5686:
455:
5045:
5710:
1318:
5541:
2182:
267:
5674:
5698:
38:
202:(a concrete geographical unit), while the biome definition used in this article is used as an international, non-regional, terminology—irrespectively of the continent in which an area is present, it takes the same biome name—and corresponds to his "zonobiome", "orobiome" and "pedobiome" (biomes determined by climate zone, altitude or soil).
2160:
has the potential to greatly alter the distribution of Earth's biomes. Meaning, biomes around the world could change so much that they would be at risk of becoming new biomes entirely. More specifically, between 54% and 22% of global land area will experience climates that correspond to other biomes.
3137:
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., Kassem, K. R. (2001). Terrestrial
1166:
for the United States in a map published in 1976. He subsequently expanded the system to include the rest of North
America in 1981, and the world in 1989. The Bailey system, based on climate, is divided into four domains (polar, humid temperate, dry, and humid tropical), with further divisions based
553:
Whittaker summed the effects of gradients (3) and (4) to get an overall temperature gradient and combined this with a gradient (2), the moisture gradient, to express the above conclusions in what is known as the
Whittaker classification scheme. The scheme graphs average annual precipitation (x-axis)
237:
To divide the world into a few ecological zones is difficult, notably because of the small-scale variations that exist everywhere on earth and because of the gradual changeover from one biome to the other. Their boundaries must therefore be drawn arbitrarily and their characterization made according
2168:
Average temperatures have risen more than twice the usual amount in both arctic and mountainous biomes, which leads to the conclusion that arctic and mountainous biomes are currently the most vulnerable to climate change. South
American terrestrial biomes have been predicted to go through the same
925:. The boundaries of each biome correlate to the conditions of moisture and cold stress that are strong determinants of plant form, and therefore the vegetation that defines the region. Extreme conditions, such as flooding in a swamp, can create different kinds of communities within the same biome.
3161:
Abell, R., M. Thieme, C. Revenga, M. Bryer, M. Kottelat, N. Bogutskaya, B. Coad, N. Mandrak, S. Contreras-Balderas, W. Bussing, M. L. J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, G. R. Allen, P. Unmack, A. Naseka, R. Ng, N. Sindorf, J. Robertson, E. Armijo, J. Higgins, T. J. Heibel, E. Wikramanayake, D. Olson, H. L.
296:
factors are the largest determinants of the types of vegetation found in a habitat. Holdridge uses the four axes to define 30 so-called "humidity provinces", which are clearly visible in his diagram. While this scheme largely ignores soil and sun exposure, Holdridge acknowledged that these were
257:
and temperature lead to below-ground primary production (roots), and temperature and water lead to cool and warm season growth habit. These findings help explain the categories used in
Holdridge's bioclassification scheme (see below), which were then later simplified by Whittaker. The number of
3488:
Nolan, Connor; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Allen, Judy R. M.; Anderson, Patricia M.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Binney, Heather A.; Brewer, Simon; Bush, Mark B.; Chase, Brian M.; Cheddadi, Rachid; Djamali, Morteza; Dodson, John; Edwards, Mary E.; Gosling, William D.; Haberle, Simon (2018-08-31).
124:
A biota is the total collection of organisms of a geographic region or a time period, from local geographic scales and instantaneous temporal scales all the way up to whole-planet and whole-timescale spatiotemporal scales. The biotas of the Earth make up the
3975:
Locosselli, Giuliano
Maselli; Brienen, Roel J. W.; Leite, Melina de Souza; Gloor, Manuel; Krottenthaler, Stefan; Oliveira, Alexandre A. de; Barichivich, Jonathan; Anhuf, Dieter; Ceccantini, Gregorio; Schöngart, Jochen; Buckeridge, Marcos (2020-12-14).
2433:
Martins, F. R. & Batalha, M. A. (2011). Formas de vida, espectro biológico de
Raunkiaer e fisionomia da vegetação. In: Felfili, J. M., Eisenlohr, P. V.; Fiuza de Melo, M. M. R.; Andrade, L. A.; Meira Neto, J. A. A. (Org.).
920:
classification scheme considers the seasonality of temperature and precipitation. The system, also assessing precipitation and temperature, finds nine major biome types, with the important climate traits and
465:
classified biomes using two abiotic factors: precipitation and temperature. His scheme can be seen as a simplification of
Holdridge's; more readily accessible, but missing Holdridge's greater specificity.
2066:
processes. As a result, vegetation forms predicted by conventional biome systems can no longer be observed across much of Earth's land surface as they have been replaced by crop and rangelands or cities.
2737:
Sims, Phillip L.; Singh, J.S. (July 1978). "The
Structure and Function of Ten Western North American Grasslands: III. Net Primary Production, Turnover and Efficiencies of Energy Capture and Water Use".
540:
Changes in physiognomic complexity vary with how favorable of an environment exists (decreasing community structure and reduction of stratal differentiation as the environment becomes less favorable).
229:, a geographic space with subcontinental dimensions, with the predominance of similar geomorphologic and climatic characteristics, and of a certain vegetation form. Both include many biomes in fact.
258:
classification schemes and the variety of determinants used in those schemes, however, should be taken as strong indicators that biomes do not fit perfectly into the classification schemes created.
4172:"IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems:Summary for Policymakers"
484:
Biome: a grouping of terrestrial ecosystems on a given continent that is similar in vegetation structure, physiognomy, features of the environment and characteristics of their animal communities.
3383:
Dobrowski, Solomon Z.; Littlefield, Caitlin E.; Lyons, Drew S.; Hollenberg, Clark; Carroll, Carlos; Parks, Sean A.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Hegewisch, Katherine; Gage, Josh (September 29, 2021).
3064:
3162:
Lopez, R. E. d. Reis, J. G. Lundberg, M. H. Sabaj Perez, and P. Petry. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation.
2338:
727:
152:
722:
270:
Holdridge life zone classification scheme. Although conceived as three-dimensional by its originator, it is usually shown as a two-dimensional array of hexagons in a triangular frame.
504:
only, while biome is used when concerned with both plants and animals. Whittaker's convention of biome-type or formation-type is a broader method to categorize similar communities.
3930:
253:
in mm/yr and above-ground net primary production in g/m/yr. The general results from the study were that precipitation and water use led to above-ground primary production, while
2091:. Anthropogenic biomes offer a way to recognize the irreversible coupling of human and ecological systems at global scales and manage Earth's biosphere and anthropogenic biomes.
481:: sometimes referring to the plants' appearance; or the biome's apparent characteristics, outward features, or appearance of ecological communities or species - including plants.
2668:
569:
4571:
3330:
2169:
temperature trends as arctic and mountainous biomes. With its annual average temperature continuing to increase, the moisture currently located in forest biomes will dry up.
1546:
707:
2203:. Climate change represents long-term changes in temperature and average weather patterns. This leads to a substantial increase in both the frequency and the intensity of
601:
586:
2575:
344:
3192:
4263:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
702:
4335:
Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022:
712:
665:
520:
Intertidal levels: The wetness gradient of areas that are exposed to alternating water and dryness with intensities that vary by location from high to low tide
2508:
2451:
670:
4270:
543:
Trends in the diversity of structure follow trends in species diversity; alpha and beta species diversities decrease from favorable to extreme environments.
