2906:, inflaming tensions and pressuring local officials to seek an explanation from Christian leaders. In hindsight the document was an act of blatant provocation likely forged by Makianese bureaucrats, however on 3 November the Reverend Riskotta was viciously murdered by a Muslim mob in Tidore while attending a meeting to discuss concerns with the officials, having been escorted there by police. No other Christian leaders had attended out of fear for their safety, and immediately after the Reverend's murder the gathered crowd turned on local Christian people and property, killing 8 more people, and burning 3 churches and some 260 houses in an island wide riot.
287:
298:
647:
4738:
1922:
3039:, around two to four thousand children aged as young as seven are believed to have taken part in the violence, mostly boys armed with petrol bombs and directed to burn down property of the opposite side or given homemade bombs that were thrown at rival militia members and security forces. Older minors perpetrated armed assaults against rival forces or civilian targets, while both elementary and secondary school children helped construct the homemade weapons that were predominant in the first year of the conflict.
355:
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2191:
526:
516:
247:
393:
46:
1967:. Any transgression against these rules would be severely punished by curses from the ancestors who founded the institution. The alliances facilitated a relationship to allow peace between villages that were rigidly structured as either wholly Christian or Islamic and had formed the largest political units of Moluccan society prior to the Indonesian state. However, this system could not accommodate land-title of nonlocal, nonvillage-based transmigrant landowners.
202:
190:
6703:
1637:
1772:
and said weapons were used in later attacks and atrocities. In some cases individual personnel of both the military and police are reported to have joined the militias of their respective religion, with up to 350 military personnel alleged to have assisted and fought alongside Muslim fighters. Initially the local militia groups had organised themselves as 'defenders' and 'protectors' of their respective community against rival attacks, establishing
564:
552:
276:
2353:
taken shelter, 4 of those who emerged were murdered with machetes, 3 adults and an adolescent boy according to some sources. The boy is often referred to as Roy Pontoh, a 15-year-old
Ambonese Christian who is described as having stood up to the militants when asked to renounce his faith and was subsequently murdered with a machete and his body placed in a ditch. Other campers were abused, ordered into the main hall and robbed of their valuables.
506:
489:
447:
437:
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333:
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235:
222:
178:
141:
422:
154:
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1843:, to which the Christian and Muslim religious hierarchies of Al-Khaira'at and Gereja Protestan Maluku had been subordinate, had granted the groups niches of coercive power over their respective communities and guaranteed a relatively stable structure of local assemblies and distribution of power for the previous few decades. Identifying oneself with the religious establishment that held the political power allowed one to access a
471:
459:
166:
1935:
2981:
town in North
Halmahera, between Muslims and Christians. Muslim militias, known as Pasukan Merah (Red Force), attacked Christian villages and suburbs, while Christian militias, led by Sakeus Odara, counterattacked and destroyed Muslim properties. By the next morning, most Muslims in Tobelo retreated to the main mosque, Mesjid Raya, which was surrounded by the military and protected from the Christian attackers.
308:
536:
259:
2622:, had quickly progressed into a dispute over who was to carry a ceremonial torch, an honor normally reserved for residents from a majority Muslim village that had been offered to Christian villagers as a sign of good-will. A clash between the groups soon followed, and the security forces opened fire on the crowds when they began damaging property again. At least 7 were killed.
2228:), where they torched numerous houses and several businesses by Mardika market. The group had been driven on by incorrect rumors that the local mosque had been torched and faced little opposition from the police force, which only fielded ten lightly armed intelligence members due to the holiday. More Christian houses were burnt in Silale and Waihaong
2236:
carrying 50 unidentified youths is alleged to have arrived in
Waringin around 17:00 (UTC+9) and the occupants were seen damaging homes and other property with metal bars and rocks, but residents of Waringin claim they fended off the attacks. There had not yet been any casualties and police assured Waringin residents they could return home safely.
3080:
the incident surveyed 405 residents and confirmed the circumcisions were done under duress, and 648 Christians were later evacuated from the island. Witnesses from other villages described to
Christian researchers several instances of the village Christian population, aged 6 and upwards, being forcibly circumcised with unclean implements.
2125:, which incorporated 16 Makianese settlements, several villages of Christian Pagu and Kao and the strategic gold deposits on the disputed lands. The Pagu did not wish to be ruled by a Makian majority local government and viewed the ruling as an attempt to damage the traditional unity of the Kao tribes. The first communal violence in
2968:, as was aired to a political delegation including the Sultan of Ternate and the interim governor sent to Tobelo on 7 December, however rumors of a "bloody Christmas" or "bloody Ramadan" to purge the opposing faith from Halmahera were spread through both communities and intensified the feeling that further violence was inevitable.
1756:. The nature of the violence was intended to displace members of the rival community, as it assumed the form of mass-evictions through the use of intimidation and harassment, followed by vicious attacks on large groups of locals and arson attacks on their residences or even whole neighbourhoods that could be termed as
2985:
supported by
Makians and Tidores, while the Christians were joined by a new militia called Pasukan Putih (White Force). The Pasukan Putih managed to push the Pasukan Kuning back to the Sultan's palace, where a ceasefire was brokered by the Sultan of Tidore. A Catholic school was burned down during the fighting.
2884:
On 24 October, the
Makianese allegedly attacked again deeper into Kao lands, though this is disputed by some Makianese, and in counter-attack a 5,000-strong movement of Kao burnt down all 16 of the Makianese villages in the contested Malifut subdistrict. The mixed-faith Kao stressed the non-religious
2819:
during the violence on the island was initially minimal and significant number of Buru residents were reported missing in the weeks after the
December violence, most taking refuge in the densely forested interior of the island, and the Indonesian military distributed leaflets urging them to return to
2625:
The torch ceremony was also being used that year to inaugurate a new security force, the
Pattimura military command, which would oversee the Maluku province; the event only served to humiliate the military, who were attacked with missiles by both sides after the intervention with live ammunition. The
2455:
On 1 March mobs from the rival faiths confronted each other again and a mob of Ahuru
Christians attacked the mostly Bugis and Butonese Rinjani neighborhood, killing a family of 5. The clashes had restarted as people reacted to incorrect reports that 4 others had been shot inside a mosque by police; 3
2352:
Two men from the group were murdered, and their van torched, while travelling through Wakal town after seeking assistance from the military in Hila village to transport the campers. Soon after, a truckload of militants arrived at the camp ground and ordered the campers out of the rooms where they had
2235:
After hearing of the destruction of homes, Christian residents gathered outside
Kudamati church to launch a counter-offensive and defend those at Mardika, but were blocked by a Muslim crowd at Waringin in the first direct clash of the two sects with the largest confrontation at Mardika plaza. A truck
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The crisis was also allegedly permeated by the rivalry of two large semi-criminal gangs that operated in Ambon and, allegedly, Jakarta. The gangs possessed a quasi-religious identity; the 'Reds' identifying as Christian and 'Whites' as Muslim, and had prepared contingency plans for an attack from the
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January 2000: The Sultan of Tidore was removed as governor of North Maluku. The Pasukan Putih militia rebranded itself as Pasukan Jihad (Jihad Force) and recruited thousands of fighters from Ternate and Tidore, under the leadership of Abu Bakar Wahid. They planned to launch a major offensive against
2909:
On 6 November, a several-hundred strong Muslim gang, led by local Makianese political elite and thought to be mostly Makianese refugees, raged through Ternate attacking the Christian minority there also. The police forces of Ternate were only able to guard their own institutions from attack, yet the
2678:
Small war-like battles between well organised gangs of the rival faiths took place on a daily basis during late August and September, claiming more lives, including one soldier and at least 8 gang members who had been attacking a church on 10 September. In the period between the first riots in Ambon
2650:
The first large-scale massacre of civilians in a house of worship, as would become common in the conflict, was perpetrated by uniformed gunmen on 12 August against local residents taking refuge in a Galala church. The residents were allegedly locked in the Yabok church and fired on by people wearing
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instances of intervention with live fire by security forces were recorded with concrete details. Most agree troops fired directly into the warring crowds, and the Catholic diocese of Ambon officially announced a lack of confidence in the military forces, who it said were supporting the Muslim gangs.
2425:
to Tulehu, and raided the Waai township with fishing bombs among other weapons. Waai authorities counted the deaths of 2 locals and a visitor and killed a further 10 Muslim aggressors in the defense of the town, a number supported by Muslim sources, who claim more Christians were killed. Significant
1812:. The secession was supported on all sides of the religious and political spectrum as residents shared the same concerns of relative logistical difficulties associated with distances in the region, the expropriation of economic wealth by outside individuals and a distant and disengaged government in
3030:
During the conflict several thousand child soldiers fought, unofficially, in the civilian militia of both sides; a significant number of the children that fought were either orphaned or displaced by earlier fighting, and felt an obligation to take up arms willingly to protect or avenge their family
2988:
29 December 1999: Christian militias continued their offensive in North Halmahera, targeting Muslim villages in Gorua and Papilo. They also launched a coordinated attack on Togoliua, where many Muslims had taken refuge in the Mesjid Al Islah mosque. The mosque was bombed and collapsed, killing many
2871:
Muslim migrants fought for three days, and the majority of sources state that the violence had started with the invasion of Sosol, one of the two villages destroyed by the Makianese gang. A team of leaders was tasked with securing peace by the regional government, however no modifications were made
2467:
when their vehicles were stopped, and shot at the crowd around the barricade when attacked with home-made weapons. The second intervention happened during another round of clashes by youths armed with petrol bombs and machetes around Batu Merah and Mardika. Ten were killed and 30 seriously injured,
2442:
Fighting again resumed in Ambon City on the morning of 23 February following a minor confrontation, the nature of which is disputed. It is generally agreed that a Muslim mob formed after the confrontation and was countered by the rapid formation of a rival Christian mob, with each causing damage to
2223:
It is widely recorded that the initial confrontation that sparked the conflict was between a Bugis minibus driver and either some Christian youths, a drunk or a Muslim conductor, near a bus terminal in Batu Merah village. Despite the differing accounts, it is agreed that a mob, Church reports state
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village of Tanah Baru, when several hundred Catholic villagers of both sexes were taken as prisoners to a local mosque. The captives, ranging in age from 6 to the elderly and including pregnant women, were crudely circumcised with shared razors and left with open wounds. An investigation following
2736:
Massive riots again ignited in Ambon City and surrounding districts on 26 December, and lasted many days, following reports that a 14-year-old Muslim pedestrian was struck by a Christian driver. The intense fighting heralded the widespread use of firearms and home-made bombs by civilian gangs, and
2634:
After a clash of drunken youths in the middle-class Poka suburb of Ambon on 23 July and subsequent heavy handed military intervention, fighting intensified to a war-like scale and lead to the deaths of at least a further 34 in the first four days alone, with Ambon hospitals reporting a shortage of
2497:
The largest loss of life at the hands of security forces at that stage in the conflict occurred in Kariu on the island of Haruku, when military units used live ammunition to quell a clash between a groups of Christian residents and Muslims from surrounding villages, reportedly killing 23. Accounts
2446:
The fighting became more virulent with the reported murder of 5 Butonese passengers of a van near the state Islamic institute by a Christian mob, and a further 8 people were killed in Karang Panjang and Kramat Jaya as homes and a mosque were set alight. Some sources reported up to 23 killed during
2438:
there were several weeks or so of respite from wide scale violence, attributed in part to the deployment of 3,000 more troops, most of whom were from outside Maluku province. Road blocks had been established by their respective factions around villages in Ambon, preventing several possible clashes
2332:
The movement was confronted by residents at Posso, who had mobilized after hearing of the destruction of Benteng Karang. At the point of contact a group of 10 soldiers attempted to restrain each side from advancing, however the units were forced to withdraw after coming under attack with missiles.
