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skin floats attached, to provide drag to weaken the whale. In the past, a series of smaller lances were used to repeatedly strike the whale, gradually weakening and killing it, often over a period of hours, and in some cases, days. Recently, hunters have adopted use of a big-game rifle after the harpoon strike, to ensure a more efficient kill. The
International Whaling Commission permits four cartridges in whaling:
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356:
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Since the late 20th century, hunters have used a steel "yankee style" head, but they have retained the yew wood shaft because of its flexibility, water resistance, and strength. Held fast to the whale, the harpoon shaft comes loose, to be recovered later, and a line is thrown from the canoe with seal
596:
Once the whale has been killed, a crew member called the "diver" jumps into the water and cuts a hole through the bottom and top of the whale's jaw, to which a tow line and float are attached. This holds the whale's mouth shut and prevents the carcass from filling with water and sinking. Hunters tow
474:
The Makah traditional family consisted of parents and children living in a particular area. Members of Makah families were ranked in society according to their relationship to the chief of the tribe. There were no stratifications in gender roles; all genders were equal, participating in the hunting
556:
adjacent to their reservation territory. Various traditional criteria are used to determine the best whale to harvest. By counting the whale's exhalations, the hunters determine when the whale is about to dive, and determine from this the best time to strike. Approaching the whale's left side, the
600:
Traditional ceremonies and songs are performed to welcome the whale's spirit. Following this, the whale is divided in a precise and traditional fashion, with certain families having ownership of particular cuts. The "saddle piece" located midway between the center of the back and the tail is the
432:
Archaeological test pits were excavated at the Ozette site in 1966 and 1967 by
Richard Daugherty. However, it was not until 1970 that it became apparent what was buried there. After a storm in February 1970, tidal erosion exposed hundreds of well-preserved wooden artifacts. The excavation of the
608:
The Makah assert that their right to whaling is guaranteed in the 1855 Treaty of Neah Bay, which states in part: "The right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said
Indians in common with all citizens of the United States."
1482:
A web-based museum showcasing aspects of the rich history and culture of
Washington State's Olympic Peninsula communities. Features cultural exhibits, curriculum packets and a searchable archive of over 12,000 items that includes historical photographs, audio recordings, videos, maps, diaries,
266:, which translates to somewhere near to "the people who live by the rocks and seagulls". Other thought translations include "the people who live on the cape by the seagulls", and "people of the point", as well as several others. This has sometimes been anglicized as Kwih-dich-chuh-ahtx
402:
in
Clallam County) and preserved the Makah people's rights to hunt whales and seals in the region. The Makah language was not used during the negotiation of the treaty, and the government used the S'Klallam-language name to refer to the tribe, rather than the Makah-language endoynm.
425:. The oral history of the Makah mentions a "great slide" which engulfed a portion of Ozette long ago. The mudslide preserved several houses and their contents in a collapsed state until the 1970s, when they were excavated by the Makah and archaeologists from
648:
of 1934 and establishing an elected tribal government. The constitution provided for a five-member Tribal
Council. Each year the council elects a Tribal Chairperson. The Council develops and passes laws for the Makah Reservation.
433:
Ozette site began shortly after. University students worked with the Makah under the direction of archaeologists using pressurized water to remove mud from six buried long houses. The excavation went on for 11 years.
771:
since 2002, when its last fluent native speaker died. However, it survives as a second language. The Makah Tribe is also working to revive the language, and has established preschool classes to teach its children.
459:
Historically, the structure of Makah society is a class system; people in the middle or lower classes could gain better social status by marrying into the upper levels. The community was in mostly a
429:. Over 55,000 artifacts were recovered, representing many activities of the Makah, from whale and seal hunting to salmon and halibut fishing. Artifacts included toys, games, and bows and arrows.
864:
takes place in a reconstructed Makah village. Many of the actors featured in the scene are Makah tribal members; dialogue is in the Makah language. Additionally, the song "The
Renegade" by
601:
property of the harpooner. It is taken to his home where a special ceremony is performed. The meat and oil are distributed to community members, and a great deal of it is consumed during a
312:
was of great value to Makah, who also used its bark to make water-resistant clothing and hats. Cedar roots were used in basket making. Whole trees were carved out to make canoes to hunt
805:
Tribal census data from 1999 show that the Makah Tribe has 1,214 enrolled members; some 1,079 live on the reservation. The unemployment rate on the reservation is approximately 51%.
