Malta convoys - Knowledge

1473:, and nine destroyers. The destroyers and corvettes left Alexandria on the night of 23/24 November to rendezvous with the merchant ships and their destroyer escorts from Britain. The cruisers embarked the troops and RAF personnel, leaving Gibraltar on 25 November. The British were unaware that Italian reconnaissance aircraft had spotted the sorties from both ends of the Mediterranean and set up submarine ambushes. Two Italian battleships, three cruisers and two destroyer flotillas had left harbour, more cruisers, destroyers and torpedo boats following. Force D was attacked on the night of 26/27 November but the attack was so ineffectual that the British did not notice. On 27 November, aircraft from Force F spotted the Italian battle fleet, the force headed for Force D and prepared to defend the merchant ships, in what became a confused and inconclusive engagement. Two Italian submarines attacked three cruisers in the Sicilian Narrows as they waited for the eastbound convoy on the night of 27/28 November to no effect and the two ships for Malta arrived on 29 November, as Force H returned to Gibraltar and the through convoy and naval ships reached Alexandria. 2773:(reviving a title used in 1939) for operations against the Italian supply route to North Africa. Operation MG 3 was a convoy planned to despatch the Halberd merchant ships from Malta but the ships sailed in succession. Two departed on 16 October but one ship had to turn back with engine trouble. The second ship was covered by the fleet movements of Operation Callboy which reached the flying off point on 17 October and arrived on 19 October, having dodged a torpedo bomber attack. Two cruisers and two destroyers of Force H loaded equipment and ammunition for Malta as soon as they got back to Gibraltar and sailed again on 20 October, arriving at Grand Harbour in Malta the next day. Two ships sailed from Malta in ballast on 21 October and arrived at Gibraltar despite air attacks; one ship with engine trouble left Malta again on 22 October, watched over by 5391:

minesweeper. Four ships of MW 13 were formed into Convoy MW 12 and nine destroyers departed Grand Harbour on 17 December. Quadrangle B was attacked by Ju 88s the next day to no effect. Several escorts handed over MW 12 at Barce to ships from Alexandria and took over Convoy MW 17, two freighters in Operation Quadrangle C to Malta. Convoy ME 13 was omitted and Convoy ME 14 with four empty ships sailed from Malta on 28 December with five destroyers. In December, 58,500 long tons (59,400 t) of general cargo and 18,200 long tons (18,500 t) of fuel oil was delivered. Convoy MW 18 with a tanker and a merchant ship departed from Alexandria in Operation Quadrangle D with six destroyer escorts, arriving at Malta on 2 January 1943.

1327: 1453:. Operation MB 9 from Alexandria began on 23 November, when Convoy MW 4 with four ships sailed with eight destroyer escorts, covered by Force E of three cruisers. Force D comprising a battleship and two cruisers sailed on 24 November and next day, two more battleships, an aircraft carrier, two cruisers and four destroyers of Force C departed Alexandria. MW 4 reached Malta without incident; ME 4 had sailed on 26 November, two destroyers returned to Malta; the cruiser and one destroyer saw the freighters into Alexandria and Port Said on 30 November. 4326: 57: 3789: 10771: 5423:

merchant ships to Malta 79 arrived, three to be sunk soon after reaching the island and one ship was sunk on a return voyage. Six of seven independent sailings failed, three ships being sunk, two were interned by Vichy authorities and one ship turned back. The Mediterranean Fleet lost a battleship, two aircraft carriers, four cruisers, a fast minelayer, twenty destroyers and minesweepers and forty submarines. Many small ships were sunk and many surviving ships were damaged.

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after and one merchant ship was sunk and another damaged and taken in tow. Near noon, another air attack damaged another merchant ship and the order was given to scuttle the ships in tow, to increase the speed of the remaining two ships, because the Italian squadron was still lurking in the area. The escorts were scattered by the Italian cruiser force, that eventually finished off the tanker

1947: 2546:(carrying 1,000 troops and RAF ground crews) which ran aground and had to return to Gibraltar. The Eastern Fleet sortied from Alexandria as a diversion and eight submarines watched Italian ports and patrolled the routes an Italian sortie was expected to use. Force H was to return to Gibraltar upon reaching the Sicilian Narrows, while the close escort of three cruisers, 4063:. Axis aircraft concentrated on the convoy, which manoeuvred so effectively that no ship was hit, but the ships and close escort fired much of their ammunition. During the battle near the convoy, the escorts kept laying smoke screens and the Italians came within 8 nmi (9.2 mi; 15 km) as Force B dodged around in the smoke, attacking at every opportunity. 5400:

tanker and the convoy missed the meeting with Force K and later made rendezvous with three Malta destroyers. As the storm abated the ships gathered speed and for most of the run to Malta Beaufighters provided air cover, one being vectored onto a He 111 during 11 January, which was attacked and driven off, the convoy arriving at Malta during the evening.

2195:, which sailed from Alexandria on 19 March, the escorts sailing a day later, covered by the Mediterranean Fleet until the night of 22/23 March. The ships sailed by indirect routes and bad weather enabled the convoy to evade Axis air reconnaissance. The ships arrived at Malta but two were bombed at their berths. 5399:

Convoy MW 19 left Alexandria on 7 January 1943 with five freighters and a tanker with nine destroyers and survived an attack by torpedo bombers at dusk on 8 January. During a night attack, a merchantman and a destroyer were near-missed and a destroyer evaded a torpedo. On 9 January a storm slowed the

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Portcullis was the last direct convoy to Malta; in Operations Quadrangle A, B, C and D, pairs of ships to Malta joined with ordinary west-bound convoys then rendezvoused with escorts from Force K, arriving with no loss. In Operation Quadrangle A, Convoy MW 15 of two ships was a side convoy from the

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and as the escort destroyers made smoke, the fleet destroyers attacked the Italian ships. Two of the fleet destroyers were soon disabled the remaining three managed to hit an Italian destroyer and were then joined by the cruiser and the four smaller destroyers. Dive-bombers attacked the convoy soon

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came loose and caught fire as the Hurricane went overboard, killing nine men and injuring four more before the fire was extinguished. It was early afternoon before the 35 remaining Hurricanes arrived at Malta, again guided by six Blenheims. During the month 142 aircraft reached Malta, some of which

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Force F from Gibraltar was to pass 1,400 soldiers and RAF personnel from Gibraltar to Alexandria in the two cruisers, slip two supply ships into Malta and one to Crete. The other warships destined for the reinforcement of the fleet at Alexandria were to be sent on, the cruisers being accompanied by

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Four ships of Convoy MF 3 reached Malta safely from Alexandria and three ships returned to Alexandria as Convoy MF 4. The convoys were part of Operation MB 6 and the escort included four battleships and two aircraft carriers. An Italian attempt against the returning escort by destroyers and torpedo

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The five cruisers and nine of the destroyers continued for Malta as the covering force changed course. The British made course for Sicily, which enabled them to skirt minefields laid by the Italians in the channel between Sicily and the North African coast. During the night the moon was bright and

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was used to despatch twelve Hurricanes to Malta from a position to the south-west of Sardinia. Hurry was the first Club Run to reinforce the air defence of the island, despite the British Chiefs of Staff decision two months earlier that nothing could be done to reinforce Malta. Club Runs continued

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and six destroyers sailed from Alexandria on 11 November; both efforts succeeded. On 17 November, Convoy MW 13 (two U.S., one Dutch, and one British merchant ship, carrying 35,000 short tons (32,000 t) of supplies) departed Alexandria, escorted by three cruisers of the 15th Cruiser Squadron;

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There were 35 large supply operations to Malta from 1940 to 1942. Operations White, Tiger, Halberd, MF5, MG1, Harpoon, Vigorous and Pedestal were turned back or suffered severe losses from Axis forces. There were long periods when no convoy runs were even attempted and only a trickle of supplies

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In Operation Portcullis, the five ships of Convoy MW 14 arrived from Port Said with 55,000 short tons (50,000 t) of supplies, the first convoy to arrive without loss since 1941. Nine more ships arrived in Convoy MW 15 to Convoy MW 18, delivering 18,200 short tons (16,500 t) of fuel and

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which flew off 29 Spitfires for Malta, of which two returned with engine trouble. Ten Italian submarines were patrolling but were not able to attack and Axis aircraft were held off until the afternoon of 29 October, when a Ju 88 managed to drop a bomb which landed 600 ft (180 m) behind

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In Operation Tiger, Convoy WS 8 sailed from Gibraltar to Alexandria, combined with a supply run to Malta by six destroyers of Force H. Five 15 kn (17 mph; 28 km/h) merchant ships passed Gibraltar on 6 May accompanied by Force H, along with a battleship and two cruisers en route to

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was lost after hitting two mines. The destroyers from Force H participated in the convoy operation as far as Malta then returned. Force H bombarded Benghazi and rendezvoused with the convoy 50 nmi (58 mi; 93 km) south of Malta late on 9 May. The minefied had been laid by the same

2220:, a cruiser and five destroyers. The Hurricanes were flown off on 3 April and all arrived, Force H returning safely to Gibraltar on 4 April. Stores and ammunition were run to Malta in Operations MC 8 and MC 9. On 18 April, the Mediterranean Fleet sailed from Alexandria to Suda Bay in Crete with 961:

and the Luftwaffe in early 1942. Several warships were sunk in Valletta harbour and others were withdrawn to Gibraltar and Egypt. Food and medicines for the Maltese population and the British garrison dwindled along with fuel, ammunition and spare parts with the success of Axis attacks on Malta

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in Libya, the ships for Malta rendezvoused with eight destroyer escorts and empty ships from the island. The ships exchanged escorts for the return voyage to Grand Harbour, MW 15 arriving on 10 December. Operation Quadrangle B covered Convoy MW 16 of one tanker escorted by six destroyers and a

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assisted her safe arrival to harbour and she was seaworthy again by September. The cruisers sailed ahead to disembark troops and equipment; the convoy and its destroyer escort arrived later on 24 July. A raid on 26 July by Italian midget submarines, MAS boats, and aircraft on the transports in

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From June 1940 to December 1943, about 1,600 civilians and 700 soldiers were killed on Malta. The RAF lost about 900 men killed, 547 aircraft on operations and 160 on the ground and Royal Navy losses were 1,700 submariners and 2,200 sailors; about 200 merchant navy men died. Of 110 voyages by

894:, a Mediterranean island of 122 sq mi (320 km) had been a British colony since 1814. By the 1940s, the island had a population of 275,000 but local farmers could feed only one-third of the population, the deficit being made up by imports. Malta was a staging post on the British 4622:

into Grand Harbour as the answer to their prayers. It had been agreed by military commanders at the time that if supplies became any lower, they would surrender the islands (the date, deferred as supplies were received, was referred to as the target date). Pedestal delivered 12,000 long tons

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flew off the first 15 Spitfire reinforcements for Malta. An earlier attempt had been abandoned but the right external ferry tanks were fitted; seven Blenheims flew direct from Gibraltar. On 10 March, the Spitfires flew their first sorties against a raid by Ju 88s escorted by Bf 109 fighters.

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was escorted from Malta on 5 December by a cruiser and four destroyers of Force K in Operation MF 1 towards Alexandria; next day, a cruiser and two destroyers left Alexandria. During the evening of 6 December the cruiser and two destroyers returned to Malta and two destroyers carried on with

4364:, nine destroyers, four fleet minesweepers, and six minesweeping motor launches. Once the convoy of three British, one Dutch and two U.S. freighters, carrying 43,000 long tons (44,000 t) of supplies, had been swept through the Axis minefields, the minesweepers were to remain at Malta. 2268:

from Alexandria to Malta. The operation was coordinated with the four-ship Convoy ME 7 from Malta to Alexandria. On 16 April, the value of Malta for offensive operations was shown when four destroyers of 14th Flotilla (the Malta Striking Force), recently based in the island, destroyed an

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sailed from Plymouth to Gibraltar with 2,000 depth charges for Malta and made a repeat run in December. The success of Stone Age relieved the siege of Malta, albeit by a narrow margin because the lack of military stores and food for the population would have been exhausted by December.

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and the four empty ships from Convoy MW 3, escorted by a cruiser and three destroyers. Attacks on Italian airfields in the Aegean and North Africa were to be made at the same time. Three ships at Gibraltar, two bound for Malta and one for Alexandria were to be escorted by the cruisers

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and six other empty ships at Malta were independently to return to Gibraltar in Operation MG 1. On 23 July, south of Sardinia, Italian air attacks began; one cruiser was hit and had to return to Gibraltar, and a destroyer was so badly damaged it was scuttled, but air cover from

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was planned to send convoys simultaneously from both ends of the Mediterranean. The ships for Operation Harpoon sailed from Britain on 5 June and entered the Mediterranean on the night of 11/12 June. Several stations were called on to obtain a battleship, the aircraft carriers

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The ships from Gibraltar and Alexandria were intended to arrive on consecutive days. Axis naval and air force attacks began on the morning of 12 June; one cruiser was badly damaged and one merchantman sunk. On 15 June, an Italian cruiser force engaged the close escort and as

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was slowed by engine trouble and on 16 December the force headed west in daylight without zig-zagging. After dark a cruiser and two destroyers turned back and made spurious wireless broadcasts to simulate the battle fleet at sea. Destroyers left Malta on 16 December and at

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flew off over 50 Hurricanes to Malta in Operations Status I and Status II, forty-nine arriving; several Blenheims flew direct from Gibraltar at the same time, to build up the Malta striking force to use the munitions delivered in Operation Substance. The merchantman

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and reduced her speed. Later air attacks were deterred by the anti-aircraft fire of the British destroyer screen. British reconnaissance aircraft reported the Italian Fleet had left harbour and was on an interception course and the British covering force, less

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of the British base at Gibraltar. It was soon clear that unlike the Atlantic, where the war was fought by U-boats and surface and air escorts, operations in the Mediterranean would depend on air power and the possession of land bases to operate the aircraft.

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on 21 May, all reaching Malta. Slow Convoy MW 7B with two tankers sailed from Egypt for Malta with 24,000 long tons (24,000 t) of fuel oil, followed by fast Convoy MW 7A with six freighters escorted by five cruisers, three destroyers and two corvettes.

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with no effect but the operation was cancelled when the long range fuel tanks of the Spitfires were found to be defective. The operation was repeated on 27 March and sixteen Spitfires were flown off for Malta, the ships returning to Gibraltar on 30 March.

