulation limits of MRI gradient coils using electromagnetic and electrophysiological simulations in human and canine body models"
2483:(HIFU) beams are focused on a tissue, that are controlled using MR thermal imaging. Due to the high energy at the focus, the temperature rises to above 65
2428:. In many cases MRI examinations become easier and more comfortable for patients, especially for the patients who cannot calm their breathing or who have
2437:
gives better image contrast between the blood pool and myocardium than FLASH MRI, at the cost of severe banding artifact when B0 inhomogeneity is strong.
8554:
Filograna L, Pugliese L, Muto M, Tatulli D, Guglielmi G, Thali MJ, Floris R (February 2019). "A Practical Guide to
Virtual Autopsy: Why, When and How".
6308:
3599:
8463:
Ziegler A, Kunth M, Mueller S, Bock C, Pohmann R, Schröder L, Faber C, Giribet G (2011-10-13). "Application of magnetic resonance imaging in zoology".
5515:
4565:"Reference ranges for cardiac structure and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in Caucasians from the UK Biobank population cohort"
1348:
signal is gathered in the plane immediately superior to the excitation plane—thus imaging the venous blood that recently moved from the excited plane.
2566:
the hydrogen atom. In principle, heteronuclear magnetization transfer MRI could be used to detect the presence or absence of specific chemical bonds.
6498:
Chakeres DW, Abduljalil AM, Novak P, Novak V (2002). "Comparison of 1.5 and 8 tesla high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of lacunar infarcts".
4222:
2876:. All that being said, MRI is more expensive, and more time-consuming to utilize. Moreover, the quality of MR imaging deteriorates below 10 °C.
2102:
Magnetic labeling of arterial blood below the imaging slab, which subsequently enters the region of interest. It does not need gadolinium contrast.
1413:(log K > 20) so that, in use, the concentration of the un-complexed Gd ions should be below the toxicity limit. The 9th place in the metal ion's
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7906:
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6011:
Chua TC, Wen W, Slavin MJ, Sachdev PS (February 2008). "Diffusion tensor imaging in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a review".
10602:
5934:"Signal evolution and infarction risk for apparent diffusion coefficient lesions in acute ischemic stroke are both time- and perfusion-dependent"
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1064:
and has a role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of other tumors, as well as for determining areas of tissue for sampling in biobanking.
490:
to keep them at low temperatures. Lower field strengths can be achieved with permanent magnets, which are often used in "open" MRI scanners for
96:
10755:
3554:
Sasaki M, Ehara S, Nakasato T, Tamakawa Y, Kuboya Y, Sugisawa M, Sato T (April 1990). "MR of the shoulder with a 0.2-T permanent-magnet unit".
1389:, which is highly paramagnetic. In general, these agents have proved safer than the iodinated contrast agents used in X-ray radiography or CT.
5237:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns that gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are retained in the body; requires new class warnings"
3178:"Use of diagnostic imaging studies and associated radiation exposure for patients enrolled in large integrated health care systems, 1996-2010"
2172:
Localizing brain activity from performing an assigned task (e.g. talking, moving fingers) before surgery, also used in research of cognition.
9910:
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according to heart cycles. Blood vessels flow artifacts can be reduced by applying saturation pulses above and below the region of interest.
8026:
Mervak BM, Altun E, McGinty KA, Hyslop WB, Semelka RC, Burke LM (March 2019). "MRI in pregnancy: Indications and practical considerations".
7684:
2434:
9724:
8132:"Minimizing table time in patients with claustrophobia using focused ferumoxytol-enhanced MR angiography ( f -FEMRA): a feasibility study"
5318:
10272:
9736:
7255:"Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging reversal by gene knockdown of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activities in live animal brains"
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1155:
for treatment of intracranial tumors, arteriovenous malformations, and other surgically treatable conditions using a device known as the
347:
156:
4522:
Celosse, Karin; Molakalapalli, Sreya; Shaw, Brittany; Sazmin, Tanzina; Onyekwuluje, Anne N.; Tolentino, Danica; Hempel, Susanne (2024).
1460:, brand name Eovist (US) or Primovist (EU), was approved for diagnostic use: This has the theoretical benefit of a dual excretion path.
282:
Since its development in the 1970s and 1980s, MRI has proven to be a versatile imaging technique. While MRI is most prominently used in
10335:
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Two gradients with equal magnitude, but opposite direction, are used to encode a phase shift, which is proportional to the velocity of
1973:
Reduced T2 weighting by taking multiple conventional DWI images with different DWI weighting, and the change corresponds to diffusion.
375:
7599:"T2-mapping MRI evaluation of patellofemoral cartilage in patients submitted to intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections"
7418:
7401:
9336:
2464:
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2232:
7106:"Design of a novel class of protein-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for the molecular imaging of cancer biomarkers"
10172:
6555:
Abeida H, Zhang Q, Li J, Merabtine N (2013). "Iterative Sparse Asymptotic Minimum Variance Based Approaches for Array Processing".
5453:
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437:
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and other non-removable metal in the body can pose a risk and may exclude some patients from undergoing an MRI examination safely.
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4523:
4019:
3158:
1767:
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9256:
7020:"White matter microstructural properties in bipolar disorder in relationship to the spatial distribution of lithium in the brain"
3680:
Zotev VS, Matlashov AN, Volegov PL, Urbaitis AV, Espy MA, Kraus RH (2007). "SQUID-based instrumentation for ultralow-field MRI".
2738:
2300:
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1445:, but other agents have been linked too. Although a causal link has not been definitively established, current guidelines in the
1073:
215:
196:
4066:
8424:"Intact plant MRI for the study of cell water relations, membrane permeability, cell-to-cell and long distance water transport"
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2745:
if done without contrast agents. Since MRI does not use any ionizing radiation, its use is generally favored in preference to
267:. For this reason, most MRI scans essentially map the location of water and fat in the body. Pulses of radio waves excite the
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Giovannetti G, Guerrini A, Salvadori PA (July 2016). "Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging for the study of fossils".
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2614:
It takes time to gather MRI data using sequential applications of magnetic field gradients. Even for the most streamlined of
2140:
1160:
324:
295:
5293:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: New warnings for using gadolinium-based contrast agents in patients with kidney dysfunction"
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mixed with a buffer gas of helium or nitrogen. The resulting lung images are much higher quality than with traditional MRI.
10694:
10432:
10310:
9283:
3444:"MRI and MRS of the human brain at magnetic fields of 14T to 20T: Technical feasibility, safety, and neuroscience horizons"
3033:
2973:
2708:
1715:
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2713:
MRI is, in general, a safe technique, although injuries may occur as a result of failed safety procedures or human error.
10725:
9548:
8646:
LAUTERBUR, P. C. (1973). "Image Formation by Induced Local Interactions: Examples Employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance".
4989:"Magnetic resonance (MR) colonography in the detection of colorectal lesions: a systematic review of prospective studies"
2993:
2652:
2550:. Na and P are naturally abundant in the body, so they can be imaged directly. Gaseous isotopes such as He or Xe must be
1846:
495:
1785:
Spoiled gradient recalled echo (GRE), fully flow compensated, long echo time, combines phase image with magnitude image
10542:
10100:
9979:
9719:
9628:
8130:
Shahrouki, Puja; Nguyen, Kim-Lien; Moriarty, John M.; Plotnik, Adam N.; Yoshida, Takegawa; Finn, J. Paul (2021-09-01).
2803:, for example, recommends against imaging (including MRI) as unlikely to result in a positive outcome for the patient.
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1729:
1183:
255:
are most often used to generate a macroscopic polarized radiation that is detected by the antennas. Hydrogen atoms are
4504:
10630:
9558:
8766:
7702:
7524:
6758:
4223:"ACR-ASNR Practice Guideline for the Performance and Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Brain"
3501:"Key designs of a short-bore and cryogen-free high temperature superconducting magnet system for 14 T whole-body MRI"
2480:
271:
energy transition, and magnetic field gradients localize the polarization in space. By varying the parameters of the
9008:
Lee SC, Kim K, Kim J, Lee S, Han Yi J, Kim SW, et al. (June 2001). "One micrometer resolution NMR microscopy".
6891:
Hurd RE, John BK (1991). "Gradient-enhanced proton-detected heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence spectroscopy".
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192:
10735:
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agents. Although gadolinium agents have proved useful for patients with kidney impairment, in patients with severe
1410:
1201:
1096:
MRI is the investigative tool of choice for neurological cancers over CT, as it offers better visualization of the
8815:
Spatially Resolved Magnetic Resonance: Methods, Materials, Medicine, Biology, Rheology, Geology, Ecology, Hardware
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9308:
6963:"Measurement of the degree of coupled isotopic enrichment of different positions in an antibiotic peptide by NMR"
6774:
Cline HE, Schenck JF, Hynynen K, Watkins RD, Souza SP, Jolesz FA (1992). "MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery".
3735:"Hybrid ultra-low-field MRI and magnetoencephalography system based on a commercial whole-head neuromagnetometer"
3028:
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is a particular setting of radiofrequency pulses and gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance. The
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9984:
9831:
9731:
9714:
4186:"Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking"
4051:
4000:
2988:
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6212:
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6159:
3418:
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9964:
9563:
9438:
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9329:
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cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Functional imaging of the pancreas is performed following administration of
1290:
412:
256:
8782:
477:– and while the majority of systems operate at 1.5 T, commercial systems are available between 0.2 and 7 T.
247:
radiation is easily detected by RF antennas close to the subject being examined. It is a process similar to
10740:
10573:
10502:
10221:
10155:
10087:
10077:
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9826:
9794:
9425:
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Rowayda AS (February 2013). "Regional atrophy analysis of MRI for early detection of alzheimer's disease".
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2456:, where the images produced by an MRI scanner guide minimally invasive procedures. Such procedures use no
2030:
1084:
549:
Each tissue returns to its equilibrium state after excitation by the independent relaxation processes of T
10730:
10518:
10437:
9885:
9853:
9836:
8834:
Magnetic Resonance Microscopy: Methods and Applications in Materials Science, Agriculture and Biomedicine
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554:
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65:
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1441:, which may be linked to the use of certain gadolinium-containing agents. The most frequently linked is
695:
646:
382:. The contrast between different tissues is determined by the rate at which excited atoms return to the
226:
MRI was originally called NMRI (nuclear magnetic resonance imaging), but "nuclear" was dropped to avoid
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and then inhaled as their nuclear density is too low to yield a useful signal under normal conditions.
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5725:
3023:
2777:
2746:
2107:
2084:
562:
545:
Diagram of changing magnetization and spin orientations throughout spin-lattice relaxation experiment
383:
5590:"A Current Review of the Meniscus Imaging: Proposition of a Useful Tool for Its Radiologic Analysis"
3733:
Vesanen PT, Nieminen JO, Zevenhoven KC, Dabek J, Parkkonen LT, Zhdanov AV, et al. (June 2013).
569:-weighted image, magnetization is allowed to recover before measuring the MR signal by changing the
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9821:
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should be performed as soon as possible after the scan to remove the agent from the body promptly.
503:
fields at about 100 microtesla with highly sensitive superconducting quantum interference devices (
473:
to a few parts per million across the scan volume. The field strength of the magnet is measured in
103:
5319:"FDA Public Health Advisory: Gadolinium-containing Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging"
4443:"The effect of a post-scan processing denoising system on image quality and morphometric analysis"
581:-weighted image, magnetization is allowed to decay before measuring the MR signal by changing the
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10563:
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10412:
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9915:
9900:
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10588:
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9616:
6634:
6313:
6137:
5674:"Principles, techniques, and applications of T2*-based MR imaging and its special applications"
5486:
5326:
2891:
2868:, which manual autopsy does not. CT scanning provides quick whole-body imaging of skeletal and
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Frydrychowicz A, Lubner MG, Brown JJ, Merkle EM, Nagle SK, Rofsky NM, Reeder SB (March 2012).