4357:
687:
5577:
4289:"Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic levels"
3109:
Olson, D. M. & E. Dinerstein (1998). The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth's most biologically valuable ecoregions.
4561:
3116:
2071:
provide an alternative view of the terrestrial biosphere based on global patterns of sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems, including
1510:
4407:
3235:
3982:
3625:
2930:
2328:
4566:
4533:
3868:
3006:
2973:
2441:
1552:
1516:
974:
2360:
3260:
469:
Whittaker based his approach on theoretical assertions and empirical sampling. He had previously compiled a review of biome classifications.
1167:
on other climate characteristics (subarctic, warm temperate, hot temperate, and subtropical; marine and continental; lowland and mountain).
2807:
606:
5501:
4587:
4556:
3169:
1576:
1522:
4377:
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and cracks, kilometers beneath the surface, has only recently been discovered, and does not fit well into most classification schemes.
3359:
3926:"Future projections for terrestrial biomes indicate widespread warming and moisture reduction in forests up to 2100 in South America"
3145:
2193:
system. A shift of 1 or 100% (darker colours) indicates that the region has fully moved into a completely different biome zone type.
1880:
3924:
Anjos, Luciano J. S.; Barreiros de Souza, Everaldo; Amaral, Calil Torres; Igawa, Tassio Koiti; Mann de Toledo, Peter (2021-01-01).
3023:, 1st ed., Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany, 1988, 488 pp.; 2nd ed., 1995, 535 pp.; 3rd ed., 2002; 4th ed., 2008; 5th ed., 2016. Transl.:
516:
patterns to relate communities to climate on a worldwide scale. Whittaker considered four main ecoclines in the terrestrial realm.
3320:
1668:
1656:
1650:
1638:
2573:
5570:
4523:
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3040:
2721:
2312:
1857:
1528:
2596:
2469:
5506:
3190:
2673:
4171:
225:
being used when plant species are considered), or also as synonym of the "morphoclimatic and phytogeographical domain" of
4343:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 257-260 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.004
3801:
Gobiet, Andreas; Kotlarski, Sven; Beniston, Martin; Heinrich, Georg; Rajczak, Jan; Stoffel, Markus (September 15, 2014).
2174:
1343:(Olson & Dinerstein, 1998, etc.). Each ecoregion is characterized by a main biome (also called major habitat type).
2283:
17:
4497:
3459:
3299:
2610:
2483:
2219:, half were found to have shifted their distribution to higher latitudes or elevations in response to climate change.
1564:
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Each growth-form (i.e. grasses, shrubs, etc.) has its characteristic place of maximum importance along the ecoclines.
2189:
for 2081–2100. Top row is low emissions scenario, bottom row is high emissions scenario. Biomes are classified with
5563:
4446:
3807:
2541:
182:
4336:
2449:
5247:
4974:
4879:
4613:
4261:
3262:
Conditions générales de la vie dans les mers et principes de distribution des organismes marins: Année
Biologique
1853:
1558:
3864:"Surface air temperature variability and trends in the Arctic: new amplification assessment and regionalisation"
3185:
Spalding, M. D. et al. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas.
5076:
4926:
533:
Along these gradients, Whittaker noted several trends that allowed him to qualitatively establish biome-types:
2161:
3.6% of land area will experience climates that are completely new or unusual. An example of a biome shift is
1428:
The applicability of the realms scheme above - based on Udvardy (1975)—to most freshwater taxa is unresolved.
3714:
4592:
2216:
1586:
1534:
4455:
3267:
General conditions of life in the seas and principles of distribution of marine organisms: Biological Year
2239: – Smallest ecologically distinct landscape features in a landscape mapping and classification system
5418:
5340:
4833:
4518:
4400:
3210:
1447:
500:
Whittaker's distinction between biome and formation can be simplified: formation is used when applied to
121:
is the collection of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that are present on or in a human body.
3114:
493:
Biome-type: grouping of convergent biomes or formations of different continents, defined by physiognomy.
5664:
5345:
4838:
4528:
3746:
3245:
2749:
1452:
1332:
1155:
596:
364:
4395:
5350:
4936:
4848:
3385:"Protected-area targets could be undermined by climate change-driven shifts in ecoregions and biomes"
2940:
1487:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1228:
1218:
1208:
549:
The same growth forms may be dominant in similar environments in widely different parts of the world.
2439:
5152:
5066:
4858:
3270:
2162:
1477:
970:
462:
4208:
4116:"Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space"
2960:
The ecological systems of the continents (biogeosphere). Principles of their outline with examples
2956:
Die ökologischen Systeme der Kontinente (Biogeosphäre). Prinzipien ihrer Gliederung mit Beispielen
1869:, vegetation belt between 1,100 and 1,450 m, Oromediterranean zone, nemoral zone (temperate zone)
5642:
5586:
4843:
2813:
2405:
2275:
2186:
1482:
4045:
Marcolla, Barbara; Migliavacca, Mirco; Rödenbeck, Christian; Cescatti, Alessandro (2020-04-30).
458:
The distribution of vegetation types as a function of mean annual temperature and precipitation.
117:
is a mix of organisms that coexist in a defined space on a much smaller scale. For example, the
4384:
2230:
1358:
487:
211:
156:
31:
4188:
3978:"Global tree-ring analysis reveals rapid decrease in tropical tree longevity with temperature"
3862:
Johannessen, Ola M.; Kuzmina, Svetlana I.; Bobylev, Leonid P.; Miles, Martin W. (2016-12-01).
3167:
2564:
Box, E.O. & Fujiwara, K. (2005). Vegetation types and their broad-scale distribution. In:
2299:
Rull, Valentí (2020). "Organisms: adaption, extinction, and biogeographical reorganizations".
5690:
5119:
4828:
4388:
4189:"Summary for Policymakers — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate"
3688:
Stevens, Nicola; Lehmann, Caroline E. R.; Murphy, Brett P.; Durigan, Giselda (January 2017).
3443:
2204:
1492:
1321:
Terrestrial biomes of the world according to Olson et al. and used by the WWF and Global 200.
1263:
537:
The gradient runs from favorable to the extreme, with corresponding changes in productivity.
5280:
5232:
5004:
4941:
4921:
4863:
4823:
4818:
4439:
4127:
4060:
3991:
3877:
3816:
3634:
3567:
3502:
3398:
3351:
3073:
2899:
2857:
2753:
2475:
2190:
2068:
1472:
1467:
1462:
645:
275:
3143:
167:), with the inclusion of the animal element and the exclusion of the taxonomic element of
8:
5423:
5380:
5214:
5157:
4999:
4991:
4967:
4894:
4735:
4551:
4253:
2565:
2248:
2053:
1840:
1771:
1738:
1369:
1362:
1336:
1113:
1050:
953:
682:
564:
454:
246:
216:
168:
95:
79:
4269:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 9 August 2021. p. SPM-23; Fig. SPM.6.
4131:
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3995:
3881:
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3689:
3638:
3571:
3506:
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3077:
2861:
2757:
226:
5714:
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4762:
4752:
4313:
4288:
4148:
4115:
4114:
Kummu, Matti; Heino, Matias; Taka, Maija; Varis, Olli; Viviroli, Daniel (21 May 2021).
