1474:
193:
1282:. The DPS-6 and GCOS was a well-regarded and reliable platform for inventory, accounting, word processing, and vertical market applications, such as banking, where it had a sizeable customer base. In contrast, the full potential of Multics’ flexibility for even mundane tasks was not easy to comprehend in that era and its features were generally outside the skill set of contemporary business analysts. The scope of this disconnect was concretized by an anecdote conveyed by Paul Stachour, CNO/CSC:
4037:
3147:
2914:
43:
525:, in which a running process can make external routines available by adding the segments containing them to its address space. This allows applications to always use the latest version of any external routine, since those routines are kept in other segments, which are dynamically linked only when a process first attempts to begin execution in them. Since different processes can use different
52:
1238:, author of a book covering Unix's early years, stated one position: "With Multics they tried to have a much more versatile and flexible operating system, and it failed miserably". This position, however, is said to have been discredited in the computing community because many of Multics' technical innovations are used in modern commercial computing systems.
2785:, University of Minnesota. Multics development records include the second MULTICS System Programmers Manual; MULTICS Technical Bulletins that describe procedures, applications, and problems, especially concerning security; and returned "Request for Comments Forms" that include technical papers and thesis proposals.
529:, different users can end up using different versions of external routines. Equally importantly, with the appropriate settings in the Multics security facilities, the code in the other segment can gain access to data structures maintained in a different process. Dynamic linking in Multics does not require special
626:
Services Center (AFDSC) processing classified information. To avoid guessable passwords, the AFDSC decided to assign passwords but concluded the manual assignment required too much administrative overhead. Thus, a random word generator was researched and then developed in PL/I. Instead of being based on
1364:
of
Multics, further underscoring the designers' rejections of Multics' complexity in favor of a more straightforward and workable approach for smaller computers. (Garfinkel and Abelson cite an alternative origin: Peter Neumann at Bell Labs, watching a demonstration of the prototype, suggested the pun
1286:
When
American Telephone and Telegraph was changing its name to just AT&T in 1983, a staffer from Honeywell’s legal department showed up and asked a Multician if he could arrange to have the name changed in all of their computerized documents. When asked when the process could be completed, the
682:
that
Multics already possessed. The resulting Project Guardian ran until termination in 1976; whilst most of its changes were not added to Multics, some parts of the project such as the proposed Secure Front End Processor was productized by Honeywell as SCOMP (Secure Communications Processor). The
625:
The deployment of
Multics into secure computing environments also spurred the development of innovative supporting applications. In 1975, Morrie Gasser of MITRE Corporation developed a pronounceable random word generator to address password requirements of installations such as the Air Force Data
560:
system into two separate systems during off-hours by incrementally removing enough components to form a second working system, leaving the rest still running for the original logged-in users. System software development testing could be done on the second system, then the components of the second
383:
computer, which was specially designed for it; the first one was delivered to MIT in
January 1967. GE offered their earlier 635 systems with an early timesharing system known as "Mark I" and intended to offer the 645 with Multics as a larger successor. Bell withdrew from the project in 1969 as it
1138:
language supports "active functions", which are similar to commands, but which return a string value. An active function is called by putting the active function name and the arguments to the active function in square brackets . The string returned by the active function is substituted into the
1372:
Ken
Thompson, in a transcribed 2007 interview with Peter Seibel refers to Multics as "overdesigned and overbuilt and over everything. It was close to unusable. They still claim it's a monstrous success, but it just clearly wasn't". On the influence of Multics on Unix, Thompson stated that "the
755:
In 2014, Multics was successfully run on current hardware using an emulator created by
Multicians Harry Reed and Charles Anthony. The 1.0 release of the emulator is available as of 2017. Release 12.6f of Multics accompanies the 1.0 release of the emulator, and adds a few new features, including
544:
instruction to a code segment to which it had dynamically linked (a code segment that implemented some operation associated with the daemon). The code in that segment can then modify data maintained and used in the daemon. When the action necessary to commence the request is completed, a simple
418:
despite its faults. Its most lasting effect on the computer industry was to inspire the creation of Unix, which carried forward many
Multics features, but was able to run on less-expensive hardware. Unix was developed at Bell to allow their Multics team to continue their research using smaller
690:
Honeywell continued system development until 1985. About 80 multimillion-dollar sites were installed, at universities, industry, and government sites. The French university system had several installations in the early 1980s. After
Honeywell stopped supporting Multics, users migrated to other
2723:(IBM, 2002) is an interesting retrospective which compares actual deployed security in today's hostile environment with what was demonstrated to be possible decades ago. It concludes that Multics offered considerably stronger security than most systems commercially available in 2002.
518:, because Multics hardware had 18-bit word addresses for the content of a segment. Larger files are "multisegment files" and are handled differently. The 256 kW limit was rarely encountered in practice, because at the time, one megabyte of memory was prohibitively expensive.
1329:, and the naming of some commands. But the internal design philosophy is quite different, focusing on keeping the system small and simple, and so correcting some perceived deficiencies of Multics because of its high resource demands on the limited computer hardware of the time.
