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547:. Neurological examination that confirms macular sparing can go far in representing the type of damage mediated by an infarct, in this case, indicating that the caudal visual cortex (which is the principal recipient of macular projections of the optic nerve) has been spared. Further, it indicates that cortical damage rostral to, and including,
1409:
1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and
436:
In detail, the normal human eye contains three different types of cones, with different ranges of spectral sensitivity. The brain combines the signals from neighboring cones to distinguish different colors. There is only one type of rod, but the rods are more sensitive than the cones, so in dim
562:
441:, cones predominate and are present at high density. The macula is thus responsible for the central, high-resolution, color vision that is possible in good light; and this kind of vision is impaired if the macula is damaged, for example in
350:
Because the macula is yellow in color, it absorbs excess blue and ultraviolet light that enter the eye and acts as a natural sunblock (analogous to sunglasses) for this area of the retina. The yellow color comes from its content of
479:
of the right eye (left image) and left eye (right image), seen from front so that left in each image is to the person's right. The gaze is into the camera, so in each picture the macula is in the center of the image, and the
1410:
veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina
366:, derived from the diet. Zeaxanthin predominates at the macula, while lutein predominates elsewhere in the retina. There is some evidence that these carotenoids protect the pigmented region from some types of
374:
lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin has been shown to reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration progressing to advanced stages, although these carotenoids have not been shown to prevent the disease.
505:
and can sometimes lead to the creation of a macular hole. Macular holes are rarely caused by trauma, but if a severe blow is delivered it can burst the blood vessels going to the macula, destroying it.
437:
light, they are the dominant photoreceptors active, and without information provided by the separate spectral sensitivity of the cones it is impossible to discriminate colors. In the fovea
223:
The anatomical macula at a size of 5.5 mm (0.22 in) is much larger than the clinical macula which, at a size of 1.5 mm (0.059 in), corresponds to the anatomical fovea.
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may go unnoticed for some time, damage to the macula will result in loss of central vision, which is usually immediately obvious. The progressive destruction of the macula is a
61:, its center slightly shifted to the temporal side. (The location in the image is misleading: it looks as if the macula were far removed from the center which is not the case.)
312:. The anatomical macula at 5.5 mm (0.22 in) is much larger than the clinical macula which, at 1.5 mm (0.059 in), corresponds to the anatomical fovea.
226:
The macula is responsible for the central, high-resolution, color vision that is possible in good light. This kind of vision is impaired if the macula is damaged, as in
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showing the macula as a spot to the left. The optic disc is the area on the right where blood vessels converge. The grey, more diffuse spot in the centre is a shadow
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382:(removal of the eye), the macula appears yellow, a color that is not visible in the living eye except when viewed with light from which red has been filtered.
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is an unlikely outcome of the infarction, as too much of the lateral geniculate nucleus is, proportionally, devoted to macular-stream processing.
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Photograph of the retina of the human eye, with overlay diagrams showing the positions and sizes of the macula, fovea, and optic disc
284:(laterally, by 5°=1.5 mm). The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm (0.22 in) and is subdivided into the
543:), yet display sparing of the macula. This selective sparing is due to the collateral circulation offered to macular tracts by the
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and in other animals. The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm (0.22 in) and is subdivided into the
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Visual input from the macula occupies a substantial portion of the brain's visual capacity. As a result, some forms of
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Tyler, C.W.; Hamer, R.D. (1990). "Analysis of visual modulation sensitivity. IV. Validity of the Ferry-Porter law".
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The fovea is located near the center of the macula. It is a small pit that contains the largest concentration of
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areas. An even smaller central region of highest receptor density (40–80 μm) is sometimes referred to as the
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Schematic diagram of the macula lutea of the retina, showing perifovea, parafovea, fovea, and clinical macula
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230:. The clinical macula is seen when viewed from the pupil, as in ophthalmoscopy or retinal photography.
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The clinical macula is seen when viewed from the pupil, as in ophthalmoscopy or retinal photography.
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331:. The umbo is the center of the foveola which in turn is located at the center of the fovea.
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Time-Domain OCT of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm, axial resolution 3 μm
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Oesterberg, G. (1935). "Topography of the layer of rods and cones in the human retina".
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vision. Within the macula are the fovea and foveola that both contain a high density of
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1033:"Nutrient Supplementation for Age-related Macular Degeneration, Cataract, and Dry Eye"
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1184:(First Revised ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
717:"Interpretation of Stereo Ocular Angiography : Retinal and Choroidal Anatomy"
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In the case of occipitoparietal ischemia owing to occlusion of elements of either
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338:. The retina's receptor layer contains two types of photosensitive cells, the
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The macula is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the
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This article is about the macula of the eye. For other uses, see
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The clinical macula is seen when viewed from the pupil, as in
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822:; Meffert, Stephen A.; Chou, Famin; Mandi D. Conway (2000).
