211:, is injected intradermally (between the layers of dermis) on the flexor surface of the left forearm, mid-way between elbow and wrist. The injection should be made with a tuberculin syringe, with the needle bevel facing upward. When placed correctly, injection should produce a pale wheal of the skin, 6 to 10 mm in diameter. The result of the test is read after 48–96 hours, ideally after 72 hours/3rd day. This procedure is termed the 'Mantoux technique'. A person who has been exposed to the bacteria would be expected to mount an immune response in the area of skin containing the bacterial proteins. This response is a classic example of 'delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction' (
2133:
29:
147:
135:
1290:
473:
testing should be used to help interpret positive
Mantoux tests of over 5 mm, and repeated tuberculin skin testing must not be done in people who have had BCG vaccinations. In general, the US recommendation may result in a larger number of people being falsely diagnosed with latent tuberculosis,
339:
TST (tuberculin skin test) positive is measured by size of induration. The size of the induration considered to be a positive result depends on risk factors. For example, a low-risk patient must have a larger induration for a positive result than a high-risk patient. High-risk groups include recent
516:
Some people who have been infected with TB may have a negative reaction when tested years after infection, as the immune system response may gradually wane. This initial skin test, though negative, may stimulate (boost) the body's ability to react to tuberculin in future tests. Thus, a positive
597:
blood test measures the patient's immune reactivity to the TB bacterium, and is useful for initial and serial testing of persons with an increased risk of latent or active tuberculosis infection. Guidelines for its use were released by the CDC in
December 2005. QuantiFERON-TB Gold is
520:
Use of two-step testing is recommended for initial skin testing of adults who will be retested periodically (e.g., health care workers). This ensures any future positive tests can be interpreted as being caused by a new infection, rather than simply a reaction to an old infection.
468:
The role of
Mantoux testing in people who have been vaccinated is disputed. The US recommends that tuberculin skin testing is not contraindicated for BCG-vaccinated persons, and prior BCG vaccination should not influence the interpretation of the test. The UK recommends that
449:
This is because the immune system needs to be functional to mount a response to the protein derivative injected under the skin. A false negative result may occur in a person who has been recently infected with TB, but whose immune system hasn't yet reacted to the bacteria.
191:, obtaining purified protein derivative (PPD) and enabling the creation of a reliable test for tuberculosis. Her first publication on the purification of tuberculin appeared in 1934. By the 1940s, Seibert's PPD was the international standard for tuberculin tests. In 1939,
359:. Therefore, a positive TST/PPD in a person who has received BCG vaccine is interpreted as latent TB infection (LTBI). Due to the test's low specificity, most positive reactions in low-risk individuals are false positives. A false positive result may be caused by
1258:
251:
The results of this test must be interpreted carefully. The person's medical risk factors determine at which increment (5 mm, 10 mm, or 15 mm) of induration the result is considered positive. A positive result indicates TB exposure.
504:, a lack of reaction by the body's defence mechanisms when it comes into contact with foreign substances, the tuberculin reaction will occur weakly, thus compromising the value of Mantoux testing. For example, anergy is present in
366:
False positives can also occur when the injected area is touched, causing swelling and itching. If the swelling is less than 5 mm, it is possibly due to error by the healthcare personnel causing inflammation to the area.
508:, a disease which strongly depresses the immune system. Therefore, anergy testing is advised in cases where there is suspicion that anergy is present. However, routine anergy skin testing is not recommended.
165:. Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is a precipitate of species-nonspecific molecules obtained from filtrates of sterilized, concentrated cultures. The tuberculin reaction was first described by
1265:
727:
2591:
646:
The Heaf tuberculin skin test was used in the United
Kingdom, but discontinued in 2005. The equivalent Mantoux test positive levels done with 10 TU (0.1 ml at 100 TU/ml, 1:1000) are
331:
A tuberculin test conversion is defined as an increase of 10 mm or more within a two-year period, regardless of age. Alternative criteria include increases of 6, 12, 15 or 18 mm.
551:
The US recommendation that prior BCG vaccination be ignored results in almost universal false diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in people who have had BCG (mostly foreign nationals).