4096:
4022:
3977:
3957:
3903:
3778:
3741:
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3620:
3596:
3536:
3465:
3416:
3325:
3089:
3000:
2967:
2873:
2769:
2740:
2690:
2533:
2374:
2365:
1580:
1403:
1391:
1112:(his concept of ecozone is more similar to the concept of biome than to the concept of
758:, provides a comprehensive coverage of the major "ecosystem types or biomes" on Earth:
640:
591:
250:
221:
4414:
4371:
4047:"Patterns and trends of the dominant environmental controls of net biome productivity"
3556:"Multivariate climate departures have outpaced univariate changes across global lands"
3491:"Past and future global transformation of terrestrial ecosystems under climate change"
5735:
5622:
5511:
5488:
5408:
5375:
4931:
4853:
4782:
4772:
4695:
4329:
4318:
4235:
4153:
4100:
4088:
4027:
4009:
3961:
3949:
3907:
3895:
3844:
3783:
3765:
3719:
3670:
3652:
3601:
3583:
3528:
3520:
3469:
3455:
3420:
3295:
3044:
2717:
2698:
2686:
2606:
2516:
2479:
2308:
2279:
1981:
1692:
1457:
1409:
1397:
943:
501:
138:
3829:
3802:
3740:
De Boeck, Hans J.; Hiltbrunner, Erika; Jentsch, Anke; Vandvik, Vigdis (2019-03-28).
3540:
3093:
3062:
Bailey, R. G. (1989). "Explanatory supplement to ecoregions map of the continents".
2877:
2846:
Whittaker, Robert H. (January–March 1962). "Classification of Natural Communities".
2694:
2652:
2635:
2419:
2400:
5630:
5534:
5529:
5435:
5302:
5287:
5164:
5144:
5086:
4792:
4308:
4300:
4143:
4135:
4078:
4068:
4046:
4017:
3999:
3939:
3885:
3834:
3824:
3773:
3755:
3709:
3701:
3660:
3642:
3591:
3575:
3510:
3447:
3406:
3081:
2865:
2848:
2761:
2682:
2647:
2525:
2414:
2076:
1433:
1385:
755:
399:
281:
254:
143:
118:
52:
3048:
5730:
5626:
5430:
5413:
5370:
5360:
5252:
4767:
4757:
4660:
4432:
4424:
4139:
3285:
3240:
3196:
3173:
3149:
3120:
3028:
2917:
2792:
2616:
2602:
2579:
2489:
2455:
2445:
2017:
1917:
1679:
1674:
1421:
1238:
1181:
922:
917:
697:
404:
339:
193:
3944:
3925:
3555:
3435:
1097:
Low, evergreen vegetation, without trees, growing over permanently frozen soils
5702:
5678:
5634:
5544:
5463:
5453:
5317:
5312:
5071:
5061:
4960:
4808:
4787:
4777:
4051:
3579:
3451:
3411:
3384:
3291:
2304:
2196:
2157:
2130:
1942:
1497:
1415:
1379:
1065:
732:
625:
172:
3890:
3863:
3839:
3085:
151:(1877). Later, it gained its current definition, based on earlier concepts of
148:
5724:
5709:
5646:
5473:
5403:
5355:
5322:
5194:
5184:
5174:
5134:
5129:
4705:
4655:
4618:
4502:
4107:
4092:
4013:
3953:
3899:
3769:
3723:
3656:
3587:
3524:
2832:
2598:
Walter's Vegetation of the Earth: The Ecological Systems of the Geo-Biosphere
2013:
1084:
1002:
579:
4073:
4004:
3760:
3647:
3515:
3490:
1804:
1312:
5516:
5478:
5468:
5458:
5398:
5179:
5024:
5014:
4813:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4419:
4322:
4304:
4157:
4031:
3848:
3787:
3674:
3605:
3532:
3305:
2620:
2493:
2199:
is already now altering biomes, adversely affecting terrestrial and marine
2080:
2059:
1996:
1991:
1963:
1936:
1931:
1696:
1620:
1159:
1019:
ZB V. Warm temperate, occasional frost, often with summer rainfall maximum
630:
334:
5650:
5610:
5275:
5081:
5009:
4670:
3554:
Abatzoglou, John T.; Dobrowski, Solomon Z.; Parks, Sean A. (2020-03-03).
2072:
2035:
1011:
983:
660:
635:
611:
478:
427:
192:
is used in a different manner. In German literature, particularly in the
91:
3619:
Williams, John W.; Jackson, Stephen T.; Kutzbach, John E. (2007-04-03).
102:. Biomes may span more than one continent. A biome encompasses multiple
5614:
5365:
5332:
5307:
5189:
5109:
5019:
4899:
4675:
4083:
3621:"Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD"
2869:
2773:
2537:
2378:
2181:
2124:
2022:
1888:
1844:
1816:
1810:
1783:
1777:
1750:
1744:
1721:
1632:
1626:
1605:
1347:
1340:
1326:
1091:
472:
441:
289:
284:
classified climates based on the biological effects of temperature and
242:
160:
114:
87:
4340:
4293:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4287:
Van der Putten, Wim H.; Macel, Mirka; Visser, Marcel E. (2010-07-12).
3705:
2382:
1317:
5638:
5606:
5598:
5297:
5242:
5227:
5199:
5169:
5096:
5029:
4889:
4884:
4700:
2242:
2200:
2106:
2063:
1986:
1862:
1849:
1835:
1795:
1766:
1733:
1716:
1710:
1351:
1163:
1041:
650:
574:
507:
432:
389:
379:
324:
319:
177:
126:
103:
98:
that has formed in response to its physical environment and regional
5555:
4044:
3025:
The Ecozones of the World: The Ecological Divisions of the Geosphere
2765:
2529:
1368:
554:
versus average annual temperature (y-axis) to classify biome-types.
5673:
5618:
4721:
4665:
4628:
4337:
Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services
3382:
2936:
2145:
2141:
2101:
2088:
2084:
2040:
1976:
1971:
1926:
1592:
1282:
M310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division – Mountain Provinces
961:
513:
417:
374:
285:
3923:
3690:"Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents"
266:
5390:
5267:
5237:
5053:
5034:
4623:
3739:
2236:
2027:
2002:
1872:
1754:
1662:
1644:
1335:(WWF) developed a scheme that divided the world's land area into
1031:
677:
436:
293:
198:
107:
99:
83:
3269:] (in French). Vol. 2. pp. 559–587. Archived from
5257:
5124:
5104:
4597:
4487:
4358:
The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography
3800:
1570:
1442:
1191:
1177:
692:
421:
394:
384:
329:
309:
3861:
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5445:
5204:
5044:
4983:
4492:
4236:"Why extreme rains are gaining strength as the climate warms"
2212:
2208:
2007:
1866:
1547:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1540:
1075:
655:
619:
414:
369:
314:
164:
41:
One way of mapping terrestrial (land) biomes around the world
37:
3434:
Rockström, Johan; Steffen, Will; Noone, Kevin (2017-12-31),
1583:(temperate warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall)
1014:(drought-adapted), frost-sensitive shrublands and woodlands
175:
added the climatic and soil aspects to the idea, calling it
5496:
5114:
4650:
4370:
University of California Museum of Paleontology Berkeley's
3974:
3803:"21st century climate change in the European Alps—A review"
3742:"Editorial: Responses to Climate Change in the Cold Biomes"
3687:
2215:
follows. For instance, out of 4000 species analyzed by the
1614:
987:
490:: a major kind of community of plants on a given continent.