1771:
claimed to be neutral throughout the conflict. However, the authorities were criticized for not preventing attacks and allegations of ethnic and religious bias were alleged by both communities, in particular that a number of troops handed over state-owned weapons, mostly to Muslim militia members,
2980:
27 December 1999: Muslim mobs attacked the GMIH church and the Christian village of Pune. Armed men from both sides gathered near the mosques and churches in Soatobaru and Dokulamo. A homemade bazooka blast sparked a riot in Soatobaru in the late afternoon. Violence erupted in Tobelo, the largest
2646:
and destroyed by arson and the largest shopping complex in Ambon left entirely gutted. In addition, many hundreds of homes and thousands of vehicles were destroyed by arson. On 27 July, three members of a rioting Muslim crowd were killed by police directly outside the Al-Fatah mosque, however few
2488:
after a misunderstanding during a peace initiative by Christians, which saw at least 7 injured and several Muslim houses and market stalls destroyed on 3 February. The next day several dozen houses were burnt in a Christian village in Kairatu, while on 5 February, Christian residents of Kamariang
2328:
The large movement of Hitu Muslims continued to advance upon Ambon through the mixed-faith hillside villages of Hunuth, Waiheru, Nania and Negeri Lama who were warned of the advance by survivors of Benteng Karang. Women and children of Hunuth took refuge on boats while the men attempted to defend
1910:
were mostly foreign owned. Some estimates placed direct employment in the civil service at a quarter of total employment in Ambon and figures from 1990 stated 38% of Ternate workers were employed by the government. The dependence on a generally static number of public service positions meant that
1751:
militia group, composed of trained fighters from other predominantly Muslim areas of Indonesia, who ran a campaign in the later stages of the conflict to drive out Christian residents of Maluku. On the other hand, in several cases, Christian militias also carried out attacks and massacres against
2984:
28 December 1999: In Ternate, the capital of North Maluku province, a minor incident involving a car driver and members of the Pasukan Kuning (Yellow Force), a pro-Sultanate Muslim militia, escalated into a violent clash between Muslims and Christians in the central city. The Pasukan Kuning were
2214:
during the first 3 or so days claimed anywhere from 43 to 65 lives, with bodies discovered weeks after in the ruins of Ambon. Over 100 were seriously injured at least 10 houses of worship had been destroyed, with the loss of homes and significant retail services forcing the displacement of up to
2316:
One of the first villages the mob had to pass through on the Ambon road was Benteng Karang, an all-Christian village where they launched their attack. Police warned the residents of Benteng Karang on two occasions they were likely to be attacked, and a group had gathered around the main church
1746:
Though all violence during the four-year period cannot be linked directly to political or sectarian issues, as a significant majority could be attributed to opportunistic crimes, the violence was categorized by the armed campaigns of local militia groups targeted almost exclusively against the
2800:
over three days during a raid by Muslim militias on the predominantly Christian town of Alang Asaudi on 3 December, and government forces were criticized for not preventing such a high number of casualties. On 4 January 2000, at least 17 were killed by live ammunition as police opened fire on
2392:
Christian youths, however people on the Christian side felt the authorities were being overly forceful with the Christian fighters and lashed out at the Kostrad troops, killing Gusti Ngurah Hartawan. In defence, the soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing one or possibly two. Media reports
2396:
The same day, after the carnage in Ambon, security forces were given orders to shoot on sight any potential troublemakers, though their use of these powers in several instances called into question whether the new police powers were being abused, or if officers were acting impartially in the
2662:
around the Al-Fatah mosque and nearby Maranatha Church, where the city had split into Christian and Muslim enclaves. At least a further 98 had died during early and mid August, including all civilians murdered in Galala and 15 killed in Batu Merah on 10 August, however the deployment of one
2215:
20,000 residents. Ambon airport was closed and a curfew applied in the town for the week after. The weapons used in this early period of rioting were mainly machetes, flaming arrows, spears, and other traditional weapons, and arson was as widespread as it would be throughout the conflict.
2626:
dispute happened days after a peace deal was agreed upon by local leaders of the two faiths, and it was therefore clear that the resentment and violence could not be contained by the formalities of an authority distrusted on both sides after the role of security forces in so many deaths.
2149:
area of Jakarta on 22 November 1998, which saw up to 14 killed and numerous church burnings following rumors that Christian Ambonese guards of a significant gambling house had destroyed a Mosque. Most of the 180 arrested in the immediate aftermath of the violence were of Ambonese origin.
2498:
differ as to how many died on either side and the total number of dead from the shooting and confrontation may have been around 30, including 4 elderly residents who attempted to flee to the forest to escape the complete destruction of Kariu and the town's main church by the Muslim mob.
2919:
business district, and physically stood between the mobs and possible victims in some cases and were later commended for preventing a potential massacre. At least 4 people died, however, and the Indonesian Navy later evacuated the several thousand Christian residents of both islands to
2289:-owned stalls of the Pelita, Gambus and Mardika markets while a large settlement of Butonese people around the Gambus market was also looted and destroyed. An Islamic elementary school and kindergarten were also burned, and there was selective burning of Muslim-owned property, such as
2333:
The number of armed Posso residents steadily grew to over 100 as the defenders repelled several advances and, eventually, an agreement was negotiated whereby the Hitu Muslims were to return to Hitu in army trucks. Most, however, returned on foot and are known to have murdered a local
2248:. All witnesses describe that by this time violent parties were identifying themselves with either red scarfs or headbands, to signify Christians, or white cloths on their wrists to signify Muslims as they had been instructed by the head of an information post at the al-Fatah mosque.
2801:
clashing mobs in Masohi, a port town on Ceram Island, where several hundred houses were also destroyed by arson. A significant number of units were transferred from Ambon the weeks prior to contain the violence, but were largely ineffective in preventing further attacks on property.
2591:
The undermanned security forces of the Keis faced logistical difficulties caring for the estimated 13,000 residents that sought refuge at military offices, and another 200 soldiers were deployed from Ambon. The tripling of troop numbers is cited as helping bring the conflict on the
1905:
from the mid-1980s onwards was held by civil servants, observed P. M. Laksono, and their salaries and monetary provisions from Jakarta contributed the overwhelming majority of wealth entering the Maluku region, as local agricultural and marine production was largely subsistence and
2885:
nature of the two battles and took liberties to avoid desecrating any mosques or schools; only 3 people were killed in the fighting, however there was massive destruction to Makianese property and anywhere up to 16,000 Makianese, almost all of those in the subdistrict, fled to
1729:
communities in January 1999, cascading into what could be described as all-out warfare and atrocities against the civilian population committed by both sides. The main belligerents were therefore religious militia from both faiths, including the well-organised Islamist
2256:
On the night of 19 January, witnesses report that large, and allegedly well organised, groups of Christian rioters entered Kampung Paradeys in several waves, smashing and looting from Muslim homes on the orders of an unknown leader. The targets of the attackers were
1870:
for district positions of authority, which held both prestige and economic advantages, cast doubt on the number of voters each group could claim to command and it was within the best interests of all significant groups to mobilize support for their respective cause.
2040:
of Muslims in Maluku district affairs, with two successive Muslim governors selected in 1992 and 1997 who began to fill vacancies in the civil service with Muslim appointees, and has been cited as creating anxiety within the Christian community about a potential
3067:
alleged to have been perpetrated on the islands of Kesui and Teor, and many of the victims suffered complications from the wounds, requiring later emergency treatment. Accounts describe that several militia fighters were also subjected to brutal, non-religious
3003:
February-March 2000: The Pasukan Jihad and the Christians engaged in frequent skirmishes in Galela and Jailolo sub-districts. The Pasukan Jihad received reinforcements from Ternate and Tidore, while the Christians relied on local militias and some military
2748:
The December confrontations saw the first specific targeting of security forces personnel, claiming the lives of at least 3 members. Sustained sniper fire was recorded originating from buildings nearby the demarcation line separating the two communities in
2737:
claimed at least 68 lives and caused the destruction of the symbolic Silo Church in Ambon City on 26 December. Unverified Christian sources state the Silo Church was attacked during a night prayer session by Muslim militants and the security forces were
2571:
and Christian sources reported several instances of alleged kidnapping, the massacre of a priest and children and the deaths of 37 Christians; the Muslim death toll was expected to be much higher with at least 24 killed in the Muslim coastal suburbs of
2811:, claiming at least 43 lives on 23 December alone. A total of 165 are believed to have been killed over several weeks, including 117 Christians, and around 250 houses were destroyed by arson during island-wide fighting started by a scuffle outside a
2414:
At least 13 were also killed at the Christian village of Waai, Ambon Island, on 23 January after an attack by Muslim residents from Tulehu in a raid that mirrored traditional Ambonese inter-communal fighting. The Muslims are alleged to have declared
1994:
Ambon and surrounding islands had a roughly equal number of Christian and Muslim citizens in the years prior to the crisis. However, in the three-decade period after 1969 some 98,000 people were resettled in Maluku as part of the official government
2914:
of Ternate, mostly composed of local Ternate Muslims, were particularly effective at protecting the local Christian population from attack. The Sultan's guard had both established secure perimeters around areas of the city, including the mostly
2277:
around 10:00 (UTC+9) on 20 January, igniting fires that are claimed to have caused the destruction by arson of 120 houses. This destruction heralded the first large-scale displacement of people, as 240 households took refuge in other Muslim
2176:
theory remains popular as an explanation for the start of the crisis, of the 100 or so people arrested for crimes committed during the Ambon unrest, only two have been charged for incitement and neither is believed to be an external agent.
2400:
Accusations of police collusion with Muslim fighters were common, and five Muslim residents hiding in a military transport vehicle the day before had been killed after they were allegedly found to be concealing weapons. Media publication,
2313:. The irate Muslims of Hitu were to march to Ambon in protest, passing several Christian villages in the hinterland region. In assaults that claimed around 20 lives many villages were partially or wholly destroyed by the 3,000 strong mob.
2960:. The targeting of churches for destruction and rumors that a number of children were killed by the Makianese fighters, along with descriptions of the security forces' inability to protect local Christians in Tidore and Ternate, prompted
2356:
Despite the efforts by residents of both faiths to prevent an assault, the following day Hila village proper was allegedly attacked by a Wakal mob, who murdered one person and looted and torched numerous, mostly Christian, houses. The
5781:
2439:
but also causing transport limitations and food shortages. Large numbers of displaced people had taken refuge at military installations and there were even reports of Muslims praying at an Ambon mosque guarded by Christians.
2329:
their property, but soon fled after the death of one defender. A teenage boy and a military veteran were killed and least 40 Christian owned houses, two churches and a health service post were burned in the other villages.
1911:
youth unemployment in Ambon was unusually high; in Benteng on Ambon 73.2% of the population was listed as not yet employed in 1994, and it was these disaffected youth that mostly composed the foot-soldiers of the conflict.
2501:
The failure of the military to prevent the destruction of Kariu and the arrest of four Christian police officers falsely accused of firing into the crowd of Muslim aggressors, furthered the belief that the military were
2272:
In Waringin, Christian rioters are alleged to have attacked the property of Muslim locals multiple times during the night, injuring 6, and some Christians identified as from the Nusaniwe subdistrict attacked again with
2325:, before attacking the sheltering families of the 40 who sought to defend the village. The village was entirely destroyed and 16 died in the massacre, all from Benteng Karang, including one pregnant mother and child.
2056:
in particular, and the rumors and crimes the internally displaced people described to local residents are cited as a factor in the increased sectarian tension and initial violence in North Maluku during August 1999.
2116:
and Protestant ethno-political groups, while the Makianese were supported by Muslim candidates, in their respective attempts to assume governorship of the newly established North Maluku province. During 1999, the
2996:
8 January 2000: The Pasukan Jihad left Tidore for Sidangoli, a coastal town in North Halmahera. They were met by resistance from the Kao people, a Christian ethnic group, who had mobilized in the village of Dum
2082:
by the Jailolo and Kao ethno-linguistic groups, and claims to the land became more forceful with the discovery of gold deposits in the 1990s and the announcement of an Australian owned mine to open in mid-1999.
4736:
Workers of Open Doors, a Christian organisation, claim to have interviewed a friend of Roy Pontoh who described the murder of the boy. This account has been reprinted in Cox's 2006 book and on Christian blogs,
2977:
26 December 1999: A clash between Christian and Muslim groups in Gosoma, Tobelo, triggered a wave of violence in the area. Muslims fled from Tobelo to Soasio, while Christians took refuge in the GMIH church.
2239:
At 20:00 (UTC+9) in the evening, around 30 Christians fought back a crowd of Muslims attempting to enter the Silo church, while others were observed gathering to destroy kiosks and pedicabs owned by Muslim
2077:
who had moved there from the neighbouring island during the 1970s, following fears of a volcanic eruption. Some of the migrant Makianese had been shifted to live and cultivate on or near land traditionally
2897:
A large number of displaced Makianese had also fled to Tidore, an island with a significant Muslim majority. In the following weeks a fake letter detailing plans for the forced removal of Makianese from
2863:
had been largely peaceful until 18 August 1999, inauguration of the new Malifut sub-district provoked the destruction of two Pagu mixed-faith villages on the same day. Several people were killed as
2459:
Two more incidents of security force intervention with live ammunition occurred on 6 and 10 February respectively. In the first instance police opened fire on a crowd of Christian youths manning a
1783:
estimated that 700,000 people had been displaced by the four years of fighting in the Moluccas which is thought to have claimed a minimum of 5,000 lives. This constituted the largest movement of
2029:
owners had rapidly increased their share of merchant and retail trade in Ambon to the extent that markets were specifically targeted by Christian gangs during the earlier stages of fighting in
2843:
at a stadium in Ambon City that claimed the lives of 4 young women on 4 September 2002, and the detonation of a bomb that had been thrown into a crowd gathered outside an Ambon City hotel and
5792:
1725:
exacerbated existing district political disputes further and, as the political dispute had been characterized along religious lines, inter-communal fighting broke out between Christian and
2232:
later in the afternoon and the first church was torched also. Throughout this initial confrontation it was widely observed that the violence was directed by people from outside the area.