714:
F. Mendel. Therapeutische
Monatshefte, Berlin, 1903, 16: 177. Die von Pirquet'sche Hautreaktion und die intravenöse Tuberkulinbehandlung.Medizinische Klinik, München, 1908, 4: 402-404.
559:
According to the guidelines published by
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2005, the results are re-categorized into 3 parts based on their previous or baseline outcomes:
988:
235:(palpable raised, hardened area) across the forearm (perpendicular to the long axis) in millimeters. If there is no induration, the result should be recorded as "0 mm".
590:(IGRAs) have become common in clinical use in the 2010s. In some contexts they are used instead of TSTs, whereas in other contexts TSTs and IGRAs both continue to be useful.
2536:
1408:
2581:
2571:
481:
infection diagnosis and treatment is considered for any BCG-vaccinated person whose skin test is 10 mm or greater, if any of these circumstances are present:
2556:
187:
identified the active agent in tuberculin as a protein. Seibert then spent a number of years developing methods for separating and purifying the protein from
735:
374:. Although rare (about 0.08 reported reactions per million doses of tuberculin), these reactions can be dangerous and precautions should be taken by having
1370:
622:. The interferon gamma release assay is the preferred method for patients who have had immunosuppression and are about to start biological therapies.
2237:
1887:
517:
reaction to a subsequent test may be misinterpreted as a new infection, when in fact it is the result of the boosted reaction to an old infection.
1401:
33:
The
Mantoux skin test consists of an intradermal injection of one-tenth of a milliliter (ml) of PPD tuberculin. The circular shape is known as a
1310:
Collins, LF; Geadas, C; Ellner, JJ (2016), "Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: too soon to pull the plug on the tuberculin skin test",
2526:
985:
363:
or previous administration of BCG vaccine. Vaccination with BCG may result in a false-positive result for many years after vaccination.
150:
Mantoux test injection site in a subject without chronic conditions or in a high-risk group clinically diagnosed as negative at 50 hours
2521:
1394:
204:
115:
969:
195:
M.A. Linnikova created a modified version of PPD. In 1954, the Soviet Union started mass production of PPD-L, named after
Linnikova.
110:, a form of tine test, was used until 2005 in the UK, when it was replaced by the Mantoux test. The Mantoux test is endorsed by the
1970:
1965:
1566:
895:
876:. CDC - National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention - Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. October 2011
177:
to create his test in 1907. However, the test was unreliable due to impurities in tuberculin which tended to cause false results.
2392:
1921:
2566:
2019:
1743:
460:
In case a second tuberculin test is necessary it should be carried out in the other arm to avoid hypersensitising the skin.
285:
Residents and employees of high-risk congregate settings (e.g., prisons, nursing homes, hospitals, homeless shelters, etc.)
2397:
2205:
2333:
1960:
1738:
795:
1100:
Chaturvedi N, Cockcroft A (1992). "Tuberculosis screening among health service employees: who needs chest X-rays?".
169:
in 1890. The test was first developed and described by the German physician Felix Mendel in 1908. It is named after
2733:
2561:
2387:
1597:
548:
A person who is diagnosed as "infected in the distant past" on two-step testing is called a "tuberculin reactor".
474:
while the UK approach has an increased chance of missing patients with latent tuberculosis who should be treated.
1779:
1641:
2201:
2132:
1733:
2220:
2122:
587:
470:
1636:
2687:
2531:
2516:
1859:
1190:
Markowitz, Norman (1993). "Tuberculin and Anergy
Testing in HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Persons".
239:(redness) should not be measured. In the Pirquet version of the test tuberculin is applied to the skin via
2541:
1916:
1367:
599:
317:
Children less than four years of age, or children and adolescents exposed to adults in high-risk categories
1176:
2677:
2060:
1818:
1621:
1233:
932:
866:
360:
575:≥10 mm is positive in patients with negative baseline or previous screening result of >0 mm
398:
Live virus vaccine - The test should not be carried out within 3 weeks of live virus vaccination (e. g.
