1074:
1777:
41:
1396:
976:
2381:
2087:
169:
940:
205:
6619:
133:
639:
187:
5523:
115:
79:
151:
97:
435:. Although widespread, the Mandinka constitute the largest ethnic group only in the countries of Mali, Guinea and The Gambia. Most Mandinka live in family-related compounds in traditional rural villages. Their traditional society has featured socially stratified castes. Mandinka communities have been fairly autonomous and self-ruled, being led by a chief and group of elders. Mandinka has been an
1328:
874:
slave traders and lucrative income from slave ships to the slave sellers, fed the practice of groups raiding for captives, conducting manhunts, and taking slaves. The victimised ethnic group felt justified in retaliating. Slavery was already an accepted practice before the 15th century, when most enslaved people were taken on routes to North Africa and western Asia by Arab traders.
662:, the Arabic historian, described his visit and stated that Musa built mosques in his kingdom, established Islamic prayers and took back Maliki school of Sunni jurists with him. According to Richard Turner – a professor of African American Religious History, Musa was highly influential in attracting North African and Middle Eastern Muslims to West Africa.
866:
started in the 15th century, states Green, but the earliest evidence of a trade involving
Mandinka slaves is from and after 1497 CE. In parallel with the start of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the institution of slavery and slave-trading of West Africans into the Mediterranean region and inside Africa continued as a historic normal practice.
1491:. In the course of his research, he traveled to West Africa and heard about his people from a griot. The book was on the New York Times bestseller for many weeks and was also adapted as a popular TV mini-series. Many professional historians and at least one genealogist commented that this familial link was highly improbable (see D. Wright's
681:, many Mandinka converted to Islam. In contemporary West Africa, the Mandinka are predominantly Muslim, with a few regions where significant portions of the population are not Muslim, such as Guinea Bissau, where 35 percent of the Mandinka practice Islam, more than 20 percent are Christian, and 15 percent follow traditional beliefs.
3606:
1531:, Mr. T states: "My folks came from Africa. They were from the Mandinka tribe. They wore their hair like this. These gold chains I wear symbolize the fact that my ancestors were brought over here as slaves." In a 2006 interview, he reiterated that he modeled his hair style after photographs of Mandinka men he saw in
1244:
During this time, they learn about their adult social responsibilities and rules of behaviour. Preparation is made in the village or compound for the return of the children. A celebration marks the return of these new adults to their families. As a result of these traditional teachings, in marriage a
869:
Slavery grew significantly between the 16th and 19th centuries. The
Portuguese considered slave sources in Guinea and Senegambia parts of Mandinka territory as belonging to them; their 16th to 18th-century slave trade-related documents refer to "our Guinea" and complain about slave traders from other
3238:
This slave trade volume excludes the slave trade by
Swahili-Arabs in East Africa and North African ethnic groups to the Middle East and elsewhere. The exports and imports do not match, because of the large number of deaths and violent retaliation by captured people on the ships involved in the slave
899:
traders at the ports controlled by
Mandinka people. The insecure ethnic groups, states Rodney, stopped working productively and tried to withdraw for security, which made their social and economic conditions more desperate. Though less powerful, such groups also joined the retaliatory cycle of slave
1064:
started converting to Islam as early as the 17th century, and most of
Mandinka leatherworkers there converted to Islam before the 19th century. Mandinka musicians, however, were last, converting to Islam mostly in the first half of the 20th century. As in other locales, these Muslims have continued
916:
coasts were
Mandinka people. Hawthorne suggests three causes of Mandinka people being taken captive as slaves during this era: small-scale jihads by Muslims against non-Muslim Mandinka, non-religious reasons such as the economic greed of Islamic elites who wanted imports of goods and tools from the
865:
between West Africa and the Middle East after the 13th century. With the arrival of
Portuguese explorers in Africa as they looked for a sea route to India, the European purchase of slaves had begun. The shipment of slaves by the Portuguese, primarily from the Jolof people, along with some Mandinka,
1314:
has been practiced among the
Mandinka since pre-Islamic days. A Mandinka man is legally allowed to have up to four wives, as long as he is able to care for each of them equally. Mandinka believe the crowning glory of any woman is the ability to produce children, especially sons. The first wife has
873:
Scholars have offered several theories on the source of the transatlantic slave trade of
Mandinka people. According to Boubacar Barry, a professor of History and African Studies, chronic violence between ethnic groups such as the Mandinka people and their neighbours, combined with weapons sold by
528:
are
Kontron and Sanin, the founding "hunter brotherhood". Manden was famous for the large number of animals and game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation, so was a very popular hunting ground. The Camara (or Kamara) are believed to be the oldest family to have lived in Manden, after
1307:
Marriages are traditionally arranged by family members rather than by either the bride or groom. This practice is particularly prevalent in the rural areas. The suitor's family formally sends Kola nuts, a bitter nut from a tree, to the male elders of the bride-to-be. If they accept the nuts, the
665:
The Mandinka people of Mali converted early, but those who migrated to the west did not convert and retained their traditional religious rites. One of the legends among the Mandingo of western Africa is that the general Tiramakhan Traore led the migration, because people in Mali had converted to
630:
The caravan trade to North Africa and Middle East brought Islamic people into Mandinka people's original and expanded home region. The Muslim traders sought presence in the host Mandinka community, and this likely initiated proselytizing efforts to convert the Mandinka from their traditional
4158:, Quote: "The identification of Mande influence in the South , the Caribbean and Brazil, must also be conditioned with a huge reality—ethnic diversity. Slaves from hundreds of ethnic groups from all over Africa came into the South and the rest of the Americas along with the Mandinka/Mande."
903:
Walter Hawthorne (a professor of African History) states that the Barry and Rodney explanation was not universally true for all of Senegambia and Guinea, where high concentrations of Mandinka people have traditionally lived. Hawthorne says that numerous Mandinka were not exported to the
1427:". The kora with its 21 strings is made from half a calabash, covered with cow's hide fastened on by decorative tacks. The kora has sound holes in the side which are used to store coins offered to the praise singers, in appreciation of their performance. The praise singers are called
670:'s granddaughter. The Traore's marriage with a Muhammad's granddaughter, states Toby Green, is fanciful, but these conflicting oral histories suggest that Islam had arrived well before the 13th century and had a complex interaction with the Mandinka people.
1053:, who knows the protective formulas. In most cases, the people do not make important decisions without first consulting a marabout. Marabouts, who have Islamic training, write Qur'anic verses on slips of paper and sew them into leather pouches (
1347:
Mandinka culture is rich in tradition, music, and spiritual ritual. The Mandinka continue a long oral history tradition through stories, songs, and proverbs. In rural areas, the influence of western education is minimal; the literacy rate in
635:, for example, the Almoravids had divided its capital into two parts by 1077, one part was Muslim and the other non-Muslim. The Muslim influence from North Africa had arrived in the Mandinka region before this, via Islamic trading diasporas.
1380:
made from a halved, dried, hollowed-out gourd covered with cow or goat skin. The strings are made of fishing line (these were traditionally made from a cow's tendons). It is played to accompany a griot's singing or simply on its own.
881:(the commander of Mandinka people in Kaabu) energetically hunted for slaves on a large scale. Martin Klein (a professor of African Studies) states that Kaabu was one of the early suppliers of African slaves to European merchants.
1372:. This passing down of oral history through music has made the practice of music one of the most distinctive traits of the Mandinka. They have long been known for their drumming and also for their unique musical instrument, the
689:
Slave raiding, capture and trading in the Mandinka regions may have existed in significant numbers before the European colonial era, as is evidenced in the memoirs of the 14th century Moroccan traveller and Islamic historian
1315:
authority over any subsequent wives. The husband has complete control over his wives and is responsible for feeding and clothing them. He also helps the wives' parents when necessary. Wives are expected to live together in
1014:), tending the plants by hand. This is extremely labour-intensive and physically demanding work. Only about 50% of the rice consumption needs are met by local planting; the rest is imported from Asia and the United States.
1364:
schools for children where this is taught are quite common. Mandinka children are given their name on the eighth day after their birth. The children are almost always named after a very important person in their family.
4475:
Islam is the predominant religion in Guinea-Bissau practiced by 35.1 percent of the population, compared to 22.1 percent of the population who adhere to the faith of Christianity and 14.9 percent who follow traditional
3260:
870:
European nations superseding them in the slave trade. Their slave exports from this region nearly doubled in the second half of the 18th century compared to the first, and most of these slaves disembarked in Brazil.
4590:, see Map 9; The transatlantic slave trade volume over the 350+ years involved an estimated 12.5 million Africans, almost every country that bordered the Atlantic ocean, as well as Mozambique and the Swahili coast.
1241:), in separate groups according to their sex. In years past, the children spent up to a year in the bush, but that has been reduced now to coincide with their physical healing time, between three and four weeks.
1021:
groups. While farming is the predominant profession among the Mandinka, men also work as tailors, butchers, taxi drivers, woodworkers, metalworkers, soldiers, nurses, and extension workers for aid agencies.
4790:; Quote: "Kaabu, for example, began as a Malian colony that provided sea salt and other coastal products to the Mandinka heartland, but it moved early into supplying slaves to European merchants". (p. 39)
1017:
The oldest male is the head of the family, and marriages are commonly arranged. Small mud houses with conical thatch or tin roofs make up their villages, which are organised on the basis of
4963:
1493:
3607:"Putting the History Back into Ethnicity: Enslavement, Religion, and Cultural Brokerage in the Construction of Mandinka/Jola and Ewe/Agotime Identities in West Africa, c. 1650–1930"
1272:
Among the Mandinka women of some other countries of West Africa, the FGM prevalence rates are lower, but still range between 40% and 90%. This cultural practice, locally called
1299:. In 2010, after community efforts of UNICEF and the local government bodies, several Mandinka women's organization pledged to abandon the female genital mutilation practices.
5013:" are found among the Soninke, the various Manding-speaking populations, the Wolof, Tukulor, Senufo, Minianka, Dogon, Songhay and most Fulani, Moorish and Tuareg populations".
3042:, Sierra Leonean journalist and former State House Press Secretary to president Koroma. Former Deputy Minister of Information and current Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs.