2369:
In the first recorded confrontation of security forces and the rioting public several, reportedly Christian, rioters were shot and at least one killed following the stabbing murder of a
7958:
1963:, whereby villages, often of differing religious persuasion, were 'bound by blood' to assist one another and marriages between the members of the villages were forbidden, as they were
1914:
The violence cannot, however, be entirely attributed to political or religious institutions; during a communal dispute before the outbreak of widespread violence, among others, at the
2839:
Following the Malino agreement, bombing attacks with more powerful explosives became more common in Maluku province. Two of the more significant attacks included the detonation of an
2443:
property and houses owned by those of the opposing faith. In these early stages of fighting one person is reported to have been killed by security forces and several bombs detonated.
5462:
1898:
over the location of the soon-to-be capital cast into doubt the viability of numerous existing power-structures and those employed by the groups that formed these structures.
6102:
6533:
6365:
6724:
2518:
Two large clashes during the night claimed the lives of around 10 fighters, with several deaths attributed to the actions of security forces. In the first case Christian
7194:
1952:, that were common to both indigenous Moluccan religious communities but were of little concern to newer migrants who had no interest in a traditional alliance system.
6795:
4715:
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1347:
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against specific suburbs in Ambon City, mostly by individual troops acting in a partisan manner. Some of the sniper fire has been attributed to Christian
6736:
6266:
1817:
4240:
2658:
Fighting in Galala had been particularly fierce, claiming another 14 lives in addition to those massacred, however the majority of fighting had been in
3016:
June 2000: Pasukan Jihad captured Duma, but failed to regain Toboleo or Malifut. The government declared a state of emergency which ended the fighting.
2560:, but the use of red and white to signify allegiance and wholesale destruction by fire of 30 or so mainly Muslim villages mirrored the riots in Ambon.
2297:
and placed in a sack, and other bodies were found during the following days in the ashes of destroyed buildings, trapped by the rapidly moving flames.
206:
3683:
2940:
In the days following the Ternate riots, Muslim provocateurs are alleged to have directed attacks against Christian civilians in the sub-districts of
2522:
were alleged to have provoked Muslim residents of Sirisori to retaliate, claiming 9 lives. The second clash was between two Saparua villages of rival
1946:
Demographic change has also been cited as a factor in creating tension. Particular issues related to the disturbance of the customary land rights, or
2199:
1327:
475:
359:
263:
3007:
5 March 2000: The Pasukan Jihad attacked the villages of Makete and Soatobaru, but was repelled by the Duma militia, a Christian group from Galela.
2378:
239:
2563:
Fierce reprisal attacks were perpetrated by Muslim mobs against the Protestant town of Elaar Lamagorang on 3 April, claiming at least 36 lives in
1776:
or command posts in light of the Police inaction, however, these rapidly evolved into mobilization points for local gangs to launch attacks from.
7973:
3583:
Spyer, Patricia (October 2002). "Fire without Smoke and Other Phantoms of Ambon's Violence: Media Effects, Agency, and the Work of Imagination".
2526:
and it is disputed as to whether 3 were killed by security forces or the traditional weapons of the civilian fighters, though it was recorded by
2293:, along Ambon's main streets. At least one Butonese school-girl was among several reported killed during the rioting at Gunung Nona, struck by a
2157:
and it has been asserted that some were loyal to the leaders of criminal gangs, however, it cannot be independently confirmed whether these were
1307:
2309:
had been desecrated and demolished, and many worshipers massacred; hearsay for which a candidate for village head in Hitu was later arrested on
7122:
6598:
6577:
6477:
2548:, south east of Ambon, that claimed up to 80 lives during the first weeks of April, with particularly fierce fighting happening in the capital
1665:
2964:
residents to construct homemade weapons to defend themselves. Distrust by Christians was mostly directed at Makianese and Ternate migrants in
7968:
5950:
3301:
2065:
In North Maluku the population was 85% Muslim prior to the start of conflict. There had been a steady exodus of Makianese from the island of
4612:
6639:
1396:
2685:
estimated 1,349 had died in communal fighting and that tens of thousands had been displaced to ad hoc refugee centres or other provinces.
2345:
Some 120 people, which some sources describe as mostly children and teens, had been taking part in a 3-day Bible camp on the grounds of a
7708:
7179:
2945:
2532:
newspaper that a few automatic weapons were recovered from fighters and one mosque destroyed. Another confrontation over the damaging of
7691:
5638:
3739:
7664:
5698:
2921:
2544:
Another altercation between youths concerning an 'insult to Islam' on 27 March is alleged to have started wide scale violence on the
1971:
1705:
The principal causes of the conflict are attributed to general political and economic instability in Indonesia following the fall of
5755:
5470:
7652:
6110:
2941:
2456:
Muslims had in fact been killed by security forces in surrounding neighborhoods and brought to the mosque, draped in white sheets.
1874:
In the soon to be established North Maluku province competition for the newly created administrative positions was largely between
5899:
1779:
The conflict had a significant effect upon the 2.1 million people of greater Maluku. Leading up to the Malino agreement, the
7963:
7561:
6373:
5548:
2952:. There were Christian casualties in Lola village, including the death of a pastor. Several thousand residents were displaced to
2828:
and the murder of entire families who resisted conversion caused the almost complete displacement of the Christian population of
5817:
5574:
5522:
5381:
5314:
4368:
4329:
4270:
2101:
acquired a religious edge as the migrant Makianese were mostly Muslim while the 'indigenous' Jailolo and Kao were predominantly
7923:
7132:
5872:
5135:
5092:
3930:
7897:
6608:
6587:
6566:
6522:
6457:
6431:
6323:
5924:
1441:
3331:
2168:
indicated that the individual personally responsible for the Ambon unrest was Yorrys Raweyai, the leader of mercenary group
2086:
Resentment of the increasing influence of Makianese was not restricted to the Christian minorities, with mistrust aired in
7252:
7127:
4994:
3010:
25 May 2000: The Pasukan Jihad attacked Mamua, a Christian village near Tobelo, but was again repelled by the Duma militia.
2741:
with the attackers; 39 Christians defending the building suffered bullet wounds, mostly from military weapons, and a local
1821:
1582:
6442:
2655:, killing around 25 unarmed civilians, including a priest and children, and the bodies were later burned by a Muslim mob.
2349:
research station near Hila, when six were killed in an apparent attack by people from the nearby Muslim village of Wakal.
1918:
villages of Wakal and Hative Besar, their representatives acted to mitigate conflict but were widely ignored in that case.
7843:
7112:
4861:
2224:
some 600 people, of Muslim residents gathered and marched upon the Christian areas of Batu Merah at approximately 16:00 (
1859:
Gerry van Klinken, this network allowed small disagreements on the street level to spread across much of Maluku society.
1542:
5988:
3000:
22 January 2000: The Pasukan Jihad and the Kao clashed in the Tabobo area, west of Malifut. The Pasukan Jihad prevailed.
1658:
1604:
6512:
5843:
7020:
6763:
6545:
4686:
1562:
5500:
7510:
6632:
5411:
5283:
4939:
4248:
2902:
with alleged input from the local Protestant institutions was distributed in the Muslim communities of Ternate and
2528:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1552:
291:
5202:
2580:
residents are estimated to have died in three months of fighting and the damage and destruction of at least 4,000
7247:
2447:
the day of fighting, mostly Butonese migrants, and several deaths were caused by the actions of security forces.
6055:
Bubandt, Nils (August 2009). "From the enemy's point of view: Violence, Empathy, and the Ethnography of Fakes".
2109:
to the Kao lands (even though the indigenous Christian population had been cooperative with the new residents).
2021:, estimated 225,000 migrants from South Sulawesi had settled in the Maluku Islands with 30,000 living in Ambon.
7838:
7485:
2761:
to suppress the sniper fire. Further sniper fire targeting ships ferrying displaced people across Ambon Bay to
1614:
1406:
654:
226:
7892:
7887:
7137:
6729:
4676:
2305:
Muslim residents of Hitu, Wakal and Mamala were told a rumor early on 20 January that the al-Fatah mosque in
1651:
1619:
1609:
1592:
1557:
1481:
1451:
1386:
1216:
919:
742:
626:
37:
2725:, signed by senior leaders of all faiths, however no Moluccan religious leaders signed or were party to the
7823:
7593:
7352:
6932:
3695:
1760:
in some cases. In one instance in April 1999 all Christian residents were expelled from the Banda Islands.
1235:
928:
6237:
7818:
6800:
6625:
2840:
2585:
2403:
1714:
1461:
20:
6395:
4073:
3884:
2381:, though the order of events is disputed. Eleven youths, all Christian, were later charged with murder.
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7211:
3382:"Muslims being massacred in North Halmahera: a post-christmas tragedy at the start of the 21st century"
3101:"Saling bunuh, saling bakar sampai... 'sayang kamu semua': Mantan tentara anak Islam dan Kristen Ambon"
2094:
following their attainment of important regional positions outside the traditional Makianese homeland.
1808:
Decentralisation stimulated a renewed effort in 1998 for the northern islands of Maluku to secede from
1780:
1416:
302:
7610:
6556:
7918:
7874:
7605:
7323:
7075:
4758:
4207:
3381:
3182:
Duncan, Christopher R. (October 2005). "The Other Maluku: Chronologies of Conflict in North Maluku".
3060:
2774:
2317:
shortly before the arrival of the marchers. The marchers allegedly bombed the Catholic Church with a
2145:
report concerning Ambon hostilities cites a major communal confrontation of Ambonese migrants in the
1567:
2269:
migrants, however, the mob was indiscriminate in the burning of Muslim houses in the neighbourhood.
7598:
7400:
7282:
7272:
7262:
7216:
7142:
6962:
6205:
4468:
2037:
1996:
1547:
968:
251:
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3309:
2172:
that had been known to act as hired "muscle" for the Suharto administration activities. While the
7953:
7357:
7303:
7152:
7117:
7107:
6980:
6662:
6478:"Understanding the Maluku Wars: Overview of Sources of Communal Conflict and Prospects for Peace"
4616:
2408:
2346:
2334:
2206:, that killed up to 12 people, however, the broad scale violence of the Maluku conflict began on
2118:
1768:
1735:
714:
280:
182:
7534:
7450:
7308:
7267:
7157:
7045:
6897:
6859:
6667:
2788:
on 29 December 1999, allowing for the army to conduct broader searches and apprehend suspects.
2693:
During the final quarter of 1999 there had been several large confrontations in the suburbs of
2074:
96:
5020:
7864:
7480:
7206:
7147:
6922:
2153:
In the several months prior to the start of hostilities a few hundred Ambonese returned from
1863:
1471:
1198:
663:
463:
429:
3963:"Pela Alliances in the Central Moluccas and in the Netherlands: A Brief Guide for Beginners"
2393:
describe a gathering of 200 people marching on the Police headquarters in Ambon in protest.
7415:
7405:
7189:
6917:
6902:
6741:
4646:
3962:
3747:
1792:
1499:
1262:
1225:
1178:
1108:
1078:
1048:
1018:
635:
3013:
29 May 2000: The Pasukan Jihad launched a final assault on Duma, but failed to capture it.
8:
7669:
7455:
7410:
7005:
3081:
3064:
2916:
2825:
2785:
2636:
2460:
2203:
1856:
1317:
1282:
1148:
1068:
938:
1717:. The forthcoming division of the existing province of Maluku into the new provinces of
7869:
7460:
7380:
7162:
6942:
6874:
6778:
6648:
3610:
3452:
3191:
2664:
2489:
attacked another Muslim village, prompting the police to open fire and kill one youth.
2480:
Violence had been restrained on surrounding islands despite the fiery deaths of two in
2142:
2004:
1907:
1879:
1522:
1507:
1168:
1138:
1058:
978:
811:
145:
6291:
2121:
agreed with Makian lobbyists to create a new Muslim majority Malifut sub-district, or
1855:
from crime and other practical benefits for its members and, it has been suggested by
1787:
since the federation of the Indonesian state and the majority of the 1.4 million
646:
7796:
7445:
7395:
7390:
7226:
7070:
7025:
6907:
6864:
6832:
6768:
6604:
6583:
6562:
6541:
6518:
6492:
6453:
6427:
6068:
5725:"Eyewitness Report of Atrocities in Ambon: Thousands Fleeing to Mountains for Safety"
5600:
5436:
5352:
5245:
5063:
4965:
4914:
4835:
4682:
4431:
4402:
4303:
3052:
2821:
2781:
2770:
2762:
2639:
2358:
2165:
2158:
1878:
the sultan of Ternate, Mudaffar Sjah, who relied upon the support of the influential
1852:
1764:
1718:
1357:
1337:
1118:
1008:
998:
958:
693:
556:
6030:
2777:
personnel, angered by the destruction of the Silo church, attacking Muslim targets.
2282:, contributing to the estimated 3,000 that fled in the initial 3 days of fighting.