2723:
2652:
2475:
2171:
2012:
1849:
1527:
2500:
2440:
2117:
2090:
1879:
1702:
207:, or 2 TU of Statens Serum Institute (SSI) tuberculin RT23 in 0.1 ml solution, according to the
111:
2622:
1793:
1562:
1548:
393:
216:
702:"Эксперт: проба Манту часто дает ложноположительные результаты из-за аллергической реакции - ТАСС"
2627:
2407:
2269:
2210:
2190:
2150:
2075:
1666:
1429:
208:
757:
563:
Baseline test: ≥10 mm is positive (either first or second step); 0 to 9 mm is negative
351:
does not protect against TB infection. It does, though, give 80% of children protection against
203:
In the
Mantoux test, a standard dose of 5 tuberculin units (TU - 0.1 ml), according to the
2702:
2692:
2586:
2182:
2095:
2044:
1797:
531:
If the first test is negative, give a second test one to three weeks after the first injection.
352:
95:
2728:
2682:
2576:
2450:
2343:
2288:
2195:
2005:
126:, although Soviet mantoux produced many false positives due to children's allergic reaction.
1203:
2632:
2546:
2164:
2100:
1955:
1950:
1934:
1844:
1774:
1631:
1543:
1386:
966:
414:
356:
87:
1662:
8:
2596:
2551:
2157:
2107:
2080:
1368:
British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for biologic therapy for psoriasis 2017*
1352:
1234:"Fact Sheets | Testing & Diagnosis | Fact Sheet - Tuberculin Skin Testing | TB | CDC"
842:
666:
594:
478:
184:
174:
1977:
952:
277:
102:
skin tests used around the world, largely replacing multiple-puncture tests such as the
1982:
1864:
1854:
1748:
1674:
1646:
1626:
1463:
1421:
1335:
1215:
1082:
906:
227:
and myeloid cells are attracted to the site of reaction in 1–3 days and generate local
123:
344:
with fibrotic changes, organ transplant recipients, and those with immunosuppression.
2215:
2053:
1684:
1679:
1479:
1468:
1327:
1207:
1158:
1117:
1074:
1066:
1022:
791:
676:
265:
Persons with nodular or fibrotic changes on chest X-ray consistent with old healed TB
1219:
1086:
2480:
2065:
1728:
1579:
1574:
1515:
1442:
1417:
1339:
1319:
1199:
1148:
1134:
1109:
1058:
1014:
434:
371:
220:
818:
386:
Reaction to the PPD or tuberculin test is suppressed by the following conditions:
2697:
2470:
2460:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
1869:
1839:
1723:
1651:
1505:
1458:
1374:
1018:
992:
973:
539:
If the second test is positive, consider the person infected in the distant past.
170:
2490:
1005:
Menzies, Dick (1 January 1999). "Interpretation aof Repeated Tuberculin Tests".
2435:
2085:
1753:
1707:
1500:
419:
299:
180:
34:
28:
1113:
2717:
2455:
2313:
2141:
1928:
1520:
1070:
783:
603:
586:
In addition to tuberculin skin tests such as (principally) the Mantoux test,
403:
311:
307:
240:
2485:
347:
According to the Ohio Department of Health and US Department of Health, the
2672:
2662:
2647:
2495:
2328:
2318:
2274:
2070:
2028:
1613:
1495:
1484:
1331:
1162:
1137:"Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions after Use of Tuberculin Skin Testing"
1049:
Starke JR (Jul 1996). "Tuberculosis Skin Testing: New Schools of Thought".
429:
288:
228:
212:
119:
91:
1211:
1121:
1078:
1062:
1026:
930:
566:
Serial testing without known exposure: Increase of ≥10 mm is positive
2601:
2465:
2351:
2323:
2303:
2298:
2225:
1510:
1490:
1474:
1039:
Information also from ODH lecture at the Ohio State University 5/24/2012.
671:
454:
409:
399:
348:
166:
142:
is measured 48–72 hours later. Erythema (redness) should not be measured.