2910:, journalist and spokesman for former Sierra Leone's president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. He is also the former chairman of Sierra Leone National Telecommunications Commission
6890:
1487:, tracing his family connections through free and enslaved generations to an 18th-century ancestor taken captive and brought to North America, a Mandinka man known as
1179:. The Mandinka society, states Arnold Hughes, a professor of West African Studies and African Politics, has been "divided into three endogamous castes – the freeborn (
1191:). The freeborn castes are primarily farmers. The enslaved strata included labor providers to the farmers, as well as leather workers, pottery makers, metal smiths,
608:
Another group of Mandinka people, under Faran Kamara – the son of the king of Tabou – expanded southeast of Mali, while a third group expanded with Fakoli Kourouma.
439:, where mythologies, history and knowledge are verbally transmitted from one generation to the next. Their music and literary traditions are preserved by a caste of
1233:, which marks the beginning of adulthood for their children. At an age between four and fourteen, the youngsters have their genitalia ritually cut (see articles on
6782:
3432:
6058:
5097:, Quote: "The Jakhanke, who now primarily speak Mandinka, have formed a specialized caste of Muslim clerics and educators since approximately the 13th century".
1205:
The Mandinka castes are hereditary, and marriages outside the caste was forbidden. Their caste system is similar to those of other ethnic groups of the African
877:
As the demand grew, states Barry, Futa Jallon, led by an Islamic military theocracy, became one of the centers of this slavery-perpetuating violence. Farim of
6488:
3261:"Mansa Musa Makes His Hajj, Displaying Mali's Wealth in Gold and Becoming the First Sub-Saharan African Widely Known among Europeans | Encyclopedia.com"
3217:
are generally considered archaic and are mostly found in 19th-century and early-20th-century literature. They have been sometimes erroneously referred to as
5228:
3111:, documented captured Mandinka warrior during the last years of the Atlantic slave trade. He is Alex Haley's ancestor and the key character in Haley's book
5240:
615:
and plateau areas of West Africa. Their presence and products attracted Mandika merchants and brought trading caravans from north Africa and the eastern
7080:
6654:
1261:, the female genital mutilation prevalence rates among the Mandinka of The Gambia is the highest at over 96%, followed by FGM among the women of the
5531:
5323:
4805:
Rodney, Walter (1966). "African Slavery and other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade".
888:
states that Mandinka and other ethnic groups already held slaves who had inherited slavery by birth, and who could be sold. The Islamic armies from
1065:
some of their pre-Islamic religious practices as well, such as their annual rain ceremony and "sacrifice of the black bull" to their past deities.
908:
until the period between the mid-18th through to the 19th century. During these years, slave trade records show that nearly 33% of the slaves from
7319:
6221:
5501:
6883:
5506:
1288:, involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris, or alternatively, the partial or total removal of the labia minora with the clitoris.
2649:
2401:
6775:
2153:
5135:
KABBIR CHAM; CAROL MACCORMACK; ABDOULAI TOURAY; SUSAN BALDEH (1987). "Social organization and political factionalism: PHC in The Gambia".
706:
in the Senegambia region during the early 19th century, for example, where slaves were a part of the social strata in all these kingdoms.
6051:
5551:
5546:
1453:
892:
had long established the practice of slave raids and trade. Fula jihad from Futa Jallon plateau perpetuated and expanded this practice.
460:
Between the 16th and 19th centuries, many Muslim and non-Muslim Mandinka people, along with numerous other African ethnic groups, were
5583:
2928:, current Sierra Leone's high commissioner to the Gambia and former high commissioner to Nigeria, former ambassador to Egypt and Iran.
6876:
6481:
1292:
861:
According to Toby Green, selling slaves along with gold was already a significant part of the trans-Saharan caravan trade across the
4051:
Donald Wright (1978). "Koli Tengela in Sonko Traditions of Origin: an Example of the Process of Change in Mandinka Oral Tradition".
3563:
2691:
2598:
2422:
1527:
666:
Islam and he did not want to. Another legend gives a contrasting account, and states that Traore himself had converted and married
588:
We originated from Tumbuktu in the land of the Mandinka: the Arabs were our neighbours there... All the Mandinka came from Mali to
3000:, Sierra Leonean model; Miss University Sierra Leone 2006 winner and representative of Sierra Leone at the Miss World 2006 contest
2877:
2107:
2012:
619:, states Toby Green – a professor of African History and Culture. It also brought conflicts with other ethnic groups, such as the
537:. A very large number of families that make up the Mandinka community were born in Manden. Manding is the province from which the
7274:
6768:
5125:, Quote: "The general organization of the society into castes is shared with Sahelian peoples such as the Mandinka, Wolof, (...)"
2495:
2288:
2249:
1890:
1519:, of American television fame, once claimed that his distinctive hairstyle was modelled after a Mandinka warrior that he saw in
7304:
7264:
7073:
6044:
4193:
Fall, Mamadou (2021). "Les Terroirs Historiques et la Poussée Soninké". In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.).
3535:
1503:, a 19th-century abolitionist, military leader, politician and physician in the United States, was of partial Mandinka descent.
5340:
7314:
7279:
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5090:
5063:
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4729:
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3997:
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3911:
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3824:
3711:
3589:
3102:
1483:
905:
7309:
7294:
6791:
6474:
4583:
4900:
Quinn, Charlotte A. (December 1973). "Mandingo Kingdoms of the Senegambia: Traditionalism, Islam and European Expansion".
1060:
The conversion of the Mandinka to Islam took place over many centuries. According to Robert Wyndham Nicholls, Mandinka in
6214:
5330:, allhiphop.com, Published 9 November 2006. Mr. T gives a 1977 date, for an article with photos on the Mandinka in Mali.
2221:
4576:
3421:
2327:
1319:, at least superficially. They share work responsibilities of the compound, such as cooking, laundry, and other tasks.
1175:
The Mandinka people have traditionally been a socially stratified society, as are many West African ethnic groups with
7299:
7284:
7066:
5395:
5173:
4756:
4668:
4641:
4571:
David Eltis and David Richardson (2015), Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 2nd Edition, Yale University Press,
4411:
4384:
4352:
4295:
3300:
2934:, Sierra Leonean businessman and former SLPP chairman for the Western Area. He is the younger brother of Kemoh Fadika
7269:
6640:
2805:
2052:
2922:, former minister of development and economic planning from 2002 to 2007, former ECOWAS commissioner of income tax
611:
With the migration, many gold artisans and metal working Mandinka smiths settled along the coast and in the hilly
5991:
3164:
359:
3481:
1198:
The Mandinka Muslim clerics and scribes have traditionally been considered a separate occupational caste called
1085:
and self-ruled, being led by a council of upper-class elders and a chief who functions as a first among equals.
1073:
7289:
6207:
5536:
5306:
2271:
1521:
407:
in search of better agricultural lands and more opportunities for conquest. Nowadays, the Mandinka inhabit the
5576:
6663:
6067:
5511:
3631:
3457:
3094:, abolitionist, journalist, physician and writer (had two Mandinka grandparents brought to America as slaves)
1042:
472:
culture. The Mandinka people significantly influenced the African heritage of descended peoples now found in
5486:
Pauls, Elizabeth Prine (February 2007). "Malinke people". In: Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, (online)
3292:
2822:
694:. Slaves were part of the socially stratified Mandinka people, and several Mandinka language words, such as
7324:
6899:
5261:"Architecture vernaculaire et paysage culturel mandingue du Gberedou/Hamana - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
1776:
1081:
Most Mandinka live in family-related compounds in traditional rural villages. Mandinka villages are fairly
403:, who founded an empire that would go on to span a large part of West Africa. They migrated west from the
7042:
6497:
5320:
3316:
2750:
1796:
1010:, men plant peanuts as their main cash crop. Men also grow millet. The women grow rice (traditionally,
4208:
Lange, Dierk (1994), "From Mande to Songhay: Towards a political and ethnic history of medieval Gao",
1253:
The women among the Mandinka people, like other ethnic groups near them, have traditionally practiced
951:
6397:
4938:
The Jumbies' Playing Ground: Old World Influences on Afro-Creole Masquerades in the Eastern Caribbean
3843:
The Jumbies' Playing Ground: Old World Influences on Afro-Creole Masquerades in the Eastern Caribbean
2529:
2384:
1986:, founder of the Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic military state that resisted French rule in West Africa
1254:
5569:
5448:
4037:
2506:
7089:
1384:
A Mandinka religious and cultural site under consideration for World Heritage status is located in
1061:
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having left Wagadou, due to drought. They founded the first village of Manding, Kiri, then Kirina,
5281:
3285:
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3117:
2417:
1625:
1562:
987:
545:. The Manden were initially a part of many fragmented kingdoms that formed after the collapse of
385:
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among these Mandinka is quite low. But, more than half the adult population can read the local
1238:
678:
477:
5209:
5195:
5080:
4936:
4521:. Ohio University Center for International Studies, Africa Program. pp. 59 with note 17.
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in 1324 CE with large amounts of gold attracted Middle Eastern Muslims and Europeans to Mali.
5432:
Matt Schaffer (editor). "Djinns, Stars and Warriors: Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal" (
5425:
Robert W. Nicholls. "The Mocko Jumbie of the U.S. Virgin Islands; History and Antecedents".
4401:
4094:
Pettersson, Anders; Lindberg-Wada, Gunilla; Petersson, Margareta; Helgesson, Stefan (2006).
3509:
3394:
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3015:
3003:
2957:, former Sierra Leone's Minister of Marine Resources and Fisheries; Energy and Power; Lands
2901:
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Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa
5196:
Accelerating the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in The Gambia
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of the Mandinka people. This migration began in the later part of the 13th century.