630:, the system employed phonemic segments (second order approximations of English) and other rules to enhance pronounceability and randomness, which was statistically modeled against other approaches. A descendant of this generator was added to Multics during Project Guardian.
1419:) is very strongly influenced by Multics, and both its external user interface and internal structure bear many close resemblances to the older project. The high-reliability, availability, and security features of Multics are extended in Stratus VOS to support a new line of
436:
1273:
During its commercial product history, it was often commented internally that the
Honeywell Information Systems (HIS) (later Honeywell-Bull) sales and marketing staff were more familiar with and comfortable making the business case for Honeywell's other computer line, the
587:, and file names can be of almost arbitrary length and syntax. A given file or directory can have multiple names (typically a long and short form), and symbolic links between directories are also supported. Multics is the first to use the now-standard concept of per-
410:
on every file provide flexible information sharing, but complete privacy when needed. Multics has a number of standard mechanisms to allow engineers to analyze the performance of the system, as well as a number of adaptive performance optimization mechanisms.
1255:, user commands, and subroutine libraries, consists of about 1500 source modules. These average roughly 200 lines of source code each, and compile to a total of roughly 4.5 MiB of procedure code, which was fairly large by the standards of the day.
2542:
2535:
661:
system. Multics development continued at MIT and General Electric. At MIT in 1975, use of Multics was declining and did not recover by 1976 to prior levels. Finally by slashing prices, MIT managed to lure users back to Multics in 1978.
669:
for Multics. This would involve reducing the size of the Multics hardcore by moving specific components of the supervisor out of Ring 0. One of the initial steps after carrying out a security evaluation was the implementation of a
406:. Modular hardware structure and software architecture are used to achieve this. The system can grow in size by simply adding more of the appropriate resource, be it computing power, main memory, or disk storage. Separate
556:, memory banks, disk drives, etc. can be added and removed while the system continues operating. At the MIT system, where most early software development was done, it was common practice to split the
580:. A US Air Force tiger team project tested Multics security in 1973 under the codeword ZARF. On 28 May 1997, the American National Security Agency declassified this use of the codeword ZARF.
1447:
The protection architecture of Multics, restricting the ability of code at one level of the system to access resources at another, was adopted as the basis for the security features of
1158:
Some programs can act either as commands or as active functions; when run as a command, its result is printed, and when run as an active function, its result is returned as a string.
1462:(EMAS) draws particularly on the one-level store concept used by Multics, providing access to files only by mapping them into memory. All memory space is associated with a segment.
1373:
things that I liked enough (about Multics) to actually take were the hierarchical file system and the shell — a separate process that you can replace with some other process".
1266:
for short standard code sequences, which makes comparison of object code size with modern systems less useful. High code density is a good optimisation choice for Multics as a
568:
from the outset. Despite this, early versions of Multics were compromised repeatedly. This led to further work that made the system more secure, and prefigured modern
2574:(MIT Press, 1972) is the standard work on the system, although it documents an early version, and some features described therein never appeared in the actual system.
2752:
discusses numerous myths about Multics in some detail, including the myths that it failed, that it was big and slow, as well as a few understandable misapprehensions
2710:
384:
became clear it would not deliver a working system in the short term. Shortly thereafter, GE decided to exit the computer industry entirely and sold the division to
2598:
561:
system were added back to the main user system, without ever having shut it down. Multics supports multiple CPUs; it is one of the earliest multiprocessor systems.
3801:
4102:
2403:
Garfinkel, Simson and Abelson, Harold. Architects of the Information Society: Thirty-Five Years of the Laboratory for Computer Science at MIT. MIT Press, 1999.
1291:
of documents updated. The Multician explained that he had executed a global search and replace as the staffer was speaking, and the task was in fact completed.
1748:. Introduction to Multics", MAC TR-123 (Report). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Honeywell Information Systems Inc. pp. 2–41
3699:
1975:
1932:
1889:
2602:(MIT Project MAC, June 1966) is the original description of the idea of switching kernel stacks; one of the classic papers of computer science.
1248:
had 512 kilowords of memory (2 MiB), a truly enormous amount at the time, and the kernel used a moderate portion of Multics main memory.
4092:
3794:
1241:
The permanently resident kernel of Multics, a system derided in its day as being too large and complex, was 135 KB of code. The first
2798:
2485:
The literature contains a large number of papers about Multics, and various components of it; a fairly complete list is available at the
1408:
operating systems, sometimes called "Multics in a matchbox", extends the Multics design to a networked graphics workstation environment.
695:
615:
2808:
2560:
744:
In 2006 Bull HN released the source code for MR12.5, the final 1992 Multics release, to MIT. Most of the system is now available as
4087:
2648:
2059:
646:
system. GE's computer business, including Multics, was taken over by Honeywell in 1970; around 1973, Multics was supported on the
4107:
4082:
4041:
3787:
3763:
733:
4097:
3440:
3087:
1279:
1091:
2245:
2958:
2883:
2392:
2338:
1508:
360:
352:. Nathan Gregory writes that Multics "has influenced all modern operating systems since, from microcomputers to mainframes."