851:(2002) by Patricia Pierce Erikson with Helma Ward & Kirk Wachendorf recounts the founding of The Makah Cultural and Research Center and the work to preserve their heritage.
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847:
616:, despite court-imposed regulations governing the Makah hunt. The whale died within 12 hours, sinking while heading out to sea after being confiscated and cut loose by the
300:
research suggests that Makah people have inhabited the area now known as Neah Bay for more than 3,800 years. Traditionally, the Makah lived in villages consisting of large
331:. They would also hunt deer, elk, and bear from the surrounding forests. Women also gathered a wide variety of nuts, berries and edible plants and roots for their foods.
1524:
845:, éditions Grasset & Fasquelle) explores the struggle between tradition and modernity for the Makah in northwestern Washington. In the realm of non-fiction,
833:(2014) by Rosanne Parry takes place in the 1920s, featuring an orphaned Makah girl who works to preserve her people's culture. Meanwhile, Arlyn Conly's memoir
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takes place in the late 1950s, describing Neah Bay High School through the eyes of a white home economics teacher. French writer Frédéric Roux's novel
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204:
656:, in late August. It features a grand parade and street fair as well as canoe races, traditional games, singing, dancing, feasting, and fireworks.
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of whales and other livestock. Although men were more fishermen and hunters, women's activities centered on gathering resources for the family.
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1001:"HistoryLink: Makah tribal members join delegation from Japan in commemorating three shipwrecked Japanese sailors on September 29, 1997"
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has been suspended and re-established several times. Most recently, the practice was suspended in the 1920s because the commercial
412:
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704:
612:
In
September 2007, five members of the Makah tribe shot a gray whale using a .460 caliber rifle, similar to that used in hunting
364:
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family of languages. It is also the only
Wakashan language in the United States. Other tribes speaking Wakashan are located in
813:
Several books have explored Makah history, usually from the arrival of white settlers onward. The historical-adventure novel
347:. From there, the United States transported them by ship to London and eventually China, but they never reached Japan again.
728:
507:
1514:
1300:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of
Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40
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343:. The Makah took the three survivors of the broken ship and held them as slaves for several months before taking them to
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440:. Opened in 1979, the museum displays replicas of cedar long houses as well as whaling, fishing, and sealing canoes.
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510:, the Makah re-asserted their whaling rights. With the support and guidance of the United States government and the
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recounts conflict in the life of the son of a "Makah mother who marries a white man" though the original lyric is "
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522:
whale, typically a gray whale, each year. Archaeological records and oral history indicate a significant number of
511:
327:
Makah acquired much of their food from the ocean. Their diet consisted of whale, seal, fish, and a wide variety of
1000:
1480:
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – The Pacific Northwest Olympic Peninsula Community Museum
620:. The tribal council denounced the killing and announced their intention to try the individuals in tribal court.
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374:
308:. These longhouses had cedar-plank walls which could be tilted or removed to provide ventilation or light. The
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1312:"Meeting the Challenge of Climate Change: A Makah Tribal Leader Seeks Solutions to an Ocean Out of Balance"
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evidence excavated at the Ozette village site has also provided great insight into traditional Makah life.
17:
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552:, each seating six to nine people and more recently, from small fishing vessels. They take these into the
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Renker, Ann M., and Gunther, Erna (1990). "Makah". In "Northwest Coast", ed. Wayne Suttles. Vol. 7 of
363:
On January 31, 1855, government-selected Makah representatives signed the Treaty of Neah Bay with the
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645:
617:
212:
32:
This article is about the Native American ethnic group. For the Bantu ethnic group in Cameroon, see
817:(2009) by John Pappas gives a glimpse into the lives of the Makah people of 1801. Young adult book
787:
220:
1357:
Makah Language and the Makah Indian Tribe (Kweedishchaaht, Kweneecheeaht, Macaw, Classet, Klasset)
1424:
Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection
367:, ceding much of their traditional lands. The treaty required the Makah to be restricted to the
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The Indians of Cape Flattery : at the entrance to the Strait of Fuca, Washington Territory
761:
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700:
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239:
37:
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687:. In response, the Makah tribe is drawing on traditional knowledge to create action plans for
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703:, as well as the scientific community, the Makah conduct climate research at and monitor the
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were historically hunted as well. The Makah had gone over 70 years without catching a whale.