505:, which would become the political and cultural center of the Mandinka, but also in
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2241:, Côte d'Ivoire president since 2010; Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire, 1990 - 1993
2232:
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The Mandinka have a rich oral history that is passed down through sung versions by
930:
255:
241:
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5592:
3482:"Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação 2009 Características Socioculturais"
3024:, former Sierra Leone's ambassador to Guinea and former Minister of Social Welfare
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2610:
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2148:
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region. These castes are also common across Mandinka communities such as those in
355:
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20:
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1989:
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260:
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From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830
4694:
From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830
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6258:
6173:
6128:
6098:
6093:
5888:
5852:
5846:
5788:
5732:
5704:
4433:
From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830
3703:
The Gambia and its people: Ethnic identities and cultural integration in Africa
3669:
Eberhard, David M; Simons, Gary F; Fennig, Charles D, eds. (2021). "Mandinka".
3225:
3021:
2982:
2931:
2913:
2834:
2793:
2628:
2572:
2535:
2485:
2396:
2259:
2186:
1845:
1760:
1734:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1158:
975:
576:
575:. This expansion was a part of creating a region of conquest, according to the
564:
542:
525:
514:
502:
469:
436:
400:
367:
311:
303:
45:
6915:
6466:
5357:
4992:
4818:
4221:
3622:
2883:
2855:
2728:
2696:
2581:, (c. 1280 – c. 1337), the ninth, especially renowned, Mansa (emperor) of the
2512:
2215:
2209:
2198:
2113:
1971:
1931:
1816:
1578:
638:
7253:
7165:
7115:
7100:
7047:
7037:
6955:
6940:
6837:
6802:
6704:
6694:
6553:
6513:
6443:
6438:
6429:
6419:
6402:
6392:
6382:
6345:
6330:
6308:
6293:
6263:
6246:
6241:
6168:
6148:
5975:
5864:
5817:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5664:
5659:
5631:
5608:
5148:
5107:
John Shoup (2007). "The Griot Tradition in Ḥassāniyya Music: The "Īggāwen"".
5082:
Les nouveaux urbains dans l'espace Sahara-Sahel: un cosmopolitisme par le bas
3886:
3759:
3640:
3564:"Mandinka Tribe- 10 Interesting Details About This West African ethnic Group"
3091:
3063:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2937:
2765:
2707:
2686:
2321:
2254:
2095:
2063:
1966:
1791:
1765:
1744:
1713:
1687:
1353:
1163:
1150:
913:
885:
642:
A map of West Africa showing Mandinka peoples, languages and influence, 1906.
612:
510:
432:
372:
174:
6023:
3536:"Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report"
2723:
2500:
2277:
2265:
2086:
2028:
1895:
1806:
567:, these kingdoms were consolidated, and the Mandinka expanded west from the
7232:
7210:
7205:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7125:
7058:
7032:
7017:
7012:
6992:
6960:
6935:
6852:
6749:
6734:
6724:
6684:
6605:
6593:
6588:
6568:
6563:
6303:
6188:
6178:
6163:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6103:
6078:
5997:
5962:
5893:
5870:
5794:
5727:
5722:
5699:
5674:
5618:
5485:
3789:
3706:(1st ed.). Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: New Africa Press. pp. 43–44.
3219:
2942:
2925:
2907:
2845:
2811:
2782:
2745:
2702:
2616:
2479:
2388:
2348:
2337:
2316:
2101:
1860:
1739:
1723:
1681:
1664:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1584:
1357:
1349:
1234:
1011:
906:
various European colonies in North America, South America and the Caribbean
703:
632:
624:
620:
546:
498:
468:. They intermixed with slaves and workers of other ethnicities, creating a
335:
307:
210:
24:
6632:
5464:
4138:
3751:
3670:
3419:
3006:, journalist and the current president of the Sierra Leone Reporters Union
2562:
7222:
7155:
7140:
7130:
7022:
7002:
6997:
6950:
6925:
6910:
6847:
6822:
6739:
6729:
6714:
6689:
6674:
6543:
6533:
6412:
6407:
6387:
6372:
6352:
6340:
6288:
6278:
6153:
6108:
6083:
5985:
5970:
5858:
5822:
5781:
5770:
5651:
5626:
4093:
3169:
3108:
2977:
2839:
2799:
2582:
2523:
2407:
2354:
2069:
2022:
2006:
1983:
1878:
1872:
1675:
1636:
1488:
1266:
1262:
691:
674:
568:
558:
538:
404:
396:
376:
in much of West Africa. Virtually all of Mandinka people are adherent to
332:
285:
6199:
5120:
4840:
4314:
Architecture, Islam, and Identity in West Africa: Lessons from Larabanga
3767:
3735:
2034:
1257:(FGM), traditionally referred to as "female circumcision." According to
939:
7200:
7007:
6583:
6508:
6325:
6283:
6088:
5942:
5827:
5812:
5669:
5028:
The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa
4921:
4660:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4633:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4603:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4456:
4376:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4344:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4287:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4260:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4072:
3097:
2866:
2587:
2578:
2369:
2303:
2057:
1960:
1913:
1697:
1608:
1478:
1336:
1245:
woman's loyalty remains to her parents and her family; a man's to his.
1210:
1082:
1038:
1007:
909:
788:
647:
534:
530:
412:
343:
138:
5000:
4979:
Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".
4841:"Jihad and Social Revolution in Futa Djalon in the Eighteenth Century"
4229:
6965:
4122:
3154:
3136:
2557:
2546:
1884:
1361:
1295:(GAMCOTRAP), estimate FGM is prevalent among 100% of the Mandinka in
497:
The history of Mandinka, as with many Mandé peoples, begins with the
481:
416:
5024:
4913:
4064:
3582:
Slavery and African ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the links
6138:
5229:
LEGISLATION TO ADDRESS THE ISSUE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM)
3584:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 38–51.
3085:
1474:
attempt to capture the proverbs and customs of the Mandinka people.
1404:
1311:
1054:
1050:
980:
896:
667:
465:
354:. Numbering about 11 million, they are the largest subgroup of the
5522:
4888:
Djinns, Stars, and Warriors: Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal.
3510:"Africa: Liberia The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
3395:"Africa: Senegal The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
6970:
6143:
5938:
5910:
5804:
5415:. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1986), pp. 190–191
5408:. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1981), pp. 216–217
5078:
4403:
Djinns, Stars, and Warriors: Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal
3369:"Africa: Mali - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
3343:"Africa: Guinea The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
3018:, former MP of Sierra Leone representing Koinadugu District (APC)
1974:, President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984; grandson of Samory Touré
1853:, Guinean musician (also known as Jali Musa Jawara - 32-stringed
1316:
702:
refer to slaves. There were fourteen Mandinke kingdoms along the
420:
399:, which rose to power in the 13th century under the rule of king
347:
192:
120:
5561:
1202:, with their Islamic roots traceable to about the 13th century.
6424:
5747:
5422:. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1987), pp. 98–99
3953:
3149:
2274:
Ivorian politician, environmental engineer, former UN Executive
2001:
1661:, veteran politician and the First vice President of The Gambia
1385:
1296:
1258:
1218:
999:
991:
506:
473:
454:
428:
389:
381:
351:
270:
84:
2916:, current Sierra Leone's deputy minister of trade and industry
1705:, kora artist and celebrated musician in the Mandinka language
1339:
performing songs from the oral tradition of The Gambia on the
895:
These jihads captured the highest number of slaves to sell to
6975:
6930:
6183:
5714:
5600:
4457:
Peter Karibe Mendy; Richard A. Lobban Jr. (17 October 2013).
3115:, and is also portrayed in the record-breaking TV miniseries
3027:
2411:
1516:
1424:
1400:
1369:
1332:
1327:
1206:
1192:
1176:
1031:
1006:, and small-scale husbandry for their livelihood. During the
1003:
918:
889:
878:
862:
616:
589:
501:, also known as Wagadu. Mande hunters founded communities in
440:
377:
156:
49:
5512:
A UK based website devoted to playing Malinke djembe rhythms
5480:
ETHNOLOGUE Languages of the World- Thirteenth Edition (1996)
3420:
National Population Commission Secretariat (30 April 2005).
1780:
Ahmed Sékou Touré, the President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984
5837:
5241:
Multi-Agency Practice Guidelines: Female Genital Mutilation
4882:
4880:
4290:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35 with footnote 7.
1408:
1377:
1214:
1046:
1018:
995:
655:
651:
449:
424:
339:
102:
3867:
Mendy, Peter Michael Karibe; Richard A. Lobban Jr (2013).
3422:"2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution"
3323:. Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB). 2017
2969:, former MP of Sierra Leone from Koinadugu District (SLPP)
2945:, former MP of Sierra Leone from Koinadugu District (SLPP)
388:
and live in rural villages. Their largest urban center is
5165:
Griots at War: Conflict, Conciliation, and Caste in Mande
4020:. Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 99–128.
3985:
3866:
518:
5420:
Historical Dictionary of the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
5051:
4877:
917:
coast, and attacks by the Fula people on the Mandinka's
513:
valley. The Mande diaspora from Ghana extended from the
5449:"Bound to Africa: The Mandinka Legacy in The New World"
4934:
4123:"Bound to Africa: The Mandingo Legacy in the New World"
3736:"Bound to Africa: The Mandinka Legacy in the New World"
1448:
wrote novels that refer to Mandinka legends, including
4460:
Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau
3869:
Historical dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau
5429:, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 48–61, 94–96
5307:"The Real Meaning Behind Mandinka by Sinéad O'Connor"
5025:
Patricia McKissack; Fredrick McKissack (March 2016).
1097:(extended family) is the basic unit, and is led by a
6898:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
4317:. Routledge. pp. 52–53, 63–64, 91–94, 112–113.
3903:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
3816:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
3668:
3282:
1088:
986:
In the 21st century, the Mandinka continue as rural
4751:. pp. 16–21, 36, 42–45, 92, 114–117, 148–149.
4425:
4423:
4015:
6790:
5161:
4606:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–39, 70.
4548:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 5.
4450:
4011:
4009:
3930:Logon, Roberta A. (May 2007). "Sundiata of Mali".
3899:
3284:
673:Through a series of conflicts, primarily with the
658:pilgrimage to Mecca with a caravan carrying gold.
6066:
5182:
5085:. Paris: KARTHALA. pp. 243 with footnote 7.
4197:(in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. pp. 14–39.
