5237:"Hancock tells me the word "gypsy" itself is an "exonym" — a term imposed upon an ethnic group by outsiders. When the Roma people moved westward from India towards the European continent, they were mistaken to be Egyptian because of their features and dark skin. We see the same phenomenon across several languages, not only English. Victor Hugo, in his epic Hunchback of Notre Dame, noted that the Medieval French term for the Roma was egyptiens. In Spanish, the word for gypsy is "gitano," which comes from the word egipcio, meaning Egyptian — in Romanian: tigan, in Bulgarian: tsiganin, in Turkish: cingene — all of which are variations of slang words for "Egyptian" in those languages."
254:
703:
3703:
2685:
1260:
139:
3963:
77:
36:
2063:, exonyms can also arise from the "egocentric" tendency of in-groups to identify themselves with "mankind in general", producing an endonym that out groups would not use, while another source is the human tendency towards neighbours to "be pejorative rather than complimentary, especially where there is a real or fancied difference in cultural level between
4300:, in the early 17th century, both names were in use. They possibly referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Madrasi, a term for a native of the city, has often been used derogatorily to refer to the people of
4084:, English speakers using either romanization will not pronounce the names correctly if standard English pronunciation is used. Nonetheless, many older English speakers still refer to the cities by their older English names, and even today they are often used in their traditional associations, such as
3684:
is most commonly used. The changes to Hanyu Pinyin were not only financially costly but were unpopular with the locals, who opined that the Hanyu Pinyin versions were too difficult for non-Chinese or non-Mandarin speakers to pronounce. The government eventually stopped the changes by the 1990s, which
2669:
Time has, however, shown that initial ambitious attempts to rapidly decrease the number of exonyms were over-optimistic and not possible to realise in an intended way. The reason would appear to be that many exonyms have become common words in a language and can be seen as part of the language's
2047:
Many exonyms result from adaptations of an endonym into another language, mediated by differences in phonetics, while others may result from translation of the endonym, or as a reflection of the specific relationship an outsider group has with a local place or geographical feature.
2835:
is available, either because the language itself is unwritten (even unanalysed) or because there are competing non-standard spellings. Use of a misspelled endonym is perhaps more problematic than the respectful use of an existing exonym. Finally, an endonym may be a
1112:: "Name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language is spoken, and differing in its form from the name used in an official or well-established language of that area where the geographical feature is located."
5096:
in
Italian. However, the Canadian city called London is not translated into French and Italian in this way. Thus, as Fourment-Berni Canani concludes, a place name can be translated if the place, as a unique referent, has already been renamed in the target
2753:, which is known for its linguistic tensions between Dutch- and French-speakers, a neutral name may be preferred so as to not offend anyone. Thus, an exonym such as Brussels in English could be used instead of favoring either one of the local names (
789:
name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for
3948:
Various Native-American autonyms are sometimes explained to
English readers as having literal translations of "original people" or "normal people", with implicit contrast to other first nations as not original or not normal.
4955:. 2/11 in the series Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science (HSK) (in German). Vol. 2. Halbband+Registerband. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 1012.
2784:. The endonym may include sounds and spellings that are highly unfamiliar to speakers of other languages, making appropriate usage difficult if not impossible for an outsider. Over the years, the endonym may have undergone
5160:
Matisoff, James (1986). "The languages and dialects of Tibeto-Burman: an alphabetic/genetic listing, with some prefatory remarks on ethnonymic and glossonymic complications". In McCoy, John; Light, Timothy (eds.).
4283:
Following independence from the UK in 1947, many regions and cities have been renamed in accordance with local languages, or to change the
English spelling to more closely match the indigenous local name. The name
2612:). People may also avoid exonyms for reasons of historical sensitivity, as in the case of German names for Polish and Czech places that, at one time, had been ethnically or politically German (e.g. Danzig/
2292:
1941:
1894:
4797:
2844:
usage in another language like
English, which has the propensity to use the adjectives for describing culture and language. The attempt to use the endonym thus has a bizarre-sounding result.
5206:
4951:
Harder, Kelsey B. (1996). "156. Names in
Language Contact: Exonyms (Namen im Sprachaustausch: Exonyme I Les noms dans des echanges de /angues: exonymes)". In Eichler, Ernst (ed.).
3664:
During the 1980s, the
Singapore Government encouraged the use of Hanyu Pinyin spelling for place names, especially those with Teochew, Hokkien or Cantonese names, as part of the
2380:
Some
European cities might be considered partial exceptions, in that whilst the spelling is the same across languages, the pronunciation can differ. For example, the city of
904:
4732:
3755:
Matisoff wrote, "A group's autonym is often egocentric, equating the name of the people with 'mankind in general,' or the name of the language with 'human speech'."
2876:
merged Thon Buri and Phra Nakhon, forming the new capital, Krungthep
Mahanakhon. However, outside of Thailand, the capital retained the old name and is still called
5453:
2581:
During the late 20th century, the use of exonyms often became controversial. Groups often prefer that outsiders avoid exonyms where they have come to be used in a
794:
reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words, or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into a different writing system.
2113:
As exonyms develop for places of significance for speakers of the language of the exonym, consequently, many
European capitals have English exonyms, for example:
3821:
peoples referred to their
Germanic neighbors as "mutes" because they could not speak the "language". The term survives to this day in the Slavic languages (e.g.
3676:(Hanyu Pinyin: Lín Yìshùn) became Yishun and the neighbourhood schools and places established following the change used the Hanyu Pinyin spelling. In contrast,
5136:
2635:
have sought to reduce the use of exonyms to avoid this kind of problem. For example, it is now common for Spanish speakers to refer to the Turkish capital as
4911:
4802:
3637:
and even Taipei itself are not spelled according to Hanyu Pinyin spelling rules. As a matter of fact, most names of Taiwanese cities are still spelled using
1096:
4853:
4385:
2410:
In earlier times, the name of the first tribe or village encountered became the exonym for the whole people beyond. Thus, the Romans used the tribal names
3618:–Pinyin spelling of the province. That is because if Pinyin were used to spell the province, it would be indistinguishable from its neighboring province
3801:
5221:
5044:. Goh, CL.: "The names of monarchs, popes, and non-contemporary authors as well as place names are commonly translated. Foreign names for geographic
4662:
4119:
respectively) also underwent changes in spelling due to changes in romanization, even though the Korean pronunciations have largely stayed the same.
4612:
882:
5196:
5048:
are called exonyms. Fourment-Berni Canani (1994) discusses the (im)possibility of translating proper names. He gives examples of the place names
4827:
4397:
4231:) in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to dissociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself
5250:
4832:
4506:
3332:(a Lithuanianised version of the country's endonym). As a response, Georgia changed the name of Lithuania in Georgian from the Russian-derived
3251:
3811:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4375:
4327:
5750:
Jordan, Peter, Milan Orožen Adamič, and Paul Woodman, eds. 2007. "Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names."
5796:
4817:
4437:
3490:
5371:
5341:
3860:
2387:
For places considered to be of lesser significance, attempts to reproduce local names have been made in English since the time of the
6328:
4332:
3476:
ordering the use of Türkiye (also rendered Turkiye in English) instead of exonyms in official communications, no matter the language.
4858:
1106:: "Name of a geographical feature in an official or well-established language occurring in that area where the feature is located."
6260:
4345:
3486:
2852:
Sometimes the government of a country tries to endorse the use of an endonym instead of traditional exonyms outside the country:
203:
4188:, not the Siege of St. Petersburg because at that time (1941–1944) the city was called Leningrad. Likewise, one would say that
3622:, where the pronunciations of the two provinces only differ by tones, which are usually not written down when used in English.
3300:
3183:
2788:
changes, either in the original language or the borrowing language, thus changing an endonym into an exonym, as in the case of
175:
5676:
5525:
5021:
4837:
730:
6788:
2384:
is spelled the same way in French and English, but the French pronunciation is different from the English pronunciation .
620:
182:
6265:
5852:
5461:
4822:
4547:
3720:
2706:
1281:
156:
49:
5739:
Jordan, Peter, Hubert Bergmann, Caroline Burgess, and Catherine Cheetham, eds. 2010 & 2011. "Trends in Exonym Use."