67:
4112:
3897:
3758:
3742:
3704:
3102:
2302:
1479:
1434:
2828:
2527:(AFIPS, 1972) is an excellent review, written after a considerable period of use and improvement over the initial efforts.
1842:
1654:
Dennis M. Ritchie, "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 17, 1984, pp. 365-375.
3768:
3181:
2634:
1427:. Stratus VOS is the most directly related descendant of Multics still in active development and production usage today.
721:
released the source code of Multics versions MR10.2, MR11.0, MR12.0, MR12.1, MR12.2, MR12.3, MR12.4 & MR12.5 under a
572:
techniques. Break-ins became very rare once the second-generation hardware base was adopted; it has hardware support for
167:
2408:
3862:
2860:
1690:
699:
665:
In 1974 Honeywell entered into a development contract with the Air Force (with MIT as a sub-contractor) to develop a
3882:
3593:
3432:
1998:
This new pricing proved so attractive to many people, however, that Multics users and usage increased considerably.
1459:
3887:
3748:
1448:
657:
Bell Labs pulled out of the project in 1969; some of the people who had worked on it there went on to create the
2698:, September 1975) describes the fundamentals behind the first round of security upgrades; another classic paper.
472:(CPU) instructions, and the operating system takes care of making sure that all the modifications were saved to
3857:
3445:
3133:
1377:
310:
4002:
3972:
3892:
3877:
3824:
3064:
2973:
1487:
986:
75:
1982:
1947:
1904:
3709:
679:
158:
1841:. Bedford, MA: Electronic Systems Division, Air Force Systems Command, USAF. November 1975. ESD-TR-75-97.
1742:
3952:
3842:
2564:(MIT Project MAC, 1974) is a considerably longer introduction to the system, geared towards actual users.
2223:
1174:
1166:
138:
4072:
3557:
1920:
Use of the Multics service, operated on the Honeywell 6180 system, declined...a decrease of 15 percent.
946:
537:
2678:(Air Force Electronic Systems Division, 1974) describes the classic attacks on Multics security by a "
3678:
3260:
3092:
3044:
2782:
595:
254:
234:
2774:
Open source emulator for the GE Large Systems / Honeywell / Bull 600/6000‑series mainframe computers
3962:
3902:
3872:
2835: (archived 2021-01-14), a critical review of Multicians.org, plus a capsule history of Multics.
1438:
1318:
960:
683:
SCOMP and it's STOP operating system would eventually evolved via XTS-200 and XTS-300 into current
675:
584:
573:
356:
3837:
3174:
1680:
1322:
553:
469:
17:
4067:
3987:
3922:
3480:
2818:
2714:(MIT LCS, 1978) describes the security upgrades added to produce an even more improved version.
1424:
769:
591:
284:
2933:
2581:
2497:
2076:
391:
Multics has numerous features intended to ensure high availability so that it would support a
4007:
3947:
3638:
2853:
2643:
921:
647:
222:
2823:
2615:(AFIPS, 1965) describes the file system, including the access control and backup mechanisms.
2472:
a good case can be made that UNIX is in essence a modern implementation of MIT's CTSS system
2152:
3350:
2988:
1416:
569:
530:
297:
86:
2333:(Reprinted with corrections Jan. 1995. ed.). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
694:
In 1985, Multics was issued certification as a B2 level secure operating system using the
533:; a program can dynamically link to any executable segment to which it has access rights.
8:
3967:
3485:
3355:
3325:
3028:
2802:
2577:
2433:
1569:
765:
671:
588:
407:
368:
192:
4077:
3390:
3320:
3310:
3290:
3167:
2719:
2674:
2490:
1513:
1048:
907:
729:
545:
procedure return instruction returns control of the user's process to the user's code.
444:
349:
3753:
3658:
3515:
3465:
3255:
3219:
3008:
2963:
2701:
2685:
2593:
2555:
2501:
2404:
2388:
2334:
1686:
1559:
1539:
1326:
1275:
1224:
1148:
1135:
854:
791:
599:
565:
414:
Due to its many novel and valuable ideas, Multics has had a significant influence on
392:
240:
95:
2355:
2010:
1369:" – as a "castrated Multics", although Dennis Ritchie is said to have denied this.)
1139:
command in place of the call to the active function. For example, when the command
507:; this includes the temporary scratch memory of the process, its kernel stack, etc.
4062:
3937:
3813:
3490:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3405:
3300:
3150:
3003:
2978:
2943:
2893:
2846:
2606:
2567:
2425:
2288:
2041:
1549:
1524:
1519:
1492:
1115:
457:
415:
372:
345:
291:
208:
203:
71:
2462:
3779:
3648:
3500:
3495:
3240:
3209:
2968:
2832:
2812:
2655:
1544:
1401:
1397:
666:
651:
526:
460:
2153:"(email) Re: [dps8m-developers] Multiprocessor and/or networked Multics"
2126:
1785:
674:
framework within Multics called AIM (Access Isolation Mechanism). This provided
464:. The memory of a process consists solely of segments that were mapped into its
3653:
3623:
3603:
3588:
3562:
3525:
3375:
3330:
3315:
2993:
2953:
2938:
2928:
2531:
2458:
2437:
2384:
2029:
1835:
1556:
1497:
1430:
1420:
1389:
1314:
1235:
1189:
1063:
809:
598:, with a separate stack for each security ring. It is also the first to have a
557:
541:
522:
403:
277:
226:
2421:
1630:
1360:
650:
machines, which included security improvements including hardware support for
4056:
3847:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3541:
3520:
3395:
3340:
3335:
3214:
3059:
3023:
3013:
2998:
2705:
2518:
2429:
1767:
901:
745:
722:
611:
465:
448:
2629:
2493:(text format). The most important and/or informative ones are listed below.