1682:
was a period of ethno-political conflict along religious lines that occurred in the
7528:
7313:
7231:
7201:
7060:
6990:
6064:
4887:
4539:
3600:
3592:
3442:
3434:
3100:
2726:
2717:
that December and replaced with others that were believed to be not as potentially
2463:
by Silo church, killing one. The plain-clothes police officers had refused to show
2318:
2274:
1983:
1788:
1699:
1695:
1641:
1517:
1272:
1098:
1088:
781:
494:
194:
118:
6331:
2765:
was also reported, while other witnesses described security forces both launching
7833:
7828:
7813:
7566:
7440:
7375:
7184:
7035:
6879:
6788:
6469:
Violence and Vengeance: Religious Conflict and Its Aftermath in Eastern Indonesia
6421:
5724:
4805:
2816:
2766:
2758:
2618:
On 16 May a gathering of locals from both faiths to celebrate the Moluccan hero,
2573:
2549:
2507:
2370:
2285:
During the early morning of 20 January, Christian mobs burned the overwhelmingly
2266:
2245:
2169:
2106:
2048:
During the early stages of the conflict the large-scale internal displacement of
1921:
1890:, Bahar Andili. The redrawing of administrative districts and contention between
1512:
1253:
1128:
1028:
988:
821:
311:
92:
3075:
A specific incident of mass mutilation was recorded as taking place in the east
2576:
and significant attacks against Muslim villages in Kei Kecil. Approximately 200
7631:
7385:
7370:
7055:
7050:
7030:
7000:
6985:
6869:
6842:
6748:
2929:
2864:
2714:
2672:
2290:
2008:
1844:
1809:
1683:
1188:
1158:
1038:
861:
791:
397:
72:
3425:
van Klinken, Gerry (April 2001). "The Maluku Wars: Bringing Society Back In".
19:"Maluku riots" redirects here. For the preceding nationwide civil unrest, see
7912:
7859:
7676:
7625:
7257:
7221:
6947:
6837:
6496:
6450:
Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and reconciliation in Indonesian peacebuilding
5161:
4580:"Serie 1 : Tragedi Penyerangan dan Pembantaian di Ambon (in Indonesian)"
4579:
3069:
2873:
2754:
2659:
2481:
2464:
2306:
1875:
1836:
1825:
1813:
841:
451:
337:
170:
3740:"We are all one: how custom overcame religious rivalry in South East Maluku"
2190:
7770:
7765:
7318:
7167:
7015:
6995:
6937:
6912:
6822:
6817:
6758:
6753:
3076:
3056:
2860:
2807:
saw a period of extreme violence between rival groups around Christmas and
2797:
2702:
2485:
2042:
1956:
1915:
1902:
1829:
1748:
1731:
1722:
1687:
831:
761:
724:
158:
76:
51:
6534:"Adat law, conflict and reconciliation: the Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku"
3527:
3059:, allegedly by Muslim agitants. The majority of the 3,928 reported forced
2602:
custom. The violence on the Kei islands was later attributed, in part, to
2506:
towards the Muslim militias. The island was subsequently blockaded by the
2129:
coincided with 18 August formal inauguration of the Malifut sub-district.
7775:
7696:
7277:
7065:
6952:
6927:
6852:
6847:
6812:
2844:
2804:
2742:
2593:
2564:
2545:
2300:
2098:
2012:
1816:. The movement was crucially backed by then governor of Maluku province,
948:
871:
673:
6702:
1970:
These local customs that maintained respect had also been undermined by
1694:. The duration of the conflict is generally dated from the start of the
7713:
7642:
7470:
7362:
7102:
7040:
6957:
6827:
6807:
6783:
3614:
3456:
3332:"Mengenang Tragedi Pembantaian Umat Islam Maluku (Idul Fitri Berdarah)"
3195:
3063:
cases in Maluku occurred in the years 2000 and 2001, with several mass
2750:
2694:
2643:
2577:
2469:
2310:
2211:
2207:
2112:
In 1999 the Kao and Jailolo claims received backing from the Sultan of
2102:
2030:
1939:
1686:
in Indonesia, with particularly serious disturbances on the islands of
891:
45:
6672:
3605:
3447:
2484:
riots on the same day as the Ambon rioting. A clash did take place on
1942:
in 2001. Apartments fortified with sandbags can be seen in foreground.
110:
Territorial acquisition, riots, pogroms, bombings, protests, expulsion
7790:
7727:
7721:
7657:
7556:
7422:
6773:
6617:
4859:
3048:
2961:
2957:
2899:
2738:
2710:
2698:
2668:
2619:
2568:
2553:
2421:
against the rival Christian village after the displacement of Muslim
2407:, suggested the murders were motivated by revenge for the death of a
2126:
2073:. Dozens of villages had been established and populated by Makianese
2070:
1887:
1763:
Despite firing some 80% of all ammunition spent in the fighting, the
1691:
901:
851:
801:
704:
80:
3596:
3438:
2709:
that only the security forces had access to and, in response, three
2364:
2198:
On 14 January 1999, there had been a riot between rival villages in
2015:
also settled in Maluku and in February 1999 the national newspaper,
7754:
7732:
7703:
7647:
7172:
6579:
Communal violence and democratization in Indonesia: small town wars
2833:
2730:
2706:
2557:
2389:
2146:
2049:
1867:
1848:
1784:
683:
307:
100:
4862:"Setelah Subuh Berdarah Menyalakan Kemarahan Umat (in Indonesian)"
2596:
to an early end, alongside the actions of elders to promote local
2384:
Allegedly the soldiers had been intervening in a confrontation of
2361:
18th century Immanuel Church in Hila was also destroyed by arson.
7637:
7620:
7583:
7578:
7544:
6685:
6680:
6517:. Cornell South East Asia Program Publications. pp. 29โ231.
4860:
Taufik, Ahmad; Dewi R. Cahyani; Nurur R. Bintari (9 March 1999).
3036:
2886:
2812:
2808:
2697:, the largest claiming 38 lives on 26 November, again around the
2681:
2652:
2435:
2374:
2294:
2279:
2229:
2154:
2113:
2105:, however, there had also been a steady transmigration of Muslim
2087:
2053:
1895:
1840:
1706:
771:
568:
1934:
7737:
7686:
7681:
7615:
7588:
7573:
7549:
7539:
7298:
6690:
6238:"'My Job Is to Throw Bombs and Burn Houses,' Moluccan Boy Says"
2965:
2953:
2949:
2925:
2911:
2903:
2868:
2723:
Declaration of Refraining from Violence and Ending the Conflict
2603:
2581:
2533:
2519:
2225:
2091:
2066:
2017:
1964:
1891:
1883:
1757:
1753:
1726:
1710:
881:
5951:"Death toll from explosion in Indonesia's Ambon rises to four"
2429:
2251:
2210:, an Islamic holiday that was on 19 January 1999. Fighting in
1974:, which was popular in Ternate during the 1980s, and the 1981
7785:
7520:
7515:
7010:
3587:. Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University.
3429:. Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University.
3186:. Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University.
3084:
is not traditionally practised in Maluku or wider Indonesia.
2523:
2422:
2417:
2385:
2322:
2286:
2262:
2258:
2241:
2026:
2022:
2000:
1979:
1975:
751:
2745:
that had arrived to save the structure was fired upon also.
2721:. On 7 December, the governor of Maluku announced aloud the
1866:
structure and decentralisation allowed open and competitive
1747:
civilian populations of the islands. This also included the
7780:
7760:
7505:
2829:
2718:
2598:
2567:. Soldiers recovered 20 bodies from burnt out buildings in
2503:
2475:
2377:
Strategic Reserve Command in the coastal neighbourhoods of
2079:
1948:
7959:
Attacks on religious buildings and structures in Indonesia
3931:"Indonesia: International Action Needed on Ambon Violence"
2180:
5844:"Troops Kill 17 in Indonesia As Christians Fight Muslims"
5791:. International Crisis Group. 17 May 2004. Archived from
2753:
and buildings in the commercial district were shelled by
2642:, which had largely been spared up until that point, was
2536:
happened in Sirisori in July that year, also, killing 6.
2472:
were caused by the police firing into the unruly crowds.
7476:
Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism
6452:. The Australian National University. pp. 147โ243.
6342:– via Circumcision Information and Research Pages.
1824:
and student activists, in February 1999, then president
6600:
Ethno-religious violence in Indonesia: from soil to God
4782:
4780:
4718:. Compass Direct via The Network for Strategic Missions
2971:
2892:
2850:
2340:
1752:
Muslims, precisely on Eid al-Fitr, January 19, 1999 in
6558:
Riots, pogroms, jihad: religious violence in Indonesia
5463:"Death toll increases to 98 in renewed Ambon violence"
2492:
2301:
20 January attack on Benteng Karang and other villages
4540:"Chronologies of Recent Unrest in Ambon (in English)"
2791:
2513:
6031:"Scenes of religious conflict in northern Halmahera"
5315:"Probe into Ambon church massacre by men in uniform"
4777:
4674:
1986:
aided the segregation of the religious communities.
6366:"Second round of troop withdrawal begins in Maluku"
5873:"Carnage on Buru Island as mobs ignore police plea"
5166:
Sala Foundation Waku Maluku report on Ambon, Maluku
5025:
Sala Foundation Waku Maluku report on Ambon, Maluku
4892:
Sala Foundation Waku Maluku report on Ambon, Maluku
4810:
Sala Foundation Waku Maluku report on Ambon, Maluku
4651:
Sala Foundation Waku Maluku report on Ambon, Maluku
4584:
Sala Foundation Waku Maluku report on Ambon, Maluku
4544:
Sala Foundation Waku Maluku report on Ambon, Maluku
3268:
3266:
3120:
3118:
2218:
1820:, and following lobbying by prominent North Maluku
6103:"Tension prevails in Ternate after weekend unrest"
4833:
2847:, which killed 4 and wounded 58, on 3 April 2002.
2036:The shift contributed to greater bureaucratic and
50:Indonesian military forces evacuate refugees from
6514:Conflict, violence, and displacement in indonesia
6317:
6315:
6313:
6267:"Indonesian Christians forced into Islamic faith"
5925:"Leaflet drop to coax refugees out of the jungle"
5639:"55 Are Killed in Religious Clashes in Indonesia"
2701:of Mardika. Most of the casualties the result of
2365:23 January murder of a Kostrad soldier in Benteng
1803:
7910:
6160:
6158:
5900:"Over 160 killed as violence hits Spice Islands"
5782:"Indonesia: Violence erupts once again in Ambon"
5168:. Fellowship of Indonesian Christians in America
5093:"Extra troops flown to riot-torn Maluku Islands"
5027:. Fellowship of Indonesian Christians in America
4894:. Fellowship of Indonesian Christians in America
4812:. Fellowship of Indonesian Christians in America
4653:. Fellowship of Indonesian Christians in America
4586:. Fellowship of Indonesian Christians in America
4546:. Fellowship of Indonesian Christians in America
4247:(in Indonesian). 26 January 1999. Archived from
3283:
3281:
3263:
3115:
2060:
6440:
6398:. International Christian Concern. 9 March 2001
6352:
6191:
6176:
6134:
6086:
6016:
5625:
5575:"One dead, 26 injured as new clashes hit Ambon"
5339:
5270:
5227:
5122:
4175:
3472:
2935:
2045:of Maluku, contributing to sectarian tensions.
7123:Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals
6310:
5674:. International Crisis Group. 19 December 2000
5593:
4330:"24 Dead; Indonesia Muslims, Christians clash"
3236:
3234:
3232:
2836:and an unknown number of Protestant churches.
2679:and September 1999, humanitarian organisation
2675:allowed for some calm to return by 16 August.
2510:to prevent movement of possible provocateurs.
2138:other prior to the start of conflict in 1999.
1959:had been particularly adherent to a theory of
6633:
6358:
6187:
6185:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6130:
6128:
6097:
6095:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6006:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5662:
5660:
5376:
5374:
5185:
5183:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5021:"Saparua Rusuh, Ambon Tegang (in Indonesian)"
4995:"Haruku Rusuh, Saparua Remuk (in Indonesian)"
4080:. INDONESIA THE VIOLENCE IN AMBON. March 1999
3528:"The political economy of violence in Maluku"
3278:
2879:
2832:by mid-2000, following the destruction of 17
2713:of military forces were to be withdrawn from
1982:that banned Christians from participation in
1659:
6423:Nationalism and ethnic conflict in Indonesia
6292:"Maluku refugees allege forced circumcision"
6260:
6258:
5891:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5284:"Violence in Indonesian provinces escalates"
5221:
5118:
5116:
5114:
4834:Jones, Simon; Jonathan Head (1 March 1999).
4739:a photo purported to be of Roy exists online
4171:
4169:
4167:
3468:
3466:
3420:
3418:
2796:Up to 42 people were killed on neighbouring
7929:Religiously motivated violence in Indonesia
6575:
6231:
6229:
6227:
5867:
5865:
5774:
5087:
5085:
4786:
4158:
4030:
4001:
3768:
3681:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3229:
2539:
2430:Respite and resumption of fighting in Ambon
2426:tourist infrastructure was also destroyed.
2252:Commencement of civil disobedience in Ambon
2161:or workers returning to avoid retaliation.