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technology were crucial to the development of practical MRI, which requires a large amount of
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10485:
9873:
9804:
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in MRI because it is present in biological tissues in great abundance, and because its high
2128:
Faster Gd contrast uptake along with other features is suggestive of malignancy (pictured).
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and biomedical research, it also may be used to form images of non-living objects, such as
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are that dialysis patients should only receive gadolinium agents where essential and that
534:
8:
10750:
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3335:"Successful Development of a 9.4T/800mm Whole-body MRI Superconducting Magnet at IEE CAS"
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2075:
2071:
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1977:
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2487:(150 °F) which completely destroys the tissue. This technology can achieve precise
627:
in the sample will, on average, align with the z-axis summing to a total magnetization M
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9999:
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7796:"Rapid magnetic resonance quantification on the brain: Optimization for clinical usage"
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6867:"Hyperpolarized Noble Gas MRI Laboratory: Hyperpolarized Xenon MR Imaging of the Brain"
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5387:"Response to the FDA's May 23, 2007, Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Update1 — Radiology"
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6114:
6083:"Magnetic resonance diffusion-perfusion mismatch in acute ischemic stroke: An update"
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The lack of harmful effects on the patient and the operator make MRI well-suited for
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91:
30:
This article is about magnetic resonance imaging. For X-ray tomographic imaging, see
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2329:
2206:, giving it a much higher signal when using short echo time and flow compensation.
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1205:
1197:
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that MRI cannot be reliably used to assist in making a clinical diagnosis of ADHD.
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379:
276:
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from the Institute for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Education, and Research (IMRSER)
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of MR images and interpretations, but has historically require longer scan times.
1725:
Maintenance of a steady, residual transverse magnetisation over successive cycles.
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10684:
10417:
10025:
9477:
9443:
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9411:
9345:
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A short extract of a 20-minute scanning session, recorded outside the above unit
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Spoiled gradient recalled echo (GRE) with a long echo time and small flip angle
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Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), magnetic resonance tomography (MRT)
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3647:
3364:"The world's strongest MRI machines are pushing human imaging to new limits"
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is essential for anyone inside the MRI scanner room during the examination.
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A Short History of Magnetic Resonance Imaging from a European Point of View
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4721:"Whole-body imaging of the musculoskeletal system: the value of MR imaging"
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alterations, whereas MR imaging gives better representation of soft tissue
2826:
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2765:
2730:
2601:
To achieve molecular imaging of disease biomarkers using MRI, targeted MRI
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2001:
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1113:
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The standard display of MR images is to represent fluid characteristics in
474:
9272:
9250:
European Magnetic Resonance Forum (EMRF)/The Round Table Foundation (TRTF)
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8390:
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7378:
6996:
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especially those affecting the brain, and to provide information on tumor
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10392:
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9660:
9492:
9482:
9462:
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9394:
9389:
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Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Signal Processing Perspective
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10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199911)42:5<952::AID-MRM16>3.0.CO;2-S
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Genesis of the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) notebook, September 1971
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The pioneers of NMR and magnetic resonance in medicine: The story of MRI
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4823:"Pitfalls and artifacts encountered in clinical MR imaging of the spine"
2558:
and F can be administered in sufficient quantities in liquid form (e.g.
2058:
Measures changes over time in susceptibility-induced signal loss due to
1838:
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conceptual proposal or in engineering design. Most clinical magnets are
358:
magnetic field is temporarily applied to the patient at the appropriate
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NMR Imaging in Biomedicine: Supplement 2 Advances in Magnetic Resonance
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5368:. Concord, CA: International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
5054:
5037:
4885:
4491:"100-Hour-Long MRI of Human Brain Produces Most Detailed 3D Images Yet"
4324:
4152:
3799:
3419:"The most powerful MRI scanner in the world delivers its first images!"
3061:
3051:
2869:
2847:
MRI is used industrially mainly for routine analysis of chemicals. The
2761:
2543:
2429:
2309:
2166:
1872:
1581:
1569:
1406:
1386:
1337:
1105:
940:
928:
840:
806:
461:
164:
9262:
8348:
10.1002/1522-2586(200102)13:2<288::aid-jmri1041>3.0.co;2-p
8331:"Investigation of acoustic noise on 15 MRI scanners from 0.2 T to 3 T"
8204:
7875:
7858:
7812:
7795:
7469:
7453:"Generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA)"
7452:
7121:
6468:
5908:
5131:"Adverse reactions to gadolinium contrast media: a review of 36 cases"
4419:
3751:
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2547:
10068:
10004:
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4056:"Imaging tests for lower-back pain: Why you probably don't need them"
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2873:
2742:
2559:
2555:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2417:
1679:
1577:
1552:
1528:
1341:
1282:
1101:
1045:
936:
848:
810:
582:
359:
144:
10250:
9303:(all pages freely available for download in variety of formats from
9245:
7153:
Liu CH, Kim YR, Ren JQ, Eichler F, Rosen BR, Liu PK (January 2007).
3176:, Johnson E, Lee C, Feigelson HS, Flynn M, et al. (June 2012).
1163:
have demonstrated higher image quality and morphometric analysis in
275:, different contrasts may be generated between tissues based on the
10610:
10091:
8953:
Magnetic resonance imaging: Physical principles and sequence design
8734:"Raymond Damadian, Creator of the First M.R.I. Scanner, Dies at 86"
8259:"Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Exams per 1,000 Population, 2014"
7399:
7110:
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology
6650:
6648:
6569:
5389:. Radiological Society of North America. 2007-09-12. Archived from
5087:
Magnetic resonance imaging: Physical principles and sequence design
3623:"Microtesla MRI with a superconducting quantum interference device"
3096:(14th ed.). TRTF – The Round Table Foundation: TwinTree Media.
3094:
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. A critical introduction. e-Textbook
3066:
2769:
2531:
2519:
2488:
2382:
Real-time MRI of a human heart (2-chamber view) at 22 ms resolution
2254:
2250:
2214:
2210:
2021:
1329:
1325:
1295:
1278:
1141:
1125:
995:
974:
594:
339:
252:
167:
to generate images of the organs in the body. MRI does not involve
69:
9314:
4520:
4220:
4198:
4185:
3694:
3171:
1609:
1437:
requiring dialysis there is a risk of a rare but serious illness,
1196:
Cardiac MRI is complementary to other imaging techniques, such as
10120:
9523:
8972:
Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8241:"Man dies after being sucked into MRI scanner at Indian hospital"
3099:
2865:
2858:
In palaeontology it is used to examine the structure of fossils.
2402:
2132:
2078:
have decreased perfusion and delayed contrast arrival (pictured).
1382:
1366:
1285:. Focal or diffuse disorders of the liver may be evaluated using
1003:
787:
619:
builds up along the z-axis in the presence of a magnetic field, B
387:
176:
148:
81:
31:
8991:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Applications
8187:
Klein V, Davids M, Schad LR, Wald LL, Guérin B (February 2021).
6645:
5203:. In Sigel, Astrid; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K.O. (eds.).
4870:"Hepatobiliary MR imaging with gadolinium-based contrast agents"
3620:
1856:
Fluid suppression by setting an inversion time that nulls fluids
10115:
9218:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles, Methods, and Techniques
7500:
7498:
7302:
Liu CH, Yang J, Ren JQ, Liu CM, You Z, Liu PK (February 2013).
4405:
3008:
2947:
for their "discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging".
2539:
2474:
946:
814:
598:
417:
397:
343:
248:
168:
8129:
4867:
4295:(Sixth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 67.
3732:
3450:. Neuroimaging with Ultra-high Field MRI: Present and Future.
1324:(MRA) generates pictures of the arteries to evaluate them for
210:
and follow-up of disease. Compared to CT, MRI provides better
10666:
10640:
10142:
9353:
8950:
8389:
Erasmus LJ, Hurter D, Naude M, Kritzinger HG, Acho S (2004).
6360:
5672:
Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Thomas B, Shroff MM, Haacke EM (2009).
5084:
3679:
2935:. This was made possible by the rapidly increasing number of
2696:
2425:
2421:
1823:
1565:
1561:
1274:
1254:. Also, MRI techniques can be used for diagnostic imaging of
1247:
1030:
Patient being positioned for MR study of the head and abdomen
924:
920:
836:
832:
586:
504:
287:
264:
8553:
8515:
8388:
7991:
Watson RE (2015). "Lessons Learned from MRI Safety Events".
7495:
7450:
6654:
6497:
5587:
5029:
4674:
2484:
2176:
1490:
10699:
9279:
Royal Institution Lecture – MRI: A Window on the Human Body
8639:
8328:
8262:
7731:"Multiparametric Quantitative MRI in Neurological Diseases"
6817:
Gore JC, Yankeelov TE, Peterson TE, Avison MJ (June 2009).
6816:
6333:
5797:
5038:"Non-contrast enhanced MR angiography: physical principles"
4769:
3972:"Magnetic Resonance, a critical peer-reviewed introduction"
3553:
991:
959:
8654:(5394). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 190–191.
6773:
6623:
5932:
An H, Ford AL, Vo K, Powers WJ, Lee JM, Lin W (May 2011).
5537:
Principles and Applications of Radiological Physics E-Book
4916:
4524:"ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents"
3784:"Basic MR Relaxation Mechanisms and Contrast Agent Design"
2795:
complaint. A common case is to use MRI to seek a cause of
2518:
could potentially be imaged with MRI. Such nuclei include
2224:
9294:
Real-time MRI videos: Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH
9134:
8915:
Magnetic Resonance in Food Science: From Molecules to Man
8599:"Essentials of forensic post-mortem MR imaging in adults"
8275:
7686:
Magnetic Resonance Elastography | Wiley Online Books
6601:
6406:"Recent advances in magnetic resonance neurospectroscopy"
5242:
4820:
4562:
3116:
2741:
appears to be safe, at least during the second and third
1588:
964:
779:
565:; transverse to the static magnetic field). To create a T
529:
8025:
5671:
5483:"Basic proton MR imaging. Tissue Signal Characteristics"
5201:"Metal Ions in Bio-imaging Techniques: A Short Overview"
4718:
4255:
International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI)
3934:"Basic proton MR imaging. Tissue Signal Characteristics"
3310:"Tesla Engineering Ltd - Magnet Division - MRI Supercon"
3004:
International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
2821:
Motion artifact (T1 coronal study of cervical vertebrae)
1188:
733:. Magnetization as a function of time is defined by the
521:
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8462:
7683:
Hirsch, Sebastian; Braun, Jürgen; Sack, Ingolf (2016).
7017:
4861:
4440:
3264:. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
2514:
gives a strong signal. However, any nucleus with a net
1651:
Standard foundation and comparison for other sequences
1604:
Standard foundation and comparison for other sequences
1306:
1052:
MRI is the investigation of choice in the preoperative
639:, is referred to as the longitudinal relaxation time, T
9176:
Echo-Planar Imaging: Theory, Technique and Application
8951:
Haacke EM, Brown RF, Thompson M, Venkatesan R (1999).
6925:
6554:
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5085:
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4719:
Schmidt GP, Reiser MF, Baur-Melnyk A (December 2007).
4356:
4183:
2008:
of water molecules in the directions of nerve fibers.
469:
MRI requires a magnetic field that is both strong and
416:
A mobile MRI unit visiting Glebefields Health Centre,
393:
may be given to the person to make the image clearer.
9172:
8384:
8382:
7794:
Warntjes JB, Leinhard OD, West J, Lundberg P (2008).
5539:(6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 292.
5299:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 23 December 2010
4505:"Team publishes on highest resolution brain MRI scan"
4005:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
3852:. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 73–80.