449:
67:
61:
27:
Biogeographical unit with a particular biological community
4341:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
3487:
3208:"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: Major Habitat Types"
2185:
Predicated changes for Earth's biomes under two different
1561:(temperate to tropical, fresh or brackish water inundated)
4286:
2333:
1313:
Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200
717:
106:
within its boundaries. It can also comprise a variety of
4952:
3553:
2245: – Concept was developed by C. Hart Merriam in 1889
1365:, nn is the biome number, NN is the individual number).
1214:
M210 Warm Continental Division – Mountain Provinces
3618:
2144:
biome, consisting entirely of microscopic life in rock
1224:
M220 Hot Continental Division – Mountain Provinces
2995:] (in German). Vol. 1, Grundlagen. Stuttgart.
2787:
Pomeroy, Lawrence R.; Alberts, James J., eds. (1988).
2509:"The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts"
1604:
According to the WWF, the following are classified as
1361:, there is a specific EcoID, format XXnnNN (XX is the
1354:
identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation.
355:
The principal biomes of the world by Kendeigh (1961):
30:"Biota (ecology)" redirects here. For other uses, see
5662:
3433:
3138:
ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth.
2471:
Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach
2436:
Fitossociologia no Brasil: métodos e estudos de caso.
2361:"The development and structure of biotic communities"
2165:, which can change grass savanna into shrub savanna.
1269:
M260 Mediterranean Division – Mountain Provinces
1025:
Temperate evergreen forest, somewhat frost-sensitive
964:, summer rainy season and cooler "winter" dry season
512:
Whittaker used what he called "gradient analysis" of
185:(1964–74) projects popularized the concept of biome.
2233: – Systems that categorize the world's climates
1780:(426), each characterized by a main biome type (12)
1747:(867), each characterized by a main biome type (14)
1339:(called "ecozones" in a BBC scheme), and these into
1068:, cold temperate with cool summers and long winters
1022:
Yellow or red forest soils, slightly podsolic soils
996:
Desert vegetation with considerable exposed surface
496:
Formation-type: a grouping of convergent formations.
473:
Key definitions for understanding Whittaker's scheme
261:
238:
to the average conditions that predominate in them.
58:
4113:
1813:(232), each characterized by a main biome type (5)
1234:
M230 Subtropical Division – Mountain Provinces
70:
55:
4454:
1207:210 Warm Continental Division (Köppen: portion of
1053:, arid, with warm or hot summers and cold winters
745:
508:Whittaker's parameters for classifying biome-types
3715:20.500.11820/ff572887-5c50-4c25-8b65-a9ce5bd8ea2a
3378:
3376:
2669:"Review of plant biogeographic studies in Brazil"
2329:"Finally, A Map Of All The Microbes On Your Body"
2207:. As a region's climate changes, a change in its
1217:220 Hot Continental Division (Köppen: portion of
1197:M130 Subarctic Division – Mountain Provinces
911:
280:In 1947, the American botanist and climatologist
5722:
3735:
3733:
3027:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995; 2nd ed., 2005,
2889:
2887:
2590:
2588:
1966:(not covered yet by the Global 200/WWF scheme):
1595:(subtropical and tropical, salt water inundated)
1511:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1431:
3983:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3626:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2301:Quaternary Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeography
1661:Tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and
1247:250 Prairie Division (Köppen: arid portions of
946:, always moist, little temperature seasonality
3869:Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography
3436:""A Safe Operating Space for Humanity" (2009)"
3373:
3352:"What is the Endolithic Biome? (with picture)"
2786:
2468:Cox, C. B.; Moore, P.D.; Ladle, R. J. (2016).
1553:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1517:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
1244:M240 Marine Division – Mountain Provinces
1187:M120 Tundra Division – Mountain Provinces
1074:Evergreen, frost-hardy, needle-leaved forest (
5571:
4968:
4440:
4038:
3919:
3917:
3730:
2986:
2884:
2666:
2594:
2585:
2572:. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. pp. 106–128,
2467:
2270:Bowman, William D.; Hacker, Sally D. (2021).
2251: – Living and non-living things on Earth
1227:230 Subtropical Division (Köppen: portion of
1087:, short, cool summers and long, cold winters
3133:
3131:
3129:
3105:
3103:
2269:
2151:
4588:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
2812:. Philadelphia: Saunders Co. Archived from
1577:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
1523:Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
1150:
1103:
618:Subarctic-subalpine needle-leaved forests (
305:The principal biome-types by Allee (1949):
300:
196:terminology, the term is used similarly as
64:
5578:
5564:
4975:
4961:
4447:
4433:
4396:Global Currents and Terrestrial Biomes Map
3914:
3005:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2972:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2394:
2392:
1346:This classification is used to define the
1037:Forest brown earths and grey forest soils
4312:
4147:
4082:
4072:
4021:
4003:
3943:
3889:
3838:
3828:
3777:
3759:
3713:
3664:
3646:
3595:
3514:
3410:
3283:
3126:
3100:
2893:
2845:
2736:
2651:
2418:
1005:, winter rainy season and summer drought
350:
4360:. University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.
3179:
2826:
2438:Vol. 1. Viçosa: Editora UFV. pp. 44–85.
2398:
2358:
2180:
1727:
1316:
1285:320 Tropical/Subtropical Desert Division
1279:310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division
1034:, moderate climate with winter freezing
798:Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forests
453:
450:Whittaker (1962, 1970, 1975) biome-types
265:
36:
3013:
2711:
2633:
2506:
2389:
2058:Humans have altered global patterns of
2047:
1504:
113:While a biome can cover small areas, a
14:
5723:
3390:Communications Earth & Environment
3321:"The Next Frontier: The Great Indoors"
3318:
3258:
3061:
2953:
2636:"The Brazilian cerrado is not a biome"
1599:
1090:Tundra humus soils with solifluction (
205:In the Brazilian literature, the term
5585:
5559:
4956:
4428:
4276:from the original on 4 November 2021.
3155:
2805:
1858:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
1529:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
1525:(tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
1519:(tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
1331:A team of biologists convened by the
877:Ecosystems of the Continental Shelves
5507:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
4572:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
4534:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
3211:"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World"
2674:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
2298:
2135:
1549:(tropical and subtropical, semiarid)
1262:260 Mediterranean Division (Köppen:
292:under the assumption that these two
188:However, in some contexts, the term
2928:
2175:Effects of climate change on biomes
2118:
1800:Biogeographic realms (marine) (12)
822:Managed Terrestrial Ecosystems
767:Natural Terrestrial Ecosystems
24:
4350:
3333:from the original on June 14, 2018
2987:Walter, H.; Breckle, S-W. (1991).
2667:Fiaschi, P.; Pirani, J.R. (2009).
2595:Walter, H.; Breckle, S-W. (2002).