870:(8–16 November), round the clock air cover was possible and all the merchant ships reached Malta. Mediterranean convoys were resumed to supply the advancing British forces, from which ships for Malta were detached and escorted to and from the island. 2711:

with an aerial torpedo. Attempts to tow the ship to Malta failed; her troops were taken off and the ship was scuttled. During the morning of 28 September, the convoy came into range of Malta-based fighters. The rest of the convoy reached Malta at

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parties were to attack the airfields at Martuba and Tmimi in Cyrenaica as RAF and FAA aircraft bombed them to ground Ju 88 bombers; 201 Group RAF provided air cover and reconnaissance of the convoy route. A club run, Operation Picket was to use

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The civilian population and the garrison required imports of food, medical supplies, fuel and equipment; the military forces on the island needed reinforcements, ammunition and spare parts. British convoys were escorted to Malta by ships of the

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Operation Collar was intended to combine the passage of a battleship, heavy cruiser and light cruiser with mechanical defects from Alexandria to Gibraltar, with a four-ship Convoy MW 4 to Malta and the sailing of ME 4 from Malta comprising

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sailed again with 22 Hurricanes, which were guided to Malta by Blenheims from Gibraltar; all arrived at Malta in bad weather, though one Hurricane crashed on landing. Force H reached port on 28 June, Crated aircraft were assembled aboard

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and to control Middle Eastern oil. The strategic value of Malta was so great the British risked many merchant vessels and warships to supply the island and the Axis made determined efforts to neutralise the island as an offensive base.

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In Operation Halberd, the eastbound Convoy GM 2 with nine 15 kn (17 mph; 28 km/h) merchant ships, carrying 81,000 long tons (82,000 t) of supplies and 2,600 troops from Gibraltar, was accompanied by the battleships

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and its return to Gibraltar. Eight Hurricanes ran out of fuel and ditched at sea, with seven pilots lost. An enquiry found that the Hurricane pilots had been insufficiently trained about the range and endurance of their aircraft.

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by the end of December; thirteen ships returned to Alexandria as Convoy ME 11 and Convoy ME 12. Increased rations to civilians helped to stave off the general decline in health of the population, which had led to an outbreak of

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Using an aircraft carrier to ferry land-based aircraft to Malta had been discussed by the Admiralty in July and once Italy had declared war, the reinforcement of Malta could be delayed no longer. The training aircraft carrier

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failed, with the attacking force almost destroyed; 65,000 short tons (59,000 t) of supplies were landed. On 31 July, three cruisers and two destroyers sailed from Gibraltar with the troops and stores left behind in

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made an independent run close to the Algerian coast but was shadowed by Axis aircraft and attacked by fighter-bombers, bombers and torpedo bombers until dusk. She reached Malta on 16 July and departed again on 18 July.

4627:. The commodities landed were enough for Malta to last until mid-November. The 568 survivors of the Pedestal convoy were evacuated, 207 men on three destroyers to Gibraltar and the remainder by submarine and aircraft. 4700:

A continuous flow of new Spitfires to Malta had become necessary after the Axis air forces resorted to attacks by fighter-bombers; in another Club Run from 28 to 30 October, two cruisers and eight destroyers escorted

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based in Cyrenaica, the convoy and escorts' anti-aircraft guns; once the convoy was in range. Hurricanes from Malta also provided air cover and the ships docked on 19 January. On 26 January, in a similar operation,

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and the remaining aviation fuel was only sufficient for the fighters, making it impractical to send more bombers and torpedo-bombers for offensive operations. Resources available to sustain Malta were reduced when

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Events on land in Greece, Crete, Libya and the rest of the south shore of the Mediterranean would have great influence on the security of sea communications by both sides. An Italian conquest of Egypt could link

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The five ship Convoy MW 3 from Alexandria and four ship return Convoy ME 3 arrived safely, coinciding with a troop convoy from Gibraltar and the air attack on the Italian battle fleet at the Battle of Taranto.

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German air attacks continued and Force B turned for Alexandria, very short of fuel as Force K joined the convoy for the last leg. The convoy had been ordered to disperse, three ships diverting southwards and

4561:. A diversionary operation was staged from Alexandria. The convoy was attacked by Axis aircraft, motor torpedo boats and submarines. Three merchant ships reached Malta on 13 August and another on 14 August. 2777:

flying boats, but failed to arrive; an Italian radio broadcast claimed the sinking. The fourth ship sailed on 24 October but was attacked by an Italian aircraft and recalled, having been spotted so quickly.

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As supplies on Malta dwindled, particularly of aviation fuel, the largest convoy to date was assembled at Gibraltar for Operation Pedestal. It consisted of 14 merchant ships, including the large oil tanker

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was also lost in a minefield a few miles before arrival. The convoy arrived with 15,000 short tons (14,000 t) of supplies under cover of the Malta Spitfires, which defeated several more air attacks.

832: 691: 7366: 2297:. She was mined on 2 May, which blew off her bows, and sank with 21 Hurricanes, equipment, ammunition and military freight aboard. The minefield had been laid down on 24 April by the Italian cruisers 3762:

towed her clear of blazing oil, allowing most of her crew to be rescued before she sank. The three remaining freighters reached Malta, air attacks on the ships being intercepted by fighters from

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continued to Alexandria accompanied by the cruiser and its two destroyers, reaching Alexandria on 8 December, less the cruiser which was detached to help a sloop damaged by air attack of Tobruk.

2670:, five cruisers, and eighteen destroyers. The British staged diversions in the eastern Mediterranean and submarines and aircraft watched Italian naval and air bases. Attacks on the convoy by the 4541:, carrying a total of 121,000 long tons (123,000 t) of cargo. These were protected by powerful escort and covering forces, totalling forty-four warships, including the aircraft carriers 6917: 5522:

was also sunk but the success showed the value of Malta as an offensive base. Churchill ordered that the Italian supply route to Tripoli be cut off and even suggested using the battleship

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reached Malta by submarine or fast warship. The worst period for Malta was from December 1941 to October 1942, when Axis forces had air and naval supremacy in the central Mediterranean.

4413:, Egypt sailed at the same time as Harpoon. The convoy was attacked by aircraft, torpedo boats and submarines for four days, threatened by an Italian fleet and turned back. The cruiser 4099:

were set on fire before unloading, only 4,952 short tons (4,492 t) of the 29,500 short tons (26,800 t) of supplies were landed and several destroyers were seriously damaged.

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five Italian torpedo bomber attacks were made but with no hits. In the afternoon, German and Italian air attacks began, with bombs and torpedoes, again to no effect. Smoke was seen at

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covered by Force H sailed from Gibraltar to deliver Spitfires to Malta and to divert attention from MG 1. Two Italian submarines spotted the British ships and one fired torpedoes at

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were sunk and modern, efficient, merchant ships, naval and air forces had been diverted from other routes for long periods; thirty-one supply runs by submarines were also conducted.

4087:, after being taken in tow by destroyers and tugs several times, reached Marsaxlokk harbour on 25 March. Unloading of the ships was very slow and Luftwaffe attacks on 26 March sank 4031:

struggled to keep up because of engine trouble and the convoy timetable was not met. Several British submarines participated near Messina and Taranto to watch for Italian ships.

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were badly damaged and a destroyer was damaged beyond repair. Excess was the first occasion that the Luftwaffe participated in an anti-convoy operation; the Italian torpedo boat

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making straight for Grand Harbour, the diversions being calculated to bring the ships back together just short of Malta by daylight on 23 March. The detours were a mistake and

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and ten Hunt-class destroyers. By 25 November, the ships had landed an adequate quantity of aviation fuel and Magic Carpet rides were cancelled. On 20 November, the minelayer

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and the escorts moved to intercept in rough seas as the convoy was hidden by a smoke screen. Italian cruisers commenced fire then turned to lure the British cruisers towards

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left Gibraltar for Valletta on 10 September on a supply run and was lost 17 September, either in a minefield or depth-charged by Italian torpedo boats north-west of Malta.

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attacks; these forced another damaged destroyer to drop out and return to Gibraltar. Turning north, the convoy evaded Italian aircraft, but on the night of 23/24 July, the

208: 1344:) of supplies, including reinforcements and ammunition for anti-aircraft guns and met at Malta another convoy from Gibraltar. En route, Italian airbases were raided; the 9335: 9080: 8681: 4767:

was torpedoed and set on fire. Many of the air attacks were intercepted by Allied fighters flying from desert airfields and on 20 November, MW 13 arrived, escorted by

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and escorts from Alexandria met two ships which had sailed from Malta on 25 January transporting service families from Malta with escorts from Force K, which escorted

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In early November Operation Crupper was a failed attempt to send an independently routed, disguised freighter from Alexandria to Malta. The disguised merchant ships

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passed Gibraltar on 12 November and sailed close to the Moroccan, Algerian and Tunisian coasts but was spotted by Italian aircraft at early on 14 November south of

9024: 8620: 8592: 7736: 1253:. The British cruisers and destroyers covered two convoys heading from Malta to Alexandria. The first, Malta Fast 1 (MF 1)/Malta East 1 (ME 1), was composed of 10672: 9344: 9031: 8158: 2791:

Force K of two cruisers and two destroyers sailed from Malta on 8 November and sank the merchant ships of an Axis convoy off Cape Spartivento. On 10 November,

112: 7386: 862:(23 October – 11 November 1942). The Axis retreat from Egypt and Cyrenaica brought more of the seas around Malta into range of Allied land-based aircraft. In 10827: 9647: 9010: 8312: 7937: 2906:

and two escorts were diverted to the south-west as the rest of the British ships turned towards the Italian fleet. With the escorts between the Italians and

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from Gibraltar towards Malta. In mid-1942, Axis air attacks on the island and on supply convoys neutralised Malta as an offensive base and an Axis invasion,

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sailed from Gibraltar and flew off thirty-seven Hurricanes, thirty-four arriving successfully; seven Blenheims flew direct from Gibraltar. On 13 November,

4360:, three cruisers, and eight destroyers for the escort and covering force to the Narrows, the close escort into Malta comprising the anti-aircraft cruiser 2470:, escorted by Force H, departed Gibraltar. On 14 June, 47 Hurricanes, guided by four Hudsons from Gibraltar, were flown off; 43 Hurricanes reached Malta. 1513:

from Alexandria with a covering force of a battleship, two cruisers, destroyers and corvettes reached Malta on 20 December and Convoy ME 5 with the empty

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departed Gibraltar 14 July, carrying powdered milk, cooking oil, fats and flour, soap, and minesweeping stores. She was in company of Force H comprising

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sailed with the main fleet and all the ships reached Grand Harbour on 9 May, preceded by a minesweeper, which detonated about twelve mines. In May, the

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Military operations from Malta and using the island as a staging post, led to Axis air campaigns against the island in 1941 and 1942. By late July, the

7632: 4348: 2706: 2299: 2910:, the ship was handed over to Force K as it arrived and set a smoke screen. The opposing ships diverged in the dark and Force K turned for Malta with 2902:

attacked through the afternoon with bombs and torpedoes. As night was falling, three Italian battleships two cruisers and ten destroyers appeared and

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In 1942, the British assembled large flotillas of warships to escort Malta convoys, sent fast warships to make solo runs to the island and organised

2892:. Only one cruiser and two destroyers were operational but they met the oncoming force before dawn on 17 December and the ships made a circle round 8296: 7676: 6934: 2573: 201: 1057:

fighters were flown off aircraft carriers in the western Mediterranean. Many other aircraft used Malta as a staging post for North Africa and the

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was sunk at sunset the next day in the same place; Astrologer was the last attempt to send merchant ships to Malta from the west for six months.

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carrying oil and aviation fuel for Malta. Late on 19 April, the Malta Strike Force destroyers sailed with Convoy ME 7 of four empty cargo ships.

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with 160,000 long tons (160,000 t) of cargo reached Malta without loss and a reserve of seven months' supplies had been accumulated. Three

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When Italy declared war on Britain and France on 10 June 1940, the Taranto Naval Squadron did not sail to occupy Malta as suggested by Admiral

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Force K sank seven merchantmen and one of its destroyer escorts; the force was back at Malta by the afternoon of 9 November and the submarine

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As Malta's effectiveness as an offensive base diminished, forty-seven Spitfires were flown off as reinforcements. They were delivered by the

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made a dash from Gibraltar with a cargo of dried food and torpedoes during the Allied landings in French North Africa (Operation Torch),

194: 7038: 3698:) and six destroyers. The cruisers served as a bluff, in the absence of more heavily armed ships capable of challenging a sortie by the 2539:, and several cruisers and destroyers). GM 1 reached Gibraltar from Britain on 19 July and sailed for Malta on 21 July, minus troopship 9173: 7898: 7452: 7107: 2868:

was filled with 5,000 long tons (5,100 t) of boiler oil and every space was filled with supplies. On 15 December, MD 1 began when

7076: 10686: 9307: 7690: 7648: 3806:; several hours later, two cruisers from 15th Cruiser Squadron, escorted by eight destroyers, sortied to protect it. On 14 February, 2523:

Operation Substance sent Convoy GM 1 (six ships transporting 5,000 soldiers, escorted by six destroyers), covered by the battleship

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with a cargo of 32 Spitfires Mk Vc (Trop). Also on board were the ground crew who were to assemble them, a total of over 110 men.

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from 18 November, this was reduced to ten destroyers. Axis air attacks began and after the main escort had detached, the cruiser

4388:, repeatedly hit by the Italian cruisers and disabled during the battle, was finally sunk by an Italian S-79 torpedo bomber. The 513: 9626: 9138: 7981: 7519: 2293:

sailed for Malta from Gibraltar on the night of 28/29 April, disguised as a Spanish merchantman and later as the Vichy steamer

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During the afternoon, an Italian battleship convoy was spotted and every seaworthy ship at Malta was ordered out to bring in

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had sailed from Malta on 6 January escorted by four destroyers of Force C; the two forces met on 7 January and Force C with

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On 16 January the Convoy MW8A and Convoy MW8B with two ships each, sailed from Alexandria in Operation MF3, accompanied by

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were sunk and there was serious damage to other warships; Italian losses were two submarines and damage to two cruisers.

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began on 27 September, demonstrating more skill and determination than earlier encounters. An Italian torpedo bomber hit

4657:, where she flew off 32 Spitfires; one crashed on take-off and two turned back, the rest reaching Malta that afternoon. 10586: 10455: 10333: 9904: 9619: 9570: 9328: 8883: 8128: 7967: 7815: 7669: 3997: 7247:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. 2228:

made a run into Malta and the destroyers returned after joining in a shore bombardment by the main fleet. The cruiser

10702: 9577: 9549: 9366: 8948: 8660: 8627: 4623:(12,000 t) of coal, 32,000 long tons (33,000 t) freight and 11,000 long tons (11,000 t) of oil aboard 4079:

was also frequently attacked but arrived undamaged, except from some small bombs dropped by a Bf 109 fighter-bomber.

