764:, meaning that there are two identical devices performing the same action at the same time. (In addition, each device, or board, is also duplexed in order to identify internal board failures at a hardware level, which is why Stratus hardware can be defined as "lock stepped".) These boards are actively monitored by the operating system which can correct any minor inconsistencies (such as bad disk-writes or reads). Any boards which report an unacceptable number of faults are removed from service by the system; the duplexed board will continue operation until the problem is resolved via a hot-fix. This includes CPUs, disk drives, and any other device that can logically be duplexed (which by definition, excludes communications devices). The system will continue processing as normal and will automatically raise a fault ticket with Stratus Customer Service via RSN (the Remote Service Network). Stratus Customer Service will then dial into the system using RSN to investigate the problem and dispatch replacement parts.
686:
supported several functions that are not OSI-compliant and have therefore been abandoned. The ftServer hardware that V Series runs on only supports TCP/IP and X.25 (X.25 only when equipped with the optional NIO.) Websphere MQ 6.0 (a.k.a. MQ Series) is TCP/IP based; so, that is also supported by ftServer hardware. Devices supporting the legacy protocols run on the
Continuum hardware and may be accessed from current hardware over the Open StrataLINK network.
2544:
1696:
532:. The former is used by VOS to determine the process's access rights to external devices, and items with the file system. Of fundamental significance is a process's privileged flag, which is a binary attribute. Privileged processes may perform privileged operations. This mechanism is used to restrict certain potentially powerful operations that can have system wide consequences (e.g. shutting down the system, dismounting a hard disk etc.).
700:
25:
2311:
470:
supports a range of statements, including if/then/else, boolean operations, "while" loops, "goto" and excellent error reporting. The command macro language can be executed in interactive and non-interactive (batch or started process) modes. It can be used to automate programs, capturing prompts and sending appropriate responses. This has led
Stratus to limit the capabilities of the command macro language.
827:
reboot). These paging files can in theory consist of more than one extent (which is viewed by the kernel as a mini-paging partition) which may or may not be contiguous. However, non-contiguous extents are NOT recommended as they greatly increase disk activity. Admin should create the largest possible extent for the paging files as early as possible after the system has been booted.
835:
VOS supports write, read, execute, and null (no) access to all files, directories and devices (although directories and files have slightly different access lists). Access can be assigned to users, groups, or the world. Only read access is required to run an executable program, provided that the user
575:
Command macros and programs can be invoked with an argument to display a form listing all the available parameters, which the user can navigate using the "tab" key. Each parameter is generally restricted to control what the user can input. This includes lists of valid values, numeric-only, text-only,
571:
Users may be locked into "form" based sub-system by command macro scripts if required, although a skilled user would be able to break out of this and get command-line access. (It is, in fact, possible for a
Stratus system administrator to set up a user's account such that an attempt to break out of
469:
VOS has a fairly complete command macro language which can be used to create menu systems, automate tasks etc. VOS command macros accept arguments on the command-line or via a user interface "form". Arguments are defined at the beginning of the command macro in a "parameters" section. The language
879:
is administered as a unit. In other words, all of the modules in a system are aware of all the disks and hardware devices on that system. The result of this is that a file name that begins with the system name refers to files on other computers and can be opened without the need for any special
685:
Older versions of VOS implemented a non-OSI standard TCP/IP known as OS TCP/IP (Operating System TCP/IP.) VOS since version 14.x has implemented OSI-compliant
Streams-TCP. Older applications using OS TCP/IP have to be ported in order to use STCP. This can mean a loss of functionality as OS TCP/IP
899:
ring network which allowed high performance (for the time) with very low memory overhead and CPU utilization. This was never developed beyond 10Mb and was dropped in favor of using TCP/IP because
Ethernet became the dominant networking standard and because memory and CPU processing got cheaper.
430:
API in VOS Release 14.3 (on
Continuum), and added support for the GNU C/C++ compiler, GNU gdb debugger, and many POSIX commands in VOS Release 14.4. Each additional release of VOS has added more POSIX.1 capabilities, to the point where many user-mode open-source packages can now be successfully
826:
VOS disk allocation and memory is organised in "blocks", each block being 4,096 bytes. Memory takes the form of RAM or paging. VOS systems support paging partitions and paging files. In modern versions of VOS, paging files can be created dynamically by the SysAdmin (but not removed without a
619:
VOS is used on
Continuum and ftServer systems, both of which are designed to be highly fault-tolerant. As such, these systems are typically used in safety-critical or mission-critical applications, typically banks, hospitals, telecommunications and transaction processing companies.