1922:Pruvot (1896) zones or "systems":
1686:
1108:Schultz (1988, 2005) defined nine
868:Intertidal and Littoral Ecosystems
783:Temperate Deserts and Semi-Deserts
728:Temperate fresh-water swamp forest
232:
209:is sometimes used as a synonym of
137:The term was suggested in 1916 by
25:
5747:
4498:Montane grasslands and shrublands
4364:
4233:
1565:Montane grasslands and shrublands
1513:(tropical and subtropical, humid)
1059:Grasslands and temperate deserts
795:Heathlands and Related Shrublands
723:Tropical fresh-water swamp forest
262:Holdridge (1947, 1964) life zones
5708:
5696:
5684:
5672:
5540:
5539:
5043:
3808:Science of the Total Environment
3236:"Marine Ecoregions of the World"
2687:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00046.x
2173:This section is an excerpt from
1911:
1877:Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae
1643:Temperate floodplain rivers and
1190:130 Subarctic Division (Köppen:
780:Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen, and Moor
529:Temperature gradient by latitude
526:Temperature gradient by altitude
183:International Biological Program
51:
5248:Human impact on the environment
4614:Flooded grasslands and savannas
4280:
4227:
4201:
4181:
4164:
3968:
3931:Global Ecology and Conservation
3855:
3830:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.050
3794:
3681:
3612:
3547:
3481:
3427:
3362:from the original on 2017-03-07
3344:
3319:Zimmer, Carl (March 19, 2015).
3312:
3287:Ecological Geography of the Sea
3277:
3252:
3228:
3202:
3055:
3033:
2980:
2947:
2922:
2906:
2839:
2820:
2799:
2780:
2730:
2705:
2660:
2653:10.1590/S1676-06032011000100001
2627:
2420:10.1590/S0102-33062006000100002
2341:from the original on 2018-04-16
1906:
1854:Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
1559:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1537:(temperate, humid to semihumid)
1136:subtropics with year-round rain
886:Managed Aquatic Ecosystems
810:Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems
804:Hot Deserts and Arid Shrublands
746:Goodall (1974–) ecosystem types
241:A 1978 study on North American
5077:Climate variability and change
4927:Ecological land classification
4456:Biogeographic regionalisations
2558:
2500:
2461:
2427:
2352:
2321:
2292:
2263:
912:Walter (1976, 2002) zonobiomes
851:Inland Aquatic Ecosystems
816:Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground
557:
141:, originally as a synonym for
132:
94:. It consists of a biological
13:
1:
5502:Evolution of the Solar System
2962:] (in German). Stuttgart.
2894:Whittaker, Robert H. (1975).
2789:Concepts of Ecosystem Ecology
2403:[The biome concept].
2256:
2032:Coastal lagoons/Atoll lagoons
1589:(temperate to tropical, arid)
1291:340 Temperate Desert Division
1288:330 Temperate Steppe Division
1237:240 Marine Division (Köppen:
801:Mediterranean-Type Shrublands
5253:Evolutionary history of life
4593:Deserts and xeric shrublands
4260:"Summary for Policymakers".
4140:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017
2809:Principles of animal ecology
2217:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2131:Habitat § Microhabitats
2094:Major anthropogenic biomes:
1587:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1535:Temperate coniferous forests
1372:(terrestrial and freshwater)
1145:tropics with year-round rain
880:Ecosystems of the Deep Ocean
570:Tropical seasonal rainforest
7:
4834:Temperate Northern Atlantic
4524:Broadleaf and mixed forests
4403:(archived 22 February 2011)
4356:Ritter, Michael E. (2005).
3945:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01441
2935:. Vol. 36. Amsterdam:
2223:
1567:(alpine or montane climate)
1448:Temperate Northern Atlantic
1133:subtropics with winter rain
1008:Mediterranean brown earths
874:Estuaries and Enclosed Seas
855:River and Stream Ecosystems
789:Temperate Deciduous Forests
708:Cool temperate desert scrub
10:
5752:
5041:
4937:Vegetation classifications
4839:Temperate Northern Pacific
4420:World Map of Desert Biomes
3747:Frontiers in Plant Science
3580:10.1038/s41598-020-60270-5
3452:10.12987/9780300188479-042
3412:10.1038/s43247-021-00270-z
3065:Environmental Conservation
2914:Communities and Ecosystems
2896:Communities and Ecosystems
2750:British Ecological Society
2716:. Springer. pp. 2–3.
2619:on 2016-11-27 – via
2492:on 2016-11-26 – via
2172:
2128:
2122:
2051:
1915:
1691:Biomes of the coastal and
1453:Temperate Northern Pacific
1324:
1203:200 Humid Temperate Domain
1139:dry tropics and subtropics
890:Managed Aquatic Ecosystems
750:The multi-authored series
602:Temperate evergreen forest
597:Temperate deciduous forest
587:Temperate giant rainforest
523:Climatic moisture gradient
365:Temperate deciduous forest
273:
29:
5593:
5525:
5487:
5444:
5389:
5331:
5266:
5213:
5143:
5095:
5052:
4990:
4982:
4914:
4872:
4849:Temperate Southern Africa
4801:
4745:
4734:
4714:
4641:
4606:
4580:
4542:
4511:
4480:
4471:
4462:
4413:NASA's Earth Observatory
3891:10.3402/tellusa.v68.28234
3086:10.1017/S0376892900009711
2912:Whittaker, R. H. (1970).
2714:The ecozones of the world
2474:(9th ed.). Hoboken:
2448:. Earlier version, 2003,
2152:Effects of climate change
1706:Temperate shelves and sea
1667:Tropical and subtropical
1655:Tropical and subtropical
1488:Temperate Southern Africa
1297:400 Humid Tropical Domain
1162:classification system of
899:Underground Ecosystems
763:Terrestrial Ecosystems
5512:Location in the Universe
5454:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5153:List of sovereign states
4859:Tropical Eastern Pacific
4809:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2831:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
2712:Schultz, Jürgen (1995).
2399:Coutinho, L. M. (2006).
2359:Clements, F. E. (1917).
2187:climate change scenarios
2163:woody plant encroachment
1478:Tropical Eastern Pacific
1151:Bailey (1989) ecoregions
1142:tropics with summer rain
1104:Schultz (1988) eco-zones
971:Tropical seasonal forest
967:Red clays or red earths
901:
888:
866:
853:
838:Bioindustrial Ecosystems
824:
345:Minor terrestrial biomes
301:Allee (1949) biome-types
4880:Biogeographic provinces
4844:Temperate South America
4562:Moist broadleaf forests
4380:(archived 11 July 2011)
4074:10.5194/bg-17-2365-2020
4005:10.1073/pnas.2003873117
3761:10.3389/fpls.2019.00347
3648:10.1073/pnas.0606292104
3516:10.1126/science.aan5360
2932:Ecosystems of the World
2827:Kendeigh, S.C. (1961).
2406:Acta Botanica Brasilica
2276:Oxford University Press
1999:(trades and westerlies)
1943:Longhurst (1998) biomes
1483:Temperate South America
1304:420 Rainforest Division
1056:Chernozems to serozems
949:Equatorial brown clays
777:Polar and Alpine Tundra
752:Ecosystems of the World
163:(used in opposition to
4410:(archived 6 July 2017)
4305:10.1098/rstb.2010.0037
3284:Longhurst, A. (1998).
2929:Goodall, D. W. (ed.).