4044:, with Force H as a decoy, but the Spitfire ferry tanks were found to be defective and the operation was called off. 2323: 2305: 31: 7843: 3837:

after it was realised she could not reach Malta before dark: the escort had been warned that the Italian battleship

3738:(6,655 tons), in MW8A, developed mechanical faults and was diverted to Benghazi but was severely damaged by bombing 2860:, meeting the cruiser and two destroyers from Alexandria at dawn on 7 December. Two destroyers went on to Malta and 10739: 9890: 9827: 8962: 8791: 7914: 4749:(1,947 tons) from Gibraltar, were captured and interned at Bizerta while passing through Vichy territorial waters. 4027:. The 5th Destroyer Flotilla sailed from Tobruk on an anti-submarine sweep, before joining the convoy on 21 March. 1414:

to reinforce Malta but the threat of the Italian fleet lurking south of Sardinia prompted a premature fly-off from

1003: 8468: 7177: 7067:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO. 1090: 10263: 10104: 10093: 9922: 9681: 9640: 9533: 9471: 8851: 8121: 7990: 7958: 7091: 2311: 566: 8638: 8206: 10822: 10649: 10621: 10499: 10292: 9522: 8973: 8899: 8688: 8059: 7778: 7683: 7568: 1046:

Runs, risky aircraft carrier ferry operations to deliver fighters. From August 1940 to the end of August 1942,

532: 99: 1027: 10709: 10642: 10593: 10524: 10349: 9848: 9799: 9563: 9556: 9159: 8920: 8704: 7757: 7226:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)

6987:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)

3750: 2099: 1363: 741: 404: 242: 130: 17: 7487: 3730:. The 15th Cruiser Squadron sortied on 17 January to join the escort for both convoys. Force K (still short 2693:

launched her torpedo bombers but the Italian turned back, and the aircraft failed to make contact; at about

10783: 10679: 10054: 10008: 8927: 8755: 8740: 8667: 8646: 8464: 8142: 7928: 7921: 7905: 7616: 7575: 7547: 4508: 4344: 794: 599: 4047:

On 22 March, when MW 10 was through Bomb Alley, news arrived that an Italian squadron had sailed and from

10746: 10070: 10015: 9633: 9605: 9458: 9073: 9052: 8566: 8229: 8135: 7625: 7058: 4692:), with petrol and other stores, departing for Beirut on 8 October and carrying survivors from Pedestal. 2716:

and landed 85,000 short tons (77,000 t) of supplies. Halberd was the last convoy operation of 1941.

2278: 2241: 859: 790: 371: 255: 218: 48: 2443:

A Club Run from 5 to 7 June delivered 35 Hurricanes to Malta, guided by eight Blenheims from Gibraltar.

1336:

The Mediterranean Fleet in Alexandria escorted the fast Convoy MF 2 of three freighters carrying 40,000

955:

in April 1942. Malta was neutralised as an offensive base against Italian convoys by the attacks of the

10544: 10033: 9952: 9897: 9785: 9741: 9391: 9017: 8941: 8836: 8713: 8585: 8578: 8538: 8511: 8243: 8176: 7771: 7582: 7512: 2635:

reached Malta from Gibraltar in Operation Propeller and another ship completed the trip independently.

2261:

were flown direct from Gibraltar. Three battleships and an aircraft carrier covered the fast transport

682: 558: 320: 2086:

Operation MC 8, from19 to 21 February, delivered troops, vehicles and stores to Malta in the cruisers

1227:

escorts (two battleships, 14 cruisers and 32 destroyers) of an Italian convoy engaged the battleships

1098: 261: 10446: 10363: 10148: 10001: 9973: 9806: 9711: 9501: 8934: 8001: 7655: 7209:(1st ed.). Abingdon: The Whitehall History Publishing Consortium in association with Routledge. 4000:(DEMS) gunners, supplemented by service passengers. The convoy was escorted by Force B, the cruisers 3838: 3756: 2914:; the rest of the ships returned to Alexandria and the Italian freighters reached Libya. Force K and 2811:

Operation Astrologer (14–15 November 1941), an attempt to supply Malta by two unescorted freighters,

2774: 1428: 1135: 1070: 752:

was a base from which British sea and air forces could attack ships carrying supplies from Europe to

637: 579: 424: 412: 8199: 972:(Operation Hercules) invasion plans against Malta were prepared but then cancelled on 16 June 1942. 10185: 10162: 9407: 9208: 9201: 8858: 8518: 8490: 8483: 7870: 4316: 2812: 2661: 2061: 1241: 1151: 1073:. With Italian bases in Sicily, British control of Malta was made more difficult from its bases in 465: 8215: 8192: 3727: 2918:

spent 18 December under air attack, until Malta Hurricanes arrived in the afternoon and at around

2739:, to fly off thirteen Swordfish and Albacore torpedo bombers for Malta, delivered to Gibraltar by 10607: 10551: 10421: 10281: 9959: 9612: 9508: 9414: 8982: 8843: 8813: 8777: 8762: 8634: 8526: 8504: 8450: 8436: 8418: 8082: 7863: 7591: 7540: 7263: 4167:

and six British and US destroyers. Most of the aircraft were destroyed on the ground by bombing.

4032: 3818: 3807: 995: 922:. Malta was also a base for air, sea and submarine operations against Axis supply convoys by the 757: 620: 391: 285: 94: 10817: 10299: 10192: 9987: 9938: 9841: 9734: 9704: 9487: 9375: 9101: 8892: 8476: 8457: 8427: 7974: 7944: 5568: 4060: 3857: 2274: 1952: 1946: 991: 729: 436: 364: 339: 7412:

The British Anti-shipping Campaign in the Mediterranean 1940–1944: Comparing Methods of Attack

7022: 4307:, bound for Malta. Twenty-eight arrived safely, with the other four being shot down en route. 1457:

two destroyers and four corvettes. Force B provided the covering force with the battlecruiser

10790: 10513: 10356: 10252: 10222: 10178: 10047: 9911: 9876: 9869: 9792: 9690: 9131: 9108: 8955: 8559: 8096: 7836: 7822: 7505: 3660: 1167: 1114: 586: 526: 418: 8394: 7477: 7410: 7085: 5432: 2039:. The convoys arrived safely with 10,000 short tons (9,072 t) of supplies. The cruiser 10614: 10469: 10120: 10077: 10040: 9966: 9776: 9755: 8674: 8151: 7829: 7062: 4793: 4582:

later broke in two in Valletta Harbour but not before much of her cargo had been unloaded.

4347:

eased the pressure on Malta but supplies were needed if the island was to avoid surrender.

2562:

The covering force turned for Gibraltar and the rest of the convoy pressed on, facing more

2452: 2067: 2054: 2040: 1447: 1326: 1181: 1054: 840: 518: 352: 272: 2803:

was torpedoed and sank the next day, 25 nmi (29 mi; 46 km) from Gibraltar.

2381:

onboard Ark Royal and the anti aircraft fire of 9 destroyers. Bad weather helped, but the

8: 10732: 10506: 10384: 10340: 9855: 8989: 8748: 8275: 8105: 8089: 8038: 7124: 4772: 4597: 4591: 4286: 2518: 2258: 2047: 1440: 1086: 774: 670: 665: 615: 574: 489: 383: 90: 5436: 3689: 2491:

as she joined Force H for Operation Railway II; on 30 June, 26 Hurricanes took off from

10725: 10558: 10483: 10437: 10407: 10315: 10155: 9813: 9697: 9591: 9542: 9480: 9236: 9187: 8996: 8613: 8268: 8066: 6919:

H. M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action, 3rd September, 1939 to 2nd September, 1945

5558: 4724: 4666: 4615: 4528: 4392: 4320: 4292: 4280: 4273: 4162: 4140: 4134: 4001: 3692: 3668: 2818: 2247: 1216: 1185: 1143: 1142:, a British counter-offensive in December, which led to the destruction of the Italian 1127: 863: 850: 553: 505: 481: 473: 442: 266: 6630: 4260:

arrived at Gibraltar on 27 May. The aircraft were transferred to the aircraft carrier

10716: 10600: 10490: 10430: 10391: 10324: 10306: 10272: 10215: 10169: 10113: 9931: 9669: 9661: 9598: 9451: 9045: 8570: 8031: 8010: 7720: 7442: 7416: 7378: 7353: 7332: 7303: 7273: 7248: 7229: 7210: 7147: 7128: 7099: 7068: 7028: 7009: 6990: 6958: 6926: 6903: 6884: 6865: 6848: 5511: 4761: 4754: 4573: 4414: 4406: 4325: 4234: 4014: 3828: 3763: 2751: 2644: 2583: 2534: 1380: 1228: 1162:(Operation Mediterranean) to protect the Axis supply routes past Malta, and sent the 1139: 1110: 1094: 952: 799: 655: 605: 458: 396: 359: 299: 6153: 6151: 3992:

Operation MG 1 began with the four ships of Convoy MW 10 sailing from Alexandria at

10635: 10628: 10572: 10236: 9994: 9980: 9883: 9820: 9771: 9584: 9437: 9384: 9194: 9145: 9059: 8282: 8259: 7792: 5565: 4654: 4244: 4212: 4181: 3743: 2769:

of Force H at Gibraltar, reaching the island on 21 October. The squadron was named

2764: 2404: 2254: 1941: 1247: 1106: 1058: 1049: 911: 836: 591: 450: 333: 7801: 7462: 5494:

loaded with ammunition and three Italian destroyer escorts was sunk by destroyers

2872:

sailed for Malta with three cruiser and eight destroyer escorts. During the night

2253:

sailed from Gibraltar on 24 April and flew off 24 Hurricanes at dawn on 27 April.

1529:

were collected by the covering force and returned to Alexandria. Convoy MG 1 with

1348:

had superior forces at sea but missed the opportunity to exploit their advantage.

56: 10658: 10370: 10285: 10243: 10141: 10084: 9945: 9727: 9718: 9247: 8822: 8798: 8052: 7472: 7054: 6148: 4734: 4421: 4155: 4144: 3788: 2757: 2744: 2655: 2524: 2262: 1405: 1306: 1299: 948: 923: 903: 867: 786: 625: 540: 497: 377: 312: 277: 10770: 7243:

Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (2004b) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).

2730: 2399:

Operation Splice was a Club Run from 19 to 22 May; 48 Hurricanes were flown off

1172:(Operation Sunflower) which, with Italian reinforcements, recaptured Cyrenaica. 10665: 10201: 10127: 8165: 8024: 7481: 7245:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa

6980:] (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Roma: Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare. 4566: 4535: 2849: 2828: 2681: 2629: 345: 235: 186: 10806: 10476: 8387: 8236: 8075: 7447: 7420: 7382: 7357: 7336: 7103: 7072: 7013: 5571:

and had been designed for convoy protection and service in the Mediterranean.

4805: 4251: 4219: 4008: 3674: 2591: 2378: 1964:. The operation was coordinated with Operation MC 4, consisting of Convoy MW 1537:

reached Gibraltar from Malta escorted by the battleship and four destroyers.

927: 782: 753: 650: 630: 291: 118: 7307: 7094:: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. II (3rd impression ed.). London: 6930: 5943: 10775: 10579: 8865: 8770: 8401: 7764: 7528: 6852: 5617: 4799:

another 58,500 short tons (53,100 t) of general supplies and military

3653: 2550:, and ten destroyers would continue to Malta. During the convoy operation, 2540: 1102: 1030:

to Malta in 1941 lost one merchant ship. From January 1941 to August 1942,

1011: 1007: 963: 823: 807: 737: 660: 4503:

sailed from Gibraltar with two destroyers and five destroyers on 20 July,

2430:

X from Sicily to the Balkans, relieving pressure on Malta until December.

1022:

detachments to the Mediterranean in late 1940. Up to the end of the year,

10833:

Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

10414: 10400: 10062: 8724: 8545: 8530: 7884: 7367:"Major Convoy Operation To Malta, 10–15 August 1942 (Operation Pedestal)" 4382: 4331: 4298: 4241: 3664: 1960:

Operation Excess delivered one ship from Gibraltar to Malta and three to

1101:

on 3 July 1940 against French naval ships, began an informal war between

999: 761: 5991: 2612: 9762: 9515: 9494: 8380: 7713: 7641: 7448:

Codenames: Operations of World War 2: Pinpoint access-date 6 March 2019

7169: 5694: 5665: 4729: 4650: 2756:

had sailed from Scapa Flow for Malta and were joined by the destroyers

2579: 2346: 1235: 980: 895: 765: 164: 7323:

Caruana, Joseph (2012). "Emergency Victualling of Malta During WWII".

7242: 4618:

is celebrated on 15 August and many Maltese attributed the arrival of

4565:

arrived on 15 August, damaged by air attacks, under tow by destroyers

4091:

in the evening and continued bombing Valletta harbour into the night.

2735:

On 16 October, Force H covered Operation Callboy, another Club Run by

10025: 9430: 9227: 9038: 8829: 8784: 4410: 4075:

was hit by a bomb during the morning but kept going, reaching Malta.

3824: 2500: 1337: 1147: 1074: 1018: 815: 8305: 5771: 5769: 5386:

new Port Said to Benghazi service. When the main convoy arrived off

4635: 8289: 8017: 7224:

Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004a) . Butler, Sir James (ed.).

7207:

The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean Convoys: A Naval Staff History

7120: 6298: 6015: 5812: 4800: 4231: 3975:

On 6 March, Operation Spotter, a Club Run by the aircraft carriers

1385: 1123: 1097:

bases in France and passage to Mediterranean colonies. The British

844: 249: 6985:

Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, Sir James (ed.).

5605: 4330:

Satellite photograph of the Straits of Gibraltar opening onto the

2881:

Force K comprising two cruisers and two destroyers sailed to meet

2607: 2559:

enabled the convoy to reach the Skerki Channel by late afternoon.

5766: 5515: 2770: 1961: 1390:

western Mediterranean and Gibraltar, venue for Club Runs to Malta

1313:

until it was possible to fly the aircraft direct from Gibraltar.

1205: 1131: 778: 7302:]. Vol. II (1st ed.). Milano-Roma: Edizione Esse. 5439:

in Egypt whose reports to Washington were being read by the Axis

3638: 1089:

to the east, which were much further away. Two weeks later, the

8906: 7497: 7492: 6517: 6068: 6066: 6003: 5848: 5742: 4389: 3814: 1189: 1177: 1078: 915: 855:(Operation Hercules), was set for mid-July 1942 but cancelled. 733: 6138: 6136: 6134: 5653: 5629: 4514:

and on 21 July another 28 Spitfires were flown off for Malta.