75:(with particularly serious disturbances in
6640:
6626:
6388:
6182:
6140:
6125:
6092:
6075:
6003:
5743:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5657:
5601:"Indonesia withdraws troops from Moluccas"
5371:
5180:
5039:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
3925:
3923:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3525:
3051:, both female and male, were subjected to
3031:and religion. Referred colloquially to as
2948:, both home to significant populations of
2033:as a way of harming the Muslim community.
1666:
1652:
44:
6582:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 88โ124.
6255:
6022:
5836:
5699:"Death toll in sect clashes rises to 600"
5429:
5333:
5302:
5264:
5111:
4989:
4987:
4932:
4675:Cox, Caroline; Catherine Butcher (2006).
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4164:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3604:
3463:
3446:
3293:
3219:
3217:
3020:
2855:
1769:Armed forces of the Republic of Indonesia
1715:a wider economic crisis in Southeast Asia
6419:
6324:"Terror attacks in the name of religion"
6264:
6224:
5862:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5082:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4461:
4154:
4152:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4097:
4095:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3395:
3272:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3208:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3124:
2629:
2476:Start of violence on surrounding islands
2189:
1933:
1920:
6531:
6321:
6235:
6054:
5981:"Three suspects named in Ambon bombing"
5686:
5668:"Indonesia: Chaos and murder in Maluku"
5410:Parry, Richard Lloyd (13 August 1999).
5405:
5403:
5276:
5189:
5050:
4829:
4827:
4806:"The Battle of Waai and the Ambon Demo"
4799:
4797:
4795:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4678:Cox's book of modern saints and martyrs
4598:
4425:
4423:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4373:Associated Press via Lodi News-Sentinel
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4026:
4024:
4022:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3563:
3526:Aditjondro, George J. (15 March 2000).
3374:
3299:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
2993:the Christian areas in North Halmahera.
2450:
2181:Timeline of conflict in Southern Maluku
2069:to Ternate and the northern regions of
7974:Persecution of Christians in Indonesia
7911:
7133:Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council
6647:
6596:
6540:. Federation Press. pp. 115โ146.
6510:
6466:
6441:Braithwaite, John; Dunn, Leah (2010).
6206:"Child Soldiers: The New Faces of War"
6164:
6149:
5897:
4984:
4853:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4670:
4668:
4493:
4432:"Religious riots on Indonesian island"
4369:"24 Dead as Muslims, Christians Clash"
4226:
4187:
4101:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4049:
4013:
3997:
3995:
3986:
3914:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3720:
3708:
3658:
3646:
3633:
3627:
3557:
3484:
3368:
3287:
3223:
3214:
3181:
146:Muslim society and Islamists in Maluku
6621:
6554:
6236:Paddock, Richard C. (14 March 2001).
6048:
5409:
5345:
5233:
4759:"Indonesian police to shoot on sight"
4631:
4577:
4558:
4537:
4522:
4499:
4455:
4149:
4126:
4092:
3582:
3546:
3513:
3490:
3356:
3257:
3246:
3240:
3042:
2784:province was officially given to the
2613:
1736:Indonesian government military forces
7969:Persecution of Muslims by Christians
7253:Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party
7128:Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah
6475:
6322:Murdoch, Lindsay (27 January 2001).
5879:. Associated Press. 24 December 1999
5731:. The Domini Project. 7 January 2000
5400:
5056:
4958:
4912:
4906:
4888:"Ambon, March 11, 1999 (in English)"
4824:
4792:
4744:
4716:"Miracles in the Midst of Massacres"
4613:"[INDONESIA-L] Ambon Update"
4429:
4420:
4400:
4387:
4348:
4289:
4193:
4107:
4036:
4019:
3949:
3903:
3726:
3682:van Klinken, Gerry (December 1999).
3664:
3130:
2972:Post-Christmas violence in Halmahera
2893:November riots in Tidore and Ternate
2851:Timeline of conflict in North Maluku
2688:
2341:20 January attack on Hila Bible camp
2185:
1929:
1862:However, the fall of the nationwide
1698:in early 1999 to the signing of the
6035:Digital atlas of Indonesian history
5898:Dutter, Barbie (28 December 1999).
5493:"At least 15 killed in Ambon clash"
5203:"Sixty dead in Indonesian holy war"
5162:"Atrocities Happen Again in Maluku"
4885:
4702:
4665:
4430:Head, Jonathan (24 February 1999).
4401:Head, Jonathan (21 February 1999).
4271:"Death toll in rioting rises to 43"
4055:
3992:
3960:
3774:
3302:"Indonesia's Dirty Little Holy War"
3300:Elegant, Simon (17 December 2001).
2493:14 February Haruku Island shootings
2132:
1978:from the Indonesian Association of
13:
6265:Spillius, Alex (5 February 2001).
6203:
5957:. 6 September 2002. Archived from
5756:"More than 300 killed in Moluccas"
5529:. Associated Press. 16 August 1999
5382:"3 dead, 25 hurt in Ambon clashes"
4803:
4322:
4263:
3047:A significant number of Christian
2792:Violence on Seram and Buru Islands
2635:blood for transfusion. The mostly
2514:23 February Saparua Island clashes
63:14 January 1999 โ 13 February 2002
14:
7985:
7481:Operation Tinombala / Madago Raya
6764:Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi
6576:van Klinken, Geert Arend (2007).
6372:. 1 February 2001. Archived from
6212:. American Federation of Teachers
6109:. 8 November 1999. Archived from
6028:
4578:Hattu, Hengky (1 February 1999).
4074:"III. WAS THE CONFLICT PROVOKED?"
3738:Laksono, P.M. (AprilโJune 2002).
3684:"What caused the Ambon violence?"
3025:
1989:
1791:reported in February 2002 by the
6701:
6396:"The Untold Tragedies of Maluku"
6346:
6284:
6197:
6170:
6069:10.1111/j.1548-1360.2009.01040.x
5973:
5943:
5917:
5810:
5717:
5631:
5619:
5499:. 11 August 1999. Archived from
5469:. 14 August 1999. Archived from
5437:"Army blamed for Ambon massacre"
5388:. Associated Press. 28 July 1999
5209:. Associated Press. 6 April 1999
5142:. Associated Press. 4 April 1999
4913:Head, Jonathan (11 March 1999).
4334:Associated Press via Daily Union
3891:. Human Rights Watch. March 1999
2323:set fire to three other churches
2219:Initial 19 January confrontation
1635:
645:
562:
550:
534:
524:
514:
504:
487:
469:
457:
445:
435:
420:
391:
373:
353:
343:
331:
324:
306:
296:
292:Indonesian National Armed Forces
285:
274:
257:
245:
233:
220:
200:
188:
176:
164:
152:
139:
6467:Duncan, Christopher R. (2013).
6413:
6210:American Educator, Winter 05-06
5789:Asia briefing: Jakarta/Brussels
5567:
5541:
5515:
5485:
5455:
5246:"Ambon tense after riot deaths"
5195:
5154:
5128:
5013:
4879:
4730:
4487:
4449:
4181:
4007:
3980:
3889:Indonesia the Violence in Ambon
3762:
3714:
3702:
3652:
3621:
3519:
3507:
3478:
3362:
3350:
3324:
2876:decision and tension remained.
2780:Responsibility for security in
1880:Evangelical Church of Halmahera
16:Religious conflict in Indonesia
7486:December 2016 Jakarta protests
7367:Islamic Kingdoms in Indonesia
6426:. Cambridge University Press.
5987:. 5 April 2002. Archived from
5818:"Maluku clashes leave 31 dead"
5412:"Troops 'killed 24 in church'"
4966:"More die in Indonesian riots"
4714:Buchan, Alex (23 April 1999).
4644:
3202:
3093:
2755:Saladin-class armored vehicles
2337:in the village of Nania also.
1804:Political and economic factors
1348:French and British interregnum
1:
7924:Ethnic conflicts in Indonesia
7138:Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
6511:Hedman, Eva-Lotta E. (2008).
5353:"Ambon violence flares again"
2867:residents of both faiths and
2820:their villages. Incidents of
2061:North Halmahera land disputes
1908:commercial fishing operations
1798:
38:post-Suharto era in Indonesia
7898:National Heroes of Indonesia
7824:Islamic criminal law in Aceh
7353:Spread of Islam in Indonesia
7180:Muslim Students' Association
6933:Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi
6443:"3. Maluku and North Maluku"
4940:"Ambon city a battle ground"
4915:"Ten dead in Ambon violence"
2936:Tension in central Halmahera
2653:an elite special forces unit
2606:and others disregarding the
1236:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
54:during the conflict in 1999.
7:
7819:Islam Yes, Islamic Party No
6555:Sidel, John Thayer (2007).
6471:. Cornell University Press.
6353:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
6192:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
6177:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
6135:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
6087:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
6017:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
5626:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
5340:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
5271:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
5228:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
5123:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
4681:. Continuum. pp. 6โ8.
4469:"Indonesia Probes Massacre"
4241:"Getir Ambon di Idul Fitri"
4176:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
3473:Braithwaite & Dunn 2010
3338:(in Indonesian). 5 May 2020
2841:improvised explosive device
2610:teachings of local elders.
1741:
1709:and the devaluation of the
743:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
227:Christian society in Maluku
21:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
10:
7990:
7964:ChristianโIslamic violence
6725:Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari
6538:Indonesia, law and society
6420:Bertrand, Jacques (2004).
5931:. Reuters. 14 January 2000
4403:"Ambon runs short of food"
4208:"Uneasy calm in Indonesia"
3082:Ritual female circumcision
2910:traditional guards of the
2880:Further attacks in Malifut
1781:International Crisis Group
1417:United States of Indonesia
1254:Chinese Kongsi federations
530:Tonaas Wangko Lendy Wangke
303:Indonesian National Police
18:
7883:
7852:
7806:
7746:
7606:Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran
7498:
7466:Maluku sectarian conflict
7431:
7343:
7336:
7324:Mujahidin Indonesia Timur
7291:
7240:
7095:
7088:
7076:Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya
6971:
6888:
6717:
6710:
6699:
6655:
6532:Lindsey, Timothy (2008).
5703:Philippine Daily Inquirer
4647:"Ambon: Unreported Facts"
2815:factory. Intervention by
2552:. In this case groups of
2194:Maluku sectarian conflict
1830:new North Maluku province
1680:Maluku sectarian conflict
1568:Javanese historical texts
611:
606:
584:
579:
416:
411:
129:
124:
114:
106:
88:
67:
59:
43:
35:
31:Maluku sectarian conflict
30:
7401:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
7283:United Development Party
7273:Prosperous Justice Party
7263:National Awakening Party
7143:Indonesian Ulema Council
6796:Abdus Samad al-Palimbani
5064:"New strife in Moluccas"
4946:. Reuters. 11 March 1999
4304:"Ambon death toll rises"
3087:
2989:of the civilians inside.
2769:and sustained fire with
2588:about 30,000 civilians.
2540:April Kei Island clashes
2038:political representation
1997:transmigration programme
1925:Overview of the conflict
1876:gubernatorial candidates
1328:Dutch East India Company
969:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
252:Maluku Sovereignty Front
7358:Ottoman embassy to Aceh
7153:Islamic Defenders Front
7118:Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia
7108:Campus Dakwah Institute
5581:. AFP. 29 November 1999
4538:Manuputty, Rev. Jacky.
3103:. BBC. 27 February 2018
2824:and atrocities such as
2347:University of Pattimura
1965:between blood relatives
281:Government of Indonesia
183:Islamic Defenders Front
7451:Tanjung Priok massacre
7309:Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
7268:National Mandate Party
7046:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
6597:Wilson, Chris (2008).
5824:. AFP. 6 December 1999
5549:"Datelines; Indonesia"
4836:"New riots rock Ambon"
3968:. University of Leiden
3021:Impact of the conflict
2856:Initial confrontations
2195:
2011:. Further independent
2007:or other Muslims from
1943:
1926:
1379:Emergence of Indonesia
7158:Liberal Islam Network
7148:Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya
6923:Muhammad Jamil Jambek
6838:Maulana Malik Ibrahim
6328:Sydney Morning Herald
6057:Cultural Anthropology
5705:. AFP. 5 January 2000
5321:. AFP. 14 August 1999
3961:Bartels, Dr. Dieter.
2630:July and August chaos
2311:charges of incitement
2193:
2164:Soon-to-be president
1937:
1924:
1868:electoral competition
1828:promised to create a
1702:on 13 February 2002.
1434:Republic of Indonesia
1300:European colonization
1199:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
7893:History of Indonesia
7888:Mosques in Indonesia
7416:Yogyakarta Sultanate
6981:Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif
6918:Tahir bin Jalaluddin
6903:Abdul Karim Amrullah
5523:"Indonesia now calm"
5136:"As many as 31 dead"
4619:on 16 September 2006
4473:Indonesia Daily News
3065:forced circumcisions
2451:March confrontations
2052:to Northern Maluku,
1793:World Food Programme
1642:Indonesia portal
1263:Heshun Confederation
1179:Yogyakarta Sultanate
1109:Kalinyamat Sultanate
1079:Sultanate of Jailolo
1049:Sultanate of Ternate
762:Tarumanagara Kingdom
493:Agus Wattimena
7456:Talangsari incident
7248:Crescent Star Party
7006:Abdullah Gymnastiar
5555:. 10 September 1999
5527:The Mount Airy News
5230:, pp. 157, 171
5099:. AFP. 3 April 1999
3698:on 6 February 2011.