3678:(24th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International
3632:20.500.11820/d25ddd7d-d41a-4994-bc6d-855e39f12342
3502:
2509:, President of Mali, September 2013 - August 2020
2351:, member of the defunct Liberian Council of State
1376:. The kora is a twenty-one-stringed West African
7251:
5338:http://publicationsindex.nationalgeographic.com/
4941:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 168.
4856:
4690:
4518:Oral Traditions from the Gambia: Mandinka griots
4514:
4429:
4420:
4310:
4195:Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siécle
3989:Historical Dictionary of The Gambia, 3rd Edition
3949:
3947:
3945:
3387:
3335:
3229:, which are other closely related Mandé peoples.
1438:
1049:can be controlled mainly through the power of a
710:Slave shipment between 1501 and 1867, by region
6496:
5319:Mentioned in a number of interviews, including
5214:. Government Printing Office. pp. 554–555.
5207:
4775:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
4771:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4336:
4334:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4016:Nicholas S. Hopkins (1971). C. T. Hodge (ed.).
4006:
3981:
3979:
3977:
1101:(family head) who manages relations with other
1045:. Among these syncretists, it is believed that
5211:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009
4863:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–73.
4778:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–50.
4724:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–83.
4717:
4697:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–64.
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4436:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–72.
4379:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–42.
4347:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–39.
4263:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–38.
4097:Literary History: Towards a Global Perspective
3695:
3693:
3489:Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau
3030:(born Mohamed Saccoh), Sierra Leonean musician
2963:, Sierra Leonean author, writer and journalist
524:The mythical ancestors of the Malinké and the
447:, as well as guilds and brotherhoods like the
7074:
6884:
6776:
6648:
6482:
6215:
6052:
6028:
5577:
5446:
5372:, interview by Greg Watkins, 09 November 2006
4965:Oxford Research Encyclopedia: African History
4961:
4541:
4487:
4399:
4120:
4050:
3960:. Oxford University Press. pp. 135–136.
3942:
3893:
2951:, President of Sierra Leone from 1996 to 2007
7088:
5079:Elisabeth Boesen; Laurence Marfaing (2007).
4962:Cannos-Donnay, Sirio (2019). "Mali Empire".
4845:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
4800:
4798:
4796:
4567:
4565:
4361:
4331:
4243:
4114:
3974:
3871:(Fourth ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
3361:
3139:, rapper and professional basketball player.
1830:, Guinean foreign minister from 2004 to 2007
1248:
6662:
5168:. Indiana University Press. pp. 9–11.
4677:
4304:
3813:Olson, James Stuart; Meur, Charles (1996).
3699:
3690:
2904:, Sierra Leonean journalist and news anchor
7081:
7067:
6891:
6877:
6783:
6769:
6655:
6641:
6489:
6475:
6222:
6208:
6059:
6045:
5584:
5570:
5336:s index has no record of such an article.
5106:
4987:(2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250.
4978:
4813:(3). Cambridge University Press: 431–443.
4625:
4623:
4599:
4256:
3954:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
3611:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3528:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3036:, former MP from Koinadugu District (SLPP)
360:largest ethnic-linguistic groups in Africa
39:
6229:
6008:Ethnic groups whose languages are in the
5517:The Ethnologue page for this people group
4793:
4562:
3812:
3630:
3464:, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-18
3413:
2431:, Malian historian, writer and playwright
1293:Gambia Committee on Traditional Practices
1229:The Mandinka practice a rite of passage,
1057:); these are worn as protective amulets.
5436:, 5), Brill Academic Publishers (2003).
5390:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5243:, HM Government, United Kingdom (2014),
3839:
3733:
3727:
3570:
3474:
3287:Islam in the African-American Experience
2379:
2085:
1775:
1394:
1326:
1170:
1072:
974:
637:
395:The Mandinka are the descendants of the
4748:Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade
4721:Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade
4620:
4059:. Cambridge University Press: 257–271.
3925:
3923:
3840:Nicholls, Robert Wyndham (2012-09-14).
3309:
3271:
1423:has become the hallmark of traditional
1109:(village) is formed by a collection of
7320:Muslim ethnoreligious groups in Africa
7252:
5385:
5055:Living Knowledge in West African Islam
4804:
3604:
3598:
1068:
384:jurisprudence. They are predominantly
7062:
6872:
6764:
6636:
6470:
6203:
6040:
6027:
5565:
5358:Be Somebody... or Be Somebody's Fool!
4899:
4744:
4656:
4629:
4372:
4340:
4283:
4207:
3929:
3291:. Indiana University Press. pp.
3103:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
2641:, President of Mali from 2002 to 2012
2613:, Prime Minister of Mali, 2007 - 2011
2520:, President of Mali from 1960 to 1968
1528:Be Somebody... or Be Somebody's Fool!
1484:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
1454:Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire
1161:'s expansion and the creation of the
1030:Today, most Mandinka people practice
921:, with consequent cycle of violence.
5031:. Macmillan. pp. 66–68, 22–23.
4893:
4406:. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–6, 17.
4192:
3986:Arnold Hughes; Harry Gailey (1999).
3920:
3576:
1525:magazine. In his motivational video
1187:), and artisans and praise singers (
934:
603:The oral traditions in Guinea-Bissau
71:Regions with significant populations
5434:African Sources for African History
4545:Historical Dictionary of The Gambia
3438:from the original on 3 January 2018
1672:, former UN under-secretary general
1291:Some surveys, such as those by the
1224:
924:
19:Not to be confused with the larger
13:
5379:
5058:. BRILL Academic. pp. 63–68.
4847:, Volume 4, Number 2, pp. 269–284.
4100:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 271.
3672:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
3100:, writer, author of the 1976 book
2880:, former prime minister of Senegal
2324:, former Liberian foreign minister
2066:, Bissau-Guinean basketball player
1513:was inspired by Alex Haley's book.
14:
7336:
5591:
5495:
5052:Zachary Valentine Wright (2015).
4636:. pp. 81–83 with footnotes.
1980:, former prime minister of Guinea
1945:, former prime minister of Guinea
1922:, former prime minister of Guinea
1539:
1089:Family and political organisation
631:religious beliefs into Islam. In
541:started, under the leadership of
6900:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast
6617:
5521:
5406:Historical Dictionary of Senegal
4935:Robert Wyndham Nicholls (2012).
4463:. Scarecrow Press. p. 234.
3088:, professional basketball player
3074:
2503:, Malian politician and activist
1995:
1939:, former Head of State of Guinea
1655:, Foreign Minister of The Gambia
1587:, Burkinabé mixed martial artist
1575:, political leader and historian
1494:The World And A Very Small Place
1137:that settled there). A group of
938:
203:
185:
167:
149:
131:
113:
95:
77:
5363:
5351:
5313:
5299:
5274:
5253:
5234:
5218:
5201:
5155:
5128:
5100:
5072:
5045:
5018:
4972:
4955:
4928:
4850:
4833:
4765:
4738:
4711:
4650:
4593:
4535:
4508:
4481:
4393:
4277:
4201:
4186:
4161:
4087:
4044:
3906:. Greenwood. pp. 366–367.
3860:
3833:
3806:
3782:
3662:
3556:
3232:
3187:
3165:Mandingo people of Sierra Leone
2890:
1684:, first president of The Gambia
1682:Alhajj Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara
1544:
571:basin under Sundiata's general
7275:Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau
6792:Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau
5537:New International Encyclopedia
4981:The Journal of African History
4902:The American Historical Review
4807:The Journal of African History
3846:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
3819:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
3450:
3431:. The Republic of The Gambia.
3253:
3193:Alternative spellings include
2874:, former Senegalese footballer
2731:, former Senegalese footballer
2454:, former Malian prime minister
2081:
552:
462:captured, enslaved and shipped
1:
7305:Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone
7265:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
6068:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
5413:Historical Dictionary of Mali
5282:"Traditional music in Gambia"
4890:Leiden: Springer-Brill. p. 6.
4663:. pp. 106–108, 226–234.
4173:Cultures d'Afrique de l'Ouest
3700:Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2010).
3605:Nugent, Paul (October 2008).
3283:Richard Brent Turner (2003).
3246:
3133:, griot musician and composer
2802:, Justice Minister of Senegal
2098:, Ivorian actor and filmmaker
1615:
1439:In literature and other media
1153:initially held the status of
1043:traditional African religions
480:and, to a lesser extent, the
63:
7315:Muslim communities in Africa
7280:Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast
5332:National Geographic Magazine
4018:Mandinka Social Organization
2538:, founder of the Mali Empire
1611:, former President 1980–1982
1594:, former president 1966–1980
1145:(confederation) headed by a
338:primarily found in southern
7:
7310:Ethnic groups in the Gambia
7295:Ethnic groups in Mauritania
6498:Ethnic groups in the Gambia
5162:Barbara G. Hoffman (2001).
4494:. Wiley. pp. 185–187.
4491:Approaching African History
3900:James Stuart Olson (1996).
3429:Gambia Bureau of Statistics
3143:
3053:, Sierra Leonean journalist
3012:, Sierra Leonean footballer
2178:, Ivorian (reggae) musician
2145:, former Ivorian politician
2104:, Ivorian (reggae) musician
2077:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2060:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2049:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2043:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2037:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2025:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2009:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
1414:
1302:
1025:
10:
7341:
5137:Health Policy and Planning
4210:Journal of African History
3992:. Scarecrow. p. 141.
2680:
2310:
1869:, Guinean military officer
1819:, former Guinean President
970:
928:
684:
585:The beginnings of Mandinka
556:
492:
487:
18:
7096:
6906:
6798:
6670:
6614:
6504:
6237:
6074:
6034:
6029:Links to related articles
6006:
5961:
5937:
5909:
5836:
5803:
5746:
5713:
5650:
5617:
5599:
4993:10.1017/s0021853700025718
4857:Walter Hawthorne (2010).
4819:10.1017/s0021853700006514
4691:Walter Hawthorne (2010).
4515:Donald R. Wright (1979).
4430:Walter Hawthorne (2010).
4311:Michelle Apotsos (2016).
4222:10.1017/s0021853700026438
3623:10.1017/S001041750800039X
2808:, MiNUSCA Force Commander
2031:, Bissau-Guinean activist
1771:
1752:, international musician.