3833:

was near-missed, disabled and taken under tow but scuttled by

3734:) departed Malta to rendezvous with the convoy on 18 January. 9094: 6683: 6681: 6228: 6226: 4402: 4223: 4083:

was sunk 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km) from Malta and

3793:

Satellite image of Sardinia, Italy, Sicily, Malta and Tunisia

1341: 1082: 919: 899: 891: 749: 79: 6804: 6063: 5836: 4680:

Magic Carpet rides by submarine reached Malta on 2 October (

4059:; the British did not take the bait. The exchange began the 2377:. The merchants tried to reach Alexandria with air cover of 7269: 7095: 6925:. London: Admiralty: Director of Naval Construction. 1952. 6816: 6792: 6780: 6729: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6529: 6493: 6469: 6131: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5387: 4401:

Operation Vigorous, a convoy of eleven merchant ships from

910:, India and the Far East. The island was also close to the 907: 883: 793:(1940–1943). British and Allied ships were attacked by the 7223: 6768: 6717: 6693: 6678: 6618: 6606: 6594: 6541: 6505: 6481: 6457: 6421: 6373: 6349: 6310: 6286: 6262: 6238: 6223: 6211: 6199: 6187: 6163: 6090: 6051: 6039: 5967: 5884: 5718: 4310: 6984: 6758: 6756: 6121: 6119: 6117: 5872: 5781: 5700: 5671: 5623: 5593: 2392:

Italian cruiser force whose mines had sunk the freighter

858:

The siege of Malta eased after the Allied victory at the

6565: 6553: 6385: 6327: 6325: 5860: 5824: 5793: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5490:, with 3,000 troop reinforcements on board, the Italian 6666: 6642: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 4645:

On 16 August, a cruiser and twelve destroyers escorted

1986:

from Alexandria to Malta, ME 6, a return journey of ME

1265:; the second, Malta Slow 1 (MS 1)/ME 1 was composed of 1034:

ships delivered 320,000 long tons (330,000 t) but

843:

fighters were flown to Malta from aircraft carriers on

8159:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

6753: 6741: 6654: 6582: 6445: 6397: 6361: 6337: 6274: 6250: 6175: 6114: 6102: 6078: 6027: 5979: 5955: 5896: 5730: 3798:

On 12 February, a three ship Convoy MW 9, escorted by

2462:

on Club Runs. Operation Tracer began on 13 June; when

2273:

supply convoy (five ships, for a total of 14,000

2216:, which sailed on 2 April, escorted by the battleship 6433: 6409: 6322: 5706: 5677: 5641: 3742:

and had to be scuttled. On 17 January, the destroyer

1410:

In Operation White, twelve Hurricanes were flown off

7296:

L'aeronautica italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale

5931: 5908: 5754: 2529:

and three cruisers from the Home Fleet and Force H (

1489:

carrying supplies and munitions and Convoy MW 5B of

4718: 4507:being missed by a salvo of four torpedoes from the 158:

5,700 service personnel on land, sea and in the air

6705: 2203: 4186:In Operation Bowery, 64 Spitfires were flown off 3843:had sailed from Taranto to intercept the convoy. 2179:Operation MC 9 covered Convoy MW 6 consisting of 1113:also caused British to be apprehensive about the 951:declared war in December 1941, and conducted the 714:¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission 10804: 7020: 6878: 6021: 5854: 5775: 5659: 5611: 4268:departed from Gibraltar escorted by the cruiser 3996:on 20 March, each with a navy liaison party and 3802:and eight destroyers, sailed from Alexandria in 2823:disguised as neutral Spanish then French ships. 7204: 7027:. Vol. II (repr. ed.). London: HMSO. 6862:The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta 6639:, pp. 283, 372–380, 386–442, 454–455, 463. 5474:convoy (the Tarigo convoy) of the German ships 5375: 4194:. A second batch of 16 fighters were flown off 2616:Three British cruisers during Operation Halberd 2608:Operations Status I and II, Operation Propeller 716:² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery mission 216: 97:(RAF Middle East Command from 29 December 1941) 5580:Data taken from Hague (2000) unless indicated. 5548:Data taken from Hague (2000) unless indicated. 5461:Data taken from Hague (2000) unless indicated. 2724: 2495:. The second fighter skidded on take-off from 2473: 2387:engaged the convoy during the day and at dusk 2341: 2066:was sunk during the operations by the cruiser 975: 933: 7513: 7344:Caruana, Joseph (2006). "Fighters to Malta". 7300:The Italian Air Force in the Second World War 4230:was escorted by the 29th ML Flotilla and the 2897: 2671: 2563: 2382: 2232:, which had a long range, joining the force. 956: 805: 797: 202: 27:Allied supply convoys of the Second World War 10828:Mediterranean Sea operations of World War II 7268:. Vol. I (paperback ed.). London: 7265:Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight At Odds 7003: 6881:The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 5748: 5635: 5443:Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II) 4334:and the starting point for Operation Harpoon 2425: 2419: 1157: 967: 848: 821: 813: 7415:(PhD). registration. University of Exeter. 7004:Potter, E. B.; Nimitz, C. W., eds. (1960). 4343:and the transfer of German aircraft to the 4175: 2848:To alleviate a fuel oil shortage on Malta, 2843: 2701:Italian torpedo bombers managed to hit the 812:(Royal Navy) in 1940 and from 1941, by the 7520: 7506: 7021:Richards, D.; Saunders, H. St G. (1975) . 6160:, pp. 184–185, 206–208, 212–213, 218. 209: 195: 7024:Royal Air Force 1939–45: The Fight Avails 6971: 6842: 6072: 5724: 4614:by the people of Malta. The feast of the 4303:. On 3 June, the aircraft were flown off 3813:was bombed and forced to seek shelter in 3710:reached Malta on 8 January, Force B with 7261: 7167: 6955:Eagle in Flames: Defeat of the Luftwaffe 6902:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 6859: 6672: 6648: 5760: 4728: 4634: 4324: 3787: 3637: 2611: 2345: 1945: 1384: 1325: 1204: 1150:in January 1941. Hitler transferred the 979: 882: 7408: 7343: 7322: 7293: 7141: 7083: 7064:The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive 7053: 6822: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6774: 6762: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6699: 6687: 6660: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6588: 6576: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6367: 6355: 6343: 6331: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6268: 6256: 6244: 6232: 6217: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6142: 6125: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6009: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5902: 5890: 5878: 5866: 5842: 5830: 5818: 5787: 5736: 5688: 5647: 5599: 5380: 4839: 4816: 4787: 4606:This convoy, especially the arrival of 4311:Operation Julius (Harpoon and Vigorous) 2953: 2806: 2582:and crippled; the Australian destroyer 2289:During Operation Temple, the freighter 1568: 1559: 1553: 998:(1940–43) in North Africa, against the 14: 10805: 9374: 9352:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7146:(pbk. ed.). London: John Murray. 7114: 7079:from the original on 27 February 2022. 6952: 5937: 5712: 5564:were equipped with a main armament of 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4264:where they were assembled. On 2 June, 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2786: 2512: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1545: 1374: 1105:and Britain. Axis support for General 10230:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9655:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 9301:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 9257:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8355:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7501: 6957:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6897: 6883:(pbk. ed.). Rochester: Chatham. 5952:, pp. 110–111, 113–114, 125–126. 5925: 5806: 4630: 4522: 4443: 4240:. The convoy was later joined by the 4128: 3714:arriving at Alexandria the next day. 2208:Hurricanes delivered to Gibraltar on 190: 9345:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8370:Rape during the liberation of France 7364: 7180:from the original on 9 February 2010 6879:Greene, J.; Massignani, A. (2002) . 4455:; the light anti-aircraft cruisers, 3851: 3663:(Force B, commanded by Rear Admiral 2666:(all detached from the Home Fleet), 2638: 740:. The convoys took place during the 7041:from the original on 1 January 2019 7008:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. 6916: 6711: 5394: 4495: 4339:The arrival of more Spitfires from 4102: 3652:On 5 January, the fast supply ship 2446: 2438: 2284: 2235: 1935: 1422: 1138:in September 1940, was followed by 878: 764:armies in North Africa to keep the 61:Relief map of the Mediterranean Sea 24: 9571:German invasion of the Netherlands 7844:Weather events during World War II 7193: 7174:German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net 7110:from the original on 6 March 2014. 6900:The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 6847:. New York/Boston: Little, Brown. 5539:from Malta sank another destroyer. 4695: 4487:flew off 31 Spitfires on 15 July; 4206: 3998:Defensively equipped merchant ship 3775:back to the island on 27 January. 3764:No. 201 (Naval Co-operation) Group 2885:and escort it into Grand Harbour. 1399: 1293: 942:on the island averaged wastage of 25: 10844: 10209:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 7436: 6972:Lupinacci, Pier Filippo (1988) . 6000:, pp. 156–157, 160, 162–163. 4660: 4640:Formetera in the Balearic Islands 3987: 3783: 3717: 3633: 2602: 2174: 2081: 1356: 1321: 1316: 181:unknown number of smaller vessels 32:Battle of the Malta Convoy (1800) 10769: 7527: 7493:The Italian Navy in World War II 6860:Castillo, Dennis Angelo (2006). 5574: 4782: 4719:Operations Stone Age and Crupper 4713: 4150:, escorted by the battlecruiser 3778: 3659:was escorted from Alexandria by 2838: 2781: 2076: 1476: 1369: 902:, East Africa, the oilfields of 55: 7478:Mediterranean Convoy Operations 7092:History of the Second World War 5551: 5542: 5529: 5464: 5455: 4675: 4435:and two merchantmen were sunk. 3647:at anchor in the Firth of Forth 3628: 2719: 2204:Operation Winch and Convoy ME 7 1930: 1351: 140:27 June 1940 – 31 December 1943 121:, 22 April 1942 – February 1943 10456:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 8152:Territorial changes of Germany 8060:Indonesian National Revolution 4517: 3861: 2743:. On 12 October, the cruisers 1925: 1288: 13: 1: 9849:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9800:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9564:German invasion of Luxembourg 7938:Mediterranean and Middle East 6831: 5417: 4123: 3846: 3623: 2831:and sunk by torpedo bombers. 2321:, escorted by the destroyers 2198: 2169: 1195: 1091:Second Armistice at Compiègne 873: 9756:Invasion of the Soviet Union 9445:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8756:Independent State of Croatia 7458:Photos of Operation Pedestal 7443:Mediterranean naval campaign 7205:Llewellyn-Jones, M. (2007). 7168:Helgason, Guðmundur (2012). 6307:, pp. 263–264, 267–268. 6022:Greene & Massignani 2002 5855:Greene & Massignani 2002 5821:, pp. 61–62, 64, 73–74. 5776:Greene & Massignani 2002 5660:Greene & Massignani 2002 5612:Richards & Saunders 1975 5587: 5403: 5376:December 1942 – January 1943 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4438: 4201: 4019:, the anti-aircraft cruiser 3968: 3963: 3960: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3823:was bombed, caught fire and 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2922:the ships arrived in Malta. 2697:, GM 2 reached the Narrows. 2507: 2433: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1200: 7: 10813:Battle of the Mediterranean 10747:End of World War II in Asia 10587:Western invasion of Germany 10094:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 10071:Second Battle of El Alamein 9634:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9606:Battle of the Mediterranean 9459:Italian invasion of Albania 7626:Air warfare of World War II 7423:. Docket uk.bl.ethos.548977 7316: 6845:East of Malta, West of Suez 5426: 5408: 4170: 4107:On 22 March, a Club Run by 2725:Operations Callboy and MG 3 2599:, reaching Malta 2 August. 2474:Operations Railway I and II 2342:Operations Tiger and Splice 2336: 2279:Battle of the Tarigo Convoy 2242:Battle of the Tarigo Convoy 976:Battle of the Mediterranean 934:Central Mediterranean, 1942 860:Second Battle of El Alamein 791:Battle of the Mediterranean 220:Battle of the Mediterranean 49:Battle of the Mediterranean 10: 10849: 10673:Naval bombardment of Japan 10034:First Battle of El Alamein 9953:Battle of Christmas Island 9898:Japanese invasion of Burma 9662:Italian invasion of Greece 9578:German invasion of Belgium 9550:German invasion of Denmark 9523:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 9392:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7649:Comparative military ranks 7488:NZETC Spitfires over Malta 5369: 5348: 5344: 5323: 5319: 5298: 5294: 5273: 5269: 5248: 5244: 5223: 5219: 5198: 5194: 5173: 5169: 5148: 5143: 5120: 5116: 5095: 5090: 5069: 5065: 5044: 5040: 5019: 5015: 4994: 4990: 4969: 4965: 4944: 4940: 4919: 4915: 4894: 4890: 4869: 4865: 4844: 4791: 4722: 4526: 4314: 4179: 4132: 3855: 3617: 3596: 3592: 3569: 3565: 3542: 3538: 3517: 3513: 3492: 3487: 3464: 3459: 3436: 3431: 3408: 3404: 3383: 3379: 3358: 3354: 3333: 3329: 3308: 3304: 3283: 3279: 3258: 3254: 3233: 3229: 3208: 3204: 3183: 3179: 3158: 3154: 3133: 3129: 3108: 3104: 3083: 3079: 3058: 3054: 3033: 3029: 3008: 3004: 2983: 2979: 2958: 2728: 2642: 2516: 2277:and three escorts) in the 2239: 1939: 1919: 1898: 1894: 1873: 1869: 1848: 1844: 1823: 1819: 1798: 1794: 1773: 1769: 1748: 1744: 1723: 1719: 1698: 1694: 1673: 1669: 1648: 1644: 1623: 1619: 1598: 1594: 1573: 1426: 1403: 1378: 1297: 1064: 835:supply runs by submarine. 177:20 destroyers/minesweepers 115:, 1 June 1939 – March 1942 29: 10762: 10594:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10534: 10525:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 10262: 10149:Allied invasion of Sicily 10103: 10002:Aleutian Islands campaign 9974:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 9921: 9912:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9807:Second Battle of Changsha 9712:German invasion of Greece 9680: 9557:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9532: 9470: 9365: 9246: 8972: 8882: 8723: 8426: 8417: 8175: 8000: 7892:North and Central Pacific 7853: 7615: 7608: 7535: 7402: 7262:Richards, Denis (1974) . 6843:Bartimeus, W. M. (1944). 4653:in the south-west of the 4023:and the six ships of the 2451:In June, the new carrier 1429:Operation Collar (convoy) 1246:and the aircraft carrier 1136:Italian invasion of Egypt 712: 228: 152: 144: 136: 125: 107: 86: 74: 66: 54: 46: 41: 10186:Allied invasion of Italy 10163:Solomon Islands campaign 9905:Third Battle of Changsha 9502:First Battle of Changsha 9408:Second Sino-Japanese War 8341:German military brothels 8207:United States war crimes 7371:Naval War College Review 7365:Vego, M. (Winter 2010). 7198: 7084:Roskill, S. W. (1962) . 6526:, pp. 321–322, 328. 6012:, pp. 164–166, 250. 5749:Potter & Nimitz 1960 5636:Potter & Nimitz 1960 5448: 4317:Operation Harpoon (1942) 4176:Operations Bowery and LB 2844:Operations MF 1 and MD 1 1221:Battaglia di Punta Stilo 1093:ended British access to 156:1,600 civilians on Malta 30:Not to be confused with 10608:Second Guangxi campaign 10463:Philippines (1944–1945) 9960:Battle of the Coral Sea 9863:Fall of the Philippines 9509:Battle of South Guangxi 9415:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8814:Italian Social Republic 7471:4 November 2011 at the 7409:Hammond, R. J. (2011). 7144:Malta Convoys 1940–1943 6953:Hooton, E. R. (2010) . 4509:Italian submarine 4049:10:35 a.m. – 12:05 p.m. 4033:Long Range Desert Group 4025:22nd Destroyer Flotilla 2504:were ferried to Egypt. 1461:, the aircraft carrier 1169:Unternehmen Sonnenblume 1099:attack on Mers-el-Kébir 996:Western Desert Campaign 820:(German Air Force) and 758:Western Desert Campaign 162:Merchant ships: 31 sunk 10193:Armistice of Cassibile 9988:Battle of Dutch Harbor 9939:Battle of the Java Sea 9842:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9742:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9735:Battle of South Shanxi 9705:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9488:Battle of the Atlantic 9102:Korean Liberation Army 8808:(until September 1943) 8765:(until September 1944) 8743:(until September 1944) 7115:Thomas, D. A. (1999). 6898:Hague, Arnold (2000). 4738: 4642: 4578:. The rest were sunk. 4336: 4061:Second Battle of Sirte 3858:Second Battle of Sirte 3795: 3755:; the Dutch destroyer 3649: 2898: 2689:, was sent to engage. 2672: 2617: 2564: 2426: 2420: 2383: 2353: 2330:Giovanni da Verrazzano 2046:was sunk, the cruiser 1957: 1953:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 1392: 1364:Battle of Cape Passero 1333: 1212: 1180:in April 1941 and the 1159:Unternehmen Mittelmeer 1158: 1042:for Malta]], included 1013:Deutsches Afrika Korps 987: 968: 957: 888: 849: 822: 814: 806: 804:(Royal Air Force) and 798: 10823:Malta in World War II 10357:Second Battle of Guam 10253:Bengal famine of 1943 10223:Second Battle of Kiev 10179:Battle of the Dnieper 10048:Kokoda Track campaign 9877:Battle of Wake Island 9749:East African campaign 9691:Battle of South Henan 9336:atrocities by Germans 9109:Korean Volunteer Army 8083:Occupation of Germany 7837:Music in World War II 7346:Warship International 7325:Warship International 7312:semi-official history 7087:The Period of Balance 5845:, pp. 82, 86–87. 5526:to block the harbour. 4732: 4649:to the area south of 4638: 4463:and five destroyers, 4328: 3866:westbound, March 1942 3791: 3690:anti-aircraft cruiser 3661:15th Cruiser Squadron 3641: 2615: 2349: 2318:Raimondo Montecuccoli 2246:In Operation Dunlop, 2053:and aircraft carrier 1949: 1388: 1366:, a British success. 1329: 1208: 983: 962:convoys. The Italian 886: 756:. Britain fought the 746:Mediterranean Theatre 113:Sir Andrew Cunningham 10643:Surrender of Germany 10121:Battle of West Hubei 10078:Guadalcanal campaign 10041:Battle of Stalingrad 9967:Battle of Madagascar 8734:Albania protectorate 8521:(formerly Swaziland) 8230:Wehrmacht war crimes 8046:Expulsion of Germans 7830:Art and World War II 7728:British contribution 7677:Governments in exile 7294:Santoro, G. (1957). 7142:Woodman, R. (2003). 6813:, pp. 455, 467. 6738:, pp. 340, 312. 6538:, pp. 211, 328. 6502:, pp. 295, 317. 6478:, pp. 300, 303. 6145:, pp. 423, 518. 5701:Playfair et al. 2004 5672:Playfair et al. 2004 5624:Playfair et al. 2004 5381:Operation Quadrangle 4794:Operation Portcullis 4788:Operation Portcullis 2896:; the Luftwaffe and 2807:Operation Astrologer 2578:was torpedoed by an 1182:23rd U-boat Flotilla 1146:and the conquest of 985:General map of Malta 969:Unternehmen Herkules 866:, which began after 851:Unternehmen Herkules 781:and aircraft of the 10733:Potsdam Declaration 10622:Italy (Spring 1945) 10385:Liberation of Paris 9835:Siege of Sevastopol 8846:(until August 1944) 8749:Wang Jingwei regime 8571:from September 1943 8531:from September 1944 8469:from September 1944 8329:Romanian war crimes 8320:Persecution of Jews 8306:Croatian war crimes 8276:Japanese war crimes 8090:Occupation of Japan 8039:First Indochina War 7751:Military production 7663:Declarations of war 7125:Pen and Sword Books 6825:, pp. 470–471. 6801:, pp. 465–466. 6789:, pp. 463–465. 6777:, pp. 461–464. 6726:, pp. 311–312. 6702:, pp. 456–457. 6690:, pp. 450–457. 6627:, pp. 371–372. 6615:, pp. 370–371. 6603:, pp. 329–370. 6550:, pp. 328–329. 6514:, pp. 320–322. 6490:, pp. 306–316. 6466:, pp. 293–295. 6430:, pp. 285–286. 6382:, pp. 280–281. 6358:, pp. 279–280. 6319:, pp. 268–270. 6295:, pp. 250–251. 6271:, pp. 243–245. 6247:, pp. 240–243. 6235:, pp. 532–533. 6220:, pp. 530–531. 6208:, pp. 529–530. 6196:, pp. 218–219. 6172:, pp. 521–523. 6099:, pp. 172–173. 6075:, pp. 187–192. 6060:, pp. 165–167. 6048:, pp. 158–159. 6024:, pp. 162–164. 5976:, pp. 133–134. 5893:, pp. 106–108. 5809:, pp. 192–193. 5751:, pp. 521–527. 5638:, pp. 654–661. 5626:, pp. 324–325. 5614:, pp. 169–170. 5602:, pp. 293–294. 4813: 4812:Malta convoys 1942 4612:divine intervention 4377:and the cargo ship 3868: 3728:destroyer divisions 2927: 2926:Malta convoys 1941 2787:Operation Perpetual 2519:Operation Substance 2513:Operation Substance 1542: 1541:Malta convoys 1940 1375:Operation Judgement 1362:boats ended in the 1331:La Valletta Harbour 1176:was transferred to 775:Mediterranean Fleet 611:Strait of Bonifacio 171:2 aircraft carriers 91:Mediterranean Fleet 10726:Surrender of Japan 10559:Battle of Iwo Jima 10408:Belgrade offensive 9814:Siege of Leningrad 9698:Battle of Shanggao 9627:British Somaliland 9592:Dunkirk evacuation 9543:Norwegian campaign 9481:Invasion of Poland 9308:Japanese prisoners 8269:Italian war crimes 8200:British war crimes 8115:Soviet occupations 7899:South-West Pacific 7786:Allied cooperation 7744:Military equipment 7463:Documentary film: 5881:, pp. 97–105. 