3590:"Guildford company gets FDA approval for bedside MRI"
2435:
Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging
1273:
MR is used to detect and characterize lesions of the
1116:
makes MRI the best choice for many conditions of the
755:
images, where different tissues turn out as follows:
698:
649:
8235:
8186:
6056:"Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion"
6010:
4910:
3117:
McRobbie DW, Moore EA, Graves MJ, Prince MR (2007).
2954:
2943:
chip. Mansfield and Lauterbur were awarded the 2003
2635:
or to measure the size of certain spatial features.
2117:
Measures changes over time in the shortening of the
604:
The information from MRI scans comes in the form of
396:
The major components of an MRI scanner are the main
354:
around the area to be imaged. First, energy from an
9257:
A Guided Tour of MRI: An introduction for laypeople
7641:
7155:"Imaging cerebral gene transcripts in live animals"
5791:
5667:
5665:
5256:
5128:
4284:
1242:Applications in the musculoskeletal system include
585:(TE). This image weighting is useful for detecting
494:patients. Lower field strengths are also used in a
8379:
6960:
6749:The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
6746:
6629:M Uecker, S Zhang, D Voit, A Karaus, KD Merboldt,
5979:
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4945:
4575:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 18.
4363:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
4134:
3047:Nobel Prize controversies – Physiology or medicine
2753:MRI uses powerful magnets and can therefore cause
2285:
1482:weighting can also be described as MRI sequences.
725:
676:
608:based on differences in the rate of relaxation of
191:(NMR) which can also be used for imaging in other
75:(nose and forehead appear at the back of the head)
9085:Pykett IL (May 1982). "NMR imaging in medicine".
8696:
7549:
6819:"Molecular imaging without radiopharmaceuticals?"
5581:
5534:
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4434:
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3781:
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2303:(MRS) is used to measure the levels of different
1401:Gadolinium-based contrast reagents are typically
10717:
9200:. Ramat Gan, Israel: Bar-Ilan University Press.
8912:
8783:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003"
8754:Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness
8750:
8549:
8547:
8019:
7650:"CSF flow studies | Radiology Reference Article"
7352:
7152:
7104:Xue S, Qiao J, Pu F, Cameron M, Yang JJ (2013).
7103:
5744:
5662:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
4986:
3165:
370:pulse and the resultant signal is measured by a
259:and other biological organisms, particularly in
202:MRI is widely used in hospitals and clinics for
8596:
8072:. Royal College of Radiologists. Archived from
7682:
7011:
5974:
5873:
5297:Information on Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents
5035:
2760:MRI machines can produce loud noise, up to 120
9044:
8690:
8094:
7552:"Cardiac MRI evaluation of myocardial disease"
7202:Liu CH, Ren J, Liu CM, Liu PK (January 2014).
7062:
6961:Miller AF, Egan LA, Townsend CA (March 1997).
6403:
6187:"Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR perfusion"
5931:
5879:
5198:
4980:
4951:
4290:
2843:Nuclear magnetic resonance § Applications
10266:
9330:
9289:How MRI works explained simply using diagrams
9246:"MRI: A Peer-Reviewed, Critical Introduction"
8869:
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8544:
7913:
7850:
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7722:
7648:Gaillard, Frank; Knipe, Henry (13 Oct 2021).
7647:
7590:
7543:
7301:
7295:
7246:
7195:
7146:
5825:
5431:
2864:imaging provides graphic documentation of an
2336:without requiring such high field strengths.
2280:
2013:Evaluating white matter deformation by tumors
1265:
684:. Similarly, the time in which it takes for M
9193:
9007:
8434:(4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 743–56.
7976:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7905:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7842:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7779:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7504:
7252:
7201:
6829:(6). Society of Nuclear Medicine: 999–1007.
6657:Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart
6548:
6205:
6160:"Arterial spin labelling (ASL) MR perfusion"
5723:
5641:
5504:
5207:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1–37.
4763:
4617:Journal of the American College of Radiology
4569:Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
4359:"Stereotaxis and nuclear magnetic resonance"
4042:
4040:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3441:
2475:Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound
1167:with the application of a denoising system.
8831:
8597:Ruder TD, Thali MJ, Hatch GM (April 2014).
6491:
6004:
5560:
4305:
4221:American Society of Neuroradiology (2013).
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3361:
3144:
2910:developed MRI-related techniques, like the
2573:
1560:Lower signal for more water content, as in
1021:
318:
10273:
10259:
9337:
9323:
9273:Video: What to Expect During Your MRI Exam
7402:"SENSE: sensitivity encoding for fast MRI"
6303:
6301:
6277:
6248:
5925:
5772:Berger F, de Jonge M, Smithuis R, Maas M.
5535:Graham D, Cloke P, Vosper M (2011-05-31).
5528:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
3991:
3989:
3255:
3253:
2638:Examples of quantitative MRI methods are:
2202:Blood entering the imaged area is not yet
279:properties of the hydrogen atoms therein.
54:
37:"MRI" redirects here. For other uses, see
9173:Schmitt F, Stehling MK, Turner R (1998).
9065:
8936:. Springer Science & Business Media.
8931:
8895:
8645:
8622:
8484:
8439:
8406:
8346:
8297:
8212:
8163:
7953:
7874:
7811:
7756:
7746:
7661:
7624:
7614:
7534:
7514:
7486:
7468:
7435:
7417:
7353:Sodickson DK, Manning WJ (October 1997).
7329:
7319:
7278:
7229:
7219:
7178:
7129:
7068:
7045:
7035:
6986:
6842:
6721:
6568:
6431:
6421:
6108:
6098:
5957:
5909:"MRI Physics: Diffusion-Weighted Imaging"
5697:
5637:
5635:
5615:
5605:
5410:
5146:
5053:
5012:
4893:
4797:
4787:
4746:
4736:
4590:
4580:
4458:
4382:
4333:
4323:
4197:
4160:
4037:
3856:
3807:
3750:
3693:
3656:
3646:
3459:
3201:
3121:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
2683:
2448:Interventional magnetic resonance imaging
2233:Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging
533:Examples of T1-weighted, T2-weighted and
10173:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
9267:Underlying physics and technical aspects
8988:
8731:
7550:Captur, G; Manisty, C; Moon, JC (2016).
6890:
6869:. Harvard Medical School. Archived from
6710:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
6607:S Zhang, M Uecker, D Voit, KD Merboldt,
6211:
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5821:
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5738:
5554:
5199:Shugaev, Sergey; Caravan, Peter (2021).
4987:Zijta FM, Bipat S, Stoker J (May 2010).
3945:
3943:
3898:
3332:
3259:
2816:
2506:Hydrogen has the most frequently imaged
2385:
2371:
2343:
1305:
1192:MR angiogram in congenital heart disease
1187:
1083:
1048:interpreting MRI images of head and neck
1040:
1034:MRI has a wide range of applications in
1025:
540:
528:
520:
411:
328:
9259:National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
9214:
8872:"Whole body magnetic resonance imaging"
8850:
8062:
7507:Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
7444:
6928:Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series A
6776:Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography
6500:Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography
6298:
5983:
5800:"Fluid attenuation inversion recoveryg"
5467:
4271:
4252:
4090:
3986:
3498:
3250:
3226:Health at a glance 2009 OECD indicators
3140:
3138:
3087:
3085:
3083:
2739:Magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy
2658:Quantitative fluid flow MRI (i.e. some
2495:
2296:Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
2292:In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1788:Detecting small amounts of hemorrhage (
1074:Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain
238:(RF) energy when placed in an external
214:in images of soft tissues, e.g. in the
14:
10718:
9084:
8934:NMR in Biomedicine: The Physical Basis
8812:
8421:
7990:
7393:
7346:
6753:(3rd ed.). Farmington, MI: Gale.
6557:IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
6542:"MRI-scanner van 7 miljoen in gebruik"
6454:
6309:"Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)"
6080:
5900:
5780:. Radiology Society of the Netherlands
5765:
5719:
5717:
5632:
5135:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
5078:
5036:Wheaton AJ, Miyazaki M (August 2012).
4919:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
3847:
3556:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
2672:Quantitative MRI aims to increase the
2416:algorithm removed limitations. Radial
10756:Discovery and invention controversies
10280:
10254:
9318:
8913:Farhat IA, Belton P, Webb GA (2007).
8732:Sandomir, Richard (August 17, 2022).
8335:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8282:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8028:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
7509:. Academic Press. p. xxxvii-li.
6703:
6363:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
6257:"Milestone 19: (1990) Functional MRI"
5852:
5816:
5109:
5042:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4874:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4649:
4516:
4514:
3949:
3940:
3788:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3682:Superconductor Science and Technology
3505:Superconductor Science and Technology
3091:
2945:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2886:History of magnetic resonance imaging
2441:
1161:artificial intelligence in healthcare
593:, and assessing zonal anatomy in the
325:Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
6744:
6334:Keshavamurthy J, Ballinger R et al.
6271:
6184:
6157:
6053:
5828:"Double inversion recovery sequence"
5798:Hacking C, Taghi Niknejad M, et al.
5205:Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques
3499:Li, Yi; Roell, Stefan (2021-12-01).
3135:
3080:
2974:Amplified magnetic resonance imaging
2709:Safety of magnetic resonance imaging
2410:Real-time magnetic resonance imaging
1763:deposits (pictured) and hemorrhages.
1636:Higher signal for more water content
9344:
8969:
8391:"A short overview of MRI artefacts"
7922:"Magnetic resonance fingerprinting"
6404:Rosen Y, Lenkinski RE (July 2007).
6178:
6151:
6125:
6047:
5846:
5714:
5480:
3974:. European Magnetic Resonance Forum
3931:
3416:
2994:High-resolution computed tomography
2653:Quantitative susceptibility mapping
2629:
2067:Provides measurements of blood flow
1847:Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
1498:uncommon and experimental sequences
1258:including genetic muscle diseases.
24:
9980:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
8870:Eustace SJ, Nelson E (June 2004).
8805:
8556:Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR
8395:South African Journal of Radiology
7516:10.1016/B978-0-12-817057-1.00001-9
5906:
5644:"Steady-state free precession MRI"
4839:10.1148/radiographics.18.6.9821197
4511:
3598:. 12 February 2020. Archived from
3351:from the original on Mar 22, 2023.
2836:
2644:cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
1353:
1231:
1184:Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
726:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T2}}=R2}
677:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T1}}=R1}
426:
400:, which polarizes the sample, the
342:nuclei, which consist solely of a
25:
10772:
9243:
9237:
9121:
9107:10.1038/scientificamerican0582-78
8955:. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
8789:from the original on 18 July 2007
5726:"Susceptibility weighted imaging"
5089:. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
4931:10.2214/ajr.195.3_supplement.0s42
4676:proposal of imaging algorithms".
4306:Brown RA, Nelson JA (June 2016).
4190:Journal of Visualized Experiments
4100:. Royal College of Radiologists.
2481:high-intensity focused ultrasound
2004:(pictured) by an overall greater
1819:where the signal of fat is zero.
1485:
1210:myocardial ischemia and viability
1177:
525:Effects of TR and TE on MR signal
10235:
10234:
8775:
8744:
8725:
8603:The British Journal of Radiology
8509:
8456:
8415:
8322:
8269:
8251:
8229:
8180:
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8123:
8088:
7984:
7676:
7097:
6954:
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6884:
6859:
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6767:
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3782:De Leon-Rodriguez, L.M. (2015).
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3100:"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"
2957:
2463:A specialized growing subset of
2364:This section is an excerpt from
2332:) have been proposed to achieve
2264:
2223:
2175:
2131:
2083:
2029:
1983:
1954:
1913:
1878:
1837:
1795:
1766:
1735:
1700:
1655:
1608:
1108:. The contrast provided between
1088:MRI diffusion tensor imaging of
460:Problems playing this file? See
442:
251:. In clinical and research MRI,
163:, magnetic field gradients, and
9737:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
9045:Liang ZP, Lauterbur PC (1999).