1724:Professor Lamin O. Sanneh
1255:female genital mutilation
1249:Female genital mutilation
849:
839:
829:
819:
809:
799:
787:
777:
767:
755:
745:
735:
725:
720:
717:
714:
297:
292:
284:
279:
224:
219:
201:
183:
165:
147:
129:
111:
93:
75:
70:
62:
57:
38:
16:West African ethnic group
7300:Ethnic groups in Senegal
7285:Ethnic groups in Liberia
7090:Ethnic groups in Senegal
5488:Encyclopaedia Britannica
5404:Lucie Gallistel Colvin.
5386:Charry, Eric S. (2000).
4772:Martin A. Klein (1998).
3180:
1726:, academician and author
1477:In 1976 American writer
1322:
1093:In Mandinka society the
7270:Ethnic groups in Guinea
6664:Ethnic groups in Guinea
5552:Encyclopædia Britannica
5411:Pascal James Imperato.
5109:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
4718:Boubacar Barry (1998).
3794:Encyclopedia Britannica
3734:Schaffer, Matt (2005).
3543:Statistics Sierra Leone
3057:
2886:, Senegalese footballer
2858:, Senegalese footballer
2842:, Senegalese footballer
2831:, Senegalese footballer
2825:, Senegalese footballer
2796:, Senegalese footballer
2790:, Senegalese footballer
2779:, Senegalese footballer
2773:, Senegalese footballer
2742:, Senegalese footballer
2715:, Senegalese footballer
2699:, Senegalese footballer
2375:
1898:, Guinean kora musician
1678:, opposition politician
1626:president of The Gambia
1563:Yaya Darlaine Coulibaly
1459:The Lieutenant of Kouta
1221:, and other countries.
810:Brazil (South America)
392:, the capital of Mali.
6012:group of Mandé are in
5555:(11th ed.). 1911.
5447:Schaffer Matt (2005).
5149:10.1093/heapol/2.3.214
4886:Schaffer, Matt (2003).
4839:Walter Rodney (1968),
4829:. Accessed 2016-11-04.
4542:David Perfect (2016).
4488:Michael Brett (2013).
4400:Matt Schaffer (2003).
4121:Matt Schaffer (2005).
3957:Encyclopedia of Africa
2507:Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
2392:
2091:
1937:General Sékouba Konaté
1781:
1659:Sheriff Mustapha Dibba
1581:, Burkinabé footballer
1559:, Burkinabé footballer
1553:, Burkinabé footballer
1411:
1344:
1239:female genital cutting
1121:of the most important
1078:
983:
820:Rest of South America
679:Imamate of Futa Jallon
643:
594:
478:Southern United States
411:region extending from
380:, mostly based on the
7290:Ethnic groups in Mali
6624:The Gambia portal
6231:Ethnic groups in Chad
5526:Texts on Wikisource:
5465:10.1353/hia.2005.0021
5208:US State Department.
4139:10.1353/hia.2005.0021
3752:10.1353/hia.2005.0021
3578:Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo
3321:www.pggpopulation.org
2814:, Senegalese musician
2383:
2345:, Minister of Finance
2089:
1779:
1452:, which won the 1971
1398:
1330:
1308:courtship may begin.
1171:Social stratification
1076:
978:
641:
582:
549:in the 11th century.
409:West Sudanian savanna
293:Related ethnic groups
246:Kita Maninka language
5370:Mr. T: Pity The Fool
5321:Mr. T: Pity The Fool
3265:www.encyclopedia.com
3034:Alhaji A. B. Sheriff
3016:Tejan Amadu Mansaray
3004:Brima Dawson Kuyateh
2902:Ibrahim Jaffa Condeh
2639:Amadou Toumani Touré
2343:Amara Mohamed Konneh
2280:, Ivorian footballer
2268:, Ivorian footballer
2262:, Ivorian politician
2229:, Ivorian footballer
2218:, Ivorian footballer
2212:, Ivorian footballer
2195:, Ivorian footballer
2189:, Ivorian Footballer
2139:, Ivorian footballer
2132:Souleymane Coulibaly
2116:, Ivorian footballer
2110:, Ivorian footballer
1963:, Guinean footballer
1957:, Guinean footballer
1916:, Guinean footballer
1904:, Guinean footballer
1887:, Guinean footballer
1881:, Guinean footballer
1875:, Guinean footballer
1863:, Guinean footballer
1851:Djeli Moussa Diawara
1836:, Guinean footballer
1624:, politician; third
1481:published his novel
1471:The Butcher of Kouta
1356:(including Mandinka
900:raids and violence.
726:West central Africa
601:, Transl: Toby Green
370:family, which are a
7325:West African people
4600:Toby Green (2011).
4257:Toby Green (2011).
3064:Mohamed Kader Toure
2806:General Balla Keita
2625:, Malian footballer
2607:, Malian footballer
2601:, Malian footballer
2532:, Malian footballer
2482:, Malian politician
2476:, Malian footballer
2429:Massa Makan Diabaté
2425:, Malian footballer
2404:, Malian footballer
2284:Abdou Razack Traoré
1533:National Geographic
1522:National Geographic
1465:The Barber of Kouta
1446:Massa Makan Diabaté
1069:Society and culture
988:subsistence farmers
711:
623:, particularly the
563:During the rule of
443:, known locally as
386:subsistence farmers
35:
5343:2013-06-11 at the
5326:2008-03-21 at the
4586:2016-11-22 at the
3790:"Malinke | people"
3462:The World Factbook
3046:Mohamed Buya Turay
2949:Ahmad Tejan Kabbah
2777:Souleymane Diawara
2418:Souleymane Dembélé
2402:Soumaila Coulibaly
2393:
2126:Kafoumba Coulibaly
2120:Fousseny Coulibaly
2092:
1951:, Guinean musician
1928:, Guinean musician
1910:, Guinean musician
1842:, Guinean musician
1788:, Guinean musician
1782:
1425:Mandinka musicians
1412:
1345:
1079:
984:
950:. You can help by
855:0.01 million
721:Total disembarked
709:
677:-led jihads under
644:
599:Mandinka de Bijini
33:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7056:
7055:
6866:
6865:
6758:
6757:
6630:
6629:
6464:
6463:
6197:
6196:
6021:
6020:
5453:History in Africa
5442:978-90-04-13124-8
5418:Robert J. Mundt.
5309:. 10 August 2023.
5249:978-1-78246-414-3
5092:978-2-84586-951-6
5065:978-90-04-28946-8
5038:978-1-250-11351-1
4948:978-1-4968-0118-0
4870:978-1-139-78876-2
4785:978-0-521-59678-7
4731:978-0-521-59226-0
4704:978-1-139-78876-2
4613:978-1-139-50358-7
4555:978-1-4422-6526-4
4528:978-0-89680-083-0
4501:978-1-84701-063-6
4470:978-0-8108-8027-6
4443:978-1-139-78876-2
4324:978-1-317-27555-8
4270:978-1-139-50358-7
4127:History in Africa
4107:978-3-11-018932-2
4053:History in Africa
3999:978-0-8108-3660-0
3967:978-0-19-533770-9
3913:978-0-313-27918-8
3878:978-0-8108-8027-6
3853:978-1-4968-0118-0
3826:978-0-313-27918-8
3740:History in Africa
3713:978-9987-16-023-5
3591:978-0-8078-2973-8
3051:Sitta Umaru Turay
2955:Haja Afsatu Kabba
2920:Mohamed B. Daramy
2862:Boubakary Soumaré
2818:Kalidou Koulibaly
2719:Souleymane Camara
2713:Papa Demba Camara
2619:, Malian musician
2595:, Malian musician
2575:, Malian musician
2549:, Malian musician
2526:, Malian musician
2470:, Malian musician
2468:Fatoumata Diawara
2443:, Malian musician
2437:, Malian musician
2245:Badra Ali Sangaré
2239:Alassane Ouattara
2193:Abdul Kader Keïta
2143:Henriette Diabaté
1756:Mohamadou Sumareh
1694:artist (musician)
1592:Sangoulé Lamizana
1129:(village head or
968:
967:
859:
858:
845:0.4 million
835:4.1 million
825:0.9 million
815:4.7 million
803:0.54 million
793:0.76 million
781:0.39 million
771:0.34 million
761:1.21 million
739:2.00 million
729:5.69 million
573:Tiramakhan Traore
364:Manding languages
362:. They speak the
321:
320:
302:, especially the
288:(Almost entirely)
229:Manding languages
89:3,786,101 (29.4%)
23:or the unrelated
7332:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7060:
7059:
6893:
6886:
6879:
6870:
6869:
6785:
6778:
6771:
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6761:
6657:
6650:
6643:
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6622:
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6620:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6468:
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6224:
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6210:
6201:
6200:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6038:
6037:
6025:
6024:
5586:
5579:
5572:
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5556:
5541:
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5476:
5401:
5373:
5367:
5361:
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5349:
5335:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:. whc.unesco.org
5257:
5251:
5238:
5232:
5225:Berhane Ras-Work
5222:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5180:
5179:
5159:
5153:
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5132:
5126:
5124:
5104:
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5076:
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5069:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5022:
5016:
5015:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4908:(5): 1506–1507.
4897:
4891:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4854:
4848:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4802:
4791:
4789:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4688:
4675:
4674:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4597:
4591:
4581:Slave Route Maps
4569:
4560:
4559:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4454:
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3897:
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3857:
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3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:(Online version)
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3634:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3560:
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3506:
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3499:
3497:
3495:
3486:
3478:
3472:
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3470:
3469:
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3443:
3437:
3426:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3290:
3280:
3269:
3268:
3257:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3191:
3010:Sidique Mansaray
2993:Saidu Bah Kamara
2988:Musa Noah Kamara
2829:Cheikhou Kouyaté
2474:Fousseni Diawara
2463:Mahamadou Diarra
2458:Aboubacar Diarra
2410:, Malian female
2365:Mohammed Sangare
2235:, Ivorian writer
2233:Ahmadou Kourouma
2176:Tiken Jah Fakoly
2090:Tiken Jah Fakoly
1867:Mamady Doumbouya
1730:Abdoulie Sanyang
1568:Djibril Ouattara
1557:Amadou Coulibaly
1501:Martin R. Delany
1282:Musolula Karoola
1225:Rites of passage
1167:(king/emperor).