3001:
countries, however, the French version has not entered common parlance. For example, in German, the country is known as
6245:
6240:
6221:
6216:
6203:
5349:
5201:
4499:
3887:
3629:, most (but not all) street and district names shifted to Hanyu Pinyin. For example, the Sinyi District is now spelled
2662:
2624:); and Russian names for non-Russian locations that were subsequently renamed or had their spelling changed (e.g. Kiev/
2591:
2483:
as a generic name for speakers of Celtic and later (as Celts became increasingly romanised) Romance languages; thence:
3561:, etc.), Tsingtao (Qingdao), and Canton (Guangdong). In some cases the traditional English exonym is based on a local
6865:
5773:
5608:
5562:
5490:
5172:
4968:
4812:
4006:
3742:
2732:
1307:
240:
222:
120:
63:
3988:
2714:
1289:
189:
102:
6314:
6270:
6250:
4432:
2533:
1758:
6309:
6229:
4707:
3503:, many Chinese endonyms have successfully replaced English exonyms, especially city and most provincial names in
2990:
580:
5483:
Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002
3793:
Exonyms often describe others as "foreign-speaking", "non-speaking", or "nonsense-speaking". One example is the
969:
933:
892:
6439:
6275:
3973:
3724:
3442:
2710:
1285:
640:
585:
358:
171:
160:
87:
5312:
6352:
6299:
6289:
6255:
4492:
3685:
has led to some place names within a locality having differing spellings. For example, Nee Soon Road and the
987:
615:
306:
5708:
5397:
5820:
5790:
3101:
should be used in all languages. The result has been rather successful in English, where the former exonym
897:
560:
426:
6404:
6304:
6099:
5979:
5814:
5273:
4457:
4278:
4057:
3638:
3054:
680:
386:
4991:
3553:). However, older English exonyms are sometimes used in certain contexts, for example: Peking (Beijing;
6322:
6294:
4976:
3668:
to promote Mandarin and discourage the use of dialects. For example, the area of Nee Soon, named after
6370:
6084:
5036:
Edelman, Loulou. 2009. "What's in a Name? Classification of proper names by language". Pp. 141–53 in
3909:
723:
670:
570:
396:
3360:). Ukrainian politicians have also suggested that Ukraine change the Ukrainian name of Georgia from
1775:
Exonyms can also be divided into native and borrowed, e.g., from a third language. For example, the
6875:
6459:
4652:
4542:
4472:
4462:
4392:
4100:(1937) uses the city's older name because that was the name of the city at the time of occurrence.
3773:
Many millennia earlier, the Greeks thought that all non-Greeks were uncultured and so called them "
3191:
2695:
1270:
575:
518:
333:
5578:
2994:
951:
6341:
6333:
6178:
5845:
4702:
4322:
3984:
3713:
3665:
3500:
3233:
2699:
2480:
2246:
2156:
1862:
1274:
675:
513:
490:
149:
98:
55:
17:
3469:
196:
6574:
5922:
4807:
4785:
4622:
4169:
has a Dutch etymology, it was never a Dutch exonym for the city between 1914 and 1991, just as
3686:
3630:
3199:
2399:
because it was an Italian port essential to English merchants and, by the 18th century, to the
2064:
1079:
625:
592:
545:
461:
441:
421:
323:
301:
296:
4232:
6599:
6389:
6283:
5890:
5598:
4886:
4672:
4128:
2979:
requested that the country's French name be used in all languages instead of exonyms such as
2936:
2130:
1224:, for example, are English-language exonyms for the languages that are endonymously known as
401:
3980:
3610:. One exception of Pinyin standardization in mainland China is the spelling of the province
2645:. Another example, it is now common for Italian speakers to refer to some African states as
94:
6870:
6819:
6751:
6736:
6644:
6474:
6357:
6109:
6079:
6074:
5912:
5907:
5900:
4848:
3161:
2869:
2865:
2861:
1092:
791:
716:
645:
555:
436:
381:
278:
3878:
are describing Germanic people as "mutes"—in contrast to themselves, "the speaking ones".
8:
6880:
6783:
6679:
6674:
6561:
6479:
6104:
5895:
5583:
3934:
3046:
3023:
2796:
was formerly pronounced in French. Another example is the endonym for the German city of
2223:
1967:
1738:
1607:
1413:
799:
486:
416:
391:
363:
5797:
Jacek Wesołowski's Place Names in Europe, featuring endonyms and exonyms for many cities
5697:"The Names of Kōnstantinoúpolis". Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi. 5. Ciltli. 1994.
4180:
Old place names that have become outdated after renaming may afterward still be used as
3625:
In Taiwan, however, the standardization of Hanyu Pinyin has only seen mixed results. In
3153:
2976:
6885:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6659:
6619:
6614:
6519:
6464:
6094:
5989:
5942:
5917:
5885:
5838:
5554:
4742:
4692:
4667:
4477:
4417:
4185:
3834:
3822:
2374:
1842:
1547:
1479:
706:
685:
655:
610:
565:
533:
523:
411:
406:
3275:
3169:
3113:, has virtually died out; in other languages, exonyms are still much more common than
1320:
By their relation to endonyms, all exonyms can be divided into three main categories:
6890:
6845:
6741:
6654:
6639:
6624:
6584:
6579:
6569:
6504:
6394:
6384:
6114:
5808:
5769:
5604:
5558:
5531:
5521:
5496:
5486:
5405:
5178:
5168:
5116:
5017:
4964:
4843:
4737:
4722:
4687:
4682:
4637:
4632:
4557:
4527:
4447:
4422:
4301:
4093:
3838:
3309:
3137:
2832:
2173:
2052:
1879:
1748:
1647:
1495:
1471:
1409:
1401:
1014:
831:
702:
550:
528:
471:
3770:
is used for speakers of any language other than Basque (usually Spanish or French).
3259:
1535:
1361:
825:
811:
6840:
6711:
6706:
6589:
6153:
6136:
6126:
6022:
4956:
4617:
4602:
4577:
4532:
4132:
4097:
4077:
4037:
4033:
3830:
3826:
3794:
3599:
3566:
3289:
3205:
3148:
3110:
2841:
2758:
2468:
2453:
2346:
2277:
2237:
2147:
2090:
2074:
2031:
2017:
1981:
1959:
1926:
1912:
1853:
1814:
1776:
1718:
1708:
1665:
1625:
1595:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1417:
1397:
1365:
1208:
1184:
836:
820:
816:
771:
650:
481:
476:
451:
446:
431:
267:
5684:
5144:. New York: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Second session.
2329:
do not have English exonyms, but do have exonyms in languages spoken nearby, e.g.
253:
6746:
6692:
6664:
6604:
6539:
6494:
6434:
6168:
6163:
6141:
6069:
5802:
5763:
4727:
4712:
4697:
4677:
4647:
4607:
4597:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4467:
4427:
4412:
4402:
4081:
4069:
4061:
4045:
4041:
3938:
3842:
3759:
3634:
3615:
3585:
3562:
3422:
3123:
3118:
2944:
2896:
2873:
2768:
2746:
2330:
2310:
2296:
2209:
2187:
2082:
1989:
1945:
1898:
1698:
1688:
1571:
1523:
1511:
1405:
1214:
1147:
850:
840:
262:
5625:
3312:
has been working to have the country renamed from the Russian-derived exonym of
2985:, so that Côte d'Ivoire is now the official English name of that country in the
1767:
is singular, while all the aforementioned translations except Irish are plural.
6778:
6768:
6731:
6669:
6649:
6594:
6188:
6158:
6017:
5984:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5713:
4717:
4587:
4552:
4537:
4452:
4340:
4258:
4250:
3669:
3504:
3283:
3267:
3218:
3210:
3131:
3039:
2986:
2900:
2781:
2754:
2424:
2263:
2195:
2121:
2003:
1728:
1583:
1559:
1507:
1447:
1435:
1380:
1357:
1220:
1175:
1161:
845:
774:
to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language.
495:
5646:
Sapir, Edward (1992). "Southern Paiute Dictionary". In Bright, William (ed.).
5342:"Ninth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names"
2780:
Other difficulties with endonyms have to do with pronunciation, spelling, and
1360:
into an exonym because of the corresponding language's lack of common sounds.
6834:
6758:
6716:
6509:
6454:
6429:
6424:
6193:
6148:
6042:
5969:
5949:
5579:
Erased Place Names" and Nation-building: A Case Study of Singaporean Toponyms
5535:
5409:
5120:
4770:
4747:
4657:
4642:
4627:
4592:
4582:
4407:
4317:
4297:
4189:
4174:
4170:
3895:
3782:
3778:
3689:
base Nee Soon Camp are both located in Yishun but retained the old spelling.