2045:
1813:, AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I) Proceedings of the November 30 – December 1, 1965
1810:
3810:
3683:
3668:
3455:
3450:
3285:
3224:
3018:
2768:
Includes extensive overview of other software systems influenced by Multics
1553:
1529:
1441:
1310:
1309:
operating system, which was originally written by two Multics programmers,
1259:
1070:
782:
549:
473:
388:
in 1970. Honeywell offered Multics commercially, but with limited success.
342:
2755:
2590:(AFIPS 1965) describes the basic internal structure of the Multics kernel.
1981:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1978. p. 450. Archived from
1963:... the demise of several Multics projects which failed to obtain funding.
1868:
1771:
1354:
3510:
3365:
3305:
3295:
3204:
3128:
3112:
2983:
2948:
2903:
2765:
2690:
1604:
1591:
1502:
1412:
892:
732:
on Honeywell hardware was shut down on October 30, 2000, at the Canadian
718:
717:, and by Bull HN Information Systems Inc. in the United States. In 2006,
710:
577:
504:
400:
364:
270:
113:
2739:
2545:, is a good introduction into systems programming and operating systems.
2486:
2101:
606:. It is also one of the first written in a high-level language (Multics
3852:
3250:
3245:
2749:
2679:
2611:
2586:
2505:
2271:
2202:
1716:
1317:. Influence of Multics on Unix is evident in many areas, including the
1267:
1251:
The entire system, including the operating system and the complex PL/I
1209:
1122:
833:
603:
62:
2793:
2760:
2387:: Reflections on the Craft of Programming. APress Publications, 2007.
3725:
3583:
3415:
3380:
3190:
3082:
2898:
2888:
2744:
2620:
2522:
1405:
860:
396:
385:
376:
266:
79:
2788:
2177:
1665:
1287:
Multician replied, "It's done." The staffer repeated that he needed
1170:- returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to the argument
3912:
3370:
3360:
3345:
3280:
1822:
1252:
515:
511:
1262:
than CPU performance, for example using small sub-routines called
321:
3982:
3977:
3932:
3410:
3400:
3385:
3097:
3054:
3049:
2773:
2662:(MIT Project MAC, 1971) describes the reconfiguration mechanisms.
1452:
1366:
974:
684:
627:
355:
Initial planning and development for Multics started in 1964, in
258:
2720:
Thirty Years Later: Lessons from the Multics Security Evaluation
2470:. Tenth Hawaii International Conference on the System Sciences.
1178:- returns the largest integer less than or equal to the argument
564:
Multics is the first major operating system to be designed as a
540:(in another process), a user's process simply performs a normal
51:
4017:
4012:
3957:
3942:
3927:
3867:
3107:
2913:
1393:
1376:
Dennis Ritchie wrote that the design of UNIX was influenced by
1245:
749:
714:
643:
639:
435:
424:
380:
262:
218:
42:
2733:
1743:"Protection and the Control of Information Sharing in Multics"
602:
implemented as ordinary user code – an idea later used in the
4022:
3992:
3917:
3673:
3598:
3578:
3505:
2511:
1563:
1202:
1195:
967:
953:
797:
768:
for common computing tasks that are supported by the Multics
706:; it was the first operating system evaluated to this level.
619:
477:
420:
3159:
2778:
1400:, a founder of the company. Poduska later moved on to found
491:, separate from the memory used to hold mapped-in files, as
3997:
2695:
2640:, 1969) describes the Multics memory system in some detail.
2637:
1594:, General Electric Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969.
1306:
993:
658:
607:
536:
Thus, to interact with an application running in part as a
492:
482:
468:. To read or write to them, the process simply uses normal
250:
91:
2838:
933:
678:
which could be enabled to supplement the already existing
447:
for data access, discarding the clear distinction between
1341:
1242:
845:
703:
756:
command line recall and editing using the video system.
2624:. Describes the lower levels of the I/O implementation.
821:
2652:
is a good in-depth look at the Multics storage system.
2030:"Scomp: A Solution to the Multilevel Security Problem"
1836:"A Random Word Generator for Pronounceable Passwords"
1811:"A general-purpose file system for secondary storage"
1711:
1709:
1151:, which is substituted into the command, so that the
868:) - move a file or directory to a different directory
775:
2660:
Dynamic Reconfiguration in a Modular Computer System
2243:
1605:"Multics License (Multics) - Open Source Initiative"
1469:
2829:
Multicians.org and the History of Operating Systems
2675:
Multics Security Evaluation: Vulnerability Analysis
2612:
A General Purpose File System for Secondary Storage
2572:
The Multics System: An Examination of Its Structure
2283:
2281:
748:with the exception of some optional pieces such as
583:Multics is the first operating system to provide a
3809:
3700:Honeywell Uranium Hexafluoride Processing Facility
1706:
1305:The design and features of Multics influenced the
56:Login screen for the BAN.AI public Multics server.