2592:
Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis
965:
From the CDC team of the CDC team at the Saskatchewan Lung Association,
146:
2667:
2445:
2308:
2293:
2242:
2112:
2049:
375:
341:
232:
154:
139:
99:
701:
2359:
2283:
2257:
2247:
2230:
1323:
641:
625:
554:
370:
Another source of false positive results can be allergic reaction or
294:
Persons with clinical conditions that place them at high risk (e.g.,
107:
103:
788:
Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
268:
Patients with organ transplants, and other immunosuppressed patients
2657:
1153:
1136:
303:
295:
236:
162:
158:
2606:
1433:
1177:"Recommendations | Tuberculosis | Guidance | NICE"
629:
607:
491:
Is continually exposed to populations where TB prevalence is high
423:
43:
1353:
Guidelines for Using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test for Detecting
1135:
James E. Froeschle; Frederick L. Ruben; A. Michael Bloh (2002).
2642:
2637:
2369:
2364:
1997:
1802:
1288:
931:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (16 December 2020).
681:
611:
542:
If the second test is negative, consider the person uninfected.
501:
442:
224:
192:
134:
896:"The Mantoux test: Administration, reading and interpretation"
2537:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
1769:
1437:
619:
572:≥5 mm is positive in patients with baseline of 0 mm
1416:
528:
If the first test is positive, consider the person infected.
615:
505:
445:
counts, frequently show negative results from the PPD test.
1007:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
2582:
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Structural Genomics Consortium
2572:
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
438:
843:"Mantoux test | Clinical Medicine | Medical Specialties"
246:
2557:
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
173:, a French physician who built on the work of Koch and
437:- Those on immuno-suppressive treatment or those with
786:. In Walker, H. K.; Hall, W. D.; Hurst, J.W. (eds.).
536:
The second test is read 48–72 hours after injection.
488:
Was born or has lived in a high TB prevalence country
485:
Was in contact with another person with infectious TB
525:
The first test is read 48–72 hours after injection.
231:. The reaction is read by measuring the diameter of
1309:
1099:
463:
758:"Florence Seibert, American Biochemist, 1897–1991"
555:The latest interpretation for Mantoux test results
2238:Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay
2715:
1888:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
86:for purified protein derivative) is a tool for
262:Persons with recent contacts with a TB patient
2527:Center for Global Infectious Disease Research
2013:
1402:
1303:
16:Immunological method to test for tuberculosis
276:Recent arrivals (less than five years) from
1042:
998:
784:"Chapter 47: Skin Testing for Tuberculosis"
340:contacts, those with HIV, those with chest
2522:Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines
2020:
2006:
1409:
1395:
867:"TB Elimination - Tuberculin Skin Testing"
390:Recent TB infection (less than 8–10 weeks)
116:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
27:
1189:
1152:
1048:
325:Persons with no known risk factors for TB
728:"Esmond R. Long and Florence B. Seibert"
381:
334:
145:
133:
2393:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
1922:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1204:10.7326/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00002
1004:
2716:
2567:International Congress on Tuberculosis
1259:"Information on Two-Step TB Skin Test"
819:"Mantoux test, Mantoux test inventors"
790:(3rd ed.). Boston: Butterworths.
581:
349:Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine
2001:
1744:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
1390:
1289:Office of Health and Human Services.
953:"Pirquet's skin test | medicine"
781:
750:
722:
720:
247:Classification of tuberculin reaction
933:"Tuberculin Skin Testing Fact Sheet"
775:
656:>15 mm induration (Heaf 3–4)
122:and is now prevalent in most of the
2398:Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis
650:<5 mm induration (Heaf 0–1)
511:
13:
717:
322:15 mm or more is positive in
273:10 mm or more is positive in
14:
2745:
1961:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
495:
455:Upper respiratory virus infection
314:syndromes, low body weight, etc.)