8751:Rosenblum B, Kuttner F (2011).
6448:
6397:
6354:
6327:
5594:Radiology Research and Practice
5512:"MRI Questions, Fast Spin Echo"
5404:
5379:
5355:
5333:
5311:
5285:
5250:
5229:
5192:
5163:
5122:
5103:
4814:
4712:
4668:
4643:
4607:
4556:
4497:
4483:
4399:
4350:
4299:
4265:
4246:
4214:
4177:
4128:
4084:
3964:
3841:
3824:
3775:
3726:
3673:
3614:
3582:
3547:
3492:
3435:
3410:
3355:
3333:Qiuliang, Wang (January 2022).
3029:Magnetic resonance elastography
2984:Electron paramagnetic resonance
2666:Magnetic resonance elastography
2609:
2502:Helium-3 § Medical imaging
2301:Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
2286:Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
2049:Dynamic susceptibility contrast
1865:multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques
1067:
820:Cortical pseudolaminar necrosis
9985:Radioactive iodine uptake test
9221:. Medical Physics Publishing.
9179:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
8917:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
8486:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-B8B0-B
8428:Journal of Experimental Botany
8193:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
7457:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
7406:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
7359:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
7271:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5332-08.2009
7171:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4660-06.2007
7024:Journal of Affective Disorders
5747:"Short tau inversion recovery"
5116:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
4052:American College of Physicians
4001:American College of Physicians
3739:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
3326:
3302:
3278:
3218:
3147:Concepts in Magnetic Resonance
3110:
2989:High-definition fiber tracking
2801:American College of Physicians
2185:Magnetic resonance angiography
1964:Apparent diffusion coefficient
1947:High signal within minutes of
1815:Fat suppression by setting an
1631:by using long TR and TE times
1617:
1533:
1479:
1316:Magnetic resonance angiography
1310:Magnetic resonance angiography
1301:
1016:
338:In most medical applications,
175:, which distinguishes it from
13:
1:
9965:Radionuclide ventriculography
9439:Lower gastrointestinal series
9431:Upper gastrointestinal series
9010:Journal of Magnetic Resonance
8109:10.1016/s0730-725x(96)00351-7
6967:Journal of Magnetic Resonance
6893:Journal of Magnetic Resonance
5112:"Chapter 13: Contrast Agents"
3234:10.1787/health_glance-2009-en
3073:
3042:Magnetic resonance microscopy
3014:List of neuroimaging software
2359:at a resolution of 50 ms
2074:, the infarcted core and the
1439:nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
1369:contrast agents may be given
404:for correcting shifts in the
10156:Optical coherence tomography
10078:Myocardial perfusion imaging
9666:Dental panoramic radiography
9194:Simon M, Mattson JS (1996).
7568:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-309077
6913:10.1016/0022-2364(91)90395-a
6763:– via Credo Reference.
6665:10.1007/978-3-642-38899-6_55
6081:Chen F, Ni YC (March 2012).
6025:10.1097/WCO.0b013e3282f4594b
6013:Current Opinion in Neurology
5950:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.610501
5855:"Diffusion weighted imaging"
5745:Sharma R, Taghi Niknejad M.
5446:"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"
4528:effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov
4460:10.1016/j.neurad.2021.11.007
3877:"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"
2979:Cerebrospinal fluid flow MRI
2806:
2660:cerebrospinal fluid flow MRI
2642:T1-mapping (notably used in
2339:
2324:-based software algorithms (
2151:Blood-oxygen-level dependent
1895:Simultaneous suppression of
1807:Short tau inversion recovery
1716:Steady-state free precession
1496:This table does not include
1463:
1426:Food and Drug Administration
1291:dynamic contrast enhancement
1289:, opposed-phase imaging and
589:and inflammation, revealing
510:
313:
257:naturally abundant in humans
181:positron emission tomography
7:
8524:(6). Elsevier BV: 730–742.
7259:The Journal of Neuroscience
7159:The Journal of Neuroscience
6823:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
5363:"MRI Questions and Answers"
3712:10.1088/0953-2048/20/11/S13
3286:"National Cancer Institute"
2950:
1159:. New tools that implement
155:processes inside the body.
10:
10777:
10726:Magnetic resonance imaging
10603:Technological applications
9960:Ventilation/perfusion scan
9435:Small-bowel follow-through
9309:digital.sciencehistory.org
8832:Blümich B, Kuhn W (1992).
8568:10.1053/j.sult.2018.10.011
8518:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8097:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
7616:10.1007/s11547-021-01372-6
7083:10.1016/j.crad.2010.04.006
6423:10.1016/j.nurt.2007.04.009
6087:World Journal of Radiology
5986:"Diffusion tensor imaging"
5880:Weerakkody Y, Gaillard F.
5563:"MRI sequences (overview)"
5413:"MRI sequences (overview)"
5271:10.1016/j.crad.2006.09.003
4690:10.1007/s00330-021-07931-9
4629:10.1016/j.jacr.2006.08.008
3832:"T1 relaxation experiment"
3388:10.1038/d41586-018-07182-7
3262:MRI from picture to proton
3119:MRI from Picture to Proton
3104:www.magnetic-resonance.org
3035:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2922:nuclear magnetic resonance
2883:
2879:
2849:nuclear magnetic resonance
2840:
2810:
2787:
2783:
2706:
2687:
2577:
2499:
2445:
2363:
2289:
2281:Specialized configurations
2169:reflects tissue activity.
1520:Main clinical distinctions
1467:
1357:
1313:
1266:Liver and gastrointestinal
1235:
1181:
1077:
1071:
969:Low proton density, as in
919:More water content, as in
831:More water content, as in
514:
322:
302:has led to concerns about
189:nuclear magnetic resonance
133:Magnetic resonance imaging
49:Magnetic resonance imaging
36:
29:
10654:
10601:
10556:
10532:
10511:
10475:
10466:
10375:
10345:Characteristic parameters
10344:
10288:
10230:
10209:
10201:Dynamic angiothermography
10181:
10137:
10086:
10063:
10053:
10018:
9945:
9935:
9926:
9869:Abdominal ultrasonography
9777:
9693:
9653:
9572:
9531:
9522:
9375:
9366:
9352:
9305:Science History Institute
9150:10.1016/j.nmd.2021.06.012
8888:10.1136/bmj.328.7453.1387
8530:10.1016/j.mri.2016.03.010
8477:10.1007/s00435-011-0138-8
8005:10.1007/s40134-015-0122-z
7993:Current Radiology Reports
7748:10.3389/fneur.2021.640239
7037:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.075
6835:10.2967/jnumed.108.059576
5826:Di Muzio B, Abd Rabou A.
5213:10.1515/9783110685701-007
5148:10.2214/ajr.167.4.8819369
5005:10.1007/s00330-009-1663-4
4738:10.1007/s00256-007-0323-5
4582:10.1186/s12968-017-0327-9
4447:Journal of Neuroradiology
4291:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2014).
3568:10.2214/ajr.154.4.2107675
3024:Magnetic particle imaging
2702:
2183:
2130:
2127:
2108:Dynamic contrast enhanced
2082:
2064:
2037:
1976:Low signal minutes after
1921:
1887:Double inversion recovery
1826:, such as in more severe
1803:
1708:
1678:(to reduce T1) and short
1527:
1224:, vascular diseases, and
242:; the resultant evolving
116:
102:
90:
80:
53:
48:
27:Medical imaging technique
10362:London penetration depth
10191:Non-contact thermography
9970:Radionuclide angiography
9822:Doppler echocardiography
8853:NMR Imaging of Materials
8740:– via NYTimes.com.
8719:10.1103/physrevb.12.3618
8103:(1). Elsevier BV: 51–4.
6587:10.1109/tsp.2012.2231676
6336:"Phase contrast imaging"
6133:"Arterial spin labeling"
5724:Di Muzio B, Gaillard F.
5642:Luijkx T, Weerakkody Y.
4789:10.3389/fneur.2017.00232
3525:10.1088/1361-6668/ac2ec8
3092:Rinck, Peter A. (2024).
2574:Molecular imaging by MRI
2454:interventional radiology
2414:iterative reconstruction
2165:-dependent magnetism of
1903:by two inversion times.
1869:subarachnoid haemorrhage
1580:, hyperacute or chronic
1328:(abnormal narrowing) or
1256:systemic muscle diseases
1226:congenital heart disease
1022:Usage by organ or system
939:, hyperacute or chronic
319:Construction and physics
147:to form pictures of the
10736:20th-century inventions
10655:List of superconductors
10533:By critical temperature
9975:Radioisotope renography
9307:Digital Collections at
9138:Neuromuscular Disorders
8759:Oxford University Press
8422:Van As H (2006-11-30).
6619:10.1186/1532-429X-12-39
5561:du Plessis V, Jones J.
5450:University of Wisconsin
4966:10.1148/radiol.12111658
4408:Applied Neurophysiology
3881:University of Wisconsin
3648:10.1073/pnas.0402382101
2999:History of neuroimaging
2119:spin–lattice relaxation
2093:Arterial spin labelling
1776:Susceptibility-weighted
1665:Proton density weighted
1545:spin–lattice relaxation
1391:Anaphylactoid reactions
1130:cerebrovascular disease
1098:posterior cranial fossa
486:magnets, which require
10010:Gastric emptying study
9030:10.1006/jmre.2001.2319
7371:10.1002/mrm.1910380414
6988:10.1006/jmre.1997.1107
6948:10.1006/jmra.1995.1064
6314:Johns Hopkins Hospital
6278:Luijkx T, Gaillard F.
6138:University of Michigan
5487:Harvard Medical School
5177:. 2005. Archived from
4776:Frontiers in Neurology
4536:10.23970/ahrqepccer267
3950:Patil T (2013-01-18).
3850:Molecular Spectroscopy
3194:10.1001/jama.2012.5960
2892:Stony Brook University
2822:
2690:Hyperpolarized gas MRI
2684:Hyperpolarized gas MRI
2406:
2383:
2360:
2204:magnetically saturated
1792:pictured) or calcium.
1424:In December 2017, the
1311:
1193:
1122:demyelinating diseases
1118:central nervous system
1093:
1049:
1031:
860:in subacute hemorrhage
727:
688:to return to zero is T
678:
577:imaging. To create a T
546:
538:
526:
431:
421:
335:
183:(PET) scans. MRI is a
68:MRI of the head, with
10301:Bean's critical state
9671:X-ray motion analysis
9554:X-ray microtomography
9473:Hysterosalpingography
9380:Pneumoencephalography
8408:10.4102/sajr.v8i2.127
7695:10.1002/9783527696017
6704:Lewin JS (May 1999).
5411:Jones J, Gaillard F.
5351:(6): 3. January 2010.
5048:(2). Wiley: 286–304.
2820:
2405:, at 40 ms resolution
2396:
2381:
2354:
2018:fractional anisotropy
1790:diffuse axonal injury
1309:
1191:
1087:
1044:
1029:
728:
679:
544:
532:
524:
515:Further information:
430:
415:
332:
228:negative associations
10476:By magnetic response
10196:Contact thermography
9906:Emergency ultrasound
9844:Transcranial Doppler
9595:Abdominal and pelvis
9124:"The history of MRI"
9066:Mansfield P (1982).
8932:Fukushima E (1989).
8785:. Nobel Foundation.
8615:10.1259/bjr.20130567
8237:Agence France-Presse
8148:10.1259/bjr.20210430
7321:10.1096/fj.12-220061
7221:10.1096/fj.13-234229
6100:10.4329/wjr.v4.i3.63
5690:10.1148/rg.295095034
5607:10.1155/2016/8329296
4375:10.1136/jnnp.48.1.14
3260:McRobbie DW (2007).
3019:Magnetic immunoassay
2717:to MRI include most
2496:Multinuclear imaging
1944:of water molecules.
1910:plaques (pictured).