5790:, pp. 58, 61. 4895:MF 3, MW 8, MW 8A 4811: 4739: 4725:Operation Stoneage 4688:), and 6 October ( 4643: 4631:Operation Baritone 4616:Assumption of Mary 4596:and the destroyer 4529:Operation Pedestal 4523:Operation Pedestal 4444:Operation Pinpoint 4337: 4321:Operation Vigorous 4135:Operation Calendar 4129:Operation Calendar 3862: 3827:in the afternoon; 3796: 3650: 2925: 2618: 2354: 2212:were put on board 2189:City of Manchester 1958: 1540: 1481:Convoy MW 5A with 1393: 1334: 1217:Battle of Calabria 1213: 1128:Italian Somaliland 988: 889: 864:Operation Stoneage 10800: 10799: 10758: 10757: 10601:Battle of Okinawa 10500:Burma (1944–1945) 10334:Mariana and Palau 10114:Tunisian campaign 9932:Fall of Singapore 9856:Fall of Hong Kong 9599:Battle of Britain 9452:Operation Himmler 9361: 9360: 9025:Dutch East Indies 8661:Southern Rhodesia 8413: 8412: 8313:Genocide of Serbs 8216:German war crimes 8193:Soviet war crimes 8186:Allied war crimes 8032:Division of Korea 8011:Chinese Civil War 7809:Strategic bombing 7721:Manhattan Project 7453:Operation Harpoon 7389:on 12 August 2014 7279:978-0-11-771592-9 7254:978-1-84574-068-9 7235:978-1-84574-067-2 7216:978-0-415-86459-6 7153:978-0-7195-6408-6 7134:978-0-85052-663-9 7034:978-0-11-771593-6 6996:978-1-84574-067-2 6974:La guerra di mine 6964:978-1-85409-343-1 6909:978-1-55750-019-9 6890:978-1-86176-190-3 6871:978-0-313-32329-4 6579:, pp. 64–66. 6562:, pp. 63–64. 6394:, pp. 44–45. 5869:, pp. 95–97. 5833:, pp. 78–80. 5778:, pp. 63–81. 5727:, pp. 42–47. 5569:QF 5.25-inch guns 5512:Kerkennah Islands 5373: 5372: 4745:(2,609 tons) and 4198:in Operation LB. 3973: 3972: 3867: 3852:Operation Spotter 3749:was torpedoed by 3621: 3620: 2899:Regia Aeronautica 2673:Regia Aeronautica 2645:Operation Halberd 2639:Operation Halberd 2565:Regia Aeronautica 2384:Regia Aeronautica 2306:Eugenio di Savoia 2255:Bristol Blenheims 1923: 1922: 1381:Battle of Taranto 1140:Operation Compass 1111:Spanish Civil War 1095:Mediterranean Sea 1028:convoy operations 1010:, which sent the 958:Regia Aeronautica 953:Indian Ocean raid 800:Regia Aeronautica 721: 720: 185: 184: 119:Sir Henry Harwood 108:Commanded by 70:Supply operations 67:Operational scope 16:(Redirected from 10840: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10776:World portal 10774: 10773: 10749: 10742: 10735: 10728: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10696: 10689: 10682: 10675: 10668: 10661: 10652: 10645: 10638: 10636:Prague offensive 10631: 10629:Battle of Berlin 10624: 10617: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10589: 10582: 10575: 10573:Vienna offensive 10568: 10561: 10554: 10552:Battle of Manila 10547: 10527: 10518: 10509: 10502: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10472: 10465: 10458: 10451: 10442: 10433: 10426: 10417: 10410: 10403: 10396: 10387: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10359: 10352: 10345: 10336: 10329: 10320: 10311: 10302: 10295: 10293:Korsun–Cherkassy 10288: 10277: 10255: 10246: 10239: 10232: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10195: 10188: 10181: 10174: 10165: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10135:Bombing of Gorky 10130: 10123: 10116: 10096: 10089: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9997: 9995:Battle of Midway 9990: 9983: 9981:Battle of Gazala 9976: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9891:Battle of Borneo 9886: 9884:Malayan campaign 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9828:Bombing of Gorky 9823: 9821:Battle of Moscow 9816: 9809: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9673: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9585:Battle of France 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9525: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9440: 9438:Munich Agreement 9433: 9426: 9417: 9410: 9403: 9394: 9387: 9372: 9371: 9354: 9347: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9323:Soviet prisoners 9317: 9310: 9303: 9294: 9287: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9263:German prisoners 9259: 9239: 9230: 9223: 9216: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9155: 9148: 9141: 9134: 9127: 9120: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8895: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8839: 8832: 8825: 8816: 8809: 8801: 8794: 8792:French Indochina 8787: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8758: 8751: 8744: 8736: 8716: 8707: 8700: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8639:from August 1944 8630: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8522: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8424: 8423: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8365: 8350: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8283:Nanjing Massacre 8278: 8271: 8262: 8260:Nuremberg trials 8253: 8246: 8239: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8013: 7993: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7864:Asia and Pacific 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7795: 7793:Mulberry harbour 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7707: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7635: 7628: 7613: 7612: 7601: 7594: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7385:. Archived from 7361: 7340: 7311: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7258: 7239: 7220: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7157: 7138: 7111: 7080: 7059:Butler, J. R. M. 7050: 7048: 7046: 7017: 7000: 6981: 6968: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6939: 6933:. Archived from 6924: 6913: 6894: 6875: 6856: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6146: 6140: 6129: 6123: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5581: 5578: 5572: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5540: 5533: 5527: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5437:military attaché 5395:Operation Survey 4814: 4810: 4655:Balearic Islands 4553:and battleships 4496:Operation Insect 4381:. The destroyer 4349:Operation Julius 4182:Operation Bowery 4103:Operation Picket 4054: 4050: 3995: 3869: 3865: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2901: 2880: 2715: 2704: 2696: 2675: 2632:Empire Guillemot 2571: 2567: 2447:Operation Tracer 2439:Operation Rocket 2429: 2423: 2386: 2375:New Zealand Star 2351:Strait of Sicily 2312:Muzzio Attendolo 2285:Operation Temple 2236:Operation Dunlop 1999: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1955:during an attack 1942:Operation Excess 1936:Operation Excess 1543: 1539: 1423:Operation Collar 1192:, in September. 1161: 1107:Francisco Franco 1077:to the west and 1059:Desert Air Force 1052: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1016:and substantial 971: 960: 945: 941: 912:Sicilian Channel 879:Malta, 1940–1941 854: 827: 819: 811: 803: 738:Second World War 321:Cape Spartivento 223: 221: 211: 204: 197: 188: 187: 59: 39: 38: 21: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10838: 10837: 10803: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10789: 10782: 10768: 10766: 10754: 10745: 10738: 10731: 10724: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10692: 10687:Atomic bombings 10685: 10678: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10648: 10641: 10634: 10627: 10620: 10613: 10606: 10599: 10592: 10585: 10578: 10571: 10564: 10557: 10550: 10543: 10530: 10523: 10512: 10505: 10498: 10489: 10482: 10475: 10468: 10461: 10454: 10445: 10436: 10429: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10390: 10383: 10378:Eastern Romania 10376: 10371:Warsaw Uprising 10369: 10364:Tannenberg Line 10362: 10355: 10350:Western Ukraine 10348: 10339: 10332: 10323: 10314: 10305: 10298: 10291: 10280: 10271: 10258: 10251: 10242: 10235: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10200: 10191: 10184: 10177: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10142:Battle of Kursk 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10099: 10092: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10060: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10023: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9958: 9951: 9946:St Nazaire Raid 9944: 9937: 9930: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9770: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9728:Anglo-Iraqi War 9726: 9719:Battle of Crete 9717: 9710: 9703: 9696: 9689: 9676: 9667: 9660: 9653: 9648:Eastern Romania 9646: 9639: 9632: 9625: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9541: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9466: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9390: 9383: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9334: 9327: 9322: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9290: 9283: 9274: 9267: 9262: 9255: 9242: 9235: 9226: 9219: 9214: 9209:Western Ukraine 9207: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9172: 9165: 9158: 9153:Northeast China 9151: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8852:Slovak Republic 8850: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8823:Empire of Japan 8821: 8812: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8769: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8739: 8732: 8719: 8712: 8703: 8696: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8525: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8435: 8409: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8368: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8335:Sexual violence 8334: 8327: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8274: 8267: 8258: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8104: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8065: 8058: 8053:Greek Civil War 8051: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8009: 7996: 7989: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7878:South-East Asia 7876: 7869: 7862: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7737:Military awards 7735: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7631: 7624: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7531: 7526: 7473:Wayback Machine 7465:Convoy to Malta 7439: 7426: 7424: 7405: 7392: 7390: 7319: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7255: 7236: 7217: 7201: 7196: 7194:Further reading 7183: 7181: 7170:"23rd Flotilla" 7154: 7135: 7044: 7042: 7035: 6997: 6965: 6943: 6941: 6940:on 10 June 2016 6937: 6922: 6910: 6891: 6872: 6834: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6761: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6330: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6132: 6124: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5964:, pp. 131. 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5924: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5562:-class cruisers 5556: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5534: 5530: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5429: 5420: 5411: 5406: 5397: 5383: 5378: 4818: 4796: 4790: 4785: 4737: 4735:Fairey Albacore 4727: 4721: 4716: 4698: 4696:Operation Train 4678: 4663: 4641: 4633: 4586:, the cruisers 4531: 4525: 4520: 4498: 4446: 4441: 4420:and destroyers 4335: 4323: 4315:Main articles: 4313: 4272:and destroyers 4209: 4207:Operation Style 4204: 4184: 4178: 4173: 4137: 4131: 4126: 4105: 4052: 4048: 3993: 3990: 3965: 3957: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3830:Rowallan Castle 3794: 3786: 3781: 3720: 3648: 3636: 3631: 3626: 2932: 2919: 2878: 2846: 2841: 2833:Empire Defender 2820:Empire Defender 2809: 2789: 2784: 2733: 2727: 2722: 2713: 2702: 2694: 2663:Prince of Wales 2647: 2641: 2610: 2605: 2569: 2521: 2515: 2510: 2476: 2449: 2441: 2436: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2324:Alvise da Mosto 2287: 2244: 2238: 2206: 2201: 2193:City of Lincoln 2177: 2172: 2084: 2079: 2008:and ME 6, with 1996: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1956: 1944: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1547: 1479: 1465:, the cruisers 1431: 1425: 1408: 1406:Operation White 1402: 1400:Operation White 1391: 1383: 1377: 1372: 1359: 1354: 1332: 1324: 1319: 1302: 1300:Operation Hurry 1296: 1294:Operation Hurry 1291: 1259:Knight of Malta 1243:Royal Sovereign 1211: 1203: 1198: 1071:Carlo Bergamini 1067: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1031: 1023: 986: 978: 943: 939: 936: 924:Royal Air Force 881: 876: 868:Operation Torch 828:(German Navy). 787:Royal Air Force 722: 717: 715: 708: 704:U-boat Campaign 688: 224: 219: 217: 215: 180: 178: 176: 174: 172: 170: 168: 163: 161: 159: 157: 116: 102: 98: 95:RAF Middle East 93: 87:Planned by 82: 62: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10846: 10836: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10763: 10760: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10722: 10721: 10720: 10706: 10703:South Sakhalin 10699: 10698: 10697: 10683: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10639: 10632: 10625: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10569: 10562: 10555: 10548: 10540: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10503: 10496: 10495: 10494: 10480: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10443: 10434: 10427: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10397: 10388: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10353: 10346: 10337: 10330: 10321: 10312: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10240: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10182: 10175: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10128:Battle of Attu 10124: 10117: 10109: 10107: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10090: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10012: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9935: 9927: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9873: 9870:Battle of Guam 9866: 9859: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9803: 9796: 9793:Battle of Kiev 9789: 9782: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9708: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9602: 9595: 9588: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9553: 9546: 9538: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9484: 9476: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9411: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9380: 9378: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9340: 9339: 9332: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9304: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9292:United Kingdom 9288: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9260: 9252: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9224: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9170: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9105: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9021: 9014: 9007: 9000: 8993: 8986: 8978: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8888: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8737: 8729: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8709: 8708: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8689:British Empire 8682:United Kingdom 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8523: 8515: 8508: 8501: 8498:Czechoslovakia 8494: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8432: 8430: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8398: 8395:Rape of Manila 8391: 8384: 8377: 8366: 8351: 8344: 8332: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8316: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8272: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8247: 8233: 8226: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8181: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8166:United Nations 8162: 8155: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8111: 8102: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8025:Decolonization 8021: 8014: 8006: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7971: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7925: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7859: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7789: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7717: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7701: 7698:United Kingdom 7694: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7621: 7619: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7544: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7482:London Gazette 7475: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7437:External links 7435: 7434: 7433: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7362: 7352:(4): 383–393. 7341: 7331:(4): 357–364. 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7291: 7278: 7259: 7253: 7240: 7234: 7221: 7215: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7159: 7158: 7152: 7139: 7133: 7112: 7081: 7055:Roskill, S. W. 7051: 7033: 7018: 7001: 6995: 6982: 6969: 6963: 6950: 6914: 6908: 6895: 6889: 6876: 6870: 6857: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6765:, p. 346. 6752: 6750:, p. 340. 6740: 6728: 6716: 6714:, p. 376. 6704: 6692: 6677: 6675:, p. 199. 6665: 6663:, p. 283. 6653: 6651:, p. 207. 6641: 6629: 6617: 6605: 6593: 6591:, p. 339. 6581: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6528: 6516: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6468: 6456: 6454:, p. 291. 6444: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6406:, p. 282. 6396: 6384: 6372: 6370:, p. 295. 6360: 6348: 6346:, p. 485. 6336: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6283:, p. 533. 6273: 6261: 6259:, p. 532. 6249: 6237: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6184:, p. 524. 6174: 6162: 6147: 6130: 6128:, p. 177. 6113: 6111:, p. 519. 6101: 6089: 6087:, p. 437. 6077: 6073:Lupinacci 1988 6062: 6050: 6038: 6036:, p. 431. 6026: 6014: 6002: 5990: 5988:, p. 423. 5978: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5930: 5928:, p. 192. 