3534:. Green Left Weekly
2826:forced circumcision
2786:Indonesian military
2468:and almost all the
2409:Protestant minister
2335:Protestant minister
2204:Aru Islands Regency
2159:agents provocateurs
2119:national government
1857:political scientist
1407:National Revolution
1397:Japanese occupation
1283:Santiaogou Republic
1149:Palembang Sultanate
1069:Sultanate of Tidore
939:Peureulak Sultanate
872:Dharmasraya Kingdom
7461:Insurgency in Aceh
7381:Kingdom of Kaimana
7163:Majelis Rasulullah
6943:Sulaiman ar-Rasuli
6875:Burhanuddin Ulakan
6779:Tuanku Imam Bonjol
6754:Yusuf al-Makassari
6649:Islam in Indonesia
6476:Goss, Jon (2000).
6334:on 22 January 2022
6167:, pp. 105โ106
6089:, pp. 202โ203
6019:, pp. 200โ201
5961:on 19 January 2003
5762:. 31 December 1999
5672:Asia Report No. 10
5645:. 29 December 1999
5607:. 30 November 1999
5053:, pp. 135โ136
5001:. 23 February 1999
4972:. 14 February 1999
4178:, pp. 156โ157
4078:Human Rights Watch
3937:. 24 February 1999
3935:Human Rights Watch
3885:"IV. THE CONFLICT"
3211:, pp. 129โ131
3061:genital mutilation
3043:Genital mutilation
2614:Second Ambon riots
2434:After the initial
2291:Padang restaurants
2196:
2143:Human Rights Watch
1944:
1927:
1901:Economic power in
1486:1998–present
1387:National Awakening
1217:Christian kingdoms
1183:1755–present
1173:1745–present
1169:Surakarta Sunanate
1139:Kingdom of Kaimana
1093:1526–present
1059:Sultanate of Bacan
979:Pagaruyung Kingdom
920:Islamic sultanates
812:Shailendra Dynasty
464:Abu Bakar Ba'asyir
430:Ja'far Umar Thalib
7949:2002 in Indonesia
7944:2001 in Indonesia
7939:2000 in Indonesia
7934:1999 in Indonesia
7906:
7905:
7797:Tafsir Al-Mishbah
7494:
7493:
7446:Petition of Fifty
7406:Ternate Sultanate
7396:Mataram Sultanate
7391:Malacca Sultanate
7332:
7331:
7241:Political parties
7227:Sumatera Thawalib
7217:Rabithah Alawiyah
7084:
7083:
7071:Abdurrahman Wahid
7026:Nurcholish Madjid
6865:Ali Mughayat Syah
6860:Abdurrauf Singkil
6833:Sunan Gunung Jati
6769:Abdullah al-Misri
6737:Nawawi al-Bantani
6610:978-0-203-92898-1
6589:978-0-203-96511-5
6568:978-9971-69-357-2
6524:978-0-87727-775-0
6459:978-1-921666-22-3
6433:978-0-521-52441-4
6376:on 9 October 2012
6298:. 31 January 2001
6242:Los Angeles Times
6113:on 9 October 2012
5991:on 9 October 2012
5929:New Straits Times
5877:New Straits Times
5822:New Straits Times
5760:New Straits Times
5729:Project Open Book
5579:New Straits Times
5503:on 9 October 2012
5473:on 9 October 2012
5319:New Straits Times
5288:New Straits Times
5097:New Straits Times
4944:New Straits Times
4886:Rijanto, Hendry.
4765:. 23 January 1999
4375:. 22 January 1999
4336:. 21 January 1999
4310:. 3 February 1999
4277:. 22 January 1999
4251:on 18 August 2011
4214:. 24 January 1999
3053:forced conversion
2889:and other areas.
2822:forced conversion
2771:automatic weapons
2763:Pattimura Airport
2689:Third Ambon riots
2640:business district
2275:Molotov cocktails
2186:First Ambon riots
2174:agent provocateur
2166:Abdurrahman Wahid
2097:The dispute over
1955:The residents of
1930:Customary factors
1888:Central Halmahera
1886:Muslim regent of
1818:Saleh Latuconsina
1789:internal refugees
1713:during and after
1676:
1675:
1490:
1489:
1442:Liberal democracy
1425:
1424:
1370:
1369:
1358:Dutch East Indies
1291:
1290:
1244:
1243:
1226:Larantuka Kingdom
1207:
1206:
1119:Mataram Sultanate
1019:Cirebon Sultanate
999:Malacca Sultanate
959:Ternate Sultanate
910:
909:
892:Singhasari Empire
886:1000s–1300s
852:Kahuripan Kingdom
733:
732:
619:
618:
602:
601:
595:several thousands
557:Abdurrahman Wahid
407:
406:
7981:
7919:Post-Suharto era
7875:Central Sulawesi
7717:
7700:
7673:
7661:
7570:
7529:Babad Tanah Jawi
7411:Tidore Sultanate
7341:
7340:
7314:Jamaah Islamiyah
7232:Wahdah Islamiyah
7202:Nahdlatul Wathan
7093:
7092:
7061:Said Aqil Siradj
6991:Abu Bakar Bashir
6804:
6745:
6733:
6715:
6714:
6705:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6593:
6572:
6551:
6528:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6482:
6472:
6463:
6447:
6437:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6330:. Archived from
6319:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6233:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6153:
6147:
6138:
6132:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6107:The Jakarta Post
6099:
6090:
6084:
6073:
6072:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5985:The Jakarta Post
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5869:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5850:. 5 January 2000
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5797:
5786:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5752:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5695:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5664:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5553:The Deseret News
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5497:The Jakarta Post
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5443:. 12 August 1999
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5407:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5311:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5242:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4991:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4831:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4801:
4790:
4787:van Klinken 2007
4784:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4755:
4742:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4711:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4672:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4642:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4615:. Archived from
4609:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4575:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4535:
4520:
4514:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4475:. 3 January 2000
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4398:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4365:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4300:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4237:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4204:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4162:
4159:van Klinken 2007
4156:
4147:
4141:
4124:
4118:
4105:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4070:
4053:
4047:
4034:
4031:van Klinken 2007
4028:
4017:
4011:
4005:
4002:van Klinken 2007
3999:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3958:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3927:
3918:
3912:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3881:
3772:
3769:van Klinken 2007
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3746:. Archived from
3744:Inside Indonesia
3735:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3694:. Archived from
3688:Inside Indonesia
3679:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3608:
3580:
3561:
3555:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3422:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3312:on 23 April 2010
3308:. Archived from
3297:
3291:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3244:
3238:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3179:
3128:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3097:
2133:Criminal factors
1984:Islamic holidays
1882:(GMIH), and the
1849:provided favours
1822:parliamentarians
1700:Malino II Accord
1668:
1661:
1654:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1452:Guided Democracy
1438:
1437:
1383:
1382:
1304:
1303:
1273:Lanfang Republic
1259:
1258:
1222:
1221:
1143:1600s–1926
1133:1528s–1877
1099:Banjar Sultanate
1089:Banten Sultanate
1073:1500s–1967
989:Brunei Sultanate
925:
924:
902:Majapahit Empire
802:Srivijaya Empire
782:Kalingga Kingdom
748:
747:
715:Toba catastrophe
698:94,000โ12,000 BP
669:
668:
649:
639:
621:
620:
586:
585:
567:
566:
565:
555:
554:
553:
539:
538:
537:
529:
528:
527:
519:
518:
517:
509:
508:
507:
499:
492:
491:
490:
474:
473:
472:
462:
461:
460:
450:
449:
448:
440:
439:
438:
425:
424:
423:
396:
395:
394:
378:
377:
376:
358:
357:
356:
348:
347:
346:
336:
335:
334:
329:
328:
327:
310:
301:
300:
299:
290:
289:
288:
279:
278:
277:
262:
261:
260:
250:
249:
248:
238:
237:
236:
225:
224:
223:
207:Laskar Mujahidin
205:
204:
203:
195:Jemaah Islamiyah
193:
192:
191:
181:
180:
179:
169:
168:
167:
157:
156:
155:
144:
143:
142:
131:
130:
119:Malino II Accord
48:
28:
27:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7879:
7848:
7834:Jemaah Tarbiyah
7829:Jamaโah Tabligh
7814:Islam Nusantara
7802:
7742:
7711:
7694:
7667:
7655:
7599:Istiqlal Mosque
7564:
7490:
7441:Jakarta Charter
7433:
7427:
7376:Demak Sultanate
7345:
7328:
7287:
7236:
7185:Nahdlatul Ulama
7080:
7036:Mohammad Natsir
6973:
6967:
6890:
6884:
6880:Usman bin Yahya
6798:
6789:Tuanku Tambusai
6739:
6727:
6706:
6697:
6651:
6646:
6611:
6590:
6569:
6548:
6525:
6501:
6499:
6480:
6460:
6445:
6434:
6416:
6411:
6401:
6399:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6379:
6377:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6335:
6320:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6275:
6273:
6263:
6256:
6246:
6244:
6234:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6202:
6198:
6190:
6183:
6175:
6171:
6163:
6156:
6148:
6141:
6133:
6126:
6116:
6114:
6101:
6100:
6093:
6085:
6076:
6053:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6029:Cribb, Robert.
6027:
6023:
6015:
6004:
5994:
5992:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5934:
5932:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5904:The Independent
5896:
5892:
5882:
5880:
5871:
5870:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5763:
5754:
5753:
5744:
5734:
5732:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5708:
5706:
5697:
5696:
5687:
5677:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5658:
5648:
5646:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5610:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5530:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5476:
5474:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5416:The Independent
5408:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5386:Manila Standard
5380:
5379:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5303:
5293:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5244:
5243:
5234:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5181:
5171:
5169:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5112:
5102:
5100:
5091:
5090:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4832:
4825:
4815:
4813:
4804:Littik, Semmy.
4802:
4793:
4785:
4778:
4768:
4766:
4757:
4756:
4745:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4712:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4673:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4643:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4576:
4559:
4549:
4547:
4536:
4523:
4515:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4428:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4399:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4239:
4238:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4165:
4157:
4150:
4142:
4127:
4119:
4108:
4100:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4056:
4048:
4037:
4029:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3736:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3680:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3597:10.2307/3351523
3581:
3564:
3556:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3464:
3439:10.2307/3351455
3423:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3247:
3239:
3230:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3180:
3131:
3123:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3045:
3028:
3023:
2974:
2938:
2895:
2882:
2858:
2853:
2817:security forces
2794:
2759:Indonesian Army
2691:
2632:
2616:
2584:and businesses
2542:
2516:
2495:
2478:
2453:
2432:
2367:
2343:
2303:
2254:
2221:
2188:
2183:
2170:Pancasila Youth
2135:
2063:
1999:, the majority
1992:
1932:
1810:Maluku province
1806:
1801:
1744:
1672:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1476:1967–1998
1466:1966–1967
1456:1959–1966
1446:1950–1959
1435:
1427:
1426:
1421:1949–1950
1411:1945–1949
1401:1942–1945
1391:1908–1942
1380:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:1945–1949
1364:
1363:1800–1942
1352:1806–1816
1342:1685–1824
1332:1602–1799
1322:1521–1677
1312:1512–1850
1301:
1293:
1292:
1287:1777–1853
1277:1777–1884
1267:1776–1854
1256:
1246:
1245:
1219:
1209:
1208:
1203:1824–1911
1193:1814–1946
1163:1725–1946
1153:1659–1823
1129:Johor Sultanate
1123:1586–1755
1113:1527–1599
1103:1526–1863
1083:1496–1903
1063:1515–1946
1053:1486–1914
1043:1496–1903
1033:1475–1554
1029:Demak Sultanate
1023:1445–1677
1013:1405–1851
1003:1400–1511
993:1368–1888
983:1347–1833
973:1267–1521
963:1257–1914
953:1225–1613
929:Spread of Islam
922:
912:
911:
906:1293–1527
896:1222–1292
876:1183–1347
866:1045–1221
856:1019–1045
822:Mataram Kingdom
745:
735:
734:
666:
637:
630:
596:
591:
575:
574:
573:
563:
561:
551:
549:
544:
543:
535:
533:
525:
523:
515:
513:
505:
503:
495:
488:
486:
481:
480:
476:Abu Bakar Wahid
470:
468:
458:
456:
446:
444:
436:
434:
421:
419:
403:
402:
392:
390:
383:
382:
374:
372:
365:
364:
360:Laskar Mujahida
354:
352:
344:
342:
332:
330:
325:
323:
314:
312:Pancasila Youth
305:
297:
295:
294:
286:
284:
283:
275:
273:
269:
268:
264:Brigade Manguni
258:
256:
246:
244:
234:
232:
231:
221:
219:
212:
211:
201:
199:
189:
187:
177:
175:
165:
163:
153:
151:
150:
140:
138:
93:Ethnic tensions
84:
55:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7987:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7954:Maluku Islands
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7844:Traditionalist
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7718:
7706:
7701:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7662:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7632:Sejarah Banten
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7559:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7532:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7508:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7437:
7435:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7386:Gowa Sultanate
7383:
7378:
7373:
7371:Aceh Sultanate
7365:
7360:
7355:
7349:
7347:
7338:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7244:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7051:Quraish Shihab
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7031:Harun Nasution
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
7001:Djohan Effendi
6998:
6993:
6988:
6986:Azyumardi Azra
6983:
6977:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6908:Hasyim Asy'ari
6905:
6900:
6898:Abdullah Ahmad
6894:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6870:Tuanku Nan Tuo
6867:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6843:Sunan Kalijaga
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6805:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6749:Hamzah Fansuri
6746:
6734:
6721:
6719:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6677:Old divisions
6675:
6670:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6645:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6609:
6594:
6588:
6573:
6567:
6552:
6546:
6529:
6523:
6508:
6473:
6464:
6458:
6438:
6432:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6387:
6357:
6345:
6309:
6283:
6254:
6223:
6204:Singer, P. W.