1077:Mandinka dancing
963:
960:
942:
935:
931:Wassoulou Empire
925:Wassoulou Empire
749:1.6 million
746:Bight of Biafra
712:
708:
604:
233:
209:
207:
206:
191:
189:
188:
173:
171:
170:
155:
153:
152:
137:
135:
134:
119:
117:
116:
107:1,772,102 (8.8%)
101:
99:
98:
83:
81:
80:
65:
58:Total population
43:
36:
32:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7092:
7087:
7057:
7052:
6902:
6897:
6867:
6862:
6794:
6789:
6759:
6754:
6666:
6661:
6631:
6626:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6500:
6495:
6465:
6460:
6233:
6228:
6198:
6193:
6070:
6065:
6030:
6022:
6017:
6002:
5992:Mandingo people
5957:
5952:Mandinka people
5933:
5929:Shangawa people
5905:
5832:
5799:
5756:Jakhanke people
5742:
5709:
5646:
5613:
5595:
5590:
5544:
5529:
5498:
5398:
5382:
5380:Further reading
5377:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5345:Wayback Machine
5333:
5328:Wayback Machine
5318:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5291:
5289:
5286:Music In Africa
5280:
5279:
5275:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5239:
5235:
5223:
5219:
5206:
5202:
5198:, UNICEF (2012)
5194:
5183:
5176:
5160:
5156:
5133:
5129:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5023:
5019:
4977:
4973:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4933:
4929:
4914:10.2307/1854194
4898:
4894:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4855:
4851:
4838:
4834:
4803:
4794:
4786:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4689:
4678:
4671:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4598:
4594:
4588:Wayback Machine
4570:
4563:
4556:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4486:
4482:
4471:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4371:
4362:
4355:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4255:
4244:
4206:
4202:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4151:
4149:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4092:
4088:
4065:10.2307/3171489
4049:
4045:
4033:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3984:
3975:
3968:
3952:
3943:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3898:
3894:
3879:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3811:
3807:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3698:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3575:
3571:
3566:. 10 June 2021.
3562:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3375:. 27 April 2021
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3317:"PGGPopulation"
3315:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3281:
3272:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3160:Mande languages
3146:
3131:Foday Musa Suso
3125:Gabourey Sidibe
3081:Aboubacar Keita
3077:
3060:
3040:Sheka Tarawalie
2998:Kadijatu Kebbay
2897:Amadou Bakayoko
2893:
2735:Pape Abou Cissé
2683:
2670:Mahamane Traoré
2623:Mohamed Sissoko
2553:Ibrahima Konaté
2496:Youssouf Fofana
2491:Diaranké Fofana
2441:Toumani Diabaté
2435:Mamadou Diabate
2378:
2360:Sylvanus Nimely
2333:Mohammed Kamara
2313:
2250:Ibrahim Sangaré
2165:Cheick Doukouré
2159:Sinaly Diomande
2154:Ismaël Diomandé
2084:
2075:Panutche Camará
1998:
1990:Mohamed Yattara
1943:Lansana Kouyaté
1926:Famoudou Konaté
1902:Alhassane Keita
1840:Sona Tata Condé
1786:Sekouba Bambino
1774:
1750:Foday Musa Suso
1690:, first female
1670:Abdoulie Janneh
1653:Ousainou Darboe
1618:
1603:Gustavo Sangaré
1573:Joseph Ki-Zerbo
1547:
1542:
1507:Sinéad O'Connor
1441:
1417:
1390:Gberedou/Hamana
1325:
1305:
1251:
1227:
1173:
1125:, aided by the
1091:
1071:
1028:
973:
964:
958:
955:
948:needs expansion
933:
927:
768:Windward Coast
736:Bight of Benin
687:
660:Shihab al-Umari
606:
602:
596:
587:
561:
555:
495:
490:
358:and one of the
275:
242:Eastern Maninka
238:Western Maninka
231:
204:
202:
186:
184:
179:212,269 (14.7%)
168:
166:
150:
148:
143:700,568 (34.4%)
132:
130:
114:
112:
96:
94:
78:
76:
53:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7338:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7086:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7063:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6896:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6873:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6765:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6660:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6637:
6628:
6627:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6494:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6471:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6244:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6019:
6018:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5981:Kuranko people
5978:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5947:
5945:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5899:Wangara people
5896:
5889:Soninke people
5886:
5883:Malinke people
5879:
5874:
5867:
5862:
5855:
5850:
5847:Bambara people
5842:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5789:Yalunka people
5785:
5778:
5776:Mogofin people
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5738:Wangara people
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5589:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5542:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5497:
5496:External links
5494:
5493:
5492:
5483:
5477:
5444:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5396:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5312:
5298:
5273:
5252:
5233:
5217:
5200:
5181:
5174:
5154:
5143:(3): 214–226.
5127:
5099:
5091:
5071:
5064:
5044:
5037:
5017:
4971:
4954:
4947:
4927:
4892:
4876:
4869:
4849:
4832:
4792:
4784:
4764:
4757:
4745:Barry (1998).
4737:
4730:
4710:
4703:
4676:
4669:
4657:Green (2011).
4649:
4642:
4630:Green (2011).
4619:
4612:
4592:
4577:978-0300212549
4561:
4554:
4534:
4527:
4507:
4500:
4480:
4469:
4449:
4442:
4419:
4412:
4392:
4385:
4373:Green (2011).
4360:
4353:
4341:Green (2011).
4330:
4323:
4303:
4296:
4284:Green (2011).
4276:
4269:
4242:
4216:(2): 275–301,
4200:
4185:
4160:
4113:
4106:
4086:
4043:
4005:
3998:
3973:
3966:
3941:
3919:
3912:
3892:
3877:
3859:
3852:
3832:
3825:
3805:
3781:
3726:
3712:
3689:
3661:
3617:(4): 920–948.
3597:
3590:
3569:
3555:
3527:
3501:
3473:
3449:
3412:
3386:
3360:
3334:
3308:
3301:
3270:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3106:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3069:Assimiou Touré
3066:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3022:Shekuba Saccoh
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Mohamed Kamara
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2935:
2932:Lansana Fadika
2929:
2923:
2917:
2914:Mabinty Daramy
2911:
2905:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:Abdoulaye Sané
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:Moustapha Mbow
2832:
2826:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2794:Lamine Gassama
2791:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Abdou Diakhaté
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:Ibrahima Baldé
2689:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2675:Sidiki Diabaté
2672:
2667:
2665:Kalilou Traoré
2662:
2660:Dramane Traoré
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2631:
2629:Adama Soumaoro
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2599:Djibril Sidibé
2596:
2590:
2585:
2576:
2573:Moussa Kouyate
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2536:Sundiata Keita
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Moussa Djenepo
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:Drissa Diakité
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2423:Cheick Diabaté
2420:
2415:
2405:
2399:
2397:Zoumana Camara
2387:in action for
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2260:Guillaume Soro
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2187:Hassane Kamara
2184:
2179:
2173:
2170:Emmanuel Eboué
2167:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2137:Siriki Dembélé
2134:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1949:N'Faly Kouyate
1946:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1848:
1846:Amadou Diawara
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:Seydouba Cissé
1809:
1804:
1802:Ibrahima Cissé
1799:
1794:
1789:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1761:Momodou Touray
1758:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1735:Amadou Sanyang
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:Yankuba Minteh
1716:
1711:
1709:Alasana Manneh
1706:
1703:Jaliba Kuyateh
1700:
1695:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:Notable people
1538:
1537:
1536:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1475:
1444:Malian author
1440:
1437:
1416:
1413:
1324:
1321:
1304:
1301:
1250:
1247:
1226:
1223:
1195:, and others.
1172:
1169:
1117:is led by the
1090:
1087:
1070:
1067:
1037:Some Mandinka
1027:
1024:
972:
969:
966:
965:
945:
943:
929:Main article:
926:
923:
884:The historian
857:
856:
853:
851:
847:
846:
843:
841:
840:North America
837:
836:
833:
831:
827:
826:
823:
821:
817:
816:
813:
811:
807:
806:
804:
801:
797:
796:
794:
791:
785:
784:
782:
779:
775:
774:
772:
769:
765:
764:
762:
759:
753:
752:
750:
747:
743:
742:
740:
737:
733:
732:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
718:Total embarked
716:
686:
683:
581:
577:oral tradition
565:Sundiata Keita
554:
551:
543:Sundiata Keita
526:Bambara people
515:Atlantic Ocean
494:
491:
489:
486:
401:Sundiata Keita
368:Mande language
319:
318:
295:
294:
290:
289:
282:
281:
277:
276:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
235:
234:
225:
222:
221:
217:
216:
215:160,080 (2.3%)
213:
199:
198:
197:166,849 (3.2%)
195:
181:
180:
177:
163:
162:
159:
145:
144:
141:
127:
126:
125:900,617 (5.6%)
123:
109:
108:
105:
91:
90:
87:
73:
72:
68:
67:
60:
59:
55:
54:
44:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7337:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7079:
7077:
7072:
7070:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6887:
6882:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6781:
6779:
6774:
6772:
6767:
6766:
6763:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6669:
6665:
6658:
6653:
6651:
6646:
6644:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6625:
6613:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6269:Dar Daju Daju
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6247:Baggara Arabs
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6057:
6055:
6050:
6048:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6033:
6026:
6015:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:Kpelle people
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Kyenga people
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5877:Jowulu people
5875:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5818:Gbandi people
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:Kakabe people
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5642:Seenku people
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5593:Mandé peoples
5587:
5582:
5580:
5575:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5397:0-226-10161-4
5393:
5389:
5384:
5383:
5371:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5316:
5308:
5302:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5231:, UN, page 11
5230:
5226:
5221:
5213:
5212:
5204:
5197:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5177:
5175:0-253-10893-4
5171:
5167:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5094:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5075:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5048:
5040:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4853:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4787:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4758:9780521597609
4754:
4750:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4672:
4670:9781139503587
4666:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4643:9781139503587
4639:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4624:
4615:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4596:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4426:
4424:
4415:
4413:90-04-13124-8
4409:
4405:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4386:9781139503587
4382:
4378:
4377:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4356:
4354:9781139503587
4350:
4346:
4345:
4337:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4297:9781139503587
4293:
4289:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4189:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4027:
4019:
4012:
4010:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3809:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3694:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3565:
3559:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3302:0-253-21630-3
3298:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3235:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3213:. Forms with
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3175:N'Ko alphabet
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:Martin Delany
3090:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:United States
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Alhaji Kamara
2971:
2968:
2967:Mohamed Kakay
2965:
2962:
2961:Karamoh Kabba
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Saidu Fofanah
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:Aminata Touré
2876:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:Moussa Konaté
2821:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2788:Boukary Dramé
2786:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:Krépin Diatta
2769:
2767:
2766:Lamine Diatta
2764:
2762:
2761:Pape Diakhaté
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Issa Cissokho
2749:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Lamine Camara
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Brancou Badio
2685:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:Modibo Sidibé
2609:
2606:
2605:Mamady Sidibé
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2593:Oumou Sangaré
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Tiécoro Keita
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:Momolu Dukuly
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Lacina Traoré
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Alpha Sissoko
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Moryké Fofana
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Oumar Diakité
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:Ibrahim Cissé
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:Sidiki Bakaba
2094:
2093:
2088:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:Neemias Queta
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Mamadi Camará
2011:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:Guinea Bissau
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:Diarra Traoré
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Morlaye Sylla
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:Kabiné Komara
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Moussa Camara
1795:
1793:
1792:Abdoul Camara
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1767:
1766:Saikou Touray
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Alagie Sosseh
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Kekuta Manneh
1712:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:Sona Jobarteh
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Oumarou Nébié
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:Joffrey Bazié
1549:
1548:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1456:. His novels
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:in Mandinka.