2940:
2917:
2617:
2586:
2078:
1800:
1338:
1072:
5500:
5182:
4080:
in the 1970s. Since the Mandarin pronunciation does not perfectly map to an
6793:
6726:
6609:
6551:
6544:
6499:
6444:
6375:
6183:
6173:
6121:
6059:
6047:
6037:
6027:
6012:
5964:
5880:
5045:
4293:
4181:
4089:
4073:
3924:
3673:
3650:
3558:
3496:
3142:
3087:
2892:
2891:
rather than Persia in official correspondence. The name of the country had
2621:
2472:
2400:
2086:
1060:
1056:
538:
328:
5515:
4960:
2745:
In some situations, the use of exonyms can be preferred. For instance, in
1190:, respectively. There are also typonyms of specific features, for example
1037:
6721:
6529:
6514:
6489:
6419:
6089:
6064:
6054:
6032:
5959:
5162:
4798:
List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages
4305:
4193:
4085:
3554:
3392:
2998:
2981:
2602:
2546:
2537:
2520:
2107:
2060:
1678:
1342:
690:
665:
286:
3588:
pronunciation, with the result that many English speakers actualize the
3395:
national government officially changed the Chinese name of its capital,
1041:
6803:
6798:
6773:
6701:
6634:
6524:
5974:
5065:
4775:
4484:
4024:
Although the pronunciation for several names of Chinese cities such as
3727: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2969:
2955:
2650:
2632:
2582:
2205:
1018:
660:
343:
5514:
Lima, Susan D. (1994). Corrigan, Roberta; Iverson, Gregory K. (eds.).
1356:
Sometimes, a place name may be unable to use many of the letters when
6763:
6629:
6534:
6131:
6004:
5861:
5041:
4244:
3942:
3852:
One of the more prominent theories regarding the origin of the term "
3774:
3658:
3584:, the adoption of the exonym by media outlets quickly gave rise to a
3538:
3323:
2965:
2884:
2785:
2646:
2487:
2370:
2322:
2169:
1875:
1451:
1203:
980:
962:
944:
926:
885:
635:
630:
466:
456:
348:
338:
257:
A map demonstrating the wide diversity of exonyms for the country of
5301:, Istituto Geografico Militare, Florence 2005, p. 88-89, n. 170-171.
5251:"Why I Will Never Again Refer to the Ukrainian Capital City as Kiev"
3991:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3702:
2684:
2613:
1259:
138:
105:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
6449:
6414:
5115:. Slovenia: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names.
4780:
4208:
3920:
3871:
3867:
3646:
3064:
government maintains that the capital of Ukraine should be spelled
2928:
2750:
2512:
2503:
2388:
2183:
2143:
1908:
1849:
1841:
A substantial proportion of English-language exonyms for places in
1191:
1064:
1049:
763:
759:
5429:
1324:
those derived from different roots, as in the case of Germany for
6469:
6399:
4289:
4116:
4108:
4053:
4049:
4029:
4025:
3874:" for example), meaning 'word' or 'speech'. In this context, the
3846:
3677:
3654:
3611:
3574:
3522:
3508:
3094:
3061:
3027:
2877:
2797:
2609:
2542:
2524:
2507:
2500:
the Slavic term Vlah for "Romanian", dialectally "Italian, Latin"
2491:
2404:
2392:
2104:; 'wild men', ' savage', ' rustic people'
2027:
1977:
1889:
1334:
1068:
805:
803:
is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms
767:
258:
2073:"an opprobrious term indicating mixed race or parentage" is the
27:
Name variations of ethnic groups, languages, persons, and places
5954:
5741:
Proceedings of the 10th UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms Meeting
5081:
5049:
5013:
4515:
4285:
4065:
3891:
3642:
3626:
3619:
3570:
3473:
3414:
3240:
3050:
2951:
2916:), referring to a single province which is officially known as
2857:
2837:
2636:
2529:
2495:
2448:
2435:
2362:
2358:
2326:
2306:
2287:
2259:
2233:
2219:
2117:
1999:
1955:
1936:
1796:
1786:
1376:
1349:
1138:
are the English-language exonyms corresponding to the endonyms
915:
878:
353:
5752:
Approaches towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction
5520:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 80.
4127:
Exonyms and endonyms must not be confused with the results of
3602:
6484:
5994:
5600:
Mother-tongue and Fatherland: Language and Politics in German
5108:
4765:
4266:
4112:
4104:
3899:
3875:
3432:
3418:
3396:
2801:
2596:
2562:
2554:
2516:
2476:
2430:
2381:
1922:
1130:
1124:
1118:
5830:
3913:
5875:
3853:
3818:
3680:
is the Hanyu Pinyin spelling but the Hokkien pronunciation
2924:
2888:
2625:
2443:
2366:
2273:
2013:
1629:
755:
5222:"Why Being 'Gypped' Hurts The Roma More Than It Hurts You"
2407:, a minor port on the same sea, never received an exonym.
2321:
In contrast, historically less-prominent capitals such as
5225:
5068:
is also called Venice, but this name is not changed into
2457:
5825:
5803:"Does Juliet's Rose, by Any Other Name, Smell as Sweet?"
3857:
3808:
3798:
2968:, although the name Ceylon was retained as the name for
5815:
European geographical names infrastructure and services
770:, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or
5768:. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press. p. 14.
5313:"Start reading The Discovery of Iran | Ali Mirsepassi"
5274:"EXONYMS IN SPANISH Criteria and usage in cartography"
3322:. Most countries have adopted this change, except for
1677:
An example of a translated exonym is the name for the
1635:
5765:
An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies
4919:
United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
4803:
List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
3468:
In December 2021, a circular was issued by President
2899:(224–651), whereas the name Persia is descended from
2479:" to foreigners they encountered and this evolved in
2251:
2161:
1867:
1653:
1613:
1565:
1197:
1097:
United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
5142:(Provisional agenda item 13 - submission by Austria)
4997:. London: Hutchinson university library. p. 17.
4854:
Names of places in Finland in Finnish and in Swedish
3465:). This use has now been made official within China.
3446:
1845:
are borrowed (or adapted) from French; for example:
901:
5454:"Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters"
5372:"Myanmar, Burma and why the different names matter"
4438:
Welsh names for other places in Britain and Ireland
4184:. For example, even today one would talk about the
2931:, although the former name's adjective in English (
2135:
1423:
1086:
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5626:"Native American Indian Studies - A Note on Names"
4990:
4096:. As for Nanjing, the historical event called the
3068:in English because the traditional English exonym
3026:requested that the English name of the country be
2519:, the Celtic-speaking regions located West of the
2422:(Germanic), the Russians used the village name of
1249:
918:added to these terms are also derived from Greek:
5458:Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters
4932:
3941:word meaning "ancient enemies", and contemporary
3890:tribes derive from pejorative exonyms. The name "
3049:officially changed the English name of Bombay to
2456:invaders were equated with the 500-years-earlier
2042:
1387:), for example, is known by the cognate exonyms:
6832:
3327:
3273:
2959:
2823:
2816:in German, while the Italian and Spanish exonym
2460:invaders in the same territory, and were called
1742:
1601:
1348:those that are fully or partially translated (a
4828:List of European regions with alternative names
4398:Names of European cities in different languages
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3197:
3189:
2560:
1541:
1003:also have different applications, thus leaving
5743:. Tainach (28–30 April 2010). Hamburg (2011).
5660:
5279:. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE OF SPAIN (IGN)
5272:Luxán, Marga Azcárate; Tagle, Bárbara Alonso.
5040:, edited by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter. London:
4833:List of European rivers with alternative names
4444:African/Asian/Middle-Eastern/Eurasian exonyms
3928:
3856:" suggests that it comes from the Slavic root
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3140:
1770:
1752:
1641:
1489:
5846:
5551:Toponymics: A Study of Singapore Street Names
5091:
5053:
4982:
4500:
4212:
4198:
4160:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4032:has not changed for quite some time while in
3817:("mute"); standard etymology has it that the
3459:
3452:
3408:
3401:
3313:
3298:
3292:
3281:
3265:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3159:
3151:
3080:
3073:
3014:
3008:
2817:
2640:
2094:
2068:
1833:
1817:
1790:
1780:
1722:
1712:
1659:
1619:
1589:
1457:
1391:
1231:
1225:
1159:
1153:
724:
5732:
5623:
5085:
5075:
5069:
5059:
4953:Namenforschung/Name Studies/Les noms propres
3903:
3764:
3436:
3426:
3257:
3256:) (all literally 'White Russia'), or French
3249:
3243:
3167:
3121:
3002:
2887:requested that foreign nations use the name
2840:noun and may not naturally extend itself to
2811:
2772:
2600:
2552:
2340:
2334:
1827:
1702:
1692:
1517:
1325:
1237:
1182:
1173:
1167:
5709:"It's time to end the 'Madrasi' stereotype"
5603:. Manchester University Press. p. 78.
5549:Savage, Victor R.; Yeoh, Brenda S. (2013).