1017:
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hunter strikes when the whale is 3–4 feet deep, to avoid the force of the whale's tail. The
1473:
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Much of what is known about the traditional way of life of the Makah is derived from their
8:
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1049:"A Dialogue with the Past: Modern Archaeology in the Pacific Northwest and What We Are"
885:
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on May 17, 1999. According to federal law, the Makah are entitled to hunt and kill one
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Many Makah tribal members derive most of their income from fishing. Makah fish for
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The Makah whaling technique is difficult and labor-intensive. The men hunt from
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954:, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 429
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It produced more than 55,000 artifacts, many of which are on display in the
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1165:"Native American tribe wins right to hunt gray whales off Washington coast"
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In 1936, the Makah Tribe signed the Makah Constitution, accepting the
1198:"Makah Whaling & Whale Hunt - Makah Tribe (Neah Bay, Washington)"
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from the perspective of the schoolteacher's son. The children's book
437:
328:
301:
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Linguistically and ethnographically, they are closely related to the
1372:
821:(1998) by Will Hobbs takes place on and near the reservation, while
597:
the whale to shore, where it is received by members of the village.
1139:"Makah Tribe (Neah Bay, Washington): Tribal Info, History and More"
860:
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Makah linguistically belongs to the Southern Nootkan branch of the
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by James G. McCurdy details life in Neah Bay in the early days of
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In 1834, a dismasted, rudderless ship from Japan ran aground near
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Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, or Trade Language of Oregon
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982:"HistoryLink: Japanese Castaways of 1834: The Three Kichis"
174:
1070:. Edwards, Laurie J. (3rd ed.). Detroit: Gale. 2012.
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The Makah Tribe hosts its annual major public gathering,
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81:
1855) overlayed with current reservation lands (dark red)
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Makah Cultural and Research Center Online Museum Exhibit
1435:
876:, a widely-used trade language of the Pacific Northwest
541:
Makah whalers stripping the flesh from a whale, c. 1910.
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1114:"American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Collection"
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that center tribal socioeconomic priorities. With the
683:(the fishes' main food source) and warming waters the
1411:
924:
180:
565:
wood spliced together. Historically, hunters used a
1262:Mapes, Lynda V.; Ervin, Keith (September 9, 2007).
808:
177:
171:
963:Makah Cultural and Research Center online museum:
736:
1525:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1501:
205:Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast
27:Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1322:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1344:Studies in Southern Wakashan (Nootkan) Grammar
1303:
1264:"Gray whale shot, killed in rogue tribal hunt"
561:is 16–18 feet long, composed of two pieces of
1520:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
1465:Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board
992:
760:, and northwards as far as that province's
260:
197:
1347:. Ph.D. dissertation, SUNY Buffalo, p. 349
1261:
1068:UXL encyclopedia of native American tribes
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679:disrupts the development of the shells of
593:, which the Makah fired in the 1999 hunt.
569:shell tip, in conjunction with barbs from
506:After the gray whale was removed from the
71:
59:
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630:Makah women chew the roots and leaves of
1489:History and culture of the Makah people.
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536:
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413:Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site
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1317:United States National Marine Sanctuary
705:Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary
639:
14:
1502:
1398:. New York: Cramoisy Press. p. 9.
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798:. They live in and around the town of
421:engulfed part of a Makah village near
1495:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
1393:
1285:Statement by the Makah Tribal Council
350:
334:
249:
223:, commonly known as the Makah Tribe.
1310:Matsumoto, Kendall (February 2022).