3233:
2711:Final Report of the Multics Kernel Design Project
2691:The Protection of Information in Computer Systems
2649:Multics Virtual Memory – Tutorial and Reflections
638:In 1964, Multics was developed initially for the
359:. Originally it was a cooperative project led by
4054:
2599:Traffic Control in a Multiplexed Computer System
2347:
2278:
2094:
2736:is a comprehensive site with a lot of material
2630:The Multics Virtual Memory: Concepts and Design
2507:Introduction and Overview of the Multics System
2247:Multics Commands and Active Functions (AG92-06)
1396:, was referred to as "Multics in a shoebox" by
487:ed; however, in Multics there is no concept of
4103:Massachusetts Institute of Technology software
2794:Official historical source code archive at MIT
1940:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bulletin
1897:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bulletin
1295:
1258:Multics compilers generally optimise more for
1104:- sorting and merging of text and binary files
3795:
3175:
2854:
2538:, is a fundamental read on operating systems.
2464:The Unix Time-sharing System: A retrospective
1766:
1423:computer systems supporting secure, reliable
1230:
709:Multics was distributed from 1975 to 2000 by
339:MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service
105:Mature, current, historic, emulator available
1976:"Report of the President and the Chancellor"
1772:"How the Air Force cracked Multics Security"
1516:– director of Project MAC at MIT (1968–1971)
1505:– director of Project MAC at MIT (1963–1968)
728:The last known Multics installation running
576:, a multilevel refinement of the concept of
2779:Honeywell, Inc., MULTICS records, 1965–1982
2627:A. Bensoussan, C. T. Clingen, R. C. Daley,
2514:1965) is a good introduction to the system.
696:Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria
548:Multics also supports extremely aggressive
3802:
3788:
3182:
3168:
2861:
2847:
2419:
1663:
1415:operating system of Stratus Computer (now
1383:
1213:- returns the integer part of the argument
191:
2379:
2377:
480:terminology, it is as if every file were
229:, Series-60/Level-68, DPS-8/M mainframes)
2799:Link page to various Multics information
2060:"STOP OS™ Version 7.3.1 Security Target"
1648:
1536:for the command language used in Multics
1147:is run; it returns the full path of the
1040:
764:The following is a list of programs and
434:
302:Free software Multics License since 2007
3764:List of Honeywell products and services
2457:
1946:(4): 392. November 1976. Archived from
1903:(4): 355. December 1975. Archived from
1740:
1678:
934:Compilers, assemblers, and interpreters
14:
4055:
3551:Performance materials and technologies
3441:Airplane Information Management System
3088:General Comprehensive Operating System
2809:Multics repository at Stratus Computer
2805:Web Archives (archived 2001-11-30)
2374:
2244:Honeywell Bull, Inc. (February 1985).
1823:Brian Kernighan on the origins of Unix
1734:
1586:
1584:
1155:command prints the working directory.
914:
687:offering of secure operating systems.
521:Another major new idea of Multics was
3858:Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)
3783:
3163:
2842:
2789:Current Multics development home page
2328:
2322:
2124:
2027:
2021:
1866:
1509:Robert M. Graham (computer scientist)
841:) - print the contents of a text file
4093:General Electric mainframe computers
3759:International Turbine Engine Company
3743:Honeywell, Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp.
3103:Multiple Console Time Sharing System
2549:
2353:
1741:Saltzer, Jerome H. (February 1974).
1666:"Origins and Development of TOPS-20"
1623:
1480:Free and open-source software portal
1435:Multiple Console Time Sharing System
3769:Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
2587:Structure of the Multics Supervisor
2150:
2113:Shutdown of DND-H (17:08Z 10/30/00)
2003:
1581:
1270:system with expensive main memory.
1129:
878:) - rename a file without moving it
24:
2480:
1848:from the original on April 8, 2022
1161:Some common active functions are:
1143:is processed, the active function
1077:
776:File and directory access commands
633:
25:
4124:
3572:Safety and productivity solutions
2727:
2717:Paul A. Karger, Roger R. Schell,
2672:Paul A. Karger, Roger R. Schell,
1108:
739:
736:in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
700:National Computer Security Center
439:Multics Commands reference manual
4036:
4035:
3594:Positive pressure personnel suit
3146:
3145:
2912:
2618:R. J. Feiertag, E. I. Organick,
1472:
1460:Edinburgh Multiple Access System
1352:in Unix is rumored to stand for
499:memory in the system is part of
50:
41:
4088:Free software operating systems
3873:Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS)
3749:Advanced Turbine Engine Company
3535:Honeywell building technologies
2824:Various scanned Multics manuals
2621:The Multics Input/Output System
2524:Multics – The First Seven Years
2451:
2420:Karn, Phil (October 28, 1981).