2916:. Toronto, pp. 51–64,
2634:Batalha, M.A. (2011).
2507:Tansley, A.G. (1935).
2231:Climate classification
2205:extreme weather events
2194:
1856:(PA0418); biome type:
1673:Xeric freshwaters and
1432:Biogeographic realms (
1359:terrestrial ecoregions
1322:
993:Serosemes, sierozemes
937:Zonal vegetation type
916:The eponymously named
864:Marine Ecosystems
774:Dry Coastal Ecosystems
771:Wet Coastal Ecosystems
459:
351:Kendeigh (1961) biomes
271:
212:biogeographic province
42:
5233:Biogeochemical cycles
5158:dependent territories
4942:Zoogeographic regions
4900:Global 200 ecoregions
4829:Temperate Australasia
4567:Dry broadleaf forests
4389:Encyclopedia of Earth
3694:Global Change Biology
3444:Yale University Press
3021:Die Ökozonen der Erde
2476:John Wiley & Sons
2401:"O conceito de bioma"
2184:
2129:Further information:
2052:Further information:
1916:Further information:
1728:Summary of the scheme
1555:(temperate, semiarid)
1493:Temperate Australasia
1320:
847:Aquatic Ecosystems
835:Greenhouse Ecosystems
829:Field Crop Ecosystems
703:Warm-temperate desert
457:
269:
40:
5643:Biomolecular complex
5281:Computer cartography
5005:Prebiotic atmosphere
4922:Altitudinal zonation
4864:Western Indo-Pacific
4824:Eastern Indo-Pacific
4819:Central Indo-Pacific
3446:, pp. 491–505,
3440:The Future of Nature
2993:Ecology of the Earth
2900:MacMillan Publishing
2806:Allee, W.C. (1949).
2278:. pp. H3–1–51.
2191:Holdridge life zones
2069:Anthropogenic biomes
2048:Anthropogenic biomes
1772:Biogeographic realms
1739:Biogeographic realms
1541:Boreal forests/taiga
1505:Biomes (terrestrial)
1473:Eastern Indo-Pacific
1468:Central Indo-Pacific
1463:Western Indo-Pacific
1370:Biogeographic realms
1337:biogeographic realms
1301:410 Savanna Division
977:, scrub, or savanna
858:Lakes and Reservoirs
832:Tree Crop Ecosystems
713:Arctic-alpine desert
666:subalpine-needleleaf
646:Temperate shrublands
276:Holdridge life zones
247:logistic correlation
5424:Geologic time scale
5145:Culture and society
5000:Atmosphere of Earth
4895:Lists of ecoregions
4552:Tropical rainforest
4408:Major Habitat Types
4299:(1549): 2025–2034.
4213:National Geographic
4132:2021OEart...4..720K
4065:2020BGeo...17.2365M
3996:2020PNAS..11733358M
3990:(52): 33358–33364.
3882:2016TellA..6828234J
3821:2014ScTEn.493.1138G
3639:2007PNAS..104.5738W
3572:2020NatSR..10.3891A
3507:2018Sci...361..920N
3403:2021ComEE...2..198D
3259:Pruvot, G. (1896).
3078:1989EnvCo..16..307B
2954:Walter, H. (1976).
2862:1962BotRv..28....1W
2758:1978JEcol..66..573S
2249:Natural environment
2054:Anthropogenic biome
1886:Plant: Silver fir (
1841:Biogeographic realm
1600:Biomes (freshwater)
1581:sclerophyll forests
1363:biogeographic realm
1333:World Wildlife Fund
1158:nearly developed a
1127:humid mid-latitudes
1121:polar/subpolar zone
1044:, temperate forest
986:, highly seasonal,
954:tropical rainforest
683:Temperate grassland
671:subalpine-broadleaf
565:Tropical rainforest
426:Balanoid-gastropod-
217:species composition
215:, an area based on
169:species composition
80:geographical region
5419:Geological history
5293:Geodetic astronomy
4932:Floristic kingdoms
4696:Hydrothermal vents
4557:Coniferous forests
4519:Coniferous forests
4372:The World's Biomes
4234:Witze, Alexandra.
3840:20.500.11850/87298
3560:Scientific Reports
3326:The New York Times
3195:2016-10-06 at the
3172:2016-10-06 at the
3148:2012-09-17 at the
3119:2016-10-07 at the
3111:Conservation Biol.
2870:10.1007/BF02860872
2741:Journal of Ecology
2578:2016-08-28 at the
2570:Vegetation ecology
2566:van der Maarel, E.
2454:2016-08-27 at the
2444:2016-09-24 at the
2366:Journal of Ecology
2195:
1982:Hydrothermal vents
1741:(terrestrial) (8)
1543:(subarctic, humid)
1531:(temperate, humid)
1323:
1180:Division (Köppen:
826:Managed Grasslands
792:Natural Grasslands
786:Coniferous Forests
641:Temperate woodland
592:Montane rainforest
460:
272:
251:evapotranspiration
222:floristic province
43:
18:Major habitat type
5660:
5659:
5587:Hierarchy of life
5553:
5552:
5489:Planetary science
5409:Extremes on Earth
5376:Signal processing
4950:
4949:
4910:
4909:
4854:Tropical Atlantic
4730:
4729:
4637:
4636:
4529:Deciduous forests
3706:10.1111/gcb.13409
3633:(14): 5738–5742.
3501:(6405): 920–923.
3045:US Forest Service
2989:Ökologie der Erde
2723:978-3-540-28527-4
2409:(in Portuguese).
2314:978-0-12-820473-3
2136:Endolithic biomes
2098:Dense settlements
2077:human settlements
1774:(freshwater) (8)
1693:continental shelf
1458:Tropical Atlantic
1130:dry mid-latitudes
1101:
1100:
1040:Frost-resistant,
807:Tropical Savannas
688:Alpine grasslands
502:plant communities
370:Coniferous forest
255:solar irradiation
245:found a positive
16:(Redirected from
5743:
5713:
5712:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5668:
5653:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5557:
5556:
5543:
5542:
5436:History of Earth
5087:Paleoclimatology
5047:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4743:
4742:
4478:
4477:
4469:
4468:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4392:
4344:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4268:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4209:"Climate Change"
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4086:
4076:
4059:(8): 2365–2379.
4042:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4007:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3947:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3893:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3763:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3650:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3518:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3244:. Archived from
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3213:. Archived from
3206:
3200:
3183:
3177:
3159:
3153:
3142:51(11):933–938,
3135:
3124:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3047:. Archived from
3037:
3031:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2996:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2963:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2939:. Archived from
2926:
2920:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2849:Botanical Review
2843:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2697:. Archived from
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2640:Biota Neotropica
2631:
2625:
2624:
2615:. Archived from
2592:
2583:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2540:. Archived from
2513:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2488:. Archived from
2465:
2459:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2381:. Archived from
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2274:(5th ed.).