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:Arabic script
1351:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:of the first
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
977:
962:
953:
949:
946:This section
944:
941:
937:
936:
932:
922:
920:
915:
914:Guinea-Bissau
911:
907:
901:
898:
893:
891:
887:
886:Walter Rodney
882:
880:
875:
871:
867:
864:
854:
852:
848:
844:
842:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
822:
818:
814:
812:
808:
805:
802:
798:
795:
792:
790:
786:
783:
780:
778:Sierra Leone
776:
773:
770:
766:
763:
760:
758:
754:
751:
748:
744:
741:
738:
734:
731:
728:
724:
713:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
682:
680:
676:
671:
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
640:
636:
634:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:Fouta Djallon
609:
605:
600:
593:
591:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
560:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
511:Senegal river
508:
504:
500:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Guinea Bissau
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
373:lingua franca
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:Mandé peoples
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
326:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Mandé peoples
296:
291:
287:
283:
278:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:
247:
243:
239:
230:
227:
226:
223:
218:
214:
212:
200:
196:
194:
182:
178:
176:
175:Guinea-Bissau
164:
160:
158:
146:
142:
140:
128:
124:
122:
110:
106:
104:
92:
88:
86:
74:
69:
61:
56:
51:
47:
42:
37:
26:
22:
21:Mandé peoples
7160:
7027:
6832:
6719:
6548:
6362:
6319:Yerwa Kanuri
6158:
6134:Iwellemmedan
6013:
5998:Mende people
5990:
5963:Sierra Leone
5951:
5950:
5894:Marka people
5882:
5881:
5871:Dyula people
5869:
5857:
5853:Banka people
5845:
5795:Zialo people
5787:
5780:
5733:Ligbi people
5728:Dyula people
5723:Bissa people
5705:Yaure people
5619:Burkina Faso
5550:
5535:
5487:
5456:
5452:
5433:
5427:African Arts
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5387:
5365:
5353:
5331:
5315:
5301:
5290:. Retrieved
5288:. 2015-05-29
5285:
5276:
5265:. Retrieved
5255:
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5220:
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4172:
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4130:
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3793:
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3671:
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3542:
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3488:
3476:
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3461:
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3428:
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3398:
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3372:
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3346:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3320:
3311:
3286:
3264:
3255:
3234:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3116:
3112:
3101:
2943:Bomba Jawara
2926:Kemoh Fadika
2908:Kanji Daramy
2891:Sierra Leone
2872:Amara Traoré
2846:Amadou Onana
2812:Seckou Keita
2783:Baba Diawara
2746:Aly Cissokho
2740:Papiss Cissé
2703:Dawda Camara
2655:Djimi Traoré
2650:Adama Traoré
2645:Birama Touré
2634:Almamy Touré
2617:Baba Sissoko
2568:Makan Konaté
2530:Seydou Keita
2518:Modibo Keïta
2480:Daba Diawara
2452:Yoro Diakité
2389:FC Barcelona
2385:Seydou Keita
2349:G. V. Kromah
2338:Nohan Kenneh
2317:Prince Balde
2306:, footballer
2294:Hamed Traorè
2289:Adama Traoré
2206:, footballer
2204:Karim Konaté
2172:, footballer
2161:, footballer
2128:, footballer
2122:, footballer
2102:Alpha Blondy
2047:João Jaquité
2018:Romário Baró
1955:Fodé Mansaré
1908:Mamady Keïta
1891:Mamadou Kane
1861:Kaba Diawara
1828:Mamady Condé
1823:Cheick Condé
1740:Ebrima Sohna
1665:Alieu Fadera
1649:, footballer
1647:Jatto Ceesay
1642:Assan Ceesay
1632:Modou Barrow
1622:Adama Barrow
1585:Cheick Kongo
1545:Burkina Faso
1532:
1526:
1520:
1509:'s 1988 hit
1492:
1482:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1449:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1383:
1367:
1350:Latin script
1346:
1310:
1306:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1265:at 91%, and
1252:
1243:
1230:
1228:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1080:
1059:
1036:
1029:
1016:
1012:African rice
990:who rely on
985:
956:
952:adding to it
947:
902:
894:
883:
876:
872:
868:
860:
704:Gambia River
699:
695:
688:
672:
664:
645:
629:
625:Jolof Empire
621:Wolof people
610:
607:
598:
595:
584:
583:
562:
547:Ghana empire
523:
499:Ghana Empire
496:
459:
448:
444:
437:oral society
394:
371:
350:and eastern
336:ethnic group
333:West African
328:
324:
322:
236:
211:Sierra Leone
161:647,458 (2%)
48:'s visit to
30:Ethnic group
25:Dinka people
5986:Loko people
5971:Kono people
5919:Busa people
5865:Duun people
5859:Bozo people
5823:Mano people
5782:Susu people
5771:Loma people
5766:Lele people
5695:Tura people
5690:Mwan people
5685:Jeri people
5680:Guro people
5665:Gban people
5660:Beng people
5652:Ivory Coast
5637:Samo people
5632:Kpee people
5627:Bobo people
5609:Boko people
5459:: 321–369.
4579:; Archive:
4175:(in French)
4169:"Mandingue"
4133:: 321–369.
4034:|work=
3938:(9): 34–38.
3746:: 321–369.
3520:22 December
3514:www.cia.gov
3442:29 December
3405:22 December
3399:www.cia.gov
3373:www.cia.gov
3353:22 December
3347:www.cia.gov
3327:22 December
3170:Mane people
3109:Kunta Kinte
2978:Glen Kamara
2884:Zargo Touré
2856:Lamine Sané
2840:Opa Nguette
2800:Sidiki Kaba
2729:Aliou Cissé
2697:Keita Baldé
2583:Mali Empire
2524:Salif Keita
2513:Habib Keïta
2408:Bako Dagnon
2355:Alex Nimely
2272:Sékou Touré
2227:Tiassé Koné
2222:Moussa Koné
2216:Bakari Koné
2210:Arouna Koné
2199:Fadel Keïta
2114:Sekou Cissé
2082:Ivory Coast
2070:Alfa Semedo
2023:Mimito Biai
2007:Yalany Baio
1984:Samori Ture
1972:Sekou Touré
1932:Mory Konaté
1879:Mamadi Kaba
1873:Daouda Jabi
1834:Sékou Condé
1817:Alpha Condé
1676:Sidia Jatta
1637:Musa Barrow
1579:Bakary Koné
1489:Kunta Kinte
1407:collection
1331:A Mandinka
1267:Fula people
1263:Jola people
1183:), slaves (
979:A Mandinka
959:August 2021
800:Mozambique
692:Ibn Battuta
569:Niger River
559:Mali Empire
553:Mali Empire
539:Mali Empire
405:Niger River
397:Mali Empire
346:, southern
286:Sunni Islam
7254:Categories
7228:Toucouleur
6858:Portuguese
5828:Vai people
5813:Dan people
5700:Wan people
5675:Goo people
5670:Dan people
5360:at Youtube
5292:2019-01-25
5267:2009-04-12
5115:: 95–102.
4179:2021-06-16
3799:2021-04-22
3468:2022-02-02
3247:References
3098:Alex Haley
2867:Tony Sylva
2724:Pathé Ciss
2588:Hadi Sacko
2579:Mansa Musa
2501:Aoua Kéita
2370:Ansu Toure
2328:Abu Kamara
2304:Marco Zoro
2278:Yaya Touré
2266:Kolo Touré
2058:Madi Queta
2041:Tomás Dabó
2029:Sana Canté
1961:Petit Sory
1914:Naby Keita
1896:Mory Kanté
1807:Momo Cissé
1698:Modou Jobe
1628:since 2017
1616:The Gambia
1609:Saye Zerbo
1511:"Mandinka"
1479:Alex Haley
1337:Papa Susso
1211:The Gambia
1151:Keita clan
1113:, and the
1083:autonomous
1062:Senegambia
1041:Islam and
1039:syncretise
1008:wet season
910:Senegambia
897:Portuguese
830:Caribbean
789:Senegambia
757:Gold Coast
654:, went on
650:who ruled
648:Mansa Musa
557:See also:
419:region in
413:The Gambia
344:The Gambia
266:Portuguese
139:The Gambia
66:11 million
46:Mansa Musa
7146:Karoninka
6921:Adjoukrou
6252:Shuweihat
5009:162509491
4827:162649628
4238:153657364
4081:162959732
4036:ignored (
4026:cite book
3887:861559444
3760:0361-5413
3649:145235778
3641:1475-2999
3155:Gravikord
3137:Sheck Wes
3127:, actress
2563:Sidy Koné
2558:Pa Konate
2547:Amy Koita
1885:Sory Kaba
1399:Mandinka
1360:). Small
1231:kuyangwoo
1155:kafu-tigi
1147:kafu-tigi
1139:dugu-tigi
1127:dugu-tigi
646:In 1324,
482:Caribbean
417:Casamance
316:Khassonké
232:(primary)
220:Languages
27:of Sudan.