2413:
2397:
2310:. Honeywell Bull. November 1987
2295:
2264:
2237:
2216:
2195:
2170:
2144:
2118:
2069:
2052:
1968:
1925:
1882:
1860:
1828:
1816:
1809:R. C. Daley and P. G. Neumann,
1803:
1778:
1444:computer was based on Multics.
882:
4108:Time-sharing operating systems
4083:Discontinued operating systems
3134:Compatible Time-Sharing System
2517:F. J. CorbatĂł, C. T. Clingen,
2489:page and on a second, briefer
2354:Ward, Mark (August 20, 2009).
2028:Fraim, Lester J. (July 1983).
1760:
1672:
1657:
1597:
1566:system with Pouzin and Crisman
829:) - list files and directories
734:Department of National Defence
503:segment, which appears in the
430:
311:Compatible Time-Sharing System
13:
1:
4098:Honeywell mainframe computers
3825:Time-sharing system evolution
3189:
3065:Multics Relational Data Store
2819:Multics at Universitaet Mainz
1575:
1488:Time-sharing system evolution
531:Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs)
27:Time-sharing operating system
3710:Sandia National Laboratories
3331:Honeywell Turbo Technologies
2766:Multics general info and FAQ
1679:Gregory, Nathan (May 2018).
1056:
680:Discretionary access control
510:Segments are limited to 256
7:
4113:Mainframe computer software
3843:Berkeley Timesharing System
3446:Auxiliary power units (APU)
2868:
2666:
2178:"RingZero - Multics reborn"
1592:"The Multics PL/1 Compiler"
1465:
1296:Influence on other projects
759:
341:") is an influential early
143:12.8 / August 10, 2023
125:; 55 years ago
10:
4129:
2815: (archived 2002-02-19)
1289:hundreds perhaps thousands
1231:Retrospective observations
702:(NCSC), a division of the
379:. It was developed on the
348:based on the concept of a
4031:
3833:
3820:
3734:
3718:
3692:
3679:General Instrument CP1600
3616:
3571:
3550:
3534:
3431:
3424:
3273:
3197:
3143:
3121:
3073:
3037:
2921:
2910:
2876:
2783:Charles Babbage Institute
2491:1994 Multics bibliography
2331:A quarter century of UNIX
2127:"Open Source for Multics"
1933:"Report of the President"
1890:"Report of the President"
1365:name UNICS – pronounced "
618:, an expanded version of
316:
306:
290:
276:
246:
233:
214:
202:
157:
137:
119:
109:
101:
85:
61:
49:
40:
2688:, Michael D. Schroeder,
2329:Salus, Peter H. (1994).
1685:. Lulu.com. p. 66.
1552:– implemented the first
1439:Control Data Corporation
1404:, whose AEGIS and later
1319:hierarchical file system
1001:
676:Mandatory access control
585:hierarchical file system
554:central processing units
357:Cambridge, Massachusetts
3838:BBN Time-Sharing System
3296:Bunker Ramo Corporation
2561:Introduction to Multics
2102:"Multics History Dates"
2046:10.1109/MC.1983.1654440
2011:"Multics Data Security"
1562:and proposed the first
1384:Other operating systems
1300:
691:systems, such as Unix.
550:on-line reconfiguration
470:central processing unit
145:; 13 months ago
3481:Honeywell RQ-16 T-Hawk
3433:Aerospace Technologies
2304:Multics C User's Guide
1786:"Multics Glossary -F-"
1532:– introduced the term
1425:transaction processing
1293:
805:) - create a directory
770:command-line interface
574:ring-oriented security
440:
285:Command-line interface
3639:Honeywell 6000 series
2740:Multics papers online
1717:"Myths about Multics"
1631:"Myths about Multics"
1590:R. A. Freiburghouse,
1284:
1090:) - simulator to run
1041:On-line documentation
443:Multics implements a
438:
223:Honeywell 6000 series
3356:Leeds & Northrup
2989:Michael A. Padlipsky
2694:(Proceedings of the
2487:Multics Bibliography
2371:Quoting Peter Salus.
2224:"Installing Multics"
1869:"Password Generator"
1664:Dan Murphy (1996) .
1417:Stratus Technologies
570:security engineering
408:access control lists
3486:Honeywell/ITEC F124
3326:Honeywell Analytics
3029:Victor A. Vyssotsky
2934:Fernando J. CorbatĂł
2803:Library of Congress
2568:Elliott I. Organick
2543:Systems Programming
2203:"Multics Simulator"
1570:Victor A. Vyssotsky
915:Document formatters
672:Multilevel security
514:, just over 1
423:and ultimately the
350:single-level memory
37:
4073:AT&T computers
3391:Sperry Corporation
3321:Hand Held Products
3311:Garrett AiResearch
3234:Board of directors
2459:Ritchie, Dennis M.
2356:"40 years of Unix"
2289:"Multics Commands"
2272:"Unix and Multics"
2151:Anthony, Charles.
2065:. Common Criteria.