998:
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495:industry had depleted the stocks of
97:Regions with significant populations
1451:1937 Corporate Charter of the Makah
1057:
942:
24:
951:Handbook of North American Indians
514:, the Makah successfully hunted a
438:Makah Cultural and Research Center
211:, in the northwestern part of the
25:
1536:
1429:
1018:History Link - Treaty of Neah Bay
999:Tate, Cassandra (July 16, 2009).
980:Tate, Cassandra (July 23, 2009).
854:Beyond books, the final scene of
752:, Canada, immediately across the
406:
284:. It means "generous with food".
272:The English name, "Makah," is an
1163:Anguiano, Dani (June 13, 2024).
809:Literary and cultural references
731:spoken by the Makah people. The
512:International Whaling Commission
487:relates that their tradition of
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925:"Neah Bay, Washington: Welcome"
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123:(survives as a second language)
1243:Makah Whale Hunt | NWR website
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1022:
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957:
917:
775:
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503:; all hunting was called off.
236:West Coast of Vancouver Island
65:Flag of the Makah Indian Tribe
13:
1:
1483:reports and other documents.
1405:
417:In the early 17th century, a
280:language name for the Makah,
78:
1442:Makah photos and other items
790:on the northwest tip of the
767:Makah has been extinct as a
77:Makah territory (light red,
7:
1470:Makah Whaling Misunderstood
906:Robert T. Paine (zoologist)
879:
848:Voices of a Thousand People
802:, a small fishing village.
710:
427:Washington State University
359:A Makah settlement, c. 1900
215:. They are enrolled in the
10:
1541:
1515:Clallam County, Washington
1421:. Smithsonian Institution.
1341:Davidson, Matthew (2002).
1118:content.lib.washington.edu
1053:Washington State Magazine.
779:
727:The Makah language is the
720:
714:
478:
443:
410:
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219:Makah Indian Tribe of the
31:
1248:February 7, 2012, at the
786:The Makah Tribe owns the
646:Indian Reorganization Act
618:United States Coast Guard
213:continental United States
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788:Makah Indian Reservation
221:Makah Indian Reservation
1476:archaeologist's website
835:Never Trust a White Man
823:Indian Days at Neah Bay
737:
508:Endangered Species List
365:U.S. federal government
261:
198:
1463:at the website of the
1455:University of Oklahoma
1394:Gibbs, George (1863).
1212:"Humane Killing Paper"
1098:: CS1 maint: others (
1034:July 13, 2009, at the
754:Strait of Juan de Fuca
701:Quinault Indian Nation
579:.458 Winchester Magnum
542:
534:
533:Makah whalers, c. 1910
471:
470:A Makah woman, c. 1900
390:48.32222°N 124.63250°W
360:
240:Strait of Juan de Fuca
238:, who live across the
38:Makah (disambiguation)
36:. For other uses, see
1413:Swan, James Gilchrist
1274:on November 25, 2011.
901:Nuu-chah-nulth people
756:on the west coast of
583:.460 Weatherby Magnum
540:
532:
469:
358:
144:Related ethnic groups
1474:University of Oregon
800:Neah Bay, Washington
735:for the language is
640:Contemporary culture
636:while giving birth.
395:48.32222; -124.63250
217:federally recognized
1461:Makah Tribe Profile
1446:Library of Congress
1224:on January 12, 2019
827:mandatory schooling
729:Indigenous language
677:ocean acidification
386: /
256:refer to themselves
48:
886:Bob Greene (Makah)
723:Wakashan languages
689:climate resilience
543:
535:
489:aboriginal whaling
472:
361:
351:Treaty of Neah Bay
335:Japanese castaways
250:Etymology and name
46:
1268:The Seattle Times
1038:, Palomar College
872:", a greeting in
792:Olympic Peninsula
782:Makah Reservation
369:Makah Reservation
306:western red cedar
276:derived from the
254:The Makah people
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16:(Redirected from
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750:British Columbia
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461:cognatic descent
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891:Ditidaht people
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1375:on May 8, 2009
1369:"Our Language"
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866:Ian and Sylvia
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796:Tatoosh Island
794:; it includes
780:Main article:
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769:first language
738:qʷi·qʷi·diččaq
717:Makah language
715:Main article:
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228:Nuu-chah-nulth
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