256:5 mm or more is positive in
2562:Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis
2388:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
2131:
2027:
1598:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
653:5–15 mm induration (Heaf 2)
477:According to the US guidelines,
464:BCG vaccine and the Mantoux test
1780:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
1642:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
1361:
1346:
1282:
1251:
1226:
1183:
1169:
1128:
1093:
1033:
979:
959:
945:
924:
588:interferon gamma release assays
2221:Interferon gamma release assay
2123:Post-tuberculosis lung disease
888:
859:
835:
811:
708:
694:
1:
2688:Tuberculosis in human culture
2532:Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake
2517:Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium
1860:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
687:
628:is another IGRA; it uses the
614:and has been approved by the
1917:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
1141:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1019:10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9801120
732:Chemical Heritage Foundation
635:
198:
7:
2678:Tuberculosis classification
2061:Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
1983:Systemic autoimmune disease
1819:Allergic contact dermatitis
1739:Hypersensitivity vasculitis
1622:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
1355:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
660:
361:nontuberculous mycobacteria
76:tuberculin sensitivity test
10:
2750:
2653:List of tuberculosis cases
2172:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1489:common allergies include:
1380:, accessed 11 October 2020
639:
189:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
129:
118:. It was also used in the
2615:
2542:Glen Lake Children's Camp
2509:
2501:Edward Livingston Trudeau
2441:Friedrich Franz Friedmann
2406:
2380:
2342:
2268:
2181:
2140:
2129:
2118:Giant multinucleated cell
2091:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
2035:
1943:
1909:
1900:
1878:
1832:
1811:
1792:
1762:
1716:
1701:
1660:
1612:
1605:
1591:
1561:
1536:
1451:
1428:
278:high-prevalence countries
112:American Thoracic Society
98:. It is one of the major
52:
42:
26:
21:
2623:Tuberculosis elimination
2202:Löwenstein–Jensen medium
1734:Henoch–Schönlein purpura
1549:Eosinophilic esophagitis
1357:Infection, United States
435:Immunological compromise
394:Infectious mononucleosis
161:extract of the tubercle
2734:Dermatologic procedures
2628:2007 tuberculosis scare
2408:History of tuberculosis
2211:Chest photofluorography
2151:Mycobacterium africanum
1850:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
1637:Guillain–Barré syndrome
1114:10.1093/occmed/42.4.179
308:end-stage renal disease
209:National Health Service
56:screen for tuberculosis
2703:World Tuberculosis Day
2693:Tuberculosis radiology
2587:National Jewish Health
2183:Tuberculosis diagnosis
2096:Tuberculous meningitis
2045:Pulmonary tuberculosis
1951:Autoimmune adrenalitis
353:tuberculous meningitis
259:An HIV-positive person
151:
143:
96:tuberculosis diagnosis
72:Mantoux screening test
48:Mantoux screening test
2683:Tuberculosis in China
2577:Millennium Foundation
2289:4-Aminosalicylic acid
2196:Auramine phenol stain
2142:Mycobacterium species
2038:associated conditions
1063:10.1542/peds.98.1.123
782:Dacso, C. C. (1990).
382:False negative result
335:False positive result
149:
137:
2633:Baumgarten-Tangl law
2547:Glen Lake Sanatorium
2165:Mycobacterium caprae
2101:Miliary tuberculosis
2076:Canga's bead symptom
2036:Symptoms, signs and
1956:Autoimmune hepatitis
1935:Transplant rejection
1845:Giant cell arteritis
1775:Rheumatoid arthritis
1632:Goodpasture syndrome
1544:Autoimmune urticaria
1291:"Booster Phenomenon"
967:photos of a PPD bump
357:miliary tuberculosis
282:Injection drug users
2597:Stop TB Partnership
2552:Glenn Dale Hospital
2191:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
2158:Mycobacterium bovis
2108:Latent tuberculosis
1422:autoimmune diseases
912:on 15 February 2010
762:Chemistry Explained
738:on January 13, 2012
667:Latent tuberculosis
595:QuantiFERON-TB Gold
582:Recent developments
479:latent tuberculosis
185:Florence B. Seibert
175:Clemens von Pirquet
70:(also known as the
68:Mendel–Mantoux test
2451:Philip D'Arcy Hart
1865:Reactive arthritis
1855:Multiple sclerosis
1749:Reactive arthritis
1647:Pemphigus vulgaris
1627:Bullous pemphigoid
1528:Penicillin allergy
1464:Allergic urticaria
1373:2019-05-20 at the
1179:. 13 January 2016.