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Siegel, Allan; Sapru, Hreday N. (2006). Betty Sun (ed.).
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Oval-shaped pigmented area near the center of the retina
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688:"MACULA | Meaning & Definition for UK English"
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1092:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 301.
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is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the
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513:that occur without involving the macula are termed
400:(FAZ) – 0.5 to 0.6 mm (0.020 to 0.024 in)
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421:Structures in the macula are specialized for high-
1942:
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950:"Seven myths on crowding and peripheral vision"
280:. Its center is shifted slightly away from the
1003:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 314–315.
600:Spectral-Domain OCT macula cross-section scan.
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719:. Project Orbis International. Archived from
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907:Journal of the Optical Society of America A
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1089:Carotenoids Volume 5: Nutrition and Health
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1037:Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research
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860:. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 52.
751:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 393.
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327:in terms of having two or more layers of
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894:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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785:The Clinical Handbook of Ophthalmology
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53:The macula is the central part of the
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1000:Clinical Anatomy of the Visual System
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883:
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1128:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
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1148:
323:. The anatomical macula is defined
24:
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1151:"Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke"
25:
1962:
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825:Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques
429:, which are nerve cells that are
233:The term macula lutea comes from
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535:, patients may display cortical
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457:
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1031:Hobbs RP, Bernstein PS (2014).
873:Acta Ophthalmologica Supplement
412:– 0.15 mm (0.0059 in)
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406:– 0.35 mm (0.014 in)
394:– 1.55 mm (0.061 in)
13:
1:
1086:; Pfander, Hanspeter (2009).
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1900:Optical coherence tomography
1654:Photosensitive ganglion cell
690:. Lexico.com. Archived from
484:is located towards the nose.
247:
7:
1650:Giant retina ganglion cells
1439:Capillary lamina of choroid
997:Remington, Lee Ann (2011).
617:
416:
370:. A formulation of 10
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1967:
1594:Retinal pigment epithelium
1584:External limiting membrane
948:Strasburger, Hans (2020).
788:. CRC Press. p. 134.
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549:lateral geniculate nucleus
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1222:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1050:10.4103/2008-322X.150829
966:10.1177/2041669520913052
858:Light, colour and vision
828:. CRC Press. p. 6.
345:
1589:Layer of rods and cones
1545:Inner limiting membrane
856:le Grand, Yves (1957).
32:Macula (disambiguation)
1411:
1180:Essential Neuroscience
1124:"Macular Degeneration"
1084:Liaaen-Jensen, Synnove
927:10.1364/JOSAA.7.000743
890:Polyak, S. L. (1941).
745:Yanoff, Myron (2009).
624:anatomical terminology
612:macula histology (OCT)
545:middle cerebral artery
524:homonymous hemianopsia
265:
257:
164:Anatomical terminology
1905:Eye care professional
1710:Foveal avascular zone
1572:Outer plexiform layer
1560:Inner plexiform layer
1515:Iris sphincter muscle
1408:
449:Clinical significance
398:Foveal avascular zone
294:foveal avascular zone
263:
255:
206:foveal avascular zone
1925:Physiological Optics
1895:Ocular immune system
1634:Retina ganglion cell
1217:at Wikimedia Commons
782:Small, R.G. (1994).
667:Intermediate uveitis
632:Macular degeneration
526:with macular sparing
519:visual field testing
503:macular degeneration
443:macular degeneration
368:macular degeneration
342:and the cone cells.
228:macular degeneration
1749:Anatomical regions
1610:Photoreceptor cells
1577:Outer nuclear layer
1565:Inner nuclear layer
1555:Ganglion cell layer
1510:Iris dilator muscle
1305:Trabecular meshwork
919:1990JOSAA...7..743T
723:on 19 December 2014
646:epiretinal membrane
359:, which are yellow
321:retinal photography
1412:
1155:Medscape Reference
662:Photic retinopathy
657:Macular hypoplasia
622:This article uses
521:might demonstrate
477:Fundus photographs
433:with high acuity.
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1951:Human eye anatomy
1938:
1937:
1930:Visual perception
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1845:Posterior segment
1813:Posterior chamber
1744:
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1646:Bistratified cell
1550:Nerve fiber layer
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1467:Ciliary processes
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1213:Media related to
1191:978-0-7817-9121-2
1099:978-3-7643-7501-0
1082:Britton, George;
1010:978-1-4557-2777-3
835:978-1-85317-585-5
820:Peyman, Gholam A.