5038:Linguistic landscape: expanding the scenery
4242:
4236:
4225:
4218:
4048:during the 19th century), they were called
3845:(in which case it referred specifically to
3181:
3175:
3129:
2910:
2903:
2805:
2762:
2713:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2674:
2417:
2411:
1762:
1732:
1682:
1577:
1553:
1529:
1501:
1441:
1429:
1288:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1145:
1139:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5853:
5839:
5817:on EuroGeoNames (archived 15 January 2009)
5548:
5430:"Turkiye - The latest news from TRT World"
5248:
4988:
4818:List of country names in various languages
4507:
4493:
3952:
3491:Chinese language romanisation in Singapore
2589:often prefer that term to exonyms such as
2551:the Polish and Hungarian names for Italy,
2545:, the German name for the french-speaking
2428:, medieval Europeans took the tribal name
1804:
758:for a group of people, individual person,
731:
717:
5821:UN document describing EuroGeoNames (PDF)
4944:
4007:Learn how and when to remove this message
3743:Learn how and when to remove this message
3692:
2733:Learn how and when to remove this message
2438:confederation (and then confused it with
1308:Learn how and when to remove this message
1044:can be divided in three main categories:
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
5661:Cordell, Linda; McBrinn, Maxine (2012).
5434:Turkiye - The latest news from TRT World
5159:
5138:Exonyms as part of the cultural heritage
5064:in French. A city in the American state
4859:List of renamed Indian cities and states
4514:
4386:German exonyms for places in Switzerland
1078:endonyms and exonyms of language names (
252:
5596:
5080:in French. Similarly, the English city
5058:has been renamed Venice in English and
4903:
4346:German names for Central European towns
4192:was born in Königsberg in 1724, not in
4151:) in 1924, and again Saint Petersburg (
3573:, where the name Amoy is closer to the
3487:Chinese language romanization in Taiwan
3053:in November 1995, following a trend of
2847:
1202:In the case of endonyms and exonyms of
856:
14:
6833:
5271:
5134:
5106:
5007:
4950:
3055:renaming of cities and states in India
2576:
5834:
5645:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5164:Contributions to Sino-Tibetan studies
5155:
5153:
5151:
4838:List of traditional Greek place names
4488:
4381:German exonyms for places in Slovakia
4265:), named after its mythical founder,
4204:), as it has been called since 1946.
4177:until 1664, is not its Dutch exonym.
3057:that has occurred since independence.
2828:closely reflects the Latin original.
2373:, with identical names in most major
1672:
1055:endonyms and exonyms of human names (
1048:endonyms and exonyms of place names (
5761:
5669:
5513:
5395:
5197:""UNGEGN-ICA webcourse on Toponymy""
4938:
4909:
4881:
4879:
4371:German exonyms for places in Hungary
4366:German exonyms for places in Estonia
4361:German exonyms for places in Denmark
4356:German exonyms for places in Croatia
4351:German exonyms for places in Belgium
4233:derives from a Medieval Greek phrase
3956:
3725:adding citations to reliable sources
3696:
3038:as the name of the inhabitants (see
3034:as the adjective of the country and
2711:adding citations to reliable sources
2678:
2653:rather than use the Italian exonyms
1286:adding citations to reliable sources
1253:
621:Conservative and innovative language
161:adding citations to reliable sources
132:
70:
29:
5791:2006 UN document discussing exonyms
5706:
5648:The Collected Works of Edward Sapir
5209:from the original on 11 March 2024.
4993:The Rendering of Geographical Names
4823:List of Latin place names in Europe
4376:German exonyms for places in Latvia
4328:English exonyms for German toponyms
4311:
3937:are also known as the "Anasazi", a
3881:
3807:, possibly deriving from plural of
3109:, still used with reference to the
3097:government argues that the endonym
2935:) was retained as the name for the
2639:rather than use the Spanish exonym
1620:
1174:
1027:The Rendering of Geographical Names
24:
5485:. New York: United Nations. 2003.
5350:United Nations Statistics Division
5329:
5219:
5202:United Nations Statistics Division
5148:
4165:) in 1991. In this case, although
4103:Likewise, many Korean cities like
3945:discourage the use of the exonym.
3495:Following the 1979 declaration of
3072:was derived from the Russian name
2663:United Nations Statistics Division
1371:
1198:Endonyms and exonyms of glossonyms
25:
6902:
5784:
5310:
5299:I perché e i nomi della geografia
5167:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 6.
4876:
4813:List of alternative country names
4333:English-translated personal names
4241:, the city was known in Greek as
4060:convention, based largely on the
3886:The most common names of several
1687:in Dutch) used, respectively, in
45:This article has multiple issues.
5396:Beam, Christopher (2006-07-12).
4433:Slavic toponyms for Greek places
3961:
3898:word meaning "enemy". The name "
3833:Nemčija), and was borrowed into
3788:
3701:
3598:
2683:
2506:, the french-speaking region of
2067:." For example, Matisoff notes,
1258:
1087:Endonyms and exonyms of toponyms
701:
137:
75:
34:
5707:Bag, Ahana (October 19, 2021).
5700:
5691:
5681:University of Northern Colorado
5654:
5639:
5617:
5590:
5571:
5542:
5517:The Reality of Linguistic Rules
5507:
5475:
5446:
5422:
5389:
5364:
5304:
5291:
5265:
5242:
5213:
5189:
5113:UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms
4019:
3933:meaning "enemy, stranger". The
3919:('foreign-speaking). The name "
3712:needs additional citations for
3480:
2991:International Olympic Committee
2864:moved the government seat from
1250:Exonyms in relation to endonyms
148:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
5135:Jordan, Peter (3–7 May 2021).
5128:
5100:
5030:
5010:African ethnonyms and toponyms
5001:
4791:
3548:
3532:
3517:
3437:
3427:
2043:Typical development of exonyms
1368:, is an example of this here.
877:are formed by adding specific
13:
1:
5860:
5826:World map of country endonyms
5628:. University of Massachusetts
5052:and London. The Italian city
4864:
4122:
3908:, most likely derived from a
3894:" most likely derives from a
2345:(the latter being obsolete);
5663:Archaeology of the Southwest
5398:"Mumbai? What About Bombay?"
5311:Press, Stanford University.
4869:
4056:in English due to the older
3929:
2434:as emblematic for the whole
2065:the ingroup and the outgroup
981:
963:
945:
927:
886:
561:Functional discourse grammar
427:Ethnography of communication
7:
5650:. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter.
4989:Aurousseau, Marcel (1957).
4759:
4279:Renaming of cities in India
4272:
4243:
4237:
4219:
4161:
4058:Chinese postal romanization
3987:the claims made and adding
3639:Chinese postal romanization
3453:
3447:
3409:
3376:
3362:
3348:
3334:
3314:
3293:
3244:
3225:
3176:
3074:
2975:In 1985, the government of
2950:In 1972, the government of
2923:In 1949, the government of
2904:
2532:, a mostly French-speaking
2252:
2162:
2136:
2095:
2069:
1868:
1832:, which comes from Italian
1826:), which comes from Polish
1771:Native and borrowed exonyms
1654:
1636:
1614:
1424:
1352:) from the native language.
1226:
1168:
1154:
1140:
1032:
681:Second-language acquisition
101:the claims made and adding
10:
6907:
6222:Countries by ethnic groups
6217:Contemporary ethnic groups
4296:. When the city was first
4276:
4135:, which became Petrograd (
3902:", an abbreviated form of
3809:
3799:
3633:. However, districts like
3484:
2055:, who introduced the term
1067:), localised populations (
986:
968:
950:
932:
902:
891:
359:Syntax–semantics interface
6812:
6688:
6560:
6368:
6202:
6003:
5868:
5799:(archived 23 August 2000)
5733:General and cited sources
5092:
5086:
5076:
5070:
5060:
5054:
4523:
4298:settled by English people
4254:
4226:
4199:
4154:
4146:
4138:
3543:
3527:
3512:
3499:spelling as the standard
3460:
3402:
3383:
3369:
3355:
3341:
3299:
3250:
3232:
3182:
3081:
2911:
2241:
2151:
2125:
2101:
1857:
1818:
1805:
1660:
1642:
1430:
1232:
1160:
1146:
671:Philosophy of linguistics
571:Interactional linguistics
6866:Geopolitical terminology
5624:d'Errico, Peter (2005).
5249:Van der Meulen, Martin.
5107:Geršič, M., ed. (2020).
4912:"Exonyms in Cartography"
4393:List of European exonyms
4306:southern states of India
3318:in foreign languages to
2675:In preference of exonyms
2571:
1761:". However, the endonym
1337:words, diverged only in
1011:as the preferred forms.