2267:
2119:Microbial biomes
1805:Marine provinces
1675:endorheic basins
1172:100 Polar Domain
1156:Robert G. Bailey
934:Zonal soil type
928:
927:
923:vegetation types
756:David W. Goodall
400:Tropical savanna
320:Deciduous forest
282:Leslie Holdridge
153:phytophysiognomy
144:biotic community
119:human microbiome
78:) is a distinct
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
21:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5685:
5683:
5671:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5597:
5589:
5584:
5554:
5549:
5521:
5483:
5440:
5431:Geologic record
5385:
5371:Plate tectonics
5361:Mineral physics
5341:Earth structure
5327:
5262:
5209:
5139:
5091:
5048:
5039:
4986:
4981:
4951:
4946:
4906:
4868:
4797:
4737:
4726:
4722:Endolithic zone
4710:
4643:
4633:
4602:
4576:
4544:
4538:
4507:
4473:
4458:
4453:
4415:Mission: Biomes
4401:WorldBiomes.com
4383:
4367:
4353:
4351:Further reading
4348:
4347:
4334:
4330:
4285:
4281:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4215:. 28 March 2019
4207:
4206:
4202:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4112:
4108:
4043:
4039:
3973:
3969:
3922:
3915:
3860:
3856:
3799:
3795:
3738:
3731:
3686:
3682:
3617:
3613:
3552:
3548:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3472:
3462:
3432:
3428:
3381:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3317:
3313:
3302:
3282:
3278:
3257:
3253:
3241:World Wide Fund
3234:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:Wayback Machine
3184:
3180:
3174:Wayback Machine
3160:
3156:
3150:Wayback Machine
3136:
3127:
3121:Wayback Machine
3108:
3101:
3060:
3056:
3041:"Bailey System"
3039:
3038:
3034:
3018:
3014:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2981:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2948:
2927:
2923:
2911:
2907:
2892:
2885:
2844:
2840:
2825:
2821:
2804:
2800:
2793:Springer-Verlag
2785:
2781:
2766:10.2307/2259152
2735:
2731:
2724:
2710:
2706:
2665:
2661:
2632:
2628:
2613:
2603:Springer-Verlag
2593:
2586:
2580:Wayback Machine
2563:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2530:10.2307/1930070
2511:
2505:
2501:
2486:
2466:
2462:
2456:Wayback Machine
2446:Wayback Machine
2432:
2428:
2397:
2390:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2178:
2154:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2018:Intertidal zone
1920:
1918:Marine habitats
1914:
1909:
1730:
1689:
1687:Biomes (marine)
1684:
1680:Oceanic islands
1602:
1507:
1502:
1438:
1426:
1374:
1329:
1315:
1160:biogeographical
1153:
1148:
1106:
918:Heinrich Walter
914:
909:
906:
903:Cave Ecosystems
896:
893:
883:
861:
844:
841:
819:
813:Wetland Forests
748:
743:
698:Tropical desert
560:
510:
475:
452:
405:Tropical forest
353:
340:Tropical forest
303:
278:
264:
235:
233:Classifications
135:
54:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5749:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5718:
5717:
5705:
5693:
5691:Earth sciences
5681:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5464:Atlantic Ocean
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5346:Fluid dynamics
5343:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5318:Geopositioning
5315:
5313:Remote Sensing
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5072:Climate change
5069:
5067:Energy balance
5064:
5062:Climate system
5058:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4740:
4736:Biogeographic
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4475:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4404:
4398:
4393:
4381:
4378:Biome Overview
4374:
4366:
4365:External links
4363:
4362:
4361:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4328:
4279:
4252:
4226:
4200:
4180:
4163:
4126:(5): 720–729.
4106:
4052:Biogeosciences
4037:
3967:
3913:
3854:
3793:
3729:
3700:(1): 235–244.
3680:
3611:
3546:
3480:
3460:
3426:
3372:
3343:
3311:
3300:
3292:Academic Press
3276:
3273:on 2016-10-18.
3251:
3248:on 2009-02-07.
3227:
3201:
3178:
3154:
3125:
3099:
3072:(4): 307–309.
3054:
3051:on 2009-01-01.
3032:
3012:
2979:
2946:
2943:on 2016-09-18.
2921:
2905:
2883:
2838:
2829:Animal ecology
2819:
2816:on 2017-10-01.
2798:
2779:
2729:
2722:
2704:
2701:on 2017-08-31.
2681:(5): 477–496.
2659:
2626:
2611:
2605:. p. 86.
2584:
2557:
2524:(3): 284–307.
2499:
2484:
2478:. p. 20.
2460:
2426:
2388:
2385:on 2016-10-07.
2351:
2320:
2313:
2307:. p. 67.
2305:Academic Press
2291:
2285:978-1605359212
2284:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2197:Climate change
2179:
2171:
2158:climate change
2156:Anthropogenic
2153:
2150:
2137:
2134:
2123:Main article:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2010:(ocean trench)
2005:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:Tropical coral
1719:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1657:coastal rivers
1653:
1647:
1641:
1639:coastal rivers
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1498:Southern Ocean
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1325:Main article:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1275:300 Dry Domain
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1245:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:Sclerophyllous
1009:
1006:
998:
997:
994:
991:
979:
978:
968:
965:
957:
956:
950:
947:
939:
938:
935:
932:
913:
910:
908:
907:
905:
904:
900:
897:
895:
894:
892:
891:
887:
884:
882:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
865:
862:
860:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
843:
842:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
823:
820:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
747:
744:
742:
741:
738:
735:
733:Mangrove swamp
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
643:
638:
633:
628:
626:Elfin woodland
623:
616:
615:
614:
609:
599:
594:
589:
584:
583:
582:
577:
567:
561:
559:
556:
551:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
509:
506:
498:
497:
494:
491:
485:
482:
474:
471:
451:
448:
447:
446:
445:
444:
439:
430:
424:
409:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
352:
349:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
302:
299:
274:Main article:
263:
260:
234:
231:
134:
131:
82:with specific
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5748:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5694:
5692:
5682:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5652:
5648:
5647:Macromolecule
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5546:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5474:Pacific Ocean
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5404:Earth science
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5356:Magnetosphere
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5323:Virtual globe
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5288:Earth's orbit
5286:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:World history
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:World economy
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5135:South America
5133:
5131:
5130:North America
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4706:Demersal zone
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4503:Alpine tundra
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:Polar/montane
4479:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4376:Gale/Cengage
4375:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4272:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4190:
4184:
4173:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3815:: 1138–1151.
3814:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3461:9780300188479
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3301:9780124555594
3297:
3293:
3290:. San Diego:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3217:on 2008-10-07
3216:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:57: 573–583,
3188:
3182:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3008:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2833:Prentice-Hall
2830:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2612:9783540433156
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2547:on 2016-10-06
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:9781118968581
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1964:habitat types
1962:Other marine
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Littoral zone
1925:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1912:Marine biomes
1891:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:upland rivers
1666:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:upland rivers
1648:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:Mediterranean
1000:
999:
995:
992:
989:
985:
981:
980:
976:
972:
969:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
951:
948:
945:
941:
940:
936:
933:
930:
929:
926:
924:
919:
902:
898:
889:
885:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
863:
857:
854:
850:
849:
846:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
821:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
759:
757:
753:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
621:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
581:
580:semideciduous
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
555:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
535:
534:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
517:
515:
505:
503:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
476:
470:
467:
464:
456:
443:
440:
438:
434:
431:
429:
425:
423:
419:
416:
413:
412:
410:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
357:
356:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:High plateaus
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
277:
268:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
230:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
203:
201:
200:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:
140:
130:
128:
122:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
75:
48:
39:
33:
19:
5649: >
5645: >
5641: >
5637: >
5633: >
5629: >
5625: >
5623:Organ system
5621: >
5617: >
5613: >
5609: >
5605: >
5602:
5601: >
5517:Solar System
5479:Oceanography
5469:Indian Ocean
5459:Arctic Ocean
5399:Age of Earth
5351:Geomagnetism
5222:
5025:Thermosphere
5015:Stratosphere
4873:Subdivisions
4763:Australasian
4753:Afrotropical
4715:Other biomes
4691:Benthic zone
4686:Pelagic zone
4681:Neritic zone
4671:Kelp forests
4543:Tropical and
4463:
4406:Panda.org's
4331:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4262:
4255:
4243:. Retrieved
4239:
4229:
4217:. Retrieved
4212:
4203:
4192:. Retrieved
4183:
4166:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4056:
4050:
4040:
3987:
3981:
3970:
3935:
3929:
3876:(1): 28234.