795:978-1-85070-584-0
758:978-0-323-04232-1
570:fundus photograph
555:Additional images
517:. (For example,
511:visual field loss
495:peripheral vision
276:and other animal
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16:(Redirected from
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1915:Refractive error
1853:Vitreous chamber
1798:Anterior chamber
1759:Anterior segment
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184:(/ˈmakjʊlə/) or
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1630:Amacrine cell
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1276:Fibrous tunic
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637:Macular edema
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92:Visual system
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37:
33:
19:
1924:
1818:Ciliary body
1658:Diencephalon
1657:
1642:Parasol cell
1626:Bipolar cell
1477:Pars plicata
1459:Ciliary body
1327:
1220:
1215:Macula lutea
1179:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1127:
1103:. Retrieved
1088:
1077:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
999:
992:
957:
954:i-Perception
953:
943:
910:
906:
900:
891:
885:
876:
872:
866:
857:
851:
839:. Retrieved
824:
799:. Retrieved
784:
762:. Retrieved
747:
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
696:. Retrieved
692:the original
682:
530:
522:
514:
508:
492:
489:
438:
435:
420:
377:
349:
333:
314:
309:
282:optical axis
267:
244:, "yellow".
241:
237:
232:
225:
222:
186:macula lutea
185:
181:
179:
133:A15.2.04.021
109:macula lutea
108:
36:
18:Macula lutea
1910:Eye disease
1890:Keratocytes
1779:Conjunctiva
1736:Ora serrata
1674:Muller glia
1638:Midget cell
1358:Endothelium
1348:Dua's layer
960:(2): 1–45.
380:enucleation
364:carotenoids
361:xanthophyll
98:Identifiers
1751:of the eye
1724:Optic disc
1482:Pars plana
1353:Descemet's
1333:Epithelium
1161:23 October
1157:. Medscape
1105:7 November
1016:7 November
892:The Retina
841:7 November
801:7 November
764:7 November
727:11 October
674:References
482:optic disc
357:zeaxanthin
336:cone cells
1729:Optic cup
1614:Cone cell
1268:human eye
698:24 August
537:blindness
501:known as
439:centralis
340:rod cells
306:perifovea
302:parafovea
274:human eye
248:Structure
218:perifovea
214:parafovea
194:human eye
80:human eye
59:human eye
1945:Category
1618:Rod cell
1423:(middle)
1338:Bowman's
1134:9 August
1069:25709776
984:32489576
879:: 11–96.
618:See also
574:artifact
417:Function
1870:Choroid
1771:Eyebrow
1715:Foveola
1531:(inner)
1431:Choroid
1279:(outer)
1266:of the
1060:4329711
975:7238452
935:2338596
915:Bibcode
499:disease
404:Foveola
386:Regions
290:foveola
272:of the
220:areas.
202:foveola
192:of the
121:D008266
72:Part of
67:Details
57:of the
1865:Retina
1775:Eyelid
1767:Adnexa
1690:Macula
1670:K cell
1666:M cell
1662:P cell
1538:Layers
1529:Retina
1500:Stroma
1343:Stroma
1328:layers
1323:Limbus
1315:Cornea
1287:Sclera
1227:002252
1188:
1096:
1067:
1057:
1007:
982:
972:
933:
832:
792:
755:
423:acuity
353:lutein
304:, and
270:retina
238:macula
216:, and
190:retina
182:macula
87:System
76:Retina
55:retina
42:Macula
1883:Other
1787:Orbit
1705:Fovea
1683:Other
1620:) → (
1603:Cells
1505:Pupil
1421:tunic
1264:globe
427:cones
392:Fovea
346:Color
298:fovea
242:lutea
235:Latin
210:fovea
168:[
157:58637
104:Latin
1823:Lens
1808:Iris
1656:) →
1632:) →
1624:) →
1492:Iris
1186:ISBN
1163:2011
1136:2021
1107:2014
1094:ISBN
1065:PMID
1018:2014
1005:ISBN
980:PMID
931:PMID
877:6–10
843:2014
830:ISBN
803:2014
790:ISBN
766:2014
753:ISBN
729:2014
700:2022
410:Umbo
355:and
286:umbo
278:eyes
198:umbo
180:The
145:6784
128:TA98
116:MeSH
1628:→ (
1055:PMC
1045:doi
970:PMC
962:doi
923:doi
528:.)
319:or
152:FMA
140:TA2
78:of
1947::
1785:,
1781:,
1777:,
1773:,
1672:,
1668:,
1664:,
1660::
1652:,
1648:,
1644:,
1640:,
1616:,
1225::
1153:.
1126:.
1115:^
1063:.
1053:.
1039:.
1035:.
978:.
968:.
958:11
956:.
952:.
929:.
921:.
909:.
875:.
811:^
774:^
737:^
708:^
568:A
445:.
372:mg
300:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
212:,
208:,
204:,
200:,
1789:)
1769:(
1636:(
1612:(
1255:e
1248:t
1241:v
1194:.
1165:.
1138:.
1109:.
1071:.
1047::
1041:9
1020:.
986:.
964::
937:.
925::
917::
911:7
845:.
805:.
768:.
731:.
702:.
648:)
644:(
626:.
576:.
172:]
34:.
20:)
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