6334:Torres Strait Islanders
6179:Ethnopsychopharmacology
5923:In-group and out-groups
5756:Wiener Osteuropastudien
5577:Yeh, Yun-Tsui. (2013) "
4323:List of English exonyms
4068:, based largely on the
3953:Confusion with renaming
3915:
3858:
3672:-Peranakan businessman
3666:Speak Mandarin Campaign
3537:), and the Province of
3501:romanisation of Chinese
2599:), and the French term
2490:, the historic name of
2481:West Germanic languages
1971:
6575:Cultural appropriation
4808:List of language names
4786:Linguistic imperialism
4262:
4213:
4143:) in 1914, Leningrad (
4072:, became the official
3904:
3859:
3810:
3800:
3797:term for the Germans,
3765:
3693:Exonyms as pejoratives
3687:Singapore Armed Forces
3328:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3217:
3209:
3198:
3190:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3141:
3130:
3122:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2964:) changed the name to
2960:
2895:since the time of the
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2773:
2763:
2672:
2641:
2601:
2561:
2553:
2418:
2412:
2341:
2335:
2314:
2300:
2281:
2267:
2227:
2213:
2199:
2191:
2177:
2089:; both the Jingpo and
2035:
2021:
2007:
1993:
1985:
1963:
1949:
1930:
1916:
1902:
1883:
1834:
1828:
1799:) are native, but the
1791:
1781:
1763:
1757:), all of which mean "
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1502:
1490:
1458:
1442:
1392:
1384:
1326:
1238:
1183:
1059:), including names of
1021:, first used the term
903:
844:
830:
824:
810:
798:
792:historico-geographical
508:Theoretical frameworks
462:Philosophy of language
442:History of linguistics
271:
6600:Ethnic interest group
6440:Ethnicity in censuses
6390:Cultural assimilation
5891:Ethnolinguistic group
5762:Room, Adrian (1996).
4961:10.1515/9783110203431
4129:geographical renaming
3614:, which is the mixed
2995:name of Côte d'Ivoire
2833:standardised spelling
2667:
2093:use the Chinese word
1194:for bodies of water.
1093:geographical features
785:) is an established,
402:Conversation analysis
256:
6820:Minzu (anthropology)
6789:Separatist movements
6645:Ethnographic village
6475:Legendary progenitor
6110:Transidioethnography
5913:Hyphenated ethnicity
5908:Ethnographic realism
5901:Ethnoreligious group
4887:"Exonym and Endonym"
4849:Place names in Irish
4173:, the Dutch name of
3777:", which eventually
3721:improve this article
3470:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2927:changed the name to
2893:internally been Iran
2870:Phra Nakhon Province
2848:Official preferences
2707:improve this section
2395:, for instance, was
1282:improve this section
1071:), and individuals (
857:Naming and etymology
843:, respectively, and
772:linguistic community
646:Internet linguistics
556:Construction grammar
172:"Endonym and exonym"
157:improve this article
6680:Multinational state
6675:Model minority myth
6562:Multiethnic society
6480:Linguistic homeland
5896:Ethnonational group
5754:. Wien and Berlin.
5253:. The Low Countries
4458:Azerbaijani exonyms
3935:Ancestral Puebloans
3888:Indigenous American
3413:) derived from the
3047:Government of India
3024:government of Burma
2958:form of Portuguese
2858:King Yotfa Chulalok
2661:. According to the
2577:In avoiding exonyms
1813:) is borrowed from
898:Proto-Indo-European
581:Systemic functional
376:Applied linguistics
318:General linguistics
6660:Middleman minority
6620:Ethnic pornography
6615:Ethnic nationalism
6520:Pantribal sodality
6465:Imagined community
5990:Symbolic ethnicity
5918:Indigenous peoples
5886:Ethnographic group
5811:in exonym database
5805:by Verónica Albin.
5677:"Puebloan Culture"
5555:Marshall Cavendish
4910:Ormeling, Ferjan.
4478:Vietnamese exonyms
4418:Portuguese exonyms
4217:) is still called
4186:Siege of Leningrad
4131:as in the case of
3972:possibly contains
3399:, from the exonym
3308:The government of
3117:, for instance in
3013:and in Italian as
3004:die Elfenbeinküste
2866:Thon Buri Province
2831:In some cases, no
2822:or the Portuguese
2670:cultural heritage.
2608:(from the name of
2595:(from the name of
2585:way. For example,
2475:applied the word "
2377:, are exceptions.
2375:European languages
2106:) as the name for
1843:continental Europe
1673:Translated exonyms
1364:, having only one
1091:As it pertains to
760:geographical place
686:Theory of language
656:Origin of language
611:Autonomy of syntax
566:Grammaticalization
412:Discourse analysis
407:Corpus linguistics
272:
261:, compared to the
86:possibly contains
6828:
6827:
6742:Ethnic stereotype
6655:Indigenous rights
6640:Ethnographic film
6625:Ethnic theme park
6585:Dominant minority
6580:Diaspora politics
6570:Consociationalism
6505:National language
6395:Cultural identity
6385:Cross-race effect
6329:Aboriginal groups
5527:978-90-272-8203-3
5084:has been renamed
5023:978-92-3-101944-9
4844:Coptic placenames
4756:
4755:
4448:Afrikaans exonyms
4423:Icelandic exonyms
4094:Peking University
4017:
4016:
4009:
3974:original research
3923:" comes from the
3753:
3752:
3745:
3569:, in the case of
3346:) to the endonym
2954:(the word is the
2810:has evolved into
2743:
2742:
2735:
2631:In recent years,
2494:inhabited by the
2250:
2160:
2134:
1866:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1015:Marcel Aurousseau
741:
740:
529:Distributionalism
472:Psycholinguistics
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
207:
131:
130:
123:
88:original research
68:
16:(Redirected from
6898:
6712:Ethnic cleansing
6707:Ethnic bioweapon
6590:Ethnic democracy
6204:Groups by region
6154:Ethnomethodology
6137:Ethnomathematics
6127:Ethnolinguistics
6023:Ethnoarchaeology
5855:
5848:
5841:
5832:
5831:
5779:
5745:Name & Place
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5683:. Archived from
5673:
5667:
5666:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5597:Townson (1992).
5594:
5588:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5553:(3rd ed.).
5546:
5540:
5539:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5460:. Archived from
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5346:
5338:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5308:
5302:
5297:Sandro Toniolo,
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5220:Challa, Janaki.
5217:
5211:
5210:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5157:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5072:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4916:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4883:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4473:Japanese exonyms
4463:Armenian exonyms
4312:Lists of exonyms
4304:origin from the
4256:
4248:
4240:
4229:
4228:
4227:Κωνσταντινούπολη
4222:
4216:
4202:
4201:
4167:Saint Petersburg
4164:
4157:
4156:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4140:
4133:Saint Petersburg
4098:Nanking Massacre
4038:prestige dialect
4034:Mandarin Chinese
4012:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3992:
3989:inline citations
3965:
3964:
3957:
3932:
3918:
3910:Proto-Algonquian
3907:
3882:Native Americans
3865:
3829:немцы (nemtsy),
3825:німці (nimtsi);
3816:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3768:
3748:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3705:
3697:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3586:hyperforeignised
3550:
3545:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3412:
3405:
3404:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3326:, which adopted
3317:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3222:
3214:
3203:
3195:
3192:Fehéroroszország
3187:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3146:
3135:
3127:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3018:
3012:
3007:, in Spanish as
3006:
2970:that type of tea
2963:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2776:
2766:
2738:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2687:
2679:
2644:
2607:
2566:
2558:
2471:invaders of the
2421:
2415:
2403:; not far away,
2344:
2338:
2295:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2103:
2098:
2072:
1944:
1897:
1871:
1861:
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1837:
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1808:
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1794:
1784:
1766:
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1605:
1593:
1581:
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1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1505:
1493:
1461:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1395:
1366:liquid consonant
1329:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1262:
1254:
1246:, respectively.
1241:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1017:, an Australian
990:
984:
972:
966:
954:
948:
936:
930:
909:
908:
896:, 'name'), from
895:
889:
823:, respectively,
733:
726:
719:
705:
651:LGBT linguistics
641:Internationalism
616:Compositionality
477:Sociolinguistics
452:Neurolinguistics
447:Interlinguistics
432:Ethnomethodology
274:
273:
246:
239:
228:
221:
217:
214:
208:
206:
165:
141:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
103:inline citations
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6876:Language naming
6831:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6808:
6747:Ethnic violence
6695:
6693:ethnic conflict
6691:
6684:
6665:Minority rights
6605:Ethnic majority
6556:
6540:Detribalization
6495:Nation-building
6435:Ethnic religion
6378:
6374:
6364:
6271:Central America
6198:
6169:Ethnophilosophy
6164:Ethnomusicology
6142:Ethnostatistics
6100:Person-centered
6070:Autoethnography
5999:
5864:
5859:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5719:
5717:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5675:
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5659:
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5644:
5640:
5631:
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5528:
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5508:
5493:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5467:
5465:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5414:
5412:
5394:
5390:
5381:
5379:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5330:
5321:
5319:
5309:
5305:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5247:
5243:
5230:
5228:
5218:
5214:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5175:
5158:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5105:
5101:
5074:in Italian and
5035:
5031:
5024:
5008:UNESCO (1984).