297:
computer systems. VOS is available on
Stratus's ftServer and Continuum platforms. VOS customers use it to support high-volume transaction processing applications which require continuous availability. VOS is notable for being one of the few operating systems which run on fully
846:
Access to devices is typically controlled by creating a file which is linked to the device by the administrator. (This may be true in OpenVOS, but does not apply to the original operating system.) Access is then given to this file, and this sets the access on the device.
811:
The VOS API allows the creation of multiple indexes per file, sorting according to the contents of a record, or an external key, or an internal key, or a well-defined set of multiple keys. A VOS file with one or more indexes can be used as a C-ISAM database table.
503:
Its overall structure has much in common with
Multics, and many of the system's features can be traced back to Multics to varying degrees. The system exposes a number of fundamental abstractions to the software designer or programmer, most notable being
321:
VOS was designed from its inception as a high-security transaction-processing environment tailored to fault-tolerant hardware. It incorporates much of the design experience that came out of the MIT/Bell-Laboratories/General-Electric (later
Honeywell)
855:
VOS has always been a network-aware operating system. Virtually every system call in the native API has a parameter that determines what computer the operation affects. If the operation isn't local, it is redirected to the target computer via
400:
to read a record from a file), and has extensions to support varying-length strings in PL/I style. Developers typically code in their favourite VOS text editor, or offline, before compiling on the system; there are no VOS IDE applications.
815:
VOS uses a proprietary file naming syntax which includes the system name, module name, disk number, and directory, with components separated by the ">" symbol. Typically the system disk will be housed in the same module as the CPU,
892:. The VOS system and module names have no defined relationship with IP addresses or domain names—The VOS API was developed in late 1980—before the Internet was widely adopted and long before URLs were even invented.
597:
Users may customize their command interface by means of a file that contains abbreviations for commands. Command abbreviations are conventionally named after the first letters of the command they represent, so
936:
473:
The macro language lacks support for user-defined functions and does not easily support include files. The string handling is prone to errors, especially with embedded control characters.
674:
461:
servers with x86 processors, the compilers do a byte swap before reading or writing values to memory to transform the data to or from the native little endian format.
587:. The VOS help system uses this convention to assist users who are looking for a subset of possible commands; for instance, those referring to "change" are found by
903:
Open StrataLINK can also use X.25 for wide area communications. Using the Open StrataLINK protocols for wide area communications is also referred to as StrataNET.
843:
and also implements directory access control lists. If a file does not have an access control list, the containing directory's default access control list applies.
524:
A process is the scheduled entity in VOS, and each process has a set of attributes that govern how it is manipulated by the system. For example, processes have a
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processor family ("V Series"). All versions of VOS offer compilers targeted at the native instruction set, and some versions of VOS offer cross-compilers.
1112:
1783:
1359:
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or by downloading a release file. Software installations may be done by the Stratus Field Engineer or by the customer's system administrator.
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1202:
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Like competing proprietary operating systems, VOS has seen its market share shrink steadily in the 1990s, and early 2000s.
271:
89:
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666:
61:
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before it was migrated to ftServer series. As of 1991, the system was written in PL/I and C, with only 3% in assembly.
2581:
2257:
1093:
747:
653:
108:
779:
Stream files: a stream of binary data, corresponding directly with the concept of a file on other operating systems.
729:
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tape for early V Series platforms. As of OpenVOS Release 17.0, Stratus offers support for distributing OpenVOS on a
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1834:
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68:
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networking. The same is true for devices. Other system entities, such as processes, are referenced using
863:
The StrataLINK networking model has a two level hierarchy for naming computers: Each computer is called a
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642:
42:
1317:
1985:
1932:
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802:
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57:
2000:
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2441:
2035:
1854:
1814:
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Fault tolerance is built into VOS from the bottom up. On a hardware level, major devices are run in
2078:
1965:
1829:
1608:
1549:
1504:
1398:
710:
572:
FMS—the Stratus Forms Management System—to the command line results in the user being logged out.)