6196:
6181:
6169:
6154:
6139:
6124:
6091:
6074:
6063:(3): 553โ588.
6047:
6021:
6002:
5972:
5942:
5916:
5890:
5861:
5848:New York Times
5835:
5809:
5773:
5742:
5716:
5685:
5656:
5643:New York Times
5630:
5618:
5592:
5566:
5540:
5514:
5484:
5454:
5428:
5399:
5370:
5359:. 27 July 1999
5344:
5332:
5301:
5290:. 28 July 1999
5275:
5263:
5232:
5220:
5194:
5179:
5153:
5127:
5110:
5081:
5070:. 4 April 1999
5055:
5038:
5012:
4983:
4957:
4931:
4905:
4878:
4852:
4823:
4791:
4776:
4743:
4729:
4701:
4687:
4664:
4630:
4597:
4557:
4521:
4498:
4486:
4460:
4448:
4419:
4386:
4347:
4321:
4288:
4262:
4225:
4192:
4180:
4163:
4148:
4125:
4106:
4091:
4054:
4035:
4018:
4006:
3991:
3979:
3948:
3919:
3902:
3773:
3761:
3750:on 6 July 2010
3725:
3713:
3701:
3663:
3651:
3632:
3620:
3562:
3545:
3518:
3506:
3489:
3477:
3462:
3394:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3323:
3292:
3277:
3262:
3245:
3228:
3213:
3201:
3129:
3114:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3044:
3041:
3033:"pasukan agas"
3027:
3026:Child soldiers
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2937:
2934:
2930:North Sulawesi
2894:
2891:
2881:
2878:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2793:
2790:
2767:mortar attacks
2690:
2687:
2631:
2628:
2615:
2612:
2541:
2538:
2515:
2512:
2494:
2491:
2477:
2474:
2465:identification
2452:
2449:
2431:
2428:
2373:member of the
2366:
2363:
2342:
2339:
2302:
2299:
2253:
2250:
2220:
2217:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2134:
2131:
2062:
2059:
2009:South Sulawesi
1991:
1990:Ethnic factors
1988:
1931:
1928:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1743:
1740:
1684:Maluku Islands
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1189:Deli Sultanate
1185:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1159:Siak Sultanate
1155:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1039:Aceh Sultanate
1035:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1009:Sulu Sultanate
1005:
1004:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
985:
984:
981:
975:
974:
971:
965:
964:
961:
955:
954:
951:
945:
944:
943:840–1292
941:
935:
934:
933:800–1600
931:
923:
918:
917:
914:
913:
908:
907:
904:
898:
897:
894:
888:
887:
884:
882:Pannai Kingdom
878:
877:
874:
868:
867:
864:
862:Kediri Kingdom
858:
857:
854:
848:
847:
846:932–1579
844:
838:
837:
836:914–1908
834:
828:
827:
826:716–1016
824:
818:
817:
814:
808:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
792:Melayu Kingdom
788:
787:
784:
778:
777:
774:
768:
767:
764:
758:
757:
754:
746:
741:
740:
737:
736:
731:
730:
727:
721:
720:
717:
711:
710:
708:
700:
699:
696:
690:
689:
686:
680:
679:
677:
667:
662:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
642:
641:
632:
631:
624:
617:
616:
613:
609:
608:
604:
603:
600:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
582:
581:
577:
576:
572:
571:
559:
546:
545:
542:
541:
531:
521:
520:Alex Manuputty
511:
510:Berty Loupatty
501:
483:
482:
479:
478:
466:
454:
442:
432:
426:
418:
417:
414:
413:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
398:Pasukan Kuning
387:
386:
384:
381:
380:
369:
368:
366:
363:
362:
350:
340:
320:
319:
316:
315:
272:
270:
267:
266:
254:
242:
240:Laskar Kristus
229:
216:
215:
213:
210:
209:
197:
185:
173:
161:
148:
135:
134:
127:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
97:Transmigration
90:
86:
85:
73:Maluku Islands
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
49:
41:
40:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7986:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7677:Tabligh Akbar
7675:
7671:
7666:
7663:
7659:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7568:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7342:
7339:
7335:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7258:Masyumi Party
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7222:Sarekat Islam
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:Civil society
7094:
7091:
7089:Organizations
7087:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7021:Kartosoewirjo
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6963:Tjokroaminoto
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6948:Mohammad Roem
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6891:Awakening era
6887:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6711:Major figures
6709:
6704:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6643:
6638:
6636:
6631:
6629:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6612:
6606:
6603:. Routledge.
6602:
6601:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6561:. NUS Press.
6560:
6559:
6553:
6549:
6547:9781862876927
6543:
6539:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6509:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6479:
6474:
6470:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6451:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6397:
6391:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6355:, p. 162
6354:
6349:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6272:
6271:The Telegraph
6268:
6261:
6259:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6194:, p. 158
6193:
6188:
6186:
6179:, p. 203
6178:
6173:
6166:
6161:
6159:
6152:, p. 104
6151:
6146:
6144:
6137:, p. 214
6136:
6131:
6129:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6088:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5960:
5956:
5955:Xinhua Online
5952:
5946:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5798:on 1 May 2011
5794:
5790:
5783:
5777:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5628:, p. 170
5627:
5622:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5404:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5342:, p. 189
5341:
5336:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5273:, p. 154
5272:
5267:
5252:. 16 May 1999
5251:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5229:
5224:
5208:
5204:
5198:
5192:, p. 137
5191:
5186:
5184:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5125:, p. 157
5124:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4828:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4789:, p. 179
4788:
4783:
4781:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4740:
4733:
4717:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4690:
4688:9780826487889
4684:
4680:
4679:
4671:
4669:
4652:
4648:
4645:Go, Kie-Eng.
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4519:, p. 128
4518:
4517:Bertrand 2004
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4496:, p. 119
4495:
4490:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4458:, p. 177
4457:
4452:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4424:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4146:, p. 126
4145:
4144:Bertrand 2004
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4123:, p. 125
4122:
4121:Bertrand 2004
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4033:, p. 118
4032:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4016:, p. 209
4015:
4010:
4004:, p. 117
4003:
3998:
3996:
3988:
3983:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3771:, p. 109
3770:
3765:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3630:, p. 208
3629:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3591:(74): 21โ36.
3590:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3516:, p. 179
3515:
3510:
3504:, p. 127
3503:
3502:Bertrand 2004
3498:
3496:
3494:
3487:, p. 296
3486:
3481:
3475:, p. 166
3474:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3359:, p. 187
3358:
3353:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3275:, p. 133
3274:
3273:Bertrand 2004
3269:
3267:
3260:, p. 184
3259:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3243:, p. 181
3242:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3210:
3209:Bertrand 2004
3205:
3197:
3193:
3190:(80): 53โ80.
3189:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3127:, p. 122
3126:
3125:Bertrand 2004
3121:
3119:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3070:penis removal
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2917:Chinese-owned
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2890:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2874:redistricting
2870:
2866:
2862:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:bullet wounds
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:and two Army
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:Chinese-owned
2627:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2556:faced Muslim
2555:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2482:Sanana Island
2473:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2412:
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2405:
2398:
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2268:
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2249:
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2227:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2075:transmigrants
2072:
2068:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:authoritarian
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:Jusuf Habibie
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:Reformasi era
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1647:
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1321:
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1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1284:
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1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
990:
987:
986:
982:
980:
977:
976:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
960:
957:
956:
952:
950:
947:
946:
942:
940:
937:
936:
932:
930:
927:
926:
921:
916:
915:
905:
903:
900:
899:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
843:
842:Sunda Kingdom
840:
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
752:Kutai Kingdom
750:
749:
744:
739:
738:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
707:
706:
702:
701:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:
676:
675:
671:
670:
665:
660:
659:
656:
653:
652:
648:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
628:
623:
622:
614:
610:
605:
598:
593:
588:
587:
583:
578:
570:
560:
558:
548:
547:
540:Benny Betjara
532:
522:
512:
502:
500:
498:
485:
484:
477:
467:
465:
455:
453:
452:Rizieq Shihab
443:
433:
431:
428:
427:
415:
410:
399:
389:
388:
385:
379:Pasukan Merah
371:
370:
367:
361:
351:
341:
339:
338:Pasukan Jihad
322:
321:
318:
317:
313:
309:
304:
293:
282:
271:
265:
255:
253:
243:
241:
230:
228:
218:
217:
214:
208:
198:
196:
186:
184:
174:
172:
171:Komando Jihad
162:
160:
149:
147:
137:
136:
133:
132:
128:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
7865:West Sumatra
7795:
7771:Kitab kuning
7766:Jamiat Kheir
7753:
7720:
7630:
7527:
7511:Architecture
7465:
7434:independence
7346:independence
7319:Laskar Jihad
7168:Muhammadiyah
7113:Hidayatullah
7016:Wahid Hasyim
6996:Idham Chalid
6974:independence
6938:Haji Misbach
6913:Ahmad Dahlan
6823:Sunan Drajat
6818:Sunan Bonang
6759:Malikussaleh
6599:
6578:
6557:
6537:
6513:
6500:. Retrieved
6488:
6484:
6468:
6449:
6422:
6414:Bibliography
6400:. Retrieved
6390:
6378:. Retrieved
6374:the original
6370:Jakarta Post
6369:
6360:
6348:
6336:. Retrieved
6332:the original
6327:
6300:. Retrieved
6295:
6286:
6274:. Retrieved
6270:
6245:. Retrieved
6241:
6214:. Retrieved
6209:
6199:
6172:
6115:. Retrieved
6111:the original
6106:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6038:. Retrieved
6034:
6024:
5993:. Retrieved
5989:the original
5984:
5975:
5963:. Retrieved
5959:the original
5954:
5945:
5933:. Retrieved
5928:
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5903:
5893:
5881:. Retrieved
5876:
5852:. Retrieved
5847:
5838:
5826:. Retrieved
5821:
5812:
5800:. Retrieved
5793:the original
5788:
5776:
5764:. Retrieved
5759:
5733:. Retrieved
5728:
5719:
5707:. Retrieved
5702:
5676:. Retrieved
5671:
5647:. Retrieved
5642:
5633:
5621:
5609:. Retrieved
5604:
5595:
5583:. Retrieved
5578:
5569:
5557:. Retrieved
5552:
5543:
5531:. Retrieved
5526:
5517:
5505:. Retrieved
5501:the original
5496:
5487:
5475:. Retrieved
5471:the original
5467:Jakarta Post
5466:
5457:
5445:. Retrieved
5440:
5431:
5419:. Retrieved
5415:
5390:. Retrieved
5385:
5361:. Retrieved
5356:
5347:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5318:
5292:. Retrieved
5287:
5278:
5266:
5254:. Retrieved
5249:
5223:
5211:. Retrieved
5206:
5197:
5190:Lindsey 2008
5170:. Retrieved
5165:
5156:
5144:. Retrieved
5139:
5130:
5101:. Retrieved
5096:
5072:. Retrieved
5067:
5058:
5051:Lindsey 2008
5029:. Retrieved
5024:
5015:
5003:. Retrieved
4998:
4974:. Retrieved
4969:
4960:
4948:. Retrieved
4943:
4934:
4922:. Retrieved
4918:
4908:
4896:. Retrieved
4891:
4881:
4869:. Retrieved
4865:
4855:
4843:. Retrieved
4839:
4814:. Retrieved
4809:
4767:. Retrieved
4762:
4732:
4720:. Retrieved
4692:. Retrieved
4677:
4655:. Retrieved
4650:
4621:. Retrieved
4617:the original
4588:. Retrieved
4583:
4548:. Retrieved
4543:
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4472:
4463:
4451:
4439:. Retrieved
4435:
4410:. Retrieved
4406:
4377:. Retrieved
4372:
4338:. Retrieved
4333:
4324:
4312:. Retrieved
4307:
4279:. Retrieved
4274:
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4249:the original
4244:
4216:. Retrieved
4211:
4190:, p. 43
4183:
4161:, p. 98
4104:, p. 47
4082:. Retrieved
4077:
4052:, p. 49
4009:
3989:, p. 45
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3939:. Retrieved
3934:
3917:, p. 41
3893:. Retrieved
3888:
3764:
3752:. Retrieved
3748:the original
3743:
3723:, p. 56
3716:
3711:, p. 58
3704:
3696:the original
3691:
3687:
3661:, p. 55
3654:
3649:, p. 46
3623:
3588:
3584:
3560:, p. 46
3536:. Retrieved
3531:
3521:
3509:
3480:
3433:(71): 1โ26.