1629:spin–spin relaxation
1597:substances, such as
1396:contrast-enhanced CT
1149:stereotactic surgery
805:substances, such as
795:Slowly flowing blood
696:
647:
591:white matter lesions
350:that forms a strong
39:MRI (disambiguation)
10741:American inventions
10428:persistent currents
10413:Little–Parks effect
10163:Confocal microscopy
10041:Indium-111 WBC scan
9864:Echoencephalography
9600:Virtual colonoscopy
9299:Paul C. Lauterbur,
9099:1982SciAm.246e..78P
9087:Scientific American
9022:2001JMagR.150..207L
8989:Kuperman V (2000).
8855:. Clarendon Press.
8711:1975PhRvB..12.3618M
8660:1973Natur.242..190L
8290:John Wiley and Sons
8239:(30 January 2018).
7946:10.1038/nature11971
7938:2013Natur.495..187M
6979:1997JMagR.125..120M
6940:1995JMagR.113..117B
6905:1991JMagR..91..648H
6579:2013ITSP...61..933A
5984:Smith D, Bashir U.
5778:Radiology Assistant
4652:Musculoskeletal MRI
4293:Abnormal Psychology
3848:McHale, J. (2017).
3704:2007SuScT..20S.367Z
3639:2004PNAS..101.7857M
3517:2021SuScT..34l5005L
3380:2018Natur.563...24N
3057:Robinson oscillator
2933:computational power
2912:echo-planar imaging
2479:In guided therapy,
2397:Real-time MRI of a
2355:Real-time MRI of a
2123:gadolinium contrast
2072:cerebral infarction
2060:gadolinium contrast
1978:cerebral infarction
1949:cerebral infarction
1897:cerebrospinal fluid
1804:Inversion recovery
1599:MRI contrast agents
1415:coordination sphere
1320:Magnetic resonance
1138:Alzheimer's disease
1134:infectious diseases
784:Subacute hemorrhage
284:diagnostic medicine
234:are able to absorb
185:medical application
177:computed tomography
10731:1973 introductions
10388:Andreev reflection
10383:Abrikosov vortices
10151:Optical tomography
10000:Dacryoscintigraphy
9995:Immunoscintigraphy
9634:Whole body imaging
9385:Dental radiography
9215:Sprawls P (2000).
8993:. Academic Press.
8851:Blümich B (2000).
8738:The New York Times
8609:(1036): 20130567.
8441:10.1093/jxb/erl157
8299:10.1002/jmri.25055
8142:(1125): 20210430.
8076:on 3 February 2014
8040:10.1002/jmri.26317
7663:10.53347/rID-37401
7071:Clinical Radiology
6375:10.1002/jmri.26846
6214:NMR in Biomedicine
5882:"Ischaemic stroke"
5774:"Stress fractures"
5345:Drug Safety Update
5259:Clinical Radiology
5055:10.1002/jmri.23641
4993:European Radiology
4886:10.1002/jmri.22833
4725:Skeletal Radiology
4678:European Radiology
4325:10.7759/cureus.642
4153:10.1002/pros.23782
4091:Husband J (2008).
4072:on 15 January 2013
3800:10.1002/jmri.24787
3595:New Haven Register
3423:CEA/English Portal
3417:CEA (2021-10-07).
2941:integrated circuit
2823:
2778:hearing protection
2755:magnetic materials
2723:cardiac pacemakers
2512:gyromagnetic ratio
2469:intraoperative MRI
2465:interventional MRI
2442:Interventional MRI
2407:
2384:
2361:
2322:compressed sensing
2121:(T1) induced by a
2039:Perfusion weighted
1923:Diffusion weighted
1908:multiple sclerosis
1861:lacunar infarction
1732:videos (pictured).
1682:(to minimize T2).
1360:MRI contrast agent
1312:
1287:diffusion-weighted
1252:soft tissue tumors
1194:
1094:
1050:
1032:
1008:Protein-rich fluid
982:material, such as
792:Protein-rich fluid
723:
674:
547:
539:
527:
432:
422:
336:
304:cost effectiveness
173:ionizing radiation
143:technique used in
10713:
10712:
10631:quantum computing
10597:
10596:
10453:superdiamagnetism
10282:Superconductivity
10248:
10247:
10210:Target conditions
10133:
10132:
10129:
10128:
10049:
10048:
9990:Bone scintigraphy
9955:Scintimammography
9950:Cholescintigraphy
9795:contrast-enhanced
9689:
9688:
9649:
9648:
9639:Full-body CT scan
9539:General operation
9518:
9517:
9488:Angiocardiography
9263:The Basics of MRI
9228:978-0-944838-97-6
9207:978-0-9619243-1-7
9186:978-3-540-63194-1
9077:978-0-323-15406-2
9058:978-0-7803-4723-6
9000:978-0-08-053570-8
8981:978-0-8493-9693-9
8962:978-0-471-35128-3
8943:978-0-88318-609-1
8924:978-0-85404-340-8
8862:978-0-19-850683-6
8843:978-3-527-28403-0
8824:978-3-527-29637-8
8699:Physical Review B
8205:10.1002/mrm.28472
7876:10.1002/mrm.24225
7813:10.1002/mrm.21635
7470:10.1002/mrm.10171
7122:10.1002/wnan.1205
6674:978-3-642-38898-9
6469:10.1159/000077983
6410:Neurotherapeutics
5853:Lee M, Bashir U.
5546:978-0-7020-4614-8
5222:978-3-11-068570-1
5110:Rinck PA (2014).
5096:978-0-471-35128-3
4684:(11): 8498–8512.
4661:978-1-4160-5534-1
4420:10.1159/000100700
4107:978-1-905034-13-0
3752:10.1002/mrm.24413
3271:978-0-521-68384-5
3243:978-92-64-07555-9
3172:Smith-Bindman R,
3128:978-1-139-45719-4
2914:(EPI) technique.
2776:, so appropriate
2764:. This can cause
2719:cochlear implants
2715:Contraindications
2596:hyperpolarization
2580:Molecular imaging
2394:
2379:
2352:
2278:
2277:
2163:oxygen saturation
1691:High signal from
1547:by using a short
1409:. The complex is
1379:intra-articularly
1100:, containing the
1036:medical diagnosis
1014:
1013:
712:
663:
501:Larmor precession
447:
384:equilibrium state
244:spin polarization
204:medical diagnosis
130:
129:
61:
16:(Redirected from
10768:
10662:bilayer graphene
10636:Rutherford cable
10548:room temperature
10543:high temperature
10473:
10472:
10433:proximity effect
10408:Josephson effect
10352:coherence length
10275:
10268:
10261:
10252:
10251:
10238:
10237:
10061:
10060:
9943:
9942:
9933:
9932:
9817:Echocardiography
9676:Hounsfield scale
9529:
9528:
9448:Cholecystography
9373:
9372:
9364:
9363:
9339:
9332:
9325:
9316:
9315:
9253:
9244:Rinck PA (ed.).
9232:
9211:
9190:
9169:
9131:
9122:Rinck PA (ed.).
9118:
9081:
9062:
9041:
9004:
8985:
8966:
8947:
8928:
8909:
8899:
8882:(7453): 1387–8.
8866:
8847:
8828:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8668:10.1038/242190a0
8643:
8637:
8636:
8626:
8594:
8588:
8587:
8551:
8542:
8541:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8488:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8443:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8386:
8377:
8376:
8350:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8301:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8216:
8199:(2): 1047–1061.
8184:
8178:
8177:
8167:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8092:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8081:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8023:
8017:
8016:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7975:
7967:
7957:
7932:(7440): 187–92.
7917:
7911:
7910:
7904:
7896:
7878:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7841:
7833:
7815:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7778:
7770:
7760:
7750:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7707:. Archived from
7680:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7628:
7618:
7609:(8): 1085–1094.
7594:
7588:
7587:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7518:
7502:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7472:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7421:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7333:
7323:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7282:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7233:
7223:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7182:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7133:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7049:
7039:
7015:
7009:
7008:
6990:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6846:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6752:
6745:Sisk JE (2013).
6742:
6736:
6735:
6725:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6652:
6643:
6641:10.1002/nbm.1585
6627:
6621:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6572:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6435:
6425:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6369:(4): 1008–1029.
6358:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6305:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6280:"Functional MRI"
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6226:10.1002/nbm.1273
6209:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6112:
6102:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5981:
5972:
5971:
5961:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5701:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5639:
5630:
5629:
5619:
5609:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5516:MRIQuestions.com
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5489:. Archived from
5478:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5452:. Archived from
5442:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5367:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5325:. Archived from
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5057:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5016:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4897:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4833:(6): 1499–1521.
4818:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4791:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4740:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4650:Helms C (2008).
4647:
4641:
4640:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4584:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4462:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4228:. Archived from
4227:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4110:. Archived from
4099:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4065:. Archived from
4060:
4048:Consumer Reports
4044:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4025:on June 24, 2012
4024:
4018:. Archived from
4009:
3997:Consumer Reports
3993:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3929:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3883:. Archived from
3873:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3754:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3697:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3463:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3339:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3089:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2918:Raymond Damadian
2630:Quantitative MRI
2395:
2380:
2353:
2334:super-resolution
2268:
2227:
2191:) and venography
2179:
2135:
2087:
2033:
1992:Diffusion tensor
1987:
1958:
1917:
1882:
1841:
1799:
1770:
1759:Low signal from
1739:
1704:
1659:
1612:
1593:High signal for
1587:High signal for
1503:
1502:
1494:
1336:contrast agent (
1246:, assessment of
1214:cardiomyopathies
1206:nuclear medicine
1198:echocardiography
986:, intracellular
758:
757:
732:
730:
729:
724:
713:
711:
700:
692:, with the rate
683:
681:
680:
675:
664:
662:
651:
625:magnetic dipoles
623:, such that the
517:Relaxation (NMR)
449:
448:
429:
380:magnetostriction
197:NMR spectroscopy
193:NMR applications
126:
112:
63:
62:
46:
45:
21:
10776:
10775:
10771:
10770:
10769:
10767:
10766:
10765:
10716:
10715:
10714:
10709:
10680:
10650:
10593:
10552:
10539:low temperature
10528:
10507:
10462:
10418:Meissner effect
10371:
10367:Silsbee current
10340:
10306:Ginzburg–Landau
10284:
10279:
10249:
10244:
10226:
10205:
10177:
10125:
10111:PET mammography
10082:
10045:
10031:Gallium-67 scan
10026:Octreotide scan
10014:
9922:
9773:
9685:
9645:
9568:
9549:High-resolution
9514:
9478:Skeletal survey
9444:Cholangiography
9357:
9348:
9346:Medical imaging
9343:
9240:
9235:
9229:
9208:
9187:
9078:
9059:
9001:
8982:
8963:
8944:
8925:
8863:
8844:
8825:
8808:
8806:Further reading
8803:
8802:
8792:
8790:
8781:
8780:
8776:
8769:
8761:. p. 127.
8749:
8745:
8730:
8726:
8695:
8691:
8644:
8640:
8595:
8591:
8552:
8545:
8514:
8510:
8461:
8457:
8420:
8416:
8387:
8380:
8327:
8323:
8274:
8270:
8257:
8256:
8252:
8234:
8230:
8185:
8181:
8128:
8124:
8093:
8089:
8079:
8077:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8024:
8020:
7989:
7985:
7969:
7968:
7918:
7914:
7898:
7897:
7855:
7851:
7835:
7834:
7792:
7788:
7772:
7771:
7727:
7723:
7714:
7712:
7705:
7681:
7677:
7668:
7666:
7646:
7642:
7595:
7591:
7562:(18): 1429–35.
7548:
7544:
7527:
7503:
7496:
7449:
7445:
7398:
7394:
7351:
7347:
7300:
7296:
7265:(11): 3508–17.