7260:Mandinka
7196:Niominka
7171:Mankanya
7161:Mandinka
7151:Konyagui
7136:Jakhanke
7028:Mandinka
6843:Mankanya
6833:Mandinka
6720:Mandinka
6700:Konyagui
6579:Niominka
6559:Mankanya
6549:Mandinka
6539:Jakhanke
6398:Sudanese
6363:Mandinka
6299:Hadjarai
6159:Mandinka
6139:Jakhanke
5547:Mandingo
5532:Mandingo
5502:Mandinka
5473:52045769
5341:Archived
5324:Archived
5227:(2009),
5121:25803021
4584:Archived
4476:beliefs.
4147:52045769
3932:Calliope
3776:52045769
3768:20065748
3719:23 April
3682:23 April
3654:23 April
3580:(2005).
3548:28 March
3494:28 March
3433:Archived
3211:Mandinko
3207:Mandingo
3203:Mandinga
3144:See also
3086:Mo Bamba
2053:Jorginho
2035:Rui Dabó
1607:Colonel
1590:General
1429:jalibaas
1415:The kora
1405:Gallieni
1362:Qur'anic
1335:Al-Haji
1312:Polygamy
1303:Marriage
1269:at 88%.
1200:Jakhanke
1159:Sundiata
1055:talisman
1051:marabout
1026:Religion
981:marabout
668:Muhammad
509:and the
466:Americas
415:and the
325:Mandinka
280:Religion
250:Mandinka
34:Mandinka
7218:Soninke
7121:Biafada
7111:Bassari
7106:Balanta
6988:Djimini
6971:Tchaman
6828:Landuma
6818:Biafada
6813:Bassari
6808:Balanta
6745:Yalunka
6710:Landuma
6680:Bassari
6601:Soninke
6529:Biafada
6524:Bassari
6519:Balanta
6454:Bidayat
6449:Zaghawa
6430:Anakaza
6378:Masalit
6368:Mararit
6358:Mandara
6336:Kujarke
6314:Kanembu
6274:Fongoro
6259:Bagirmi
6174:Soninke
6144:Kassena
6129:Gurunsi
6099:Djimini
6094:Dagaaba
6010:Manding
5939:Senegal
5911:Nigeria
5805:Liberia
5540:. 1905.
5507:Malinke
4922:1854194
4152:June 1,
4073:3171489
3458:"Ghana"
3226:Bambara
3199:Manding
3195:Maninka
2681:Senegal
2391:in 2008
2311:Liberia
1857:player)
1317:harmony
1278:Kuyungo
1189:nyamolo
1157:before
1141:form a
1047:spirits
992:peanuts
971:Economy
850:Europe
685:Slavery
493:Origins
488:History
464:to the
455:hunters
421:Senegal
366:in the
348:Senegal
329:Malinke
312:Yalunka
304:Bambara
256:English
193:Liberia
121:Senegal
7186:Laalaa
7166:Manjak
7116:Bedick
7101:Bainuk
7048:Yoruba
7043:Whites
7038:Senufo
6966:M'Bato
6956:Evalue
6946:Baoulé
6941:Avikam
6838:Manjak
6803:Bainuk
6705:Kpelle
6695:Gbandi
6569:Laalaa
6554:Manjak
6514:Bainuk
6444:Tupuri
6439:Tunjur
6425:Gouran
6420:Toubou
6403:Sungor
6393:Sinyar
6383:Musgum
6346:Bilala
6331:Kotoko
6309:Kanuri
6294:Haddad
6264:Buduma
6242:Amdang
6169:Senufo
6149:Kusasi
5943:Gambia
5748:Guinea
5471:
5440:
5394:
5247:
5172:
5119:
5089:
5062:
5035:
5007:
5001:182616
4999:
4945:
4920:
4867:
4825:
4782:
4755:
4728:
4701:
4667:
4640:
4610:
4575:
4552:
4525:
4498:
4467:
4440:
4410:
4383:
4351:
4321:
4294:
4267:
4236:
4230:183220
4228:
4145:
4104:
4079:
4071:
3996:
3964:
3910:
3885:
3875:
3850:
3823:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3710:
3647:
3639:
3588:
3516:. 2019
3401:. 2019
3349:. 2019
3299:
3239:trade.
3220:Dioula
3150:Djembe
2414:singer
2002:Aladje
1772:Guinea
1450:Janjon
1386:Guinea
1370:griots
1297:Gambia
1259:UNICEF
1219:Guinea
1193:griots
1177:castes
1149:. The
1000:millet
715:Region
507:Bambuk
503:Manden
476:, the
474:Brazil
470:Creole
441:griots
429:Guinea
390:Bamako
382:Maliki
352:Guinea
331:are a
314:, and
308:Dioula
298:Other
271:Arabic
261:French
208:
190:
172:
154:
136:
118:
100:
85:Guinea
82:
7233:Wolof
7211:Saafi
7206:Palor
7181:Serer
7176:Papel
7126:Dyula
7033:Mossi
7018:Krahn
7013:Hausa
6993:Dyula
6976:Wassa
6961:Fante
6936:Attie
6931:Aowin
6853:Papel
6750:Zialo
6735:Papel
6725:Mende
6685:Dyula
6606:Wolof
6594:Saafi
6589:Palor
6564:Serer
6304:Hausa
6189:Zarma
6184:Yarse
6179:Turka
6164:Mossi
6124:Gurma
6119:Gouin
6114:Fulse
6104:Dyula
6079:Bissa
5715:Ghana
5601:Benin
5469:S2CID
5334:'
5117:JSTOR
5005:S2CID
4997:JSTOR
4918:JSTOR
4823:S2CID
4234:S2CID
4226:JSTOR
4143:S2CID
4077:S2CID
4069:JSTOR
3772:S2CID
3764:JSTOR
3645:S2CID
3539:(PDF)
3485:(PDF)
3436:(PDF)
3425:(PDF)
3379:1 May
3295:–19.
3181:Notes
3118:Roots
3113:Roots
3028:K-Man
2412:griot
1517:Mr. T
1433:jalis
1401:saber
1358:Ajami
1333:Griot
1323:Music
1286:Bondo
1274:Niaka
1207:Sahel
1185:jongo
1164:mansa
1032:Islam
1004:maize
919:Kaabu
890:Sudan
879:Kaabu
863:Sahel
700:Jongo
633:Ghana
617:Sahel
590:Kaabu
450:donso
445:jelis
378:Islam
157:Ghana
50:Mecca
7223:Susu
7201:Noon
7191:Ndut
7156:Lebu
7141:Jola
7131:Fula
7023:Lobi
7003:Gagu
6998:Fula
6983:Bété
6951:Bono
6926:Anyi
6916:Abbé
6911:Akan
6848:Nalu
6823:Jola
6740:Susu
6730:Nalu
6715:Loma
6690:Fula
6675:Baga
6584:Noon
6574:Ndut
6544:Jola
6534:Fula
6413:Kimr
6408:Tama
6388:Sara
6373:Masa
6353:Maba
6341:Lisi
6289:Gula
6279:Fula
6154:Lobi
6109:Fula
6084:Bobo
6014:Bold
5838:Mali
5438:ISBN
5392:ISBN
5245:ISBN
5170:ISBN
5087:ISBN
5060:ISBN
5033:ISBN
4943:ISBN
4865:ISBN
4780:ISBN
4753:ISBN
4726:ISBN
4699:ISBN
4665:ISBN
4638:ISBN
4608:ISBN
4573:ISBN
4550:ISBN
4523:ISBN
4496:ISBN
4465:ISBN
4438:ISBN
4408:ISBN
4381:ISBN
4349:ISBN
4319:ISBN
4292:ISBN
4265:ISBN
4154:2016
4102:ISBN
4038:help
3994:ISBN
3962:ISBN
3908:ISBN
3883:OCLC
3873:ISBN
3848:ISBN
3821:ISBN
3756:ISSN
3721:2021
3708:ISBN
3684:2021
3656:2021
3637:ISSN
3586:ISBN
3550:2020
3522:2019
3496:2020
3444:2017
3407:2019
3381:2021
3355:2019
3329:2019
3297:ISBN
3209:and
3058:Togo
2376:Mali
1855:Kora
1692:kora
1468:and
1421:kora
1419:The
1409:MHNT
1378:harp
1374:kora
1341:kora
1237:and
1235:male
1215:Mali
1181:foro
1143:kafu
1115:dugu
1107:dugu
1105:. A
1019:clan
996:rice
912:and
696:Jong
675:Fula
656:Hajj
652:Mali
535:Kita
531:Siby
431:and
425:Mali
340:Mali
323:The
103:Mali
7008:Gio
6509:Aku
6326:Kim
6284:Fur
6089:Bwa
5549:".
5534:".
5461:doi
5145:doi
4989:doi
4910:doi
4815:doi
4218:doi
4135:doi
4061:doi
3748:doi
3627:hdl
3619:doi
3223:or
1431:or
1388:at
1284:or
1280:or
1276:or
1034:.
954:.
698:or
519:Gao
517:to
457:).
327:or
7256::
5467:.
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5455:.
5451:.
5284:.
5184:^
5139:.
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5011:.
5003:.
4995:.
4985:32
4983:.
4916:.
4906:78
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4821:.
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4422:^
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4333:^
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4232:,
4224:,
4214:35
4212:,
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4075:.
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427:,
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