5006:
5002:
4987:
4983:
4971:
4949:
4945:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4914:
4908:
4904:
4895:
4893:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4794:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4708:Scottish Gaelic
4519:
4513:
4468:Chinese exonyms
4428:Russian exonyms
4413:Italian exonyms
4403:Finnish exonyms
4314:
4281:
4275:
4171:Nieuw Amsterdam
4162:Sankt-Peterbúrg
4155:Санкт-Петербург
4125:
4082:English phoneme
4070:Beijing dialect
4062:Nanjing dialect
4046:Beijing dialect
4042:Nanjing dialect
4022:
4013:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3978:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3884:
3843:Ottoman Turkish
3791:
3781:to the exonym "
3749:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3718:
3706:
3695:
3616:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
3601:
3597:
3580:In the case of
3577:pronunciation.
3563:Chinese variety
3507:, for example:
3493:
3483:
3111:Soviet Republic
3010:Costa de Marfil
2997:). In most non-
2945:conjoined twins
2897:Sassanid Empire
2874:Thai government
2850:
2749:cities such as
2739:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2704:
2688:
2677:
2579:
2574:
2291:
2045:
1940:
1893:
1803:name of Paris,
1773:
1675:
1572:Scottish Gaelic
1374:
1372:Cognate exonyms
1333:those that are
1314:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1279:
1263:
1252:
1200:
1089:
1035:
883:Greek root word
859:
781:(also known as
751:) is a common,
747:(also known as
737:
696:
695:
606:
598:
597:
509:
501:
500:
496:Writing systems
387:Anthropological
377:
369:
368:
319:
311:
263:German language
247:
236:
235:
234:
229:
218:
212:
209:
166:
164:
154:
142:
127:
116:
110:
107:
92:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6904:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6779:Indigenization
6776:
6771:
6769:Ethnosymbolism
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6732:Ethnic penalty
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6698:
6696:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6670:Model minority
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:Ethnopluralism
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6595:Ethnic enclave
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6345:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6310:Southeast Asia
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6233:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6208:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6189:Ethnosemiotics
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6159:Ethnomuseology
6156:
6151:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6025:
6020:
6018:Ethnic studies
6015:
6009:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5985:Supraethnicity
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5938:Minority group
5935:
5933:Metroethnicity
5930:
5928:Meta-ethnicity
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5878:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5786:
5785:External links
5783:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5759:
5748:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5714:Madras Courier
5699:
5690:
5687:on 2010-07-09.
5668:
5653:
5638:
5616:
5609:
5589:
5570:
5563:
5541:
5526:
5506:
5491:
5474:
5445:
5421:
5388:
5363:
5328:
5303:
5290:
5264:
5241:
5212:
5188:
5173:
5147:
5127:
5109:"Introduction"
5099:
5090:in French and
5029:
5022:
5016:. p. 67.
5000:
4981:
4969:
4943:
4931:
4902:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4453:Arabic exonyms
4450:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4341:German exonyms
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4294:a special case
4277:Main article:
4274:
4271:
4238:Constantinople
4220:Constantinople
4124:
4121:
4036:(although the
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:
3969:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3883:
3880:
3790:
3787:
3751:
3750:
3709:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3505:mainland China
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3466:
3389:
3306:
3245:rusia albayda'
3200:Hvíta-Rússland
3091:
3058:
3043:
3040:names of Burma
3020:
3016:Costa d'Avorio
2987:United Nations
2973:
2948:
2921:
2881:
2872:. In 1972 the
2849:
2846:
2741:
2740:
2691:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2549:
2540:
2527:
2510:
2501:
2498:
2319:
2318:
2304:
2285:
2271:
2257:
2231:
2217:
2203:
2181:
2167:
2141:
2053:James Matisoff
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2025:
2011:
1997:
1975:
1953:
1934:
1920:
1906:
1887:
1873:
1772:
1769:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1633:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1499:
1487:
1455:
1439:
1421:
1373:
1370:
1358:transliterated
1354:
1353:
1346:
1331:
1316:
1315:
1266:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1206:(glossonyms),
1204:language names
1199:
1196:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1073:personal names
1053:
1034:
1031:
993:
992:
974:
973:, 'self'); and
956:
938:
858:
855:
797:For instance,
754:
739:
738:
736:
735:
728:
721:
713:
710:
709:
698:
697:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
676:Prescriptivism
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
310:
309:
304:
299:
293:
290:
289:
283:
282:
249:
248:
231:
230:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6903:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6759:Ethnocentrism
6757:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6717:Ethnic hatred
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6687:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6510:National myth
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6455:Folk religion
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6430:Ethnic origin
6428:
6426:
6425:Ethnic option
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6300:Northern Asia
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6276:South America
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6261:United States
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6194:Ethnotaxonomy
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6149:Ethnomedicine
6147:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6085:Institutional
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6043:Ethnomycology
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5970:Polyethnicity
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5950:Monoethnicity
5948:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5851:
5849:
5844:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5777:
5775:9780810831698
5771:
5767:
5766:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5703:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5665:(3 ed.).
5664:
5657:
5649:
5642:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5610:9780719034398
5606:
5602:
5601:
5593:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5566:
5564:9789814408356
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5492:92-1-100915-4
5488:
5484:
5478:
5464:on 2023-02-09
5463:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5352:
5351:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5294:
5275:
5268:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5174:90-04-07850-9
5170:
5166:
5165:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5140:
5139:
5131:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5083:
5067:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4995:
4994:
4985:
4978:
4972:
4970:9783110148794
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4941:, p. 14.
4940:
4935:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Emic and etic
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:Luxembourgish
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Greek exonyms
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Latin exonyms
4316:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4221:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4190:Immanuel Kant
4187:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4175:New York City
4172:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4040:shifted from
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4011:
4008:
4000:
3997:December 2022
3990:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3970:This section
3968:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3789:Slavic people
3786:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3766:erdara/erdera
3761:
3756:
3747:
3744:
3736:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3710:This section
3708:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3455:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3391:In 2006, the
3390:
3387:
3378:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3350:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3277:
3272:, Portuguese
3270:
3269:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3252:روسيا البيضاء
3246:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3193:
3188:), Hungarian
3185:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3155:
3154:Hvítarussland
3150:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:In 1989, the
3021:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2977:Côte d'Ivoire
2974:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:Fars Province
2915:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:word category
2778:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2737:
2734:
2726:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2692:This section
2690:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2620:and Karlsbad/
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2587:Romani people
2584:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:, to produce
2445:
2442:, a word for
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:Jingpo people
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:According to
2049:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1759:Low Countries
1755:
1754:Țările de Jos
1750:
1745:
1744:Países Baixos
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1667:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:pronunciation
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1309:
1301:
1298:November 2023
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1267:This section
1265:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:For example,
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:ethnic groups
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:, 'foreign').