5907: 5905:, p. 107. 5895: 5883: 5871: 5859: 5857:, p. 115. 5847: 5835: 5823: 5811: 5792: 5780: 5765: 5753: 5741: 5739:, p. 293. 5729: 5725:Bartimeus 1944 5717: 5715:, p. 134. 5705: 5703:, p. 325. 5693: 5691:, p. 298. 5676: 5674:, p. 324. 5664: 5662:, p. 225. 5652: 5650:, p. 324. 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5573: 5550: 5541: 5528: 5463: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5433:Bonner Fellers 5428: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4792:Main article: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4733: 4723:Main article: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4697: 4694: 4684:), 3 October ( 4677: 4674: 4662: 4661:September 1942 4659: 4639: 4632: 4629: 4610:, was seen as 4527:Main article: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4497: 4494: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4329: 4312: 4309: 4218:departed from 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4133:Main article: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4104: 4101: 3989: 3988:Operation MG 1 3986: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3792: 3785: 3784:Operation MF 5 3782: 3780: 3777: 3719: 3718:Operation MF 3 3716: 3675:light cruisers 3642: 3635: 3634:Operation MF 2 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3384:Halberd, MG 2 3381: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3359:Halberd, GM 2 3356: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2829:Galite Islands 2825:Empire Pelican 2814:Empire Pelican 2808: 2805: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2682:aerial torpedo 2643:Main article: 2640: 2637: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2603:September 1941 2601: 2517:Main article: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2475: 2472: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2396:in early May. 2379:Fairey Fulmars 2350: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2286: 2283: 2237: 2234: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2176: 2175:Operation MC 9 2173: 2171: 2168: 2083: 2082:Operation MC 8 2080: 2078: 2075: 1950: 1940:Main article: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1478: 1475: 1427:Main article: 1424: 1421: 1404:Main article: 1401: 1398: 1389: 1379:Main article: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1358: 1357:Operation MB 6 1355: 1353: 1350: 1330: 1323: 1322:Operation Hats 1320: 1318: 1317:September 1940 1315: 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1174:Fliegerkorps X 1153:Fliegerkorps X 1066: 1063: 1040:Reinforcements 984: 977: 974: 935: 932: 880: 877: 875: 872: 742:Siege of Malta 719: 718: 713: 710: 709: 707: 706: 701: 700: 699: 692:Allied convoys 687: 686: 674: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 642: 641: 638:Cape Bougaroun 635: 634: 633: 628: 623: 613: 608: 603: 600:Messina convoy 597: 589: 584: 577: 572: 564: 556: 545: 544: 538: 530: 524: 516: 511: 503: 494: 487: 479: 471: 463: 456: 448: 440: 428: 427: 422: 416: 410: 402: 394: 389: 381: 375: 369: 362: 357: 350: 343: 337: 325: 324: 318: 310: 304: 297: 289: 283: 275: 270: 264: 259: 253: 247: 240: 229: 226: 225: 214: 213: 206: 199: 191: 183: 182: 154: 150: 149: 148:Allied victory 146: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 131:Siege of Malta 127: 123: 122: 109: 105: 104: 88: 84: 83: 78: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10845: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10818:Malta Convoys 10816: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10792: 10788: 10785: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10718: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10710:Kuril Islands 10707: 10704: 10700: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10684: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10670: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10656: 10651: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10633: 10630: 10626: 10623: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10591: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10570: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10549: 10546: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10526: 10522: 10517: 10516: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10477:Syrmian Front 10474: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10432: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10423:Market Garden 10419: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10335: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10290: 10287: 10283: 10282:Monte Cassino 10279: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10250: 10245: 10241: 10238: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10194: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10102: 10095: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9943: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9853: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9769: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9671: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9641:Baltic states 9638: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9624: 9621: 9617: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9603: 9600: 9596: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9531: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9513: 9510: 9506: 9503: 9499: 9496: 9492: 9489: 9485: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9469: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9321: 9316: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9298: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9285:United States 9282: 9277: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9238: 9234: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9221:Quốc dân Đảng 9218: 9217: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9182: 9178: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9161: 9157: 9154: 9150: 9147: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9129: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9115: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9064: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8936: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8921:Liechtenstein 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8874: 8873:Collaboration 8870: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8715: 8711: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698:United States 8695: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8388:Comfort women 8385: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8372: / 8371: 8367: 8364: 8361: / 8360: 8357: / 8356: 8352: 8349: 8348:Camp brothels 8345: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8257: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8237:The Holocaust 8234: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8223:forced labour 8220: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8076:Marshall Plan 8073: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7988: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7929:Eastern Front 7926: 7923: 7922:Western Front 7919: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7816:Puppet states 7813: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7758:Naval history 7755: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7705:United States 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7516: 7511: 7509: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7281: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7202: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7117:Malta Convoys 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6864:. Greenwood. 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6824: 6819: 6812: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6788: 6783: 6776: 6771: 6764: 6759: 6757: 6749: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6682: 6674: 6673:Castillo 2006 6669: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6649:Castillo 2006 6645: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6621: 6614: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6520: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6442:, p. 73. 6441: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6418:, p. 48. 6417: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6369: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6340: 6334:, p. 44. 6333: 6328: 6326: 6318: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6270: 6265: 6258: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6219: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6178: 6171: 6166: 6159: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6127: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6035: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6011: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5940:, p. 65. 5939: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5904: 5899: 5892: 5887: 5880: 5875: 5868: 5863: 5856: 5851: 5844: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5770: 5762: 5761:Helgason 2012 5757: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5721: 5714: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5577: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5554: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5424: 5415: 5401: 5392: 5389: 5347: 5322: 5297: 5272: 5247: 5222: 5197: 5172: 5147: 5144:Not convoyed 5123: 5119: 5094: 5068: 5043: 5018: 4993: 4968: 4943: 4918: 4893: 4868: 4843: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4806:poliomyelitis 4802: 4795: 4783:December 1942 4780: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4714:November 1942 4711: 4709: 4704: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4637: 4628: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4530: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4345:Russian Front 4342: 4333: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4258:Empire Conrad 4255: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4228:Empire Conrad 4225: 4221: 4220:Milford Haven 4217: 4216: 4215:Empire Conrad 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4081:Clan Campbell 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069:Clan Campbell 4064: 4062: 4058: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4029:Clan Campbell 4026: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3955: 3954: 3941: 3940: 3927: 3926: 3913: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3859: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3810:Clan Campbell 3805: 3804:Operation MF5 3801: 3790: 3779:February 1942 3776: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3667:, made up of 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3646: 3640: 3595: 3572: 3568: 3545: 3541: 3516: 3491: 3488:Not convoyed 3467: 3463: 3460:Not convoyed 3439: 3435: 3432:Not convoyed 3423:20 September 3417:27 September 3411: 3407: 3396:29 September 3390:26 September 3382: 3371:29 September 3365:25 September 3357: 3346:19 September 3340:13 September 3332: 3307: 3282: 3257: 3232: 3207: 3182: 3157: 3132: 3107: 3082: 3057: 3032: 3007: 2982: 2957: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2839:December 1941 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2782:November 1941 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2717: 2710: 2709: 2708:Imperial Star 2698: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2592:Grand Harbour 2588: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2444: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359:Clan Campbell 2348: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185:Clan Ferguson 2182: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110:, covered by 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2077:February 1941 2074: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1985: 1984:Clan Macaulay 1981: 1963: 1954: 1948: 1943: 1897: 1872: 1847: 1822: 1797: 1772: 1747: 1722: 1697: 1672: 1647: 1622: 1597: 1572: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527:Clan Ferguson 1524: 1523:Clan Macaulay 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511:Ulster Prince 1508: 1504: 1501:, the tanker 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1477:December 1940 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1430: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1397: 1387: 1382: 1370:November 1940 1367: 1365: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1340:(36,000 1339: 1328: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1301: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1207: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1184:was based at 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1156:to Sicily in 1155: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1041: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 982: 973: 970: 966:and the Axis 965: 959: 954: 950: 931: 929: 928:Fleet Air Arm 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 898:sea route to 897: 893: 885: 871: 869: 865: 861: 856: 853: 852: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 826: 825: 818: 817: 810: 809: 802: 801: 796: 792: 789:, during the 788: 784: 783:Fleet Air Arm 780: 776: 770: 767: 763: 759: 755: 754:Italian Libya 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 726:Malta convoys 711: 705: 702: 698: 697:Malta convoys 695: 694: 693: 690: 689: 684: 681: 680: 679: 678: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 647: 646: 639: 636: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 594: 590: 588: 585: 583: 582: 578: 576: 573: 570: 569: 565: 562: 561: 557: 555: 552: 551: 550: 549: 542: 539: 536: 535: 531: 528: 525: 522: 521: 517: 515: 512: 509: 508: 504: 502: 501: 500: 495: 493: 492: 488: 485: 484: 480: 477: 476: 472: 469: 468: 464: 462: 461: 457: 454: 453: 449: 446: 445: 441: 438: 435: 434: 433: 432: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 407: 403: 400: 399: 395: 393: 392:Grand Harbour 390: 387: 386: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 368: 367: 363: 361: 358: 356: 355: 351: 349: 348: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 331: 330: 329: 322: 319: 316: 315: 311: 308: 305: 303: 302: 298: 295: 294: 290: 287: 284: 281: 280: 276: 274: 271: 268: 265: 263: 262:Mers-el-Kébir 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 246: 245: 241: 239: 238: 234: 233: 232: 227: 222: 212: 207: 205: 200: 198: 193: 192: 189: 179:40 submarines 166: 160:Aircraft: 707 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 129:Break of the 128: 124: 120: 114: 110: 106: 101: 100:Merchant Navy 96: 92: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 58: 53: 50: 45: 42:Malta convoys 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Malta Convoys 10784:Bibliography 10767: 10580:Project Hula 10545:Vistula–Oder 10514: 10447: 10438: 10422: 10392: 10341: 10325: 10316: 10307: 10273: 10170: 10085: 10061: 10024: 9775: 9668: 9613:North Africa 9315:Soviet Union 9269:Soviet Union 9195:Soviet Union 8963:Vatican City 8866:Vichy France 8771:German Reich 8668:Soviet Union 8654:South Africa 8647:Sierra Leone 8600:Newfoundland 8419:Participants 8402:Marocchinate 8106: 8097: 8067: 7945:North Africa 7906:Indian Ocean 7765:Nazi plunder 7656:Cryptography 7529:World War II 7464: 7425:. Retrieved 7411: 7391:. Retrieved 7387:the original 7374: 7370: 7349: 7345: 7328: 7324: 7299: 7295: 7283:. Retrieved 7264: 7244: 7225: 7206: 7182:. Retrieved 7173: 7161: 7160: 7143: 7116: 7086: 7063: 7043:. Retrieved 7023: 7005: 6986: 6978:The Mine War 6977: 6973: 6954: 6942:. Retrieved 6935:the original 6918: 6899: 6880: 6861: 6844: 6836: 6835: 6823:Woodman 2003 6818: 6811:Woodman 2003 6806: 6799:Woodman 2003 6794: 6787:Woodman 2003 6782: 6775:Woodman 2003 6770: 6763:Roskill 1962 6748:Roskill 1962 6743: 6736:Roskill 1962 6731: 6724:Roskill 1962 6719: 6707: 6700:Woodman 2003 6695: 6688:Woodman 2003 6668: 6661:Woodman 2003 6656: 6644: 6637:Woodman 2003 6632: 6625:Woodman 2003 6620: 6613:Woodman 2003 6608: 6601:Woodman 2003 6596: 6589:Woodman 2003 6584: 6577:Roskill 1957 6560:Roskill 1957 6555: 6548:Woodman 2003 6543: 6536:Woodman 2003 6531: 6524:Woodman 2003 6519: 6512:Woodman 2003 6507: 6500:Woodman 2003 6495: 6488:Woodman 2003 6483: 6476:Woodman 2003 6471: 6464:Woodman 2003 6459: 6452:Woodman 2003 6447: 6440:Roskill 1962 6435: 6428:Woodman 2003 6423: 6416:Roskill 1962 6411: 6404:Woodman 2003 6399: 6392:Roskill 1962 6387: 6380:Woodman 2003 6375: 6368:Roskill 1957 6363: 6356:Woodman 2003 6351: 6344:Woodman 2003 6339: 6332:Roskill 1962 6317:Woodman 2003 6312: 6305:Woodman 2003 6300: 6293:Woodman 2003 6288: 6281:Roskill 1957 6276: 6269:Woodman 2003 6264: 6257:Roskill 1957 6252: 6245:Woodman 2003 6240: 6233:Roskill 1957 6218:Roskill 1957 6213: 6206:Roskill 1957 6201: 6194:Woodman 2003 6189: 6182:Roskill 1957 6177: 6170:Roskill 1957 6165: 6158:Woodman 2003 6143:Roskill 1957 6126:Woodman 2003 6109:Roskill 1957 6104: 6097:Woodman 2003 6092: 6085:Roskill 1957 6080: 6058:Woodman 2003 6053: 6046:Woodman 2003 6041: 6034:Roskill 1957 6029: 6017: 6010:Woodman 2003 6005: 5998:Woodman 2003 5993: 5986:Roskill 1957 5981: 5974:Woodman 2003 5969: 5962:Woodman 2003 5957: 5950:Woodman 2003 5945: 5933: 5903:Woodman 2003 5898: 5891:Woodman 2003 5886: 5879:Woodman 2003 5874: 5867:Woodman 2003 5862: 5850: 5843:Woodman 2003 5838: 5831:Woodman 2003 5826: 5819:Woodman 2003 5814: 5788:Woodman 2003 5783: 5756: 5744: 5737:Roskill 1957 5732: 5720: 5708: 5696: 5689:Roskill 1957 5667: 5655: 5648:Woodman 2003 5643: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5600:Roskill 1957 5595: 5576: 5566:dual-purpose 5559: 5553: 5544: 5536: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5472:Afrika Korps 5471: 5466: 5457: 5421: 5412: 5398: 5384: 5361:31 December 5355:28 December 5336:21 December 5330:17 December 5311:20 December 5305:17 December 5286:14 December 5280:11 December 5261:11 December 5236:10 December 5186:20 November 5180:17 November 5121: 5091:Turned back 5007:16 February 5001:13 February 4982:15 