377:
151:
1824:
1035:
714:
632:
393:
385:
35:
1085:
Modernizing Legacy Systems: Software Technologies, Engineering Processes, and Business Practices
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2151:
2040:
2020:
1969:
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1995:
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implementation called Unix System Facilities (USF) to VOS, integrating Unix and VOS at the
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291:
260:
255:
142:
135:
8:
2425:
2161:
2113:
1990:
549:
82:
961:"High Availability & Fault Tolerant Software & Solutions - Stratus Technologies"
2098:
2005:
1412:
1408:
767:
The operating system is designed to avoid crashes due to a simplexed hardware failure.
579:
All commands in VOS are defined in full with underbars to separate words. For example,
545:
1206:
860:. For example, file names are parsed to indicate which computer the file resides on.
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2207:
2156:
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2045:
1886:
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built. For this reason, beginning with Release 17.0, Stratus renamed VOS to OpenVOS.
228:
155:
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1975:
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405:
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Relative files: a sequence of records of a fixed file supporting random access
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2126:
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etc. Parameters can also be hidden using a "secret" tag, or made mandatory.
2415:
2010:
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165:
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2300:
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2118:
1901:
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443:
481:
457:, regardless of the endianness of the underlying hardware platform. On
396:). Each of these programming languages can make VOS system calls (e.g.
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960:
798:
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203:
130:
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2295:
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1980:
1906:
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1011:
836:
has "status" access for the directory in which that program resides.
1708:
699:
404:
In its history, Stratus has offered hardware platforms based on the
24:
2202:
1647:
1571:
1534:
807:
Transaction files: these provide support for journal based rollback
439:
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2451:
2446:
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2197:
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is the main, and most powerful, user interface for a VOS system.
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238:
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2146:
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1082:
Seacord, Robert C.; Plakosh, Daniel; Lewis, Grace A. (2003).
427:
389:
365:
341:
820:, so a system file for a VOS cluster would be referenced as
1598:
1482:
658:
637:
493:
434:
Stratus offers supported ports of Samba, OpenSSL, OpenSSH,
361:
344:-compliance, and many open source packages can run on VOS.
242:
147:
2235:
937:"V Series/Continuum Support Matrix | Stratus Technologies"
2182:
1667:
1472:
1372:
553:
420:
306:
215:
207:
788:
Sequential files: a sequence of records of variable size
1054:"POSIX-based Open-Source Software for VOS and OpenVOS"
1203:"Stratus Technologies : Client Success Stories"
1107:
1105:
480:
extension for VOS Command Macro can be found on the
1081:
1036:"Stratus offers Unix implementation for mainframes"
782:
Fixed files: a sequence of records of a fixed size.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1195:
408:microprocessor family ("FT" and "XA" series), the
309:version of Stratus VOS existed and was called the
1259:
1102:
2558:
1131:
895:Historically, StrataLINK was a proprietary 10Mb
1171:
416:processor family ("Continuum" series), and the
1229:"Overview of Migrating from OS TCP/IP to STCP"
1221:
2251:
1724:
1353:
1367:
823:(%system)#m1_d01>system>devices.table
775:VOS supports a number of unique file types:
259:Drivers, libraries, and user-land programs:
728:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
412:microprocessor family ("XA/R" series), the
2258:
2244:
1731:
1717:
1360:
1346:
996:
791:Queue files: file-system based backup for
675:Visa, S.W.I.F.T., NASDAQ, FAS, CHIPS, AMEX
544:. The distribution media is a 3.5 mm
1161:"Stratus compiler spells migration boost"
748:Learn how and when to remove this message
464:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1046:
839:VOS inherited access control lists from
1158:
830:
2559:
2485:General Comprehensive Operating System
614:
478:Visual Studio Code Syntax Highlighting
355:
2239:
1738:
1712:
1341:
628:VOS supports the following protocols
450:, and the community edition of Java.
2500:Multiple Console Time Sharing System
726:adding citations to reliable sources
693:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
941:Stratus | Zero-touch Edge Computing
340:In recent years, Stratus has added
13:
1159:Johnson, Maryfran (1 April 1991).
1004:"Article 5121 in comp.sys.stratus"
850:
689:
446:, MySQL Community Server, Apache,
14:
2593:
1311:
623:
453:Numeric values in VOS are always
2543:
2542:
2309:
1835:Object-oriented operating system
1695:
1694:
698:
23:
2572:Fault-tolerant computer systems
1294:
1280:
1253:"OpenStrataLINK Administration"
1245:
1152:
1042:. 12 November 1984. p. 86.