1790:www.multicians.org
1721:www.multicians.org
1635:www.multicians.org
1611:. February 5, 2008
1514:J. C. R. Licklider
1455:operating system.
1392:operating system,
1358:as opposed to the
614:system written in
445:single-level store
441:
419:machines, first a
35:
4050:
4049:
3814:operating systems
3777:
3776:
3754:Honeywell Project
3705:Kansas City Plant
3659:Honeywell Level 6
3612:
3611:
3466:Honeywell HTF7000
3269:
3268:
3220:Mark C. Honeywell
3157:
3156:
3009:Michael Schroeder
2964:Bernard Greenberg
2686:Jerome H. Saltzer
2594:Jerome H. Saltzer
2556:Jerome H. Saltzer
2550:Technical details
2536:Operating Systems
2438:4743@Aucbvax.UUCP
2422:"Origins of unix"
2393:978-1-4302-1948-4
2340:978-0-201-54777-1
1988:on April 13, 2022
1953:on April 13, 2022
1910:on April 13, 2022
1540:Jerome H. Saltzer
1225:working directory
1149:working directory
855:working directory
792:working directory
600:command processor
393:computing utility
332:
331:
241:Monolithic kernel
96:Assembly language
16:(Redirected from
4120:
4039:
4038:
3938:ORVYL and WYLBUR
3804:
3797:
3790:
3781:
3780:
3491:Lycoming ALF 502
3476:Honeywell Primus
3471:Honeywell HTS900
3429:
3428:
3406:EMS Technologies
3301:Fire-Lite Alarms
3231:
3230:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3148:
3004:Glenda Schroeder
2979:Peter G. Neumann
2959:Robert M. Graham
2944:Peter J. Denning
2916:
2894:General Electric
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2761:Unix and Multics
2756:Multics security
2745:Multics glossary
2584:, R. M. Graham,
2475:
2474:
2469:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2417:
2411:
2401:
2395:
2381:
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2211:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2125:Van Vleck, Tom.
2122:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1867:Van Vleck, Tom.
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
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1655:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1550:Glenda Schroeder
1525:Elliott Organick
1520:Peter G. Neumann
1493:Peter J. Denning
1482:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1223:) - returns the
1222:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1188:) - returns the
1187:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1130:Active functions
1125:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1066:
1051:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
996:
989:
981:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
928:
924:
910:
899:
890:
877:
873:
867:
863:
852:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
789:
785:
652:protection rings
486:
455:in Multics) and
416:computer science
373:General Electric
369:Fernando CorbatĂł
346:operating system
328:
325:
323:
317:Official website
195:
190:
187:
185:
183:
181:
179:
177:
175:
174:/multics-history
173:
171:
169:
153:
151:
146:
133:
131:
126:
54:
45:
38:
34:
32:Operating system
21:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4027:
3829:
3816:
3808:
3778:
3773:
3730:
3714:
3688:
3649:Honeywell ARGUS
3617:Legacy products
3608:
3567:
3546:
3530:
3516:Wagtail missile
3501:Mark 46 torpedo
3496:Lycoming LTS101
3420:
3291:Bendix Aviation
3265:
3241:Darius Adamczyk
3229:
3210:Darius Adamczyk
3193:
3188:
3158:
3153:
3139:
3117:
3075:
3069:
3033:
2969:Douglas McIlroy
2917:
2908:
2872:
2867:
2833:Wayback Machine
2813:Wayback Machine
2730:
2708:, D. H. Wells.
2704:, D. D. Clark,
2702:M. D. Schroeder
2669:
2656:Roger R. Schell
2578:V. A. Vyssotsky
2552:
2541:J. J. Donovan,
2530:J. J. Donovan,
2502:V. A. Vyssotsky
2483:
2481:Further reading
2478:
2467:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2430:fa.unix-wizards
2418:
2414:
2402:
2398:
2382:
2375:
2364:
2362:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2157:Sourceforge.net
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2123:
2119:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1913:
1911:
1907:
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1838:
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1715:
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1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1545:Roger R. Schell
1478:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1437:(MCTS) for the
1402:Apollo Computer
1398:William Poduska
1386:
1303:
1298:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1078:Data processing
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
992:
985:
979:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
940:
936:
926:
920:
917:
906:
897:
888:
885:
875:
871:
865:
859:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:) - change the
787:
781:
778:
762:
742:
667:security kernel
636:
634:Project history
523:dynamic linking
481:
433:
395:similar to the
320:
301:
279:
198:
166:
149:
147:
144:
129:
127:
124:
120:Initial release
57:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
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4070:
4065:
4048:
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4032:
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4015:
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3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3719:Joint ventures
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3654:Honeywell CP-6
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:DATAmatic 1000
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3604:SPECTRA helmet
3601:
3596:
3591:
3589:HORTA (mining)
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3563:Spectra Shield
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3526:Garrett TFE731
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3461:Garrett TPE331
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:Novar Controls
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Honeywell Gent
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
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3258:
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3212:
3207:
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3141:
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3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Dennis Ritchie
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Stuart Feldman
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Monte Davidoff
2936:
2931:
2929:David D. Clark
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
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2891:
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2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2734:multicians.org
2729:
2728:External links
2726:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2699:
2683:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2641:
2625:
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2546:
2539:
2528:
2515:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2450:
2412:
2409:978-0262071963
2396:
2385:Coders at Work
2383:Peter Seibel.