February 4976:12 February 4797: 4774: 4768: 4763: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4740: 4707: 4702: 4699: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4679: 4676:October 1942 4668: 4664: 4646: 4644: 4624: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4400: 4393: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4340: 4338: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4242:minesweepers 4236: 4227: 4214: 4210: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4146: 4138: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4056: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4028: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3991: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3863:Convoy MW 10 3839: 3834: 3829: 3820:Clan Chattan 3819: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3772: 3768: 3759:Isaac Sweers 3758: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3721: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3700:Regia Marina 3699: 3694: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3629:January 1942 3609:29 December 3603:26 December 3584:18 December 3578:15 December 3570: 3543: 3524:14 November 3499:12 November 3465: 3437: 3409: 3071:22 February 3065:20 February 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2832: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2765: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2720:October 1941 2707: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2631: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2596: 2585: 2574: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2427:Fliegerkorps 2424:transferred 2415: 2411: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2363:Clan Chattam 2362: 2358: 2357:Alexandria; 2355: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2300:Duca d'Aosta 2298: 2294: 2290: 2288: 2271:Afrika Korps 2270: 2264: 2259:Beaufighters 2249: 2245: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2100:Tribal-class 2095: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1983: 1979: 1959: 1931:January 1941 1911:24 December 1905:20 December 1886:23 December 1880:20 December 1861:20 December 1855:18 December 1836:20 December 1830:16 December 1811:29 November 1805:26 November 1786:26 November 1780:25 November 1761:26 November 1755:23 November 1736:13 November 1730:10 November 1711:10 November 1636:2 September 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1442: 1435: 1432: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1394: 1360: 1352:October 1940 1346:Regia Marina 1345: 1335: 1308: 1303: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1225:Regia Marina 1224: 1220: 1214: 1210:Map of Malta 1173: 1168: 1166:to Libya in 1164:Afrika Korps 1163: 1152: 1120: 1103:Vichy France 1068: 1017: 1012: 989: 964:Operation C3 937: 890: 857: 833:Magic Carpet 830: 824:Kriegsmarine 808:Regia Marina 771: 725: 723: 696: 683:Ligurian Sea 676: 675: 644: 643: 592: 580: 567: 559: 547: 546: 533: 519: 506: 498: 496: 490: 482: 474: 466: 459: 451: 443: 430: 429: 405: 397: 384: 365: 353: 346: 340:Convoy AN 14 327: 326: 313: 300: 292: 286:Cape Passero 278: 243: 236: 230: 169:1 battleship 47:Part of the 36: 10515:Bodenplatte 10401:Gothic Line 9620:West Africa 9167:Philippines 9146:Netherlands 9011:Czech lands 8949:Switzerland 8893:Afghanistan 8837:Philippines 8705:Puerto Rico 8621:Philippines 8607:New Zealand 8593:Netherlands 8546:Free France 8297:Prosecution 8098:Osoaviakhim 7968:West Africa 7952:East Africa 7599:Conferences 5938:Thomas 1999 5713:Hooton 2010 5510:, near the 5352:Alexandria 5327:Alexandria 5277:Alexandria 5255:7 December 5230:6 December 5211:5 December 5205:1 December 5177:Alexandria 5155:8 November 5135:3 November 5129:1 November 5126:Alexandria 5122:Independent 5073:Alexandria 5023:Alexandria 5004:Alexandria 4973:Alexandria 4970:MF 5, MW 9 4957:28 January 4954:Alexandria 4951:25 January 4932:27 January 4926:24 January 4923:Alexandria 4907:19 January 4901:16 January 4898:Alexandria 4879:Alexandria 4848:Alexandria 4547:Indomitable 4518:August 1942 4332:Alboran Sea 4211:On 20 May, 4154:, cruisers 4089:Breconshire 4085:Breconshire 3773:Breconshire 3769:Breconshire 3757:HNLMS 3736:Thermopylae 3712:Breconshire 3704:Breconshire 3665:Philip Vian 3606:Alexandria 3575:Alexandria 3557:8 December 3554:Alexandria 3551:5 December 3518:Astrologer 3493:Astrologer 3479:27 October 3473:22 October 3466:Independent 3451:19 October 3445:16 October 3438:Independent 3410:Independent 3262:Alexandria 3237:Alexandria 3218:Alexandria 3193:Alexandria 3143:Alexandria 3112:Alexandria 3087:Alexandria 3068:Alexandria 3046:13 January 3043:Alexandria 3040:10 January 3021:13 January 3018:Alexandria 3015:10 January 2996:10 January 2987:Alexandria 2971:10 January 2916:Breconshire 2912:Breconshire 2908:Breconshire 2904:Breconshire 2894:Breconshire 2890:Breconshire 2883:Breconshire 2874:Breconshire 2870:Breconshire 2866:Breconshire 2862:Breconshire 2858:Breconshire 2852:Breconshire 2575:Sydney Star 2552:Breconshire 2478:On 26 June 2416:Breconshire 2389:Empire Song 2371:Empire Song 2367:Clan Lamont 2265:Breconshire 2226:Breconshire 2222:Breconshire 2102:destroyers 2070:Bonaventure 2057:Illustrious 2043:Southampton 2002:Lanarkshire 1980:Breconshire 1951:An Italian 1926:Second year 1883:Alexandria 1852:Alexandria 1827:Alexandria 1808:Alexandria 1752:Alexandria 1733:Alexandria 1705:4 November 1702:Alexandria 1686:16 October 1683:Alexandria 1680:11 October 1661:11 October 1652:Alexandria 1627:Alexandria 1608:Alexandria 1583:Alexandria 1535:Clan Fraser 1531:Clan Forbes 1515:Breconshire 1483:Lanarkshire 1450:Southampton 1289:August 1940 944:17 per week 940:80 fighters 575:Pantelleria 175:1 minelayer 10807:Categories 10615:West Hunan 10448:Pointblank 9777:Silver Fox 9763:Summer War 9516:Winter War 9495:Phoney War 9276:Azerbaijan 9237:Yugoslavia 9132:Luxembourg 8974:Resistance 8714:Yugoslavia 8579:Luxembourg 8381:Sook Ching 8177:War crimes 7779:Technology 7772:Opposition 7714:Lend-Lease 7691:Australian 7684:Home front 7642:Blitzkrieg 7592:Casualties 7583:Commanders 7555:Operations 7427:31 October 7045:14 January 6832:References 5926:Hague 2000 5807:Hague 2000 5418:Casualties 5308:Port Said 5258:Port Said 5227:Port Said 5202:Port Said 5152:Gibraltar 5108:14 August 5102:10 August 5099:Gibraltar 5048:Gibraltar 4882:8 January 4876:6 January 4857:8 January 4851:6 January 4819:Operation 4665:Submarine 4651:Formentera 4593:Manchester 4551:Victorious 4473:Vansittart 4180:See also: 4124:April 1942 3956:Freighters 3942:Freighters 3928:Submarines 3914:Destroyers 3856:See also: 3847:March 1942 3624:Third year 3521:Gibraltar 3496:Gibraltar 3476:Gibraltar 3448:Gibraltar 3420:Gibraltar 3393:Gibraltar 3362:Gibraltar 3337:Gibraltar 3334:Propeller 3318:Gibraltar 3287:Gibraltar 3212:Gibraltar 3162:Gibraltar 2990:7 January 2965:6 January 2962:Gibraltar 2933:Operation 2729:See also: 2705:transport 2703:10,000 GRT 2584:HMAS 2570:12,000 GRT 2468:Victorious 2455:Victorious 2394:Parracombe 2295:Oued-Kroum 2291:Parracombe 2240:See also: 2230:Gloucester 2199:April 1941 2181:Perthshire 2170:March 1941 2096:Gloucester 2050:Gloucester 2026:Hoegh Hood 1908:Gibraltar 1777:Gibraltar 1655:8 October 1630:29 August 1624:MF 2/Hats 1548:Operation 1507:Hoegh Hood 1443:Manchester 1338:short tons 1196:First year 1002:forces of 994:waged the 926:(RAF) and 896:Suez Canal 874:Background 766:Suez Canal 616:Dodecanese 568:Campobasso 520:Portcullis 425:Alexandria 354:Abstention 273:Cape Spada 173:4 cruisers 165:Royal Navy 153:Casualties 10680:Manchuria 10566:Indochina 10342:Bagration 9786:Lithuania 9431:Anschluss 9228:Viet Minh 9125:Lithuania 9067:Hong Kong 8830:Manchukuo 8785:Azad Hind 8444:Australia 8244:Aftermath 8107:Paperclip 8002:Aftermath 7802:Total war 7670:Diplomacy 7633:In Europe 7421:798399582 7393:9 October 7383:0028-1484 7358:0043-0374 7337:0043-0374 7285:9 October 7104:174453986 7073:881709135 7057:(1957) . 7014:933965485 7006:Sea Power 6944:9 October 5588:Footnotes 5435:- the US 5404:Aftermath 5096:Pedestal 5070:Vigorous 5032:23 March 5026:20 March 4775:Adventure 4773:HMS 4762:HMS 4667:HMS 4600:Foresight 4598:HMS 4567:HMS 4457:Charybdis 4439:July 1942 4422:HMS 4415:HMS 4411:Port Said 4407:Palestine 4383:HMS 4288:Partridge 4274:HMS 4270:Charybdis 4245:HMS 4235:HMS 4202:June 1942 4164:Charybdis 4156:HMS 4145:USS 4053:2:10 p.m. 4004:Cleopatra 4002:HMS 3994:7:10 a.m. 3744:HMS 3693:HMS 3654:HMS 3571:Not named 3544:Not named 3196:20 April 3190:28 April 3165:28 April 3146:22 April 3140:19 April 3121:21 April 3115:18 April 3096:23 March 3090:19 March 2920:3:00 p.m. 2879:6:00 p.m. 2801:Ark Royal 2793:Ark Royal 2758:HMS 2745:HMS 2737:Ark Royal 2714:1:30 p.m. 2695:7:00 p.m. 2691:Ark Royal 2668:Ark Royal 2621:Ark Royal 2557:Ark Royal 2541:RMS 2531:Ark Royal 2508:July 1941 2501:drop tank 2493:Ark Royal 2480:Ark Royal 2464:Ark Royal 2458:replaced 2453:HMS 2434:June 1941 2421:Luftwaffe 2401:Ark Royal 2250:Ark Royal 2248:HMS 2214:Ark Royal 2068:HMS 2055:HMS 2048:HMS 2041:HMS 2034:RFA 2018:Pontfield 1503:Pontfield 1467:Sheffield 1463:Ark Royal 1448:HMS 1441:HMS 1307:HMS 1248:HMS 1229:HMS 1201:July 1940 1148:Cyrenaica 1144:10th Army 1124:Abyssinia 1087:Palestine 1075:Gibraltar 1050:Hurricane 1019:Luftwaffe 1006:aided by 845:Club Runs 839:and then 837:Hurricane 816:Luftwaffe 671:La Ciotat 666:Port Cros 656:Santorini 491:Agreement 437:2nd Sirte 419:1st Sirte 385:Substance 360:Souda Bay 126:Objective 10791:Category 10740:document 10650:document 10507:Ardennes 10491:Budapest 10439:Crossbow 10317:Overlord 10156:Smolensk 9367:Timeline 9202:Slovakia 9188:Thailand 9039:Ethiopia 9004:Bulgaria 8928:Portugal 8859:Thailand 8741:Bulgaria 8519:Eswatini 8512:Ethiopia 8465:Bulgaria 8290:Unit 731 8251:Response 8068:Keelhaul 8018:Cold War 7991:Americas 7982:timeline 7975:Atlantic 7855:Theaters 7469:Archived 7317:Journals 7308:60102091 7178:Archived 7162:Websites 7121:Barnsley 7108:Archived 7077:Archived 7039:Archived 6931:38570200 6712:DNC 1952 5537:Upholder 5492:Sabaudia 5488:Iserlhon 5427:See also 5409:Analysis 5149:Crupper 5076:12 June 5057:15 June 5051:11 June 5045:Harpoon 4831:Arrived 4769:Euryalus 4764:Arethusa 4751:Welshman 4686:Parthian 4669:Talisman 4536:SS 4489:Welshman 4481:Wrestler 4477:Westcott 4469:Ithuriel 4465:Antelope 4449:Welshman 4429:Airedale 4417:Hermione 4394:Kujawiak 4375:Kentucky 4294:Westcott 4282:Ithuriel 4276:Antelope 4232:corvette 4213:SS 4171:May 1942 4143:carrier 4141:American 4057:Littorio 4021:Carlisle 4016:Euryalus 3958:arriving 3900:AA ships 3886:Cruisers 3825:scuttled 3808:SS 3800:Carlisle 3740:en route 3726:and two 3724:Carlisle 3708:Glengyle 3695:Carlisle 3688:and the 3686:Euryalus 3656:Glengyle 3321:26 July 3315:23 July 3296:24 July 3290:21 July 2945:Arrived 2775:Catalina 2753:Penelope 2680:with an 2630:SS 2597:Leinster 2580:MAS boat 2572:steamer 2543:Leinster 2337:May 1941 2140:Hereward 2124:Coventry 2036:Plumleaf 1611:14 July 1605:10 July 1586:11 July 1560:Arrived 1471:Despatch 1436:Cornwall 1267:Kirkland 1231:Warspite 1115:security 1055:Spitfire 1036:25 ships 1024:21 ships 914:between 841:Spitfire 760:against 507:Stoneage 483:Pedestal 475:Vigorous 444:Calendar 406:Duisburg 317: ¹ 267:Calabria 250:Club Run 117:Admiral 111:Admiral 75:Location 10717:Shumshu 10484:Hungary 10431:Estonia 10415:Lapland 10393:Dragoon 10326:Neptune 10308:Ichi-Go 10274:Tempest 10216:Changde 10171:Cottage 10063:Jubilee 9772:Finland 9670:Compass 9376:Prelude 9329:Finland 9215:Vietnam 9181:Romania 9053:Germany 9032:Estonia 9018:Denmark 8997:Belgium 8990:Austria 8983:Albania 8914:Ireland 8900:Andorra 8884:Neutral 8844:Romania 8778:Hungary 8763:Finland 8635:Romania 8527:Finland 8505:Denmark 8451:Belgium 8437:Algeria 8143:Romania 8129:Hungary 7885:Pacific 7609:General 7563:Leaders 7548:Battles 7541:Outline 7184:20 June 7061:(ed.). 6853:1727304 5516:Tunisia 4825:Sailed 4817:Convoy/ 4756:Manxman 4747:Tadorna 4743:Ardeola 4708:Furious 4703:Furious 4682:Rorqual 4647:Furious 4575:Ledbury 4511:Dandolo 4385:Bedouin 4379:Burdwan 4300:Wishart 4093:Talabot 4077:Talabot 3271:10 May 3246:10 May 3221:12 May 3159:Temple 3009:ME 5.5 2984:MW 5.5 2959:Excess 2939:Sailed 2771:Force K 2731:Force K 2625:Furious 2548:Manxman 2497:Furious 2489:Furious 2484:Furious 2460:Furious 2406:Furious 2132:Hotspur 2116:Valiant 2006:Waiwera 1995:⁄ 1973:⁄ 1962:Piraeus 1774:Collar 1580:9 July 1554:Sailed 1546:Convoy/ 1487:Waiwera 1283:Zeeland 1275:Novasli 1271:Masirah 1215:In the 1188:, near 1186:Salamis 1132:Eritrea 1109:in the 1065:Prelude 1044:19 Club 1008:Germany 930:(FAA). 795:Italian 779:Force H 744:in the 736:of the 734:convoys 732:supply 554:Zuwarah 541:Algiers 534:Olterra 467:Harpoon 460:Albumen 398:Halberd 366:Matapan 307:Otranto 301:Taranto 145:Outcome 10694:Debate 10666:Taipei 10659:Borneo 10237:Tarawa 9424:Europe 9385:Africa 9174:Poland 9160:Norway 9139:Malaya 9118:Latvia 9060:Greece 9046:France 8942:Sweden 8907:Bhutan 8628:Poland 8614:Norway 8586:Mexico 8553:Greece 8539:France 8477:Canada 8458:Brazil 8428:Allies 8374:Serbia 8363:Poland 8136:Poland 8122:Baltic 7915:Europe 7617:Topics 7569:Allied 7419: 7403:Theses 7381: 7356: 7335: 7306: 7276: 7251: 7232: 7213: 7150: 7131: 7102: 7071: 7031: 7012: 6993: 6961: 6929: 6906: 6887: 6868: 6851: 5524:Barham 5520:Mohawk 5508:Mohawk 5504:Nubian 5496:Jervis 5476:Aegina 5358:Malta 5349:MW 18 5333:Malta 5324:MW 17 5302:Matla 5299:ME 12 5283:Malta 5274:MW 16 5252:Malta 5249:ME 11 5233:Malta 5224:MW 15 5208:Malta 5199:MW 14 5183:Malta 5174:MW 13 5158:Malta 5132:Malta 5105:Malta 5079:Malta 5054:Malta 5029:Malta 5020:MW 10 4998:Malta 4995:ME 10 4979:Malta 4948:Malta 4929:Malta 4904:Malta 4873:Malta 4854:Malta 4840:Notes 4801:stores 4559:Rodney 4555:Nelson 4433:Nestor 4390:Polish 4237:Spirea 4152:Renown 4097:Pampas 4073:Pampas 3840:Duilio 3835:Lively 3815:Tobruk 3746:Gurkha 3732:Aurora 3684:, and 3672:-class 3600:Malta 3581:Malta 3548:Malta 3527:Malta 3502:Malta 3470:Malta 3442:Malta 3414:Malta 3387:Malta 3368:Malta 3343:Malta 3312:Malta 3293:Malta 3268:Malta 3265:5 May 3259:MW 7B 3243:Malta 3240:6 May 3234:MW 7A 3215:6 May 3209:Tiger 3187:Malta 3168:Malta 3137:Malta 3118:Malta 3093:Malta 3062:Malta 3037:Malta 3012:Malta 2993:Malta 2968:Malta 2954:Notes 2931:Convoy 2766:Lively 2747:Aurora 2687:Nelson 2678:Nelson 2657:Rodney 2652:Nelson 2586:Nestor 2536:Renown 2526:Nelson 2499:and a 2412:Abdiel 2218:Renown 2164:Jaguar 2156:Jervis 2136:Havock 2112:Barham 2108:Mohawk 2104:Nubian 2030:Trocas 1902:Malta 1877:Malta 1874:ME 5A 1858:Malta 1849:MW 5B 1833:Malta 1824:MW 5A 1802:Malta 1783:Malta 1758:Malta 1727:Malta 1708:Malta 1677:Malta 1658:Malta 1633:Malta 1602:Malta 1577:Malta 1569:Notes 1519:Memnon 1459:Renown 1255:El Nil 1237:Malaya 1190:Athens 1178:Greece 1134:. The 1079:Cyprus 992:Allies 916:Sicily 730:Allied 621:Rhodes 606:Bastia 593:Scylla 581:Sicily 527:Skerki 514:Toulon 452:Bowery 372:Tarigo 334:Excess 256:Espero 103:Allies 10470:Leyte 10300:Narva 10286:Anzio 10244:Makin 10202:Burma 10086:Torch 10055:Rzhev 10009:Kiska 9095:Korea 9081:Japan 9074:Italy 8956:Tibet 8935:Spain 8806:Italy 8567:Italy 8560:India 8484:China 8359:Japan 7959:Italy 7871:China 7823:Women 7377:(1). 7350:XLIII 7298:[ 7199:Books 6976:[ 6938:(PDF) 6923:(PDF) 6837:Books 5500:Janus 5484:Adana 5449:Notes 5388:Barce 4945:MF 4 4920:MF 4 4870:MF 2 4845:MF 2 4837:Lost 4822:From 4690:Clyde 4588:Cairo 4584:Eagle 4543:Eagle 4505:Eagle 4501:Eagle 4485:Eagle 4461:Cairo 4453:Eagle 4424:Hasty 4403:Haifa 4370:Cairo 4362:Cairo 4358:Argus 4354:Eagle 4341:Eagle 4305:Eagle 4266:Eagle 4262:Eagle 4247:Hythe 4224:Wales 4196:Eagle 4192:Eagle 4158:Cairo 4117:Argus 4113:Eagle 4109:Argus 4042:Eagle 4038:Argus 3981:Argus 3977:Eagle 3878:Sunk 3872:Type 3752:U-133 3678:Naiad 3597:ME 8 3309:MG 1 3284:GM 1 3184:MD 3 3134:ME 7 3109:MD 2 3084:MW 6 3059:MC 8 3034:ME 6 2951:Lost 2936:From 2797:Argus 2760:Lance 2741:Argus 2210:Argus 2160:Janus 2148:Hasty 2128:Decoy 2120:Eagle 2088:Orion 2022:Devis 2000:with 1978:with 1899:MG 1 1799:ME 4 1749:MW 4 1724:ME 3 1699:MW 3 1674:MF 4 1649:MF 3 1599:MS 1 1574:MF 1 1566:Lost 1551:From 1499:Devis 1416:Argus 1412:Argus 1309:Argus 1279:Tweed 1250:Eagle 1083:Egypt 1004:Italy 949:Japan 920:Tunis 900:India 892:Malta 887:Malta 750:Malta 728:were 626:Leros 560:Cigno 499:Torch 378:Crete 347:Genoa 314:White 279:Hurry 244:Malta 80:Malta 10536:1945 10264:1944 10105:1943 10026:Blue 10016:Attu 9923:1942 9682:1941 9534:1940 9472:1939 9401:Asia 9248:POWs 9088:Jews 8799:Iraq 8725:Axis 8675:Tuva 8491:Cuba 7576:Axis 7429:2016 7417:OCLC 7395:2016 7379:ISSN 7354:ISSN 7333:ISSN 7329:LXIX 7304:OCLC 7287:2016 7274:ISBN 7270:HMSO 7249:ISBN 7230:ISBN 7211:ISBN 7186:2012 7148:ISBN 7129:ISBN 7100:OCLC 7096:HMSO 7069:OCLC 7047:2019 7029:ISBN 7010:OCLC 6991:ISBN 6959:ISBN 6946:2016 6927:OCLC 6904:ISBN 6885:ISBN 6866:ISBN 6849:OCLC 5560:Dido 5557:The 5514:off 5506:and 5486:and 5480:Arta 4834:No. 4625:Ohio 4620:Ohio 4608:Ohio 4590:and 4580:Ohio 4572:and 4569:Penn 4563:Ohio 4557:and 4549:and 4538:Ohio 4479:and 4459:and 4409:and 4356:and 4319:and 4297:and 4250:and 4190:and 4188:Wasp 4161:and 4147:Wasp 4111:and 4095:and 4040:and 4010:Dido 3979:and 3966:dock 3964:3 in 3881:Dgd 3875:No. 3682:Dido 3670:Dido 3645:Dido 3643:HMS 2948:No. 2817:and 2795:and 2763:and 2750:and 2623:and 2482:and 2466:and 2414:and 2403:and 2373:and 2327:and 2315:and 2263:HMS 2257:and 2191:and 2162:and 2152:Ilex 2144:Hero 2106:and 2098:and 2094:and 2092:Ajax 2063:Vega 2032:and 2014:Rodi 2010:Volo 2004:and 1982:and 1563:No. 1533:and 1525:and 1509:and 1497:and 1495:Rodi 1491:Volo 1485:and 1469:and 1446:and 1281:and 1263:Rodi 1261:and 1130:and 1085:and 1053:and 1048:670 1000:Axis 990:The 918:and 908:Iran 906:and 904:Iraq 785:and 762:Axis 724:The 677:1945 661:Symi 645:1944 587:Gela 548:1943 431:1942 328:1941 237:Vado 231:1940 137:Date 5470:An 5111:14 5085:12 4828:To 4253:Rye 2942:To 2850:MV 2275:GRT 1557:To 1223:), 651:Ist 631:Kos 413:Bon 293:MB8 10809:: 10284:/ 7375:63 7373:. 7369:. 7348:. 7327:. 7272:. 7176:. 7172:. 7127:. 7123:: 7119:. 7106:. 7098:. 7090:. 7075:. 7037:. 6755:^ 6680:^ 6567:^ 6324:^ 6225:^ 6150:^ 6133:^ 6116:^ 6065:^ 5910:^ 5795:^ 5768:^ 5679:^ 5518:; 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Index