7251:
7247:
7200:
7196:
7151:
7147:
7102:
7098:
7067:
7063:
7016:
7012:
6959:
6955:
6924:
6920:
6889:
6885:
6876:
6874:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6815:
6811:
6772:
6768:
6761:
6743:
6739:
6702:
6698:
6675:
6653:
6646:
6628:
6624:
6606:
6602:
6553:
6549:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6496:
6492:
6453:
6449:
6402:
6398:
6359:
6355:
6346:
6344:
6332:
6328:
6319:
6317:
6307:
6306:
6299:
6290:
6288:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6260:
6253:
6249:
6210:
6206:
6197:
6195:
6183:
6179:
6170:
6168:
6156:
6152:
6143:
6141:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6079:
6075:
6066:
6064:
6052:
6048:
6009:
6005:
5996:
5994:
5982:
5975:
5930:
5926:
5917:
5915:
5905:
5901:
5892:
5890:
5878:
5874:
5865:
5863:
5851:
5847:
5838:
5836:
5824:
5817:
5808:
5806:
5804:radiopaedia.org
5796:
5792:
5783:
5781:
5770:
5766:
5757:
5755:
5743:
5739:
5730:
5728:
5722:
5715:
5670:
5663:
5654:
5652:
5640:
5633:
5586:
5582:
5573:
5571:
5559:
5555:
5547:
5533:
5529:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5496:
5494:
5479:
5468:
5459:
5457:
5444:
5443:
5432:
5423:
5421:
5409:
5405:
5396:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5255:
5251:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5197:
5193:
5184:
5182:
5171:"ACR guideline"
5169:
5168:
5164:
5127:
5123:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5083:
5079:
5034:
5030:
4985:
4981:
4950:
4946:
4915:
4911:
4866:
4862:
4819:
4815:
4768:
4764:
4717:
4713:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4648:
4644:
4612:
4608:
4561:
4557:
4548:
4546:
4519:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4493:. 10 July 2019.
4489:
4488:
4484:
4439:
4435:
4414:(1–6): 143–52.
4404:
4400:
4355:
4351:
4304:
4300:
4289:
4285:
4270:
4266:
4251:
4247:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4182:
4178:
4133:
4129:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:High Value Care
4058:
4045:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:ABIM Foundation
4014:. presented by
4012:Choosing Wisely
4007:
3994:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3956:
3954:
3952:"MRI sequences"
3948:
3941:
3930:
3899:
3890:
3888:
3875:
3874:
3857:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3780:
3776:
3745:(6): 1795–804.
3731:
3727:
3688:(11): S367–73.
3678:
3674:
3633:(21): 7857–61.
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3602:on 3 April 2020
3588:
3587:
3583:
3552:
3548:
3497:
3493:
3440:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3415:
3411:
3374:(7729): 24–26.
3360:
3356:
3348:
3342:snf.ieeecsc.org
3337:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3316:
3314:www.tesla.co.uk
3308:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3170:
3166:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3115:
3111:
3098:
3090:
3081:
3076:
3071:
2965:Medicine portal
2963:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2904:Peter Mansfield
2888:
2882:
2845:
2839:
2837:Non-medical use
2831:visual artifact
2815:
2809:
2792:
2786:
2729:, and metallic
2711:
2705:
2692:
2686:
2674:reproducibility
2632:
2612:
2603:contrast agents
2582:
2576:
2504:
2498:
2477:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2386:
2372:
2369:
2344:
2342:
2298:
2290:Main articles:
2288:
2283:
2269:
2006:Brownian motion
1942:Brownian motion
1906:High signal of
1859:High signal in
1828:stress fracture
1822:High signal in
1746:
1643:Low signal for
1549:repetition time
1495:
1488:
1472:
1466:
1419:relaxation time
1407:gadolinium(III)
1362:
1356:
1354:Contrast agents
1318:
1304:
1268:
1240:
1234:
1232:Musculoskeletal
1186:
1180:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1062:prostate cancer
1024:
1019:
984:deoxyhemoglobin
854:Extracellularly
753:black-and-white
747:
743:
735:Bloch equations
704:
699:
697:
694:
693:
691:
687:
655:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
606:image contrasts
580:
571:repetition time
568:
560:
552:
519:
513:
484:superconducting
467:
466:
458:
456:
455:
454:
453:
450:
443:
440:
438:Audio recording
433:
427:
391:contrast agents
327:
321:
316:
236:radio frequency
161:magnetic fields
141:medical imaging
122:
108:
76:
55:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10774:
10764:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10658:
10656:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10616:electromagnets
10613:
10607:
10605:
10599:
10598:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10560:
10558:
10557:By composition
10554:
10553:
10551:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10536:
10534:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10524:unconventional
10521:
10515:
10513:
10512:By explanation
10509:
10508:
10506:
10505:
10500:
10499:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10479:
10477:
10470:
10468:Classification
10464:
10463:
10461:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10379:
10377:
10373:
10372:
10370:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10357:critical field
10354:
10348:
10346:
10342:
10341:
10339:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10326:Mattis–Bardeen
10323:
10318:
10313:
10311:Kohn–Luttinger
10308:
10303:
10298:
10292:
10290:
10286:
10285:
10278:
10277:
10270:
10263:
10255:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10242:
10231:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10224:
10219:
10213:
10211:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10187:
10185:
10179:
10178:
10176:
10175:
10170:
10168:Endomicroscopy
10165:
10160:
10159:
10158:
10147:
10145:
10135:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10124:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10097:
10095:
10084:
10083:
10081:
10080:
10074:
10072:
10058:
10051:
10050:
10047:
10046:
10044:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10022:
10020:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9946:
9940:
9930:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9913:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9882:
9881:
9876:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9783:
9781:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9771:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9728:
9727:
9717:
9712:
9711:
9710:
9699:
9697:
9691:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9620:
9619:
9614:
9604:
9603:
9602:
9592:
9591:
9590:
9585:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9535:
9533:
9526:
9520:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9441:
9428:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9408:
9407:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9376:
9370:
9361:
9350:
9349:
9342:
9341:
9334:
9327:
9319:
9313:
9312:
9297:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9270:
9260:
9254:
9239:
9238:External links
9236:
9234:
9233:
9227:
9212:
9206:
9191:
9185:
9170:
9144:(9): 814–823.
9132:
9119:
9082:
9076:
9063:
9057:
9042:
9005:
8999:
8986:
8980:
8967:
8961:
8948:
8942:
8929:
8923:
8910:
8867:
8861:
8848:
8842:
8829:
8823:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8774:
8767:
8743:
8724:
8705:(9): 3618–34.
8689:
8638:
8589:
8543:
8508:
8455:
8414:
8378:
8341:(2): 288–293.
8321:
8268:
8250:
8228:
8179:
8122:
8087:
8061:
8034:(3): 621–631.
8018:
7983:
7912:
7863:Magn Reson Med
7849:
7800:Magn Reson Med
7786:
7721:
7703:
7675:
7640:
7589:
7542:
7525:
7494:
7463:(6): 1202–10.
7443:
7392:
7365:(4): 591–603.
7345:
7294:
7245:
7194:
7145:
7096:
7061:
7010:
6953:
6918:
6883:
6858:
6809:
6766:
6759:
6737:
6696:
6673:
6644:
6622:
6600:
6547:
6533:
6490:
6447:
6396:
6353:
6326:
6297:
6270:
6247:
6204:
6177:
6150:
6124:
6073:
6046:
6003:
5973:
5944:(5): 1276–81.
5924:
5899:
5872:
5845:
5815:
5790:
5764:
5737:
5713:
5684:(5): 1433–49.
5661:
5631:
5580:
5553:
5545:
5527:
5503:
5466:
5430:
5403:
5378:
5354:
5332:
5329:on 2006-09-28.
5310:
5284:
5249:
5228:
5221:
5191:
5162:
5121:
5102:
5095:
5077:
5028:
4999:(5): 1031–46.
4979:
4944:
4909:
4880:(3): 492–511.
4860:
4813:
4762:
4711:
4667:
4660:
4642:
4623:(10): 751–71.
4606:
4555:
4510:
4496:
4482:
4453:(2): 205–212.
4433:
4398:
4349:
4298:
4283:
4264:
4245:
4213:
4176:
4147:(7): 768–777.
4127:
4106:
4083:
4054:(April 2012).
4036:
3985:
3963:
3939:
3897:
3855:
3840:
3823:
3794:(3): 545–565.
3774:
3725:
3672:
3613:
3581:
3546:
3511:(12): 125005.
3491:
3434:
3409:
3354:
3325:
3301:
3277:
3270:
3249:
3242:
3217:
3188:(22): 2400–9.
3174:Miglioretti DL
3164:
3153:(5): 277–297.
3134:
3127:
3109:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2952:
2949:
2908:Paul Lauterbur
2896:Paul Lauterbur
2884:Main article:
2881:
2878:
2841:Main article:
2838:
2835:
2811:Main article:
2808:
2805:
2785:
2782:
2731:foreign bodies
2707:Main article:
2704:
2701:
2688:Main article:
2685:
2682:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2631:
2628:
2611:
2608:
2578:Main article:
2575:
2572:
2552:hyperpolarized
2497:
2494:
2476:
2473:
2446:Main article:
2443:
2440:
2370:
2362:
2341:
2338:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2262:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2194:Time-of-flight
2192:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2141:Functional MRI
2137:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2014:
2009:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1820:
1817:inversion time
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:meniscus tears
1683:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1585:
1556:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1487:
1486:Overview table
1484:
1468:Main article:
1465:
1462:
1435:kidney failure
1358:Main article:
1355:
1352:
1314:Main article:
1303:
1300:
1267:
1264:
1244:spinal imaging
1236:Main article:
1233:
1230:
1182:Main article:
1179:
1178:Cardiovascular
1176:
1072:Main article:
1069:
1066:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
977:
967:
962:
955:
954:
953:
949:density as in
943:
917:
914:
909:
906:
901:
895:
894:
885:
876:
870:
869:
868:
867:
864:
861:
851:
827:
826:
825:
822:
817:
796:
793:
790:
785:
782:
775:
769:
768:
765:
762:
745:
741:
722:
719:
716:
710:
707:
703:
689:
685:
673:
670:
667:
661:
658:
654:
640:
636:
632:
628:
620:
578:
566:
558:
550:
512:
509:
492:claustrophobic
457:
451:
441:
436:
435:
434:
425:
424:
423:
376:gradient coils
372:receiving coil
352:magnetic field
323:Main article:
320:
317:
315:
312:
300:health systems
296:functional MRI
273:pulse sequence
253:hydrogen atoms
240:magnetic field
171:or the use of
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
64:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10773:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10653:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10604:
10600:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10574:heavy fermion
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10561:
10559:
10555:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10531:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10510:
10504:
10503:ferromagnetic
10501:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10480:
10478:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10465:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10448:supercurrents
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10374:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10343:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10293:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10276:
10271:
10269:
10264:
10262:
10257:
10256:
10253:
10241:
10233:
10232:
10229:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10208:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10180:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10146:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10079:
10076:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10052:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10036:Ga-68-DOTATOC
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10017:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9947:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9925:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9849:Intravascular
9847:
9845:
9842:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9815:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9776:
9770:
9769:Synthetic MRI
9767:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9726:
9723:
9722:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9696:
9692:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9658:
9656:
9652:
9640:
9637:
9636:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9609:
9608:
9605:
9601:
9598:
9597:
9596:
9593:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9559:Electron beam
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9521:
9511:
9510:Orbital x-ray
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9406:
9405:Bronchography
9403:
9402:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9377:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9340:
9335:
9333:
9328:
9326:
9321:
9320:
9317:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9274:
9271:
9268:
9264:
9261:
9258:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9242:
9241:
9230:
9224:
9220:
9219:
9213:
9209:
9203:
9199:
9198:
9192:
9188:
9182:
9178:
9177:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9083:
9079:
9073:
9069:
9064:
9060:
9054:
9050:
9049:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9016:(2): 207–13.