989:
983:
978:
975:
971:
965:
960:
957:
955:, 'outside');
953:
947:
942:
939:
935:
929:
924:
921:
920:
919:
917:
912:
910:
907:
906:
899:
894:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
854:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
827:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
807:
802:
801:
795:
793:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
734:
729:
727:
722:
720:
715:
714:
712:
711:
708:
704:
700:
699:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Descriptivism
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
602:
601:
594:
593:Structuralism
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Prague circle
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
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458:
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450:
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430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Documentation
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
397:Computational
395:
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388:
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227:
224:
216:
213:December 2022
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174: –
173:
169:
168:Find sources:
162:
158:
152:
151:
146:This article
144:
140:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
111:December 2022
104:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6794:Xenocentrism
6752:Ethnic riots
6737:Ethnic slurs
6727:Ethnic party
6690:Ideology and
6610:Ethnic media
6552:White ethnic
6545:Neotribalism
6500:Nation state
6445:Ethnofiction
6409:
6376:ethnogenesis
6347:
6340:
6321:
6290:Central Asia
6282:
6235:
6228:
6211:
6184:Ethnoscience
6174:Ethnopoetics
6122:Ethnohistory
6060:Ethnogeology
6048:Ethnozoology
6038:Ethnoecology
6028:Ethnobiology
6013:Anthropology
5965:Panethnicity
5881:Ethnic group
5764:
5755:
5751:
5744:
5740:
5718:. Retrieved
5712:
5702:
5693:
5685:the original
5680:
5671:
5662:
5656:
5647:
5641:
5630:. Retrieved
5619:
5599:
5592:
5582:
5573:
5550:
5544:
5516:
5509:
5482:
5477:
5466:. Retrieved
5462:the original
5457:
5448:
5437:. Retrieved
5433:
5424:
5413:. Retrieved
5401:
5391:
5380:. Retrieved
5378:. 2021-02-02
5375:
5366:
5354:. Retrieved
5348:
5320:. Retrieved
5316:
5306:
5298:
5293:
5283:18 September
5281:. Retrieved
5267:
5257:18 September
5255:. Retrieved
5244:
5236:
5231:18 September
5229:. Retrieved
5215:
5200:
5191:
5163:
5137:
5130:
5112:
5102:
5046:proper names
5037:
5032:
5009:
5003:
4992:
4984:
4952:
4946:
4934:
4922:. Retrieved
4918:
4905:
4894:. Retrieved
4890:
4518:per language
4282:
4235:). Prior to
4224:
4206:
4197:
4182:historicisms
4179:
4166:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4126:
4102:
4090:Peking opera
4074:romanization
4023:
4020:In East Asia
4003:
3994:
3971:
3947:
3905:Nadouessioux
3885:
3851:
3792:
3772:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3739:
3730:
3719:Please help
3714:verification
3711:
3681:
3674:Lim Nee Soon
3663:
3641:, including
3624:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3579:
3547:
3542:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3497:Hanyu Pinyin
3494:
3481:Hanyu Pinyin
3458:
3400:
3393:South Korean
3381:
3367:
3353:
3339:
3319:
3276:Bielorrússia
3230:
3196:, Icelandic
3170:Weißrussland
3162:Valko-Venäjä
3124:Hviderusland
3114:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3088:Name of Kyiv
3079:
3069:
3065:
3035:
3031:
2980:
2932:
2909:
2851:
2830:
2804:original of
2800:, where the
2793:
2792:, where the
2789:
2779:
2747:multilingual
2744:
2729:
2720:
2705:Please help
2693:
2668:
2658:
2654:
2630:
2622:Karlovy Vary
2616:, Auschwitz/
2590:
2580:
2567:respectively
2473:Roman Empire
2466:
2461:
2447:
2439:
2429:
2423:
2416:(Greek) and
2409:
2401:British Navy
2396:
2386:
2379:
2354:
2350:
2320:
2112:
2100:
2056:
2050:
2046:
1840:
1823:
1810:
1774:
1724:Países Bajos
1676:
1379:(originally
1375:
1355:
1319:
1304:
1295:
1280:Please help
1268:
1243:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1181:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1090:
1057:anthroponyms
1036:
1026:
1025:in his work
1022:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:
976:
958:
940:
937:, 'within');
922:
913:
900:
874:
870:
866:
862:
860:
804:
796:
786:
782:
778:
776:
748:
744:
742:
539:Glossematics
519:Constituency
491:interpreting
329:Lexicography
266:
237:
219:
210:
200:
193:
186:
179:
167:
155:Please help
150:verification
147:
117:
108:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
6871:Human names
6722:Ethnic joke
6530:Tribal name
6515:Origin myth
6490:Mythomoteur
6420:Ethnic flag
6405:Development
6090:Netnography
6065:Ethnography
6055:Ethnocinema
6033:Ethnobotany
5960:Nationality
5317:www.sup.org
4924:27 February
4792:Other lists
4548:Azerbaijani
4200:Калининград
4194:Kaliningrad
4086:Peking duck
4076:method for
3762:, the term
3565:instead of
3445::
3435::
3425::
3329:Sakartvelas
3284:Bielorrusia
3268:Bielorussia
3260:Biélorussie
3219:Beyaz Rusya
3211:Vitryssland
3132:Wit-Rusland
3103:Byelorussia
2999:Francophone
2982:Ivory Coast
2633:geographers
2563:Olaszország
2547:Switzerland
2538:Switzerland
2523:-dominated
2521:Anglo-Saxon
2452:), and the
2108:Lisu people
2087:Chin people
2061:linguistics
1714:Paesi Bassi
1694:Niederlande
1679:Netherlands
1343:orthography
1327:Deutschland
1185:Deutschland
800:Deutschland
691:Terminology
666:Orthography
586:Usage-based
487:Translating
382:Acquisition
287:Linguistics
268:Deutschland
265:endonym of
6881:Onomastics
6835:Categories
6804:Xenophobia
6799:Xenophilia
6774:Indigenism
6702:Allophilia
6635:Ethnocracy
6525:Statistext
6460:Historical
6353:Indigenous
6305:South Asia
6241:Indigenous
5975:Population
5809:Looking up
5632:2020-10-07
5468:2022-01-02
5439:2022-01-02
5415:2024-03-11
5382:2024-03-11
5322:2024-03-11
5097:language."
5066:California
5012:. France:
4896:2022-11-16
4865:References
4776:Shibboleth
4743:Vietnamese
4693:Portuguese
4668:Lithuanian
4211:(Turkish:
4207:Likewise,
4123:In Eurasia
4111:(formerly
3981:improve it
3775:barbarians
3485:See also:
3384:Сакартвело
3377:Sakartvelo
3301:Белорусија
3294:Belorusija
3280:, Spanish
3264:, Italian
3226:Bái'èluósī
3223:, Chinese
3215:, Turkish
3184:Λευκορωσία
3177:Lefkorosía
3158:, Finnish
3107:Belorussia
3095:Belarusian
2956:anglicized
2842:adjectival
2651:Seychelles
2583:pejorative
2543:Welschland
2462:Hungarians
2224:Portuguese
2206:Copenhagen
1968:Neapolitan
1739:Portuguese
1734:An Ísiltír
1608:Vietnamese
1414:Portuguese
1244:Nederlands
1080:glossonyms
1029:(1957).
1019:geographer
995:The terms
861:The terms
787:non-native
661:Orismology
546:Functional
534:Generative
524:Dependency
344:Pragmatics
334:Morphology
324:Diachronic
183:newspapers
95:improve it
50:improve it
6886:Semantics
6861:Etymology
6856:Ethnonyms
6851:Ethnicity
6764:Ethnocide
6630:Ethnoburb
6535:Tribalism
6323:Australia
6315:West Asia
6295:East Asia
6266:Caribbean
6251:Greenland
6132:Ethnology
6005:Ethnology
5943:Influence
5862:Ethnicity
5584:Sociology
5536:746747262
5410:1091-2339
5121:2536-1732
5042:Routledge
4939:Room 1996
4891:ThoughtCo
4870:Citations
4738:Ukrainian
4723:Slovenian
4688:Norwegian
4683:Old Norse
4638:Icelandic
4633:Hungarian
4558:Bulgarian