2373:
2346:
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2117:
2093:
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2015:multicians.org
2002:
1967:
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1827:
1825:LWN.net. 2022.
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1557:user interface
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1500:
1498:Jack B. Dennis
1495:
1490:
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1467:
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1431:General Motors
1421:fault tolerant
1390:Prime Computer
1385:
1382:
1340:) is itself a
1315:Dennis Ritchie
1302:
1299:
1297:
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1236:Peter H. Salus
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853:) - print the
842:
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817:) - copy files
806:
794:
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761:
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741:
740:Current status
738:
648:Honeywell 6180
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558:multiprocessor
542:procedure-call
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3629:Honeywell 200
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3542:Honeywell T87
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3022:
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3014:Richard Soley
3012:
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2999:Jerry Saltzer
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2607:P. G. Neumann
2605:R. C. Daley,
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2582:F. J. CorbatĂł
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2498:F. J. CorbatĂł
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2107:September 13,
2103:
2097:
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2081:stuff.mit.edu
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2016:
2012:
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1768:Tom Van Vleck
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746:free software
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642:mainframe, a
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612:Burroughs MCP
610:), after the
609:
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566:secure system
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371:) along with
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19:
3907:
3811:Time-sharing
3741:
3684:VIP terminal
3669:Garrett ATF3
3663:
3456:Garrett F109
3451:Garrett ATF3
3286:AlliedSignal
3274:Acquisitions
3225:W. R. Sweatt
3074:Multics-like
3045:Space Travel
3019:Ken Thompson
2869:
2718:
2709:
2689:
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2597:
2585:
2571:
2559:
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2484:
2471:
2463:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2415:
2399:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:
2349:
2330:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2303:
2297:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2246:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2120:
2112:
2105:. Retrieved
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2054:
2040:(7): 26–34.
2037:
2033:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1997:
1990:. Retrieved
1983:the original
1970:
1962:
1955:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1943:
1939:
1927:
1919:
1912:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1900:
1896:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1830:
1818:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:
1780:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1696:. Retrieved
1681:
1674:
1659:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1554:command line
1533:
1530:Louis Pouzin
1457:
1446:
1429:
1410:
1387:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1336:(originally
1333:
1331:
1311:Ken Thompson
1304:
1288:
1285:
1272:
1263:
1260:code density
1257:
1250:
1240:
1234:
1160:
1157:
1134:The Multics
1133:
883:Text editors
763:
754:
743:
727:
708:
693:
689:
664:
656:
637:
624:
582:
563:
547:
535:
527:search rules
520:
509:
500:
496:
488:
456:
452:
442:
413:
390:
354:
343:time-sharing
338:
334:
333:
322:multics-wiki
204:Available in
110:Source model
29:
3511:RUR-5 ASROC
3366:MK Electric
3306:First Alert
3261:Scott Davis
3256:Kevin Burke
3205:Albert Butz
3129:Project MAC
3113:Stratus VOS
2984:Joe Ossanna
2949:Jack Dennis
2904:Groupe Bull
1503:Robert Fano
1413:Stratus VOS
1361:multiplexed
1323:redirection
1217:working_dir
1145:working_dir
893:line editor
891:- a simple
783:change_wdir
711:Groupe Bull
578:master mode
505:file system
431:Novel ideas
401:electricity
365:Project MAC
307:Preceded by
298:proprietary
296:Originally
271:Stratus VOS
114:Open source
4057:Categories
3853:CDC Kronos
3693:Facilities
3351:King Radio
3251:Judd Gregg
3246:George Paz
2680:tiger team
2644:Paul Green
2532:S. Madnick
2182:WikidotCom
1576:References
1268:multi-user
846:print_wdir
798:create_dir
604:Unix shell
247:Influenced
225:machines (
159:Repository
150:2023-08-10
87:Written in
4078:Bell Labs
3726:ConverDyn
3584:Gold Flex
3416:Normalair
3381:Novar plc
3191:Honeywell
3083:Domain/OS
2899:Honeywell
2889:Bell Labs
2877:Developer
2443:April 11,
2426:Newsgroup
2365:April 27,
2314:March 26,
2256:March 30,
2187:April 11,
2162:April 11,
2136:April 11,
2077:"Multics"
1992:April 12,
1957:April 12,
1914:April 12,
1795:April 11,
1752:March 16,
1726:April 11,
1698:March 29,
1640:April 11,
1615:April 11,
1406:Domain/OS
1355:uniplexed
1332:The name
1264:operators
1057:Scripting
1029:send_mail
1019:read_mail
725:license.
698:from the
512:kilowords
404:utilities
397:telephone
386:Honeywell
377:Bell Labs
267:Domain/OS
215:Platforms
180:_Internet
80:Bell Labs
76:Honeywell
63:Developer
4042:Category
3913:MUSIC/SP
3558:Solstice
3425:Products
3371:Notifier
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