3873:
3867:
3857:
3812:
3806:
3796:
3751:
3745:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3630:
3624:
3614:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3498:
3494:
3483:
3473:, retrieved
3439:
3429:
3394:
3388:
3364:. Retrieved
3355:
3346:
3335:. Retrieved
3324:
3314:
3306:Google Books
3304:– via
3286:
3279:
3271:the original
3266:
3261:
3254:
3246:the original
3239:
3230:
3219:. Retrieved
3215:the original
3204:
3186:
3181:
3166:58:403–414,
3163:
3157:
3139:
3113:12:502–515,
3110:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3049:the original
3035:
3024:
3020:
3019:Schultz, J.
3015:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2941:the original
2931:
2924:
2913:
2908:
2898:. New York:
2895:
2856:(1): 1–239.
2853:
2847:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2814:the original
2808:
2801:
2791:. New York:
2788:
2782:
2745:
2739:
2732:
2713:
2707:
2699:the original
2678:
2672:
2662:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2621:Google Books
2617:the original
2601:. New York:
2597:
2569:
2560:
2549:. Retrieved
2542:the original
2521:
2515:
2502:
2494:Google Books
2490:the original
2470:
2463:
2435:
2429:
2413:(1): 13–23.
2410:
2404:
2383:the original
2370:
2364:
2354:
2343:. Retrieved
2332:
2323:
2300:
2294:
2271:
2265:
2167:
2155:
2139:
2093:
2089:uses of land
2081:urbanization
2060:biodiversity
2057:
1997:Pelagic zone
1992:Benthic zone
1961:
1941:
1937:Abyssal zone
1932:Pelagic zone
1921:
1907:Other biomes
1887:
1876:
1830:
1697:neritic zone
1690:
1621:river deltas
1603:
1427:
1356:
1345:
1330:
1309:
1296:
1274:
1202:
1171:
1154:
1109:
1107:
915:
754:, edited by
751:
749:
631:Thorn forest
552:
532:
511:
499:
468:
461:
359:
354:
304:
279:
240:
236:
220:
210:
206:
204:
197:
189:
187:
176:
142:
136:
123:
112:
46:
44:
5715:Environment
5651:Biomolecule
5611:Biocoenosis
5276:Cartography
5215:Environment
5082:Climatology
5010:Troposphere
4783:Neotropical
4773:Indomalayan
4746:Terrestrial
4676:Coral reefs
4545:subtropical
4472:Terrestrial
4084:10449/64139
3566:(1): 3891.
2752:: 573–597.
2373:: 120–121.
2073:agriculture
2036:Kelp forest
1633:freshwaters
1627:freshwaters
1404:Australasia
1124:boreal zone
1051:Continental
984:Subtropical
973:, seasonal
871:Coral Reefs
661:sclerophyll
636:Thorn scrub
612:sclerophyll
558:Biome-types
479:Physiognomy
428:thallophyte
360:Terrestrial
297:important.
171:. In 1935,
133:Terminology
92:animal life
5725:Categories
5615:Population
5381:Tomography
5366:Seismology
5333:Geophysics
5308:Navigation
5200:Time zones
5165:In culture
5110:Antarctica
5097:Continents
5020:Mesosphere
4992:Atmosphere
4890:Ecoregions
4885:Bioregions
4793:Palearctic
4701:Cold seeps
4661:Intertidal
4219:1 November
4194:2019-12-23
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3397:(1): 198.
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3337:2021-02-04
3221:2008-05-13
3187:BioScience
3164:BioScience
3140:Bioscience
2551:2016-09-24
2345:2018-04-05
2257:References
2201:ecosystems
2142:endolithic
2125:Microbiome
2107:Rangelands
2087:and other
2023:Salt marsh
1987:Cold seeps
1955:Trade wind
1889:Abies alba
1881:Plant list
1845:Palearctic
1819:(biotopes)
1817:Ecosystems
1811:Ecoregions
1786:(biotopes)
1784:Ecosystems
1778:Ecoregions
1751:Ecosystems
1745:Ecoregions
1709:Temperate
1649:Temperate
1637:Temperate
1606:freshwater
1398:Indomalaya
1392:Afrotropic
1386:Palearctic
1352:ecoregions
1348:Global 200
1341:ecoregions
1327:Global 200
1164:ecoregions
1092:permafrost
975:dry forest
952:Evergreen
944:Equatorial
931:Zonobiome
737:Salt marsh
607:needleleaf
442:Coral reef
325:Grasslands
290:vegetation
243:grasslands
219:(the term
161:vegetation
115:microbiome
104:ecosystems
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5639:Organelle
5607:Ecosystem
5599:Biosphere
5298:Geomatics
5243:Ecosystem
5228:Biosphere
5190:Etymology
5170:Earth Day
5120:Australia
5030:Exosphere
4768:Holarctic
4758:Antarctic
4666:Mangroves
4512:Temperate
4120:One Earth
4101:219056644
4093:1726-4170
4014:0027-8424
3962:234107449
3954:2351-9894
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3900:1600-0870
3770:1664-462X
3724:1354-1013
3657:0027-8424
3588:2045-2322
3525:0036-8075
3470:246162286
3421:238208819
3001:cite book
2968:cite book
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2243:Life zone
2102:Croplands
2064:ecosystem
2028:Estuaries
1863:Ecosystem
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1836:Biosphere
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1796:Biosphere
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575:deciduous
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178:ecosystem
157:formation
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5736:Habitats
5619:Organism
5545:Category
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4385:"Biomes"
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4271:Archived
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1977:Deep sea
1972:Open sea
1958:Westerly
1755:biotopes
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1645:wetlands
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1573:(Arctic)
1380:Nearctic
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1350:list of
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990:climate
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962:Tropical
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286:rainfall
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5703:Ecology
5679:Biology
5665:Portals
5535:History
5530:Outline
5391:Geology
5303:Gravity
5268:Geodesy
5238:Ecology
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2517:Ecology
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1001:ZB IV.
960:ZB II.
740:Wetland
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437:annelid
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294:abiotic
199:biotope
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100:climate
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5731:Biomes
5631:Tissue
5446:Oceans
5414:Future
5258:Nature
5180:Symbol
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5105:Africa
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