609:
535:
34:needs additional citations for
2531:Compatible Time-Sharing System
1845:Supercomputer operating system
1088:. Addison-Wesley. p. 11.
1075:
1028:
986:"IBM powers up System/88 line"
978:
953:
929:
770:
426:Stratus added support for the
350:
1:
2567:Proprietary operating systems
2462:Multics Relational Data Store
923:
1820:Just enough operating system
1805:Distributed operating system
1060:. 2015-04-24. Archived from
913:Comparison of command shells
559:
7:
2265:
1933:User space and kernel space
906:
803:inter-process communication
548:tape for Continuum, and an
540:VOS is distributed only by
487:
360:VOS provides compilers for
10:
2598:
1840:Real-time operating system
1333:Stratus Documentation Site
1302:"OpenVOS PL/1 Subroutines"
316:
311:System/88 Operating System
2540:
2518:
2470:
2434:
2318:
2307:
2273:
2175:
2112:
2058:
2036:Multilevel feedback queue
2031:Fixed-priority preemptive
2019:
1954:
1945:
1915:
1862:
1853:
1815:Hobbyist operating system
1810:Embedded operating system
1792:
1746:
1692:
1676:
1640:
1617:
1558:
1407:
1379:
1328:Stratus Public FTP Server
604:change_current_dir foodir
482:Visual Studio Marketplace
329:In 1984, Stratus added a
267:
248:
234:
221:
199:
189:
179:
171:
161:
141:
129:
2582:X86-64 operating systems
2079:General protection fault
1830:Network operating system
1784:User features comparison
1609:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
1550:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
1399:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
1318:Official OpenVOS website
1179:"Introduction to Backup"
884:which are written %
492:VOS was coded mainly in
284:Virtual Operating System
1825:Mobile operating system
1304:. Stratus Technologies.
1290:. Stratus Technologies.
1288:"OpenVOS C Subroutines"
1255:. Stratus Technologies.
762:lockstepped duplex mode
496:with a small amount of
1928:Loadable kernel module
1446:DOS/360 and successors
858:remote subroutine call
566:command-line interface
517:Various IPC mechanisms
465:Command Macro Language
1996:Process control block
1962:Computer multitasking
1800:Disk operating system
1458:OS/360 and successors
1233:Stratadoc.stratus.com
1183:Stratadoc.stratus.com
1119:on September 27, 2011
305:During the 1980s, an
2386:Michael A. Padlipsky
2167:Virtual tape library
1759:Forensic engineering
871:are aggregated into
831:File system security
722:improve this section
542:Stratus Technologies
292:Stratus Technologies
261:Stratus Technologies
256:Stratus Technologies
195:19.3.1ag / June 2022
136:Stratus Technologies
43:improve this article
2426:Victor A. Vyssotsky
2331:Fernando J. CorbatĂł
2176:Supporting concepts
2162:Virtual file system
1113:"Operating Systems"
992:. 16 November 1987.
615:System applications
602:may be expanded to
356:Programming for VOS
286:) is a proprietary
126:
2099:Segmentation fault
1947:Process management
1269:. Groups.google.ie
1167:. pp. 25, 32.