9015:
9011:
9006:
9002:
8996:
8992:
8987:
8983:
8977:
8974:. CRC Press.
8973:
8968:
8964:
8958:
8954:
8949:
8945:
8939:
8935:
8930:
8926:
8920:
8916:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8868:
8864:
8858:
8854:
8849:
8845:
8839:
8835:
8830:
8826:
8820:
8817:. Wiley-VCH.
8816:
8811:
8810:
8788:
8784:
8778:
8770:
8768:9780199792955
8764:
8760:
8756:
8755:
8747:
8739:
8735:
8728:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8693:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8642:
8634:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8593:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8550:
8548:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8512:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8465:Zoomorphology
8459:
8451:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8418:
8409:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8385:
8383:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8272:
8264:
8260:
8254:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8232:
8224:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8183:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8126:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8091:
8075:
8071:
8065:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8022:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7987:
7979:
7973:
7965:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7916:
7908:
7902:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7845:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7790:
7782:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7725:
7711:on 2022-03-05
7710:
7706:
7704:9783527696017
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7679:
7664:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7644:
7636:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7546:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7526:9780128170571
7522:
7517:
7512:
7508:
7501:
7499:
7489:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7447:
7438:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7412:(5): 952–62.
7411:
7407:
7403:
7396:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7314:(2): 712–24.
7313:
7309:
7308:FASEB Journal
7305:
7298:
7290:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7249:
7241:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7214:(1): 464–73.
7213:
7209:
7208:FASEB Journal
7205:
7198:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7165:(3): 713–22.
7164:
7160:
7156:
7149:
7141:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7116:(2): 163–79.
7115:
7111:
7107:
7100:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7077:(7): 557–66.
7076:
7072:
7065:
7057:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7014:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6973:(1): 120–31.
6972:
6968:
6964:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6934:(1): 117–19.
6933:
6929:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6899:(3): 648–53.
6898:
6894:
6887:
6873:on 2018-09-20
6872:
6868:
6862:
6854:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6813:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6782:(6): 956–65.
6781:
6777:
6770:
6762:
6760:9781414498881
6756:
6751:
6750:
6741:
6733:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6716:(5): 735–48.
6715:
6711:
6707:
6700:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6651:
6649:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6604:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6563:(4): 933–44.
6562:
6558:
6551:
6543:
6537:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6506:(4): 628–32.
6505:
6501:
6494:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6443:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6416:(3): 330–45.
6415:
6411:
6407:
6400:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6330:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6274:
6258:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6208:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6181:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6154:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6128:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6007:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5980:
5978:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5849:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5822:
5820:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5779:
5775:
5768:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5741:
5727:
5720:
5718:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5678:Radiographics
5675:
5668:
5666:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5638:
5636:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5557:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5493:on 2016-03-05
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5456:on 2017-05-10
5455:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5407:
5393:on 2012-07-19
5392:
5388:
5382:
5364:
5358:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5265:(11): 905–6.
5264:
5260:
5253:
5246:. 2018-05-16.
5245:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5224:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5181:on 2006-09-29
5180:
5176:
5175:guideline.gov
5172:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4960:(2): 333–48.
4959:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4827:RadioGraphics
4824:
4817:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4515:
4506:
4500:
4492:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4235:on 2017-07-12
4231:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4199:10.3791/60216
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4117:on 2012-09-07
4113:
4109:
4103:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3973:
3967:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3887:on 2017-05-10
3886:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3844:
3833:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2929:semiconductor
2925:
2923:
2920:'s work into
2919:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2819:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:low back pain
2791:
2790:Overdiagnosis
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:MRI sequences
2617:
2616:MRI sequences
2607:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2460:instruments.
2459:
2458:ferromagnetic
2455:
2449:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2367:
2366:Real-time MRI
2358:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:Detection of
2248:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:Detection of
2208:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:may indicate
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:Effective T2
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:Gradient echo
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:Joint disease
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1470:MRI sequences
1461:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:United States
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1430:United States
1428:(FDA) in the
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:complexes of
1404:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:intravenously
1368:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Hepatobiliary
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:disease, and
1249:
1245:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:iron overload
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:methemoglobin
985:
981:
978:
976:
972:
971:calcification
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
952:
951:calcification
948:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
915:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
902:
900:
897:
896:
893:
889:
886:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
865:
862:
859:
858:methemoglobin
855:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
828:
823:
821:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
760:
759:
756:
754:
749:
738:
736:
720:
717:
714:
708:
705:
701:
671:
668:
665:
659:
656:
652:
626:
618:
617:Magnetization
614:
611:
610:nuclear spins
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
575:post-contrast
572:
564:
556:
543:
536:
531:
523:
518:
508:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
488:liquid helium
485:
480:
476:
472:
465:
463:
439:
419:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
331:
326:
311:
309:
308:overdiagnosis
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:Diffusion MRI
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:atomic nuclei
229:
224:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:physiological
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
74:
71:
67:
66:Para-sagittal
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
10746:Biomagnetics
10620:
10584:oxypnictides
10519:conventional
10458:superstripes
10403:flux pumping
10398:flux pinning
10393:Cooper pairs
10217:Acute stroke
10183:Thermography
9938:scintigraphy
9928:Radionuclide
9916:pre-hospital
9762:Tractography
9694:
9681:Radiodensity
9583:calcium scan
9544:Quantitative
9266:
9249:
9217:
9196:
9175:
9141:
9137:
9127:
9093:(5): 78–88.
9090:
9086:
9070:. Elsevier.
9067:
9047:
9013:
9009:
8990:
8971:
8970:Jin (1998).
8952:
8933:
8914:
8879:
8875:
8852:
8833:
8814:
8791:. Retrieved
8777:
8753:
8746:
8737:
8727:
8702:
8698:
8692:
8651:
8647:
8641:
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8602:
8592:
8562:(1): 56–66.
8559:
8555:
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8511:
8468:
8464:
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8431:
8427:
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8398:
8394:
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8324:
8292:: 998–1007.
8285:
8281:
8271:
8253:
8245:The Guardian
8244:
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8196:
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8182:
8139:
8135:
8125:
8100:
8096:
8090:
8078:. Retrieved
8074:the original
8064:
8031:
8027:
8021:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7972:cite journal
7929:
7925:
7915:
7901:cite journal
7869:(1): 71–81.
7866:
7862:
7852:
7838:cite journal
7806:(2): 320–9.
7803:
7799:
7789:
7775:cite journal
7738:
7735:Front Neurol
7734:
7724:
7713:. Retrieved
7709:the original
7685:
7678:
7667:. Retrieved
7653:
7643:
7606:
7602:
7592:
7559:
7555:
7545:
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6970:
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6956:
6931:
6927:
6921:
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6892:
6886:
6875:. Retrieved
6871:the original
6861:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6748:
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6713:
6709:
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6499:
6493:
6463:(3): 304–9.
6460:
6456:
6450:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6345:. Retrieved
6339:
6329:
6318:. Retrieved
6312:
6289:. Retrieved
6283:
6273:
6261:. Retrieved
6250:
6220:(1): 28–39.
6217:
6213:
6207:
6196:. Retrieved
6190:
6185:Gaillard F.
6180:
6169:. Retrieved
6163:
6158:Gaillard F.
6153:
6142:. Retrieved
6136:
6127:
6093:(3): 63–74.
6090:
6086:
6076:
6065:. Retrieved
6059:
6054:Gaillard F.
6049:
6019:(1): 83–92.
6016:
6012:
6006:
5995:. Retrieved
5989:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5916:. Retrieved
5912:
5902:
5891:. Retrieved
5885:
5875:
5864:. Retrieved
5858:
5848:
5837:. Retrieved
5831:
5807:. Retrieved
5803:
5793:
5782:. Retrieved
5777:
5767:
5756:. Retrieved
5750:
5740:
5729:. Retrieved
5681:
5677:
5653:. Retrieved
5647:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5572:. Retrieved
5566:
5556:
5536:
5530:
5519:. Retrieved
5506:
5495:. Retrieved
5491:the original
5481:Johnson KA.
5458:. Retrieved
5454:the original
5422:. Retrieved
5416:
5406:
5395:. Retrieved
5391:the original
5381:
5370:. Retrieved
5357:
5348:
5344:
5335:
5327:the original
5322:
5313:
5301:. Retrieved
5296:
5287:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5240:
5231:
5204:
5194:
5183:. Retrieved
5179:the original
5174:
5165:
5141:(4): 847–9.
5138:
5134:
5124:
5115:
5105:
5086:
5080:
5045:
5041:
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4992:
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4957:
4953:
4947:
4925:(1): 42–53.
4922:
4918:
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4873:
4863:
4830:
4826:
4816:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4728:
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4714:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4654:. Saunders.
4651:
4645:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4547:. Retrieved
4527:
4499:
4485:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4315:
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4301:
4292:
4286:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4237:. Retrieved
4230:the original
4216:
4189:
4179:
4144:
4141:The Prostate
4140:
4130:
4119:. Retrieved
4112:the original
4093:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4062:
4027:. Retrieved
4020:the original
4011:
3976:. Retrieved
3966:
3955:. Retrieved
3932:Johnson KA.
3889:. Retrieved
3885:the original
3849:
3843:
3826:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3600:the original
3593:
3584:
3562:(4): 777–8.
3559:
3555:
3549:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3426:. Retrieved
3422:
3412:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3341:
3328:
3317:. Retrieved
3313:
3304:
3293:. Retrieved
3289:
3280:
3261:
3225:
3220:
3185:
3181:
3167:
3150:
3146:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3093:
3034:
2939:on a single
2927:Advances in
2926:
2916:
2899:
2889:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2827:MRI artifact
2824:
2813:MRI artifact
2793:
2766:hearing loss
2759:
2752:
2712:
2693:
2678:
2671:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2613:
2610:Parallel MRI
2600:
2583:
2568:
2564:
2516:nuclear spin
2505:
2478:
2462:
2451:
2408:
2325:
2314:
2299:
2261:(pictured).
2237:
2197:
2188:
2156:
2144:
2112:
2097:
2053:
2042:
2002:tractography
1995:
1980:(pictured).
1968:
1951:(pictured).
1935:
1932:Conventional
1926:
1901:white matter
1890:
1851:
1832:Shin splints
1810:
1780:
1751:
1747:or "T2-star"
1728:Creation of
1720:
1695:. (pictured)
1688:and injury.
1669:
1650:
1645:paramagnetic
1622:
1603:
1595:paramagnetic
1574:inflammation
1538:
1489:
1476:MRI sequence
1473:
1455:
1423:
1400:
1363:
1350:
1346:
1334:paramagnetic
1319:
1269:
1260:
1241:
1195:
1172:
1169:
1165:neuroimaging
1153:radiosurgery
1120:, including
1114:white matter
1095:
1090:white matter
1080:Neuroimaging
1068:Neuroimaging
1051:
1033:
980:Paramagnetic
933:inflammation
898:
890:darker than
888:White matter
883:white matter
881:darker than
874:Intermediate
873:
845:inflammation
799:Paramagnetic
772:
767:T2-weighted
750:
739:
615:
603:
555:spin-lattice
548:
496:portable MRI
478:
468:
459:
395:
337:
281:
269:nuclear spin
225:
201:
157:MRI scanners
136:
132:
131:
43:
10443:SU(2) color
10423:Homes's law
10106:Cardiac PET
9879:renal tract
9854:Gynecologic
9786:Techniques
9757:restriction
9732:Angiography
9715:Neurography
9661:Fluoroscopy
9607:Angiography
9588:angiography
9532:Techniques:
9493:Aortography
9483:Angiography
9463:Cystography
9453:Mammography
9395:Myelography
9390:Sialography
9359:radiography
8080:10 November
7654:Radiopaedia
7030:: 224–231.