4528:Afrikaans
4302:Dravidian
4292:, may be
4263:Byzantium
4255:Βυζάντιον
4245:Byzantion
4147:Ленинград
4139:Петроград
3985:verifying
3943:Puebloans
3835:Hungarian
3823:Ukrainian
3779:gave rise
3733:July 2020
3659:Kaohsiung
3549:Guǎngdōng
3539:Guangdong
3324:Lithuania
3166:, German
3143:Valgevene
3062:Ukrainian
2966:Sri Lanka
2885:Reza Shah
2883:In 1935,
2856:In 1782,
2774:Bruxelles
2723:July 2020
2694:does not
2647:Mauritius
2488:Wallachia
2371:Amsterdam
2323:Ljubljana
2293:‹See Tfd›
2247:romanized
2214:København
2192:Bruxelles
2178:București
2170:Bucharest
2157:romanized
2131:romanized
2085:name for
2077:name for
1942:‹See Tfd›
1895:‹See Tfd›
1884:București
1876:Bucharest
1863:romanized
1764:Nederland
1684:Nederland
1548:Icelandic
1480:Sardinian
1452:Afrikaans
1385:Londinium
1269:does not
1192:hydronyms
1099:defines:
1065:ethnonyms
832:Allemagne
636:Iconicity
631:Etymology
551:Cognitive
514:Formalist
467:Phonetics
457:Philology
349:Semantics
339:Phonology
99:verifying
56:talk page
6891:Toponymy
6846:Demonyms
6784:Nativism
6450:Ethnonym
6415:Ethnarch
6371:Identity
6358:European
6236:Americas
6080:Critical
6075:Clinical
5869:Concepts
5501:52095159
5356:11 March
5207:Archived
5183:15093829
4842:List of
4781:Metonymy
4760:See also
4653:Japanese
4618:Galician
4603:Estonian
4578:Croatian
4543:Armenian
4533:Albanian
4339:List of
4273:In India
4214:İstanbul
4209:Istanbul
4078:Mandarin
3930:kɨmantsi
3921:Comanche
3916:-a·towe·
3872:Slovenia
3868:Slovakia
3866:(hence "
3839:Romanian
3647:Taichung
3567:Mandarin
3448:Hanseong
3410:Hànchéng
3349:Liet’uva
3174:, Greek
3138:Estonian
3128:, Dutch
2989:and the
2929:Thailand
2786:phonetic
2751:Brussels
2659:Seicelle
2655:Maurizio
2618:Oświęcim
2605:, bohème
2603:bohémien
2513:Cornwall
2504:Wallonia
2469:Germanic
2440:Tartarus
2436:Mongolic
2419:Germanus
2389:Crusades
2355:Zagabria
2315:Warszawa
2184:Brussels
2174:Romanian
2144:Belgrade
2081:and the
1994:Nafarroa
1909:Florence
1880:Romanian
1850:Belgrade
1779:exonyms
1749:Romanian
1704:Pays-Bas
1648:Armenian
1603:Luân Đôn
1579:Llundain
1567:Lunnainn
1543:Lundúnir
1496:Albanian
1472:Romanian
1410:Galician
1402:Filipino
1227:Zhōngwén
1155:Zhōngguó
1069:demonyms
1050:toponyms
1038:Endonyms
1033:Typology
916:prefixes
905:*h₃nómn̥
879:prefixes
826:Alemania
812:Germania
764:language
437:Forensic
417:Distance
364:Typology
279:a series
277:Part of
6841:Exonyms
6813:Related
6470:Kinship
6410:Endonym
6400:Demonym
6348:Oceania
6105:Salvage
5720:25 July
5376:AP News
5087:Londres
5071:Venezia
5055:Venezia
4733:Turkish
4728:Spanish
4713:Serbian
4703:Russian
4698:Romansh
4678:Maltese
4663:Latvian
4648:Italian
4608:Finnish
4598:English
4573:Cornish
4568:Chinese
4563:Catalan
4516:Exonyms
4290:Chennai
4109:Incheon
4054:Nanking
4030:Nanjing
4026:Beijing
3979:Please
3870:" and "
3847:Austria
3831:Slovene
3827:Russian
3682:au-kang
3678:Hougang
3670:Teochew
3655:Keelung
3651:Taitung
3612:Shaanxi
3594:Beijing
3582:Beijing
3575:Hokkien
3533:Qīngdǎo
3523:Qingdao
3518:Běijīng
3509:Beijing
3454:Shŏu'ér
3356:ლიეტუვა
3320:Georgia
3310:Georgia
3290:Serbian
3206:Swedish
3149:Faroese
3115:Belarus
3099:Belarus
3086:) (see
3030:, with
3028:Myanmar
2933:Siamese
2878:Bangkok
2825:Colónia
2819:Colonia
2807:Colonia
2798:Cologne
2764:Brussel
2759:Flemish
2715:removed
2700:sources
2610:Bohemia
2525:England
2508:Belgium
2492:Romania
2458:Hunnish
2425:Chechen
2413:Graecus
2405:Rapallo
2397:Leghorn
2393:Livorno
2351:Lubiana
2347:Italian
2336:Laibach
2278:Italian
2249::
2238:Russian
2200:Brussel
2163:Beograd
2159::
2152:Београд
2148:Serbian
2133::
2091:Burmese
2075:Palaung
2057:autonym
2036:Sevilla
2032:Spanish
2028:Seville
2018:Italian
1986:Navarra
1982:Spanish
1978:Navarre
1960:Italian
1950:München
1927:Italian
1917:Firenze
1913:Italian
1890:Cologne
1869:Beograd
1865::
1858:Београд
1854:Serbian
1815:Russian
1792:Benetke
1777:Slovene
1719:Spanish
1709:Italian
1666:Chinese
1626:Persian
1596:Finnish
1555:Londain
1484:Turkish
1476:Romansh
1468:Maltese
1464:Italian
1431:Λονδίνο
1425:Londino
1418:Spanish
1398:Catalan
1393:Londres
1335:cognate
1290:removed
1275:sources
1239:Deutsch
1209:Chinese
1180:), and
1136:Germany
1104:Endonym
1042:exonyms
1005:endonym
1001:xenonym
997:autonym
977:xenonym
959:autonym
923:endonym
881:to the
875:xenonym
867:endonym
863:autonym
837:Spanish
821:Italian
817:English
806:Germany
783:xenonym
768:dialect
749:autonym
745:endonym
392:Applied
302:History
297:Outline
259:Germany
197:scholar
93:Please
18:Endonym
6342:Europe
6256:Mexico
6246:Canada
6230:Africa
6095:Online
5955:Nation
5772:
5607:
5561:
5534:
5524:
5499:
5489:
5408:
5181:
5171:
5119:
5093:Londra
5082:London
5077:Venise
5061:Venise
5050:Venice
5020:
5014:UNESCO
4967:
4718:Slovak
4623:German
4613:French
4588:Danish
4553:Basque
4538:Arabic
4288:, now
4286:Madras
4117:Inchǒn
4092:, and
4066:Pinyin
4050:Peking
3939:Navajo
3912:term,
3892:Apache
3841:, and
3819:Slavic
3802:nemtsi
3795:Slavic
3783:Berber
3760:Basque
3657:, and
3643:Taipei
3635:Tamsui
3627:Taipei
3620:Shanxi
3571:Xiamen
3474:Turkey
3441:;
3431:;
3423:Korean
3421:name (
3415:Joseon
3370:Грузія
3363:Hruzia
3335:Lit’va
3315:Gruzia
3288:, and
3241:Arabic
3119:Danish
3051:Mumbai
3032:Myanma
2961:Ceilão
2952:Ceylon
2912:Περσίς
2905:Persis
2838:plural
2769:French
2642:Angora
2637:Ankara
2614:Gdańsk
2555:Włochy
2534:canton
2530:Wallis
2496:Vlachs
2454:Magyar
2449:Tartar
2369:, and
2363:Berlin
2359:Madrid
2331:German
2327:Zagreb
2311:Polish
2307:Warsaw
2303:); and
2297:German
2288:Vienna
2260:Prague
2253:Moskva
2242:Москва
2234:Moscow
2228:Lisboa
2220:Lisbon
2210:Danish
2188:French
2137:Athína
2118:Athens
2083:Jingpo
2024:); and
2000:Prague
1990:Basque
1972:Napule
1964:Napoli
1956:Naples
1946:German
1937:Munich
1931:Milano
1899:German
1835:Parigi
1824:Parizh
1811:Parizh
1797:Venice
1789:) and
1787:Vienna
1747:) and
1699:French
1689:German
1655:Lúndūn
1643:Լոնդոն
1637:London
1628:, and
1615:Landan
1591:Lontoo
1531:Rānana
1524:Polish
1519:Londyn
1512:Slovak
1503:Londýn
1491:Londër
1459:Londra
1443:Londen
1416:, and
1406:French
1377:London
1350:calque
1242:, and
1218:, and
1215:German
1141:Bhārat
1134:, and
1110:Exonym
1095:, the
1023:exonym
1009:exonym
941:exonym
871:exonym
851:Polish
846:Niemcy
841:French
779:exonym
753:native
707:Portal
605:Topics
354:Syntax
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
6485:Mores
6212:World
6115:Video
5995:Tribe
5793:(PDF)
5402:Slate
5345:(PDF)
5277:(PDF)
4915:(PDF)
4766:-onym
4748:Welsh
4658:Latin
4643:Irish
4628:Greek
4593:Dutch
4583:Czech
4267:Byzas
4259:Latin
4251:Greek
4113:Pusan
4105:Busan
3927:word
3914:*
3900:Sioux
3876:Slavs
3861:slovo
3631:Xinyi
3559:opera
3461:首爾/首尔
3451:) to
3433:Hanja
3419:Hanja
3403:漢城/汉城
3397:Seoul
3374:) to
3342:ლიტვა
3075:Kiyev
3036:Bamar
2993:(see
2901:Greek
2802:Latin
2790:Paris
2755:Dutch
2597:Egypt
2592:Gypsy
2572:Usage
2517:Wales
2477:Walha
2431:Tatar
2382:Paris
2342:Agram
2268:Praha
2264:Czech
2196:Dutch
2126:Αθήνα
2122:Greek
2096:yeren
2070:Khang
2059:into
2008:Praha
2004:Czech
1923:Milan
1829:Paryż
1819:Париж
1806:Париж
1782:Dunaj
1729:Irish
1664:) in
1646:) in
1624:) in
1584:Welsh
1560:Irish
1536:Māori
1508:Czech
1448:Dutch
1436:Greek
1434:) in
1381:Latin
1362:Māori
1221:Dutch
1131:Egypt
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