1141:. Groups.google.ie
581:change_current_dir
124:
2554:
2553:
2406:Michael Schroeder
2361:Bernard Greenberg
2233:
2232:
2089:Memory protection
2060:Memory management
2054:
2053:
2046:Shortest job next
1941:
1940:
1740:Operating systems
1706:
1705:
1369:Operating systems
758:
757:
750:
585:working directory
498:assembly language
436:GNU Privacy Guard
277:
276:
229:Monolithic kernel
156:Assembly language
119:
118:
111:
93:
2589:
2546:
2545:
2401:Glenda Schroeder
2376:Peter G. Neumann
2356:Robert M. Graham
2341:Peter J. Denning
2313:
2291:General Electric
2260:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2188:Computer network
1952:
1951:
1860:
1859:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1698:
1697:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1323:Comp.Sys.Stratus
1306:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1205:. Archived from
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1115:. Archived from
1109:
1100:
1099:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1010:. Archived from
1000:
994:
993:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
933:
918:Tandem Computers
819:
753:
746:
742:
739:
733:
702:
694:
605:
601:
593:
582:
448:IBM WebSphere MQ
399:
388:compilers), and
288:operating system
268:Official website
127:
123:
121:Operating system
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
16:Operating system
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2536:
2514:
2472:
2466:
2430:
2366:Douglas McIlroy
2314:
2305:
2269:
2264:
2234:
2229:
2171:
2132:Defragmentation
2117:
2108:
2094:Protection ring
2063:
2050:
2022:
2015:
1937:
1911:
1849:
1788:
1742:
1737:
1707:
1702:
1688:
1672:
1636:
1613:
1554:
1403:
1375:
1366:
1314:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1267:"Google Groups"
1265:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1209:on July 3, 2007
1201:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1139:"Google Groups"
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1058:Ftp.stratus.com
1052:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1008:Ftp.stratus.com
1002:
1001:
997:
984:
983:
979:
969:
967:
959:
958:
954:
945:
943:
935:
934:
930:
926:
909:
853:
851:Open StrataLINK
833:
824:
817:
773:
754:
743:
737:
734:
719:
703:
692:
690:Fault tolerance
626:
617:
612:
603:
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588:
580:
562:
538:
490:
467:
397:
358:
353:
319:
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98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2502:
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1312:External links
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793:message queues
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191:Latest release
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125:VOS or OpenVOS
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31:
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22:
15:
9:
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2457:Multics Emacs
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2439:
2437:
2433:
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2424:
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2421:Tom Van Vleck
2419:
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2411:Richard Soley
2409:
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2402:
2399:
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2396:Jerry Saltzer
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2371:Robert Morris
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2084:Memory paging
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2012:
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1864:Architectures
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1619:Point of sale
1616:
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1397:
1395:
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1384:
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1381:Supercomputer
1378:
1374:
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1356:
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1234:
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1204:
1198:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1165:Computerworld
1162:
1155:
1140:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1095:9780321118844
1091:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1064:on 2016-04-02
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1040:Computerworld
1037:
1031:
1017:on 2015-05-02
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
991:
990:Computerworld
987:
981:
966:
962:
956:
942:
938:
932:
928:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
904:
901:
898:
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891:
887:
883:
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790:
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777:
776:
768:
765:
763:
752:
749:
741:
731:
727:
723:
717:
716:
712:
707:This section
705:
701:
696:
695:
687:
681:
678:
676:
673:
670:
668:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
621:
607:
595:
592:-match change
591:
586:
577:
573:
569:
567:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
533:
531:
527:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:
505:
501:
499:
495:
485:
483:
479:
474:
471:
462:
460:
459:little endian
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
429:
424:
422:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
348:
345:
343:
338:
336:
332:
331:UNIX System V
327:
325:
314:
312:
308:
303:
301:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
270:
266:
262:
257:
253:
251:
247:
244:
240:
237:
235:Influenced by
233:
230:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
192:
188:
185:
184:Closed source
182:
178:
174:
172:Working state
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
132:
128:
113:
110:
102:
99:February 2021
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
58:"Stratus VOS"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2577:Multics-like
2509:
2471:Multics-like
2442:Space Travel
2416:Ken Thompson
2119:file systems
2011:Time-sharing
1684:Fedora Linux
1653:Workplace OS
1510:System/88 OS
1509:
1296:
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1261:
1247:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1197:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:
1173:
1164:
1154:
1143:. Retrieved
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:the original
1084:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
1012:the original
1007:
998:
989:
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:
955:
944:. Retrieved
940:
931:
902:
894:
889:
885:
882:module names
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
854:
845:
838:
834:
825:
814:
810:
774:
766:
759:
744:
738:January 2016
735:
720:Please help
708:
684:
627:
618:
610:Applications
596:
583:changes the
578:
574:
570:
563:
539:
536:Distribution
530:process name
529:
525:
523:
502:
491:
475:
472:
468:
452:
433:
425:
403:
359:
346:
339:
328:
320:
310:
304:
283:
279:
278:
180:Source model
166:Multics-like
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2526:Project MAC
2510:Stratus VOS
2381:Joe Ossanna
2346:Jack Dennis
2301:Groupe Bull
2137:Device file
2127:Boot loader
2041:Round-robin
1966:Cooperative
1902:Rump kernel
1892:Multikernel
1882:Microkernel
1779:Usage share
1564:workstation
799:named pipes
771:File system
663:Poll/Select
444:Berkeley DB
398:s$ seq_read
351:Development
300:lockstepped
290:running on
280:Stratus VOS
272:Stratus VOS
2561:Categories
2067:protection
2023:algorithms
2021:Scheduling
1970:Preemptive
1916:Components
1887:Monolithic
1754:Comparison
1273:2016-05-16
1238:2016-05-21
1188:2016-05-21
1145:2016-05-16
1123:August 23,
1068:2016-05-21
1021:2016-05-21
946:2023-01-04
924:References
514:Hard Disks
455:big endian
418:Intel Xeon
414:HP PA-RISC
410:Intel i860
380:(with the
302:hardware.