6341:Radiopaedia
6285:Radiopaedia
6192:Radiopaedia
6165:Radiopaedia
6061:Radiopaedia
5991:Radiopaedia
5913:XRayPhysics
5887:Radiopaedia
5860:Radiopaedia
5833:Radiopaedia
5752:Radiopaedia
5649:Radiopaedia
5600:: 8329296.
5568:Radiopaedia
5418:Radiopaedia
4369:(1): 14–8.
4318:(6): e642.
4280:(1): 49–53.
3978:17 November
3454:: 509–531.
2937:transistors
2890:In 1971 at
2870:parenchymal
2774:hyperacusis
2399:vocal tract
2357:human heart
2305:metabolites
2161:Changes in
2062:injection.
1940:Measure of
1875:(pictured).
1761:hemosiderin
1730:cardiac MRI
1618:T2 weighted
1534:T1 weighted
1443:gadodiamide
1411:very stable
1403:octadentate
1322:angiography
1302:Angiography
1238:Spinal fMRI
1218:myocarditis
1157:N-localizer
1046:Radiologist
1017:Diagnostics
1000:hemosiderin
892:grey matter
879:Gray matter
803:diamagnetic
764:T1-weighted
535:PD-weighted
406:homogeneity
356:oscillating
348:MRI scanner
165:radio waves
159:use strong
118:MedlinePlus
10751:Cryogenics
10720:Categories
10579:iron-based
10438:reentrance
10019:Full body:
9805:endoscopic
9779:Ultrasound
9708:functional
9505:Lymphogram
9500:Venography
9468:Arthrogram
7741:: 640239.
7715:2022-03-06
7669:2021-11-24
7603:Radiol Med
6877:2017-07-26
6570:1802.03070
6347:2017-10-15
6320:2017-10-15
6291:2017-10-16
6198:2017-10-15
6171:2017-10-15
6144:2017-10-27
6067:2017-10-14
5997:2017-10-13
5918:2017-10-15
5907:Hammer M.
5893:2017-10-15
5866:2017-10-13
5839:2017-10-13
5809:2015-12-03
5784:2017-10-13
5758:2017-10-13
5731:2017-10-15
5655:2017-10-13
5574:2017-01-13
5521:2021-05-18
5497:2016-03-14
5460:2016-03-14
5424:2017-10-15
5397:2010-08-02
5372:2010-08-02
5185:2006-11-22
4549:2024-06-19
4239:2013-11-10
4121:2014-05-29
4076:August 14,
4029:August 14,
3957:2016-03-14
3891:2016-03-14
3448:NeuroImage
3428:2022-08-16
3319:2022-08-16
3295:2024-09-16
3290:Cancer.gov
3074:References
3062:Sodium MRI
3052:Rabi cycle
2788:See also:
2743:trimesters
2649:T2-mapping
2544:phosphorus
2500:See also:
2430:arrhythmia
2310:metabolism
2259:dissection
2219:dissection
2167:hemoglobin
1873:meningitis
1647:substances
1627:Measuring
1582:hemorrhage
1570:infarction
1543:Measuring
1458:gadoxetate
1387:gadolinium
1338:gadolinium
1283:bile ducts
1202:cardiac CT
1106:cerebellum
1078:See also:
941:hemorrhage
929:infarction
841:infarction
807:gadolinium
462:media help
402:shim coils
277:relaxation
230:. Certain
195:, such as
10761:Radiology
10376:Phenomena
10222:Pregnancy
10101:Brain PET
10069:gamma ray
10005:DMSA scan
9859:Obstetric
9752:diffusion
9747:Sequences
9725:perfusion
9617:Pulmonary
9564:Cone beam
9458:Pyelogram
9166:235691786
9128:TRTF/EMRF
9051:. Wiley.
8836:. Wiley.
8676:0028-0836
8495:0720-213X
8401:(2): 13.
8357:1053-1807
8156:0007-1285
7536:234995365
6683:0302-9743
6457:Onkologie
6391:195806833
6255:Chou Ih.
4954:Radiology
4847:0271-5333
4706:233314102
4477:244907903
3720:119160258
3695:0705.0661
3541:242194782
3533:0953-2048
3470:1053-8119
3037:(journal)
2874:pathology
2855:species.
2807:Artifacts
2548:xenon-129
2536:oxygen-17
2528:carbon-13
2524:lithium-7
2418:FLASH MRI
2340:Real-time
1834:pictured:
1578:infection
1553:echo time
1551:(TR) and
1529:Spin echo
1480:T1 and T2
1464:Sequences
1367:exogenous
1342:FLASH MRI
1330:aneurysms
1102:brainstem
937:infection
866:Pathology
849:infection
811:manganese
583:echo time
563:spin-spin
537:MRI scans
511:T1 and T2
420:, England
388:Exogenous
360:resonance
314:Mechanism
179:(CT) and
145:radiology
73:artifacts
10611:cryotron
10569:cuprates
10564:covalent
10321:Matthias
10289:Theories
10240:Category
10092:positron
9612:Coronary
9158:34481707
9038:11384182
8906:15191954
8787:Archived
8633:24191122
8584:59304740
8576:30686369
8538:26979538
8503:43555012
8450:17175554
8373:20684100
8365:11169836
8316:25245904
8308:26483127
8223:32812280
8174:34415199
8070:"iRefer"
8056:73412175
8048:30701610
8013:57880401
7964:23486058
7893:24244167
7885:22378141
7830:11617224
7822:18666127
7767:33763021
7635:34008045
7584:23647168
7576:27354273
7488:14724155
7479:12111967
7437:16046989
7428:10542355
7387:17505246
7340:23150521
7289:19295156
7240:24115049
7189:17234603
7140:23335551
7091:20541655
7056:31054448
7005:14022996
6853:19443583
6804:11944489
6732:10369339
6691:16840737
6595:16276001
6528:32536398
6520:12218832
6485:20644834
6477:15249722
6442:17599700
6383:31273880
6263:9 August
6259:. Nature
6234:18654999
6119:22468186
6041:24731783
6033:18180656
5968:21454821
5708:19755604
5626:27057352
5303:12 March
5279:17018301
5072:24048799
5064:22807222
5023:19936754
4974:22821694
4939:20566796
4904:22334493
4808:28611728
4757:17554538
4698:33881569
4637:17412166
4601:28178995
4544:38657097
4469:34863809
4344:27462476
4208:31657791
4171:30807665
3818:25975847
3769:40026232
3761:22807201
3667:15141077
3606:15 April
3478:28179167
3404:53153608
3396:30382222
3346:Archived
3228:. 2009.
3212:22692172
3067:Virtopsy
2951:See also
2862:Forensic
2770:tinnitus
2727:shrapnel
2546:-31 and
2532:fluorine
2520:helium-3
2489:ablation
2424:and the
2255:stenosis
2251:aneurysm
2215:stenosis
2211:aneurysm
2076:penumbra
2022:dementia
2016:Reduced
1523:Example
1509:Sequence
1451:dialysis
1383:chelates
1326:stenosis
1296:secretin
1279:pancreas
1142:epilepsy
1126:dementia
1104:and the
996:ferritin
975:fibrosis
856:located
595:prostate
340:hydrogen
221:implants
212:contrast
151:and the
92:ICD-9-CM
82:Synonyms
70:aliasing
10705:more...
10589:organic
10139:Optical
10121:PET-MRI
9901:Carotid
9896:Scrotal
9790:doppler
9720:Cardiac
9629:Thyroid
9573:Targets
9524:CT scan
9115:7079720
9095:Bibcode
9018:Bibcode
8793:28 July
8707:Bibcode
8684:4176060
8656:Bibcode
8624:4067017
8265:. 2016.
8214:7722025
8165:9327752
8117:9084025
7955:3602925
7934:Bibcode
7758:7982527
7626:8292236
7379:9324327
7331:3545538
7280:2726707
7231:3868842
7180:2647966
7131:4011496
7047:6609924
6997:9245367
6975:Bibcode
6936:Bibcode
6901:Bibcode
6844:2719757
6796:1430448
6723:7056143
6631:J Frahm
6609:J Frahm
6575:Bibcode
6433:7479727
6242:5305422
6110:3314930
5959:3384724
5699:2799958
5617:4766355
5323:fda.gov
5157:8819369
5014:2850516
4895:3281562
4855:9821197
4799:5447676
4782:: 232.
4748:2042033
4592:5304550
4428:3329837
4393:3882889
4384:1028176
4335:4959822
4192:(152).
4162:6618051
3809:4537356
3700:Bibcode
3635:Bibcode
3576:2107675
3513:Bibcode
3486:4054160
3376:Bibcode
3203:3859870
2880:History
2866:autopsy
2784:Overuse
2733:in the
2508:nucleus
2403:singing
2153:imaging
2125:bolus.
2000:Mainly
1640:signal.
1517:Physics
1054:staging
1004:melanin
824:Anatomy
788:Melanin
471:uniform
364:excited
288:mummies
208:staging
149:anatomy
139:) is a
110:D008279
32:CT scan
10482:Types
10316:London
10116:PET-CT
9891:Breast
9886:Rectal
9810:duplex
9742:Breast
9579:Heart
9225:
9204:
9183:
9164:
9156:
9113:
9074:
9055:
9036:
8997:
8978:
8959:
8940:
8921:
8904:
8897:421763
8894:
8859:
8840:
8821:
8765:
8682:
8674:
8648:Nature
8631:
8621:
8582:
8574:
8536:
8501:
8493:
8448:
8371:
8363:
8355:
8314:
8306:
8221:
8211:
8172:
8162:
8154:
8115:
8054:
8046:
8011:
7999:(10).
7962:
7952:
7926:Nature
7891:
7883:
7828:
7820:
7765:
7755:
7701:
7633:
7623:
7582:
7574:
7533:
7523:
7485:
7477:
7434:
7426:
7385:
7377:
7338:
7328:
7287:
7277:
7238:
7228:
7187:
7177:
7138:
7128:
7089:
7054:
7044:
7003:
6995:
6851:
6841:
6802:
6794:
6757:
6730:
6720:
6689:
6681:
6671:
6593:
6526:
6518:
6483:
6475:
6440:
6430:
6389:
6381:
6240:
6232:
6117:
6107:
6039:
6031:
5966:
5956:
5938:Stroke
5706:
5696:
5624:
5614:
5543:
5277:
5219:
5155:
5093:
5070:
5062:
5021:
5011:
4972:
4937:
4902:
4892:
4853:
4845:
4806:
4796:
4755:
4745:
4704:
4696:
4658:
4635:
4599:
4589:
4542:
4475:
4467:
4426:
4391:
4381:
4342:
4332:
4312:Cureus
4206:
4169:
4159:
4104:
3816:
3806:
3767:
3759:
3718:
3665:
3658:419521
3655:
3574:
3539:
3531:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3402:
3394:
3368:Nature
3268:
3240:
3210:
3200:
3125:
3009:Jemris
2900:Nature
2799:; the
2703:Safety
2592:teslas
2540:sodium
2422:joints
2401:while
2238:PC-MRA
1555:(TE).
1375:orally
1281:, and
1204:, and
1146:guided
1092:tracts
1058:rectal
947:proton
815:copper
761:Signal
599:uterus
505:SQUIDs
479:3T MRI
475:teslas
418:Tipton
398:magnet
344:proton
249:masers
169:X-rays
124:003335
10695:TBCCO
10667:BSCCO
10646:wires
10641:SQUID
10143:Laser
10065:SPECT
9874:renal
9703:Brain
9654:Other
9354:X-ray
9162:S2CID
8680:S2CID
8580:S2CID
8499:S2CID
8369:S2CID
8312:S2CID
8288:(4).
8052:S2CID
8009:S2CID
7889:S2CID
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