3430:
3426:
3385:. Retrieved
3376:
3371:, p. 54
3364:
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3336:penanews.net
3335:
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3310:the original
3305:
3295:
3290:, p. 53
3226:, p. 50
3204:
3187:
3183:
3105:. Retrieved
3095:
3074:
3057:circumcision
3046:
3032:
3029:
2956:in northern
2939:
2908:
2896:
2883:
2861:North Maluku
2859:
2838:
2803:
2798:Seram Island
2795:
2779:
2747:
2735:
2722:
2692:
2680:
2677:
2657:
2651:uniforms of
2649:
2633:
2624:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2590:
2562:
2543:
2534:clove plants
2527:
2517:
2500:
2496:
2479:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2416:
2413:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2383:
2368:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2331:
2327:
2319:fishing bomb
2315:
2304:
2284:
2271:
2255:
2238:
2234:
2222:
2197:
2173:
2163:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2122:
2111:
2096:
2085:
2064:
2047:
2043:Islamisation
2035:
2016:
1993:
1972:reform Islam
1969:
1961:pela gandong
1960:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1913:
1900:
1873:
1861:
1834:
1807:
1778:
1773:
1762:
1749:Laskar Jihad
1745:
1732:Laskar Jihad
1723:North Maluku
1704:
1679:
1677:
1624:
1583:Christianity
832:Bali Kingdom
725:Buni culture
703:
688:1,000,000 BP
672:
615:5,000 killed
496:
412:Lead figures
349:Desa Sabaleh
159:Laskar Jihad
36:Part of the
25:
7776:Kota santri
7712: [
7695: [
7668: [
7656: [
7565: [
7304:Darul Islam
7278:Ummah Party
7066:Abdul Somad
7056:Ma'ruf Amin
6953:Rasuna Said
6928:Mas Mansoer
6853:Sunan Murya
6848:Sunan Kudus
6813:Sunan Ampel
6799: [
6740: [
6728: [
6718:Classic era
6502:22 November
6165:Wilson 2008
6150:Wilson 2008
5207:Daily Union
4494:Wilson 2008
4188:Wilson 2008
4102:Hedman 2008
4050:Hedman 2008
4014:Hedman 2008
3987:Wilson 2008
3915:Hedman 2008
3721:Hedman 2008
3709:Hedman 2008
3659:Hedman 2008
3647:Wilson 2008
3628:Hedman 2008
3558:Hedman 2008
3485:Hedman 2008
3369:Hedman 2008
3288:Hedman 2008
3224:Hedman 2008
2845:karaoke bar
2805:Buru Island
2743:fire engine
2594:Kei Islands
2546:Kei Islands
2359:Dutch-built
2099:land rights
2005:Makassarese
1548:Archaeology
1543:Agriculture
949:Aru Kingdom
674:Paleolithic
636:History of
115:Resulted in
7913:Categories
7643:Serak Gulo
7621:Sholawatan
7471:Poso riots
7363:Wali Sanga
7103:Alkhairaat
7041:Amien Rais
6958:Agus Salim
6828:Sunan Giri
6808:Wali Sanga
6784:Tuanku Rao
6663:Shia Islam
6296:BBC Online
5605:BBC Online
5441:BBC Online
5357:BBC Online
5250:BBC Online
5140:Daily News
5068:BBC Online
4970:BBC Online
4919:BBC Online
4840:BBC Online
4763:BBC Online
4456:Sidel 2007
4436:BBC Online
4407:BBC Online
4308:BBC Online
4275:Daily News
4212:BBC Online
3606:1813/54277
3514:Sidel 2007
3448:1813/54221
3357:Sidel 2007
3258:Sidel 2007
3241:Sidel 2007
3107:31 January
3055:entailing
2751:Ambon City
2711:battalions
2705:caused by
2695:Ambon City
2669:battalions
2660:Ambon City
2578:Kei Island
2470:casualties
2461:checkpoint
2411:in Nania.
2397:conflict.
2212:Ambon City
2208:Idul Fitri
2103:Protestant
2031:Ambon City
1940:Ambon City
1938:Damage to
1853:protection
1799:Background
1605:Mass media
1482:Reform era
1462:Transition
1308:Portuguese
694:Flores Man
664:Prehistory
607:Casualties
441:Jumu Tuani
7870:East Java
7853:By region
7839:Modernist
7807:Movements
7791:Pesantren
7747:Education
7728:Wetu Telu
7722:Tombo Ati
7709:Tirakatan
7584:Manakiban
7423:Padri War
6889:National
6668:Ahmadiyya
6497:1053-2285
3585:Indonesia
3532:Issue 397
3427:Indonesia
3184:Indonesia
3049:Moluccans
2962:Halmahera
2958:Halmahera
2950:Makianese
2946:West Gane
2900:Halmahera
2869:Makianese
2739:complicit
2699:districts
2620:Pattimura
2586:displaced
2569:Kei Besar
2565:Kei Kecil
2554:Catholics
2529:Republika
2202:, of the
2127:Halmahera
2123:kecamatan
2071:Halmahera
1884:Makianese
1864:New Order
1692:Halmahera
1563:Education
1472:New Order
1240:1670โ1950
1230:1515โ1904
816:600sโ900s
806:600sโ1025
796:600sโ1347
786:500sโ600s
776:400s-500s
766:400sโ500s
719:75,000 BP
705:Neolithic
638:Indonesia
89:Caused by
81:Halmahera
7755:Al-Munir
7733:Yaqowiyu
7704:Tausiyah
7692:Takbiran
7687:Tahlilan
7648:Slametan
7535:Costumes
7190:GP Ansor
7173:Aisyiyah
6656:Branches
6491:: 7โ39.
6485:Cakalele
6402:13 April
6380:13 April
6338:13 April
6302:13 April
6276:13 April
6247:11 April
6216:11 April
5995:15 April
5965:15 April
5935:11 April
5909:11 April
5883:11 April
5854:11 April
5828:11 April
5802:11 April
5766:11 April
5735:11 April
5709:11 April
5678:11 April
5649:11 April
5611:11 April
5585:11 April
5507:15 April
5477:15 April
4084:31 March
3538:11 April
3387:31 March
3316:31 March
3035:after a
3004:support.
2834:Catholic
2731:document
2727:drafting
2707:firearms
2644:targeted
2558:Ambonese
2423:Butonese
2390:Ambonese
2371:Balinese
2267:Javanese
2246:Butonese
2230:kampungs
2147:Ketapang
2107:Javanese
2050:Ambonese
2027:Butonese
2013:migrants
1839:rule of
1785:refugees
1742:Overview
1610:Military
1588:Hinduism
1578:Buddhism
1573:Religion
1553:Currency
1536:By topic
756:350โ1605
684:Java Man
655:Timeline
627:a series
625:Part of
612:Death(s)
101:Jihadism
83:islands)
68:Location
7738:Yasinan
7665:Suronan
7638:Sekaten
7611:Qasidah
7594:Mosques
7579:Lebaran
7545:Songkok
7499:Culture
7337:History
7292:Militia
6686:Priyayi
6681:Abangan
6673:Kejawรจn
6117:4 April
6040:4 April
5559:4 April
5533:3 April
5447:3 April
5421:3 April
5392:3 April
5363:3 April
5325:3 April
5294:3 April
5256:3 April
5213:3 April
5172:3 April
5146:3 April
5103:3 April
5074:3 April
5031:3 April
5005:2 April
4976:2 April
4950:3 April
4924:3 April
4898:3 April
4871:3 April
4845:3 April
4816:3 April
4769:2 April
4722:2 April
4694:1 April
4657:2 April
4623:1 April
4590:2 April
4550:2 April
4479:1 April
4441:2 April
4412:2 April
4379:1 April
4340:2 April
4314:2 April
4281:2 April
4255:2 April
4218:2 April
3972:1 April
3941:1 April
3895:1 April
3754:2 April
3615:3351523
3457:3351455
3196:3351319
3037:sandfly
2922:Bintung
2887:Ternate
2872:to the
2813:plywood
2809:Ramadan
2757:of the
2729:of the
2682:Kontras
2436:rioting
2379:Benteng
2375:Kostrad
2295:machete
2280:kampung
2155:Jakarta
2114:Ternate
2088:Ternate
2080:claimed
2054:Ternate
1896:Ternate
1845:network
1841:Suharto
1758:pogroms
1707:Suharto
1598:Judaism
1558:Economy
1523:Bandung
1508:Jakarta
1500:Regions
1338:British
1318:Spanish
772:Kantoli
729:400 BCE
569:Wiranto
497:†
125:Parties
107:Methods
7682:Tabuik
7653:Suroan
7616:Rebana
7589:Maulid
7574:Kauman
7557:Hadroh
7550:Sarong
7540:Kupiah
7299:Banser
7207:PERSIS
7195:JATMAN
6691:Santri
6607:
6586:
6565:
6544:
6521:
6495:
6456:
6430:
4685:
3613:
3455:
3342:1 June
3194:
2966:Tobelo
2954:Tobelo
2942:Payahe
2926:Manado
2912:Sultan
2904:Tidore
2782:Maluku
2775:Brimob
2719:biased
2715:Maluku
2673:Maluku
2665:Marine
2604:youths
2582:houses
2520:youths
2504:biased
2092:Tidore
2067:Makian
2018:Kompas
1892:Tidore
1765:Police
1754:Tobelo
1734:, and
1727:Muslim
1719:Maluku
1711:rupiah
629:on the
590:20,000
580:Number
7786:LIPIA
7716:]
7699:]
7672:]
7660:]
7626:Saman
7569:]
7562:Khaul
7521:Tajug
7516:Bedug
7432:Post-
7212:PERTI
7011:Hamka
6972:Post-
6803:]
6774:Padri
6744:]
6732:]
6481:(PDF)
6446:(PDF)
5796:(PDF)
5785:(PDF)
4999:Tempo
4866:Tempo
4245:Tempo
3966:(PDF)
3611:JSTOR
3453:JSTOR
3192:JSTOR
3088:Notes
3077:Seram
2524:faith
2486:Ceram
2418:jihad
2404:Tempo
2386:Bugis
2307:Ambon
2287:Bugis
2263:Bugis
2259:Buton
2242:Bugis
2226:UTC+9
2023:Bugis
2001:Bugis
1980:Ulama
1976:fatwa
1957:Ambon
1916:Ambon
1903:Ambon
1847:that
1814:Ambon
1774:posko
1688:Ambon
1620:Women
1615:Sport
1593:Islam
1518:Bogor
77:Ambon
52:Ambon
7860:Aceh
7781:Kyai
7761:Iqro
7506:Adat
7344:Pre-
6605:ISBN
6584:ISBN
6563:ISBN
6542:ISBN
6519:ISBN
6504:2016
6493:ISSN
6454:ISBN
6428:ISBN
6404:2011
6382:2011
6340:2011
6304:2011
6278:2011
6249:2011
6218:2011
6119:2011
6042:2011
5997:2011
5967:2011
5937:2011
5911:2011
5885:2011
5856:2011
5830:2011
5804:2011
5768:2011
5737:2011
5711:2011
5680:2011
5651:2011
5613:2011
5587:2011
5561:2011
5535:2011
5509:2011
5479:2011
5449:2011
5423:2011
5394:2011
5365:2011
5327:2011
5296:2011
5258:2011
5215:2011
5174:2011
5148:2011
5105:2011
5076:2011
5033:2011
5007:2011
4978:2011
4952:2011
4926:2011
4900:2011
4873:2011
4847:2011
4818:2011
4771:2011
4724:2011
4696:2011
4683:ISBN
4659:2011
4625:2011
4592:2011
4552:2011
4481:2011
4443:2011
4414:2011
4381:2011
4342:2011
4316:2011
4283:2011
4257:2011
4220:2011
4086:2011
3974:2011
3943:2011
3897:2011
3756:2011
3540:2011
3389:2011
3344:2023
3318:2011
3306:Time
3109:2022
2997:Dum.
2944:and
2924:and
2830:Buru
2608:adat
2599:adat
2574:Tual
2550:Tual
2508:Navy
2388:and
2321:and
2265:and
2244:and
2200:Dobo
2141:The
2090:and
2025:and
1949:adat
1894:and
1835:The
1767:and
1721:and
1690:and
1678:The
1513:Bali
79:and
60:Date
6065:doi
3601:hdl
3593:doi
3443:hdl
3435:doi
2928:in
2865:Kao
2671:to
7915::
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7697:id
7670:id
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