143:Written in
69:newspapers
2480:Domain/OS
2296:Honeywell
2286:Bell Labs
2274:Developer
2157:Partition
2074:Bus error
2001:Real-time
1981:Interrupt
1907:Unikernel
1872:Exokernel
1413:mainframe
709:does not
680:MQ Series
647:SDLC/QLLC
560:Interface
526:user name
508:Processes
326:project.
200:Platforms
162:OS family
131:Developer
2548:Category
2435:Software
2203:Live USB
2065:resource
1955:Concepts
1793:Variants
1774:Timeline
1700:Category
1663:Trillian
1658:Monterey
1648:Taligent
1641:Projects
1572:Textpack
1213:July 14,
907:See also
875:. Each
667:RJE/HASP
488:Overview
440:OpenLDAP
254:Kernel:
2519:Related
2495:ICL VME
2473:systems
2452:Macsyma
2447:Maclisp
2267:Multics
2198:Live CD
2152:Journal
2116:access,
2114:Storage
1991:Process
1897:vkernel
1764:History
1747:General
1677:Related
1632:4690 OS
1627:4680 OS
1560:Desktop
1490:VM line
1436:TSS/360
1431:TOS/360
1426:BOS/360
965:Stratus
897:CSMA/CD
873:systems
869:modules
841:Multics
797:Pipes:
730:removed
715:sources
671:ALC/SLC
511:Devices
374:FORTRAN
337:level.
324:Multics
317:History
263:, Other
250:License
239:Multics
212:PA-RISC
175:Current
83:scholar
2505:PRIMOS
2490:GEORGE
2319:People
2006:Thread
1877:Hybrid
1855:Kernel
1577:PC DOS
1525:zLinux
1478:OS/390
1463:OS/VS1
1409:Server
1092:
970:16 May
890:module
886:system
877:system
865:module
654:Bisync
633:TCP/IP
392:(also
370:Pascal
335:kernel
223:Kernel
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2208:Shell
2147:Inode
1589:PC/IX
1582:DOS/V
1545:SRTOS
1515:IBM i
1421:IBSYS
1015:(TXT)
650:Async
520:Tasks
428:POSIX
384:and
382:VOS C
366:COBOL
342:POSIX
90:JSTOR
76:books
1769:List
1599:OS/2
1535:DPPX
1530:DPCX
1483:z/OS
1215:2007
1125:2011
1090:ISBN
972:2016
867:and
801:for
713:any
711:cite
659:LAPB
638:X.25
590:help
564:The
550:SDLT
528:and
494:PL/I
362:PL/I
243:Unix
225:type
204:i860
148:PL/I
62:news
2281:MIT
2225:PXE
2213:CLI
2193:HAL
2183:API
1986:IPC
1668:K42
1604:AOS
1594:AIX
1540:SSP
1520:AIX
1505:CPF
1500:TPF
1495:ACP
1473:MVS
1468:SVS
1451:VSE
1441:RAX
1394:CNK
1389:INK
1373:IBM
1371:by
818:#m1
724:by
643:SNA
600:ccd
554:DVD
546:DAT
421:x86
394:GCC
390:C++
386:GCC
307:IBM
216:68k
208:x86
45:by
2563::
1968:,
1562:,
1411:,
1231:.
1181:.
1163:.
1104:^
1056:.
1038:.
1006:.
988:.
963:.
939:.
606:.
594:.
484:.
476:A
442:,
438:,
376:,
372:,
368:,
364:,
313:.
241:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
154:,
150:,
2259:e
2252:t
2245:v
2062:,
1972:)
1964:(
1732:e
1725:t
1718:v
1361:e
1354:t
1347:v
1276:.
1241:.
1217:.
1191:.
1148:.
1127:.
1098:.
1071:.
1024:.
974:.
949:.
888:#
751:)
745:(
740:)
736:(
732:.
718:.
378:C
282:(
152:C
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