991:2016-09-30 at the
972:2007-03-21 at the
221:hypersensitivities
152:
144:
124:post-Soviet states
2724:Immunologic tests
2711:
2710:
2216:GeneXpert MTB/RIF
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1896:
1895:
1788:
1787:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1685:Pernicious anemia
1680:Myasthenia gravis
1557:
1556:
1480:Atopic dermatitis
1469:Allergic rhinitis
677:Geronimo (alpaca)
602:-approved in the
415:Hodgkin's disease
92:tuberculosis (TB)
60:
59:
2741:
2481:Mario Raviglione
2135:
2081:Prosector's wart
2066:Caseous necrosis
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1978:Sjögren syndrome
1907:
1906:
1809:
1808:
1714:
1713:
1610:
1609:
1589:
1588:
1449:
1448:
1418:Hypersensitivity
1411:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1324:10.7326/M15-1522
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1264:. Archived from
1263:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1002:
996:
983:
977:
963:
957:
956:
949:
943:
942:
940:
939:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
911:
905:. Archived from
900:
892:
886:
885:
883:
881:
871:
863:
857:
856:
854:
853:
839:
833:
832:
830:
829:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
779:
773:
772:
770:
768:
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
734:. Archived from
724:
715:
712:
706:
705:
698:
569:Known exposure:
512:Two-step testing
372:hypersensitivity
289:Mycobacteriology
31:
19:
18:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2698:Tygerberg score
2611:
2505:
2471:Charles Mantoux
2461:George M. Heath
2431:Christopher Dye
2426:Albert Calmette
2421:Hermann Brehmer
2416:Manuel de Abreu
2402:
2376:
2338:
2272:
2264:
2177:
2136:
2127:
2037:
2031:
2026:
1996:
1987:
1939:
1902:
1892:
1874:
1870:Type 1 diabetes
1840:Coeliac disease
1828:
1800:
1784:
1758:
1724:Arthus reaction
1705:
1689:
1675:Graves' disease
1656:
1652:Rheumatic fever
1601:
1569:
1553:
1532:
1459:Allergic asthma
1440:
1424:
1415:
1385:
1384:
1375:Wayback Machine
1366:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1133:
1129:
1102:J Soc Occup Med
1098:
1094:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1003:
999:
993:Wayback Machine
984:
980:
974:Wayback Machine
964:
960:
951:
950:
946:
937:
935:
929:
925:
915:
913:
909:
898:
894:
893:
889:
879:
877:
869:
865:
864:
860:
851:
849:
841:
840:
836:
827:
825:
817:
816:
812:
802:
800:
798:
780:
776:
766:
764:
756:
755:
751:
741:
739:
726:
725:
718:
713:
709:
700:
699:
695:
690:
663:
644:
638:
584:
557:
514:
498:
466:
384:
337:
249:
201:
171:Charles Mantoux
132:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Richard Morton
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Marcos Espinal
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:Lupus vulgaris
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2054:Ghon's complex
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1913:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1754:Serum sickness
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1711:
1708:Immune complex
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1426:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1378:www.bad.org.uk
1360:
1345:
1318:(2): 122–124,
1312:Ann Intern Med
1302:
1281:
1250:
1225:
1198:(3): 185–193.
1192:Ann Intern Med
1182:
1168:
1154:10.1086/324587
1147:(1): e12–e13.
1127:
1092:
1057:(1): 123–125.
1041:
1032:
997:
978:
958:
944:
923:
887:
858:
834:
810:
796:
774:
749:
716:
707:
692:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
679:
674:
669:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
651:
640:Main article:
637:
634:
583:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
573:
567:
564:
556:
553:
546:
545:
544:
543:
540:
534:
533:
532:
529:
513:
510:
497:
496:Anergy testing
494:
493:
492:
489:
486:
465:
462:
458:
457:
447:
446:
432:
427:
420:Corticosteroid
417:
412:
407:
396:
391:
383:
380:
336:
333:
329:
328:
327:
326:
320:
319:
318:
315:
300:corticosteroid
292:
286:
283:
280:
271:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
248:
245:
200:
197:
181:Esmond R. Long
131:
128:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
35:wheal response
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2746:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:Organizations
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:F. R. G. Heaf
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:Experimental
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Thioacetazone
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:Latex allergy
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1798:cell-mediated
1795:
1791:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Farmer's lung
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1292:
1285:
1271:on 2020-08-03
1267:
1260:
1254:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:(4): 179–82.
1107:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
994:
990:
987:
982:
975:
971:
968:
962:
954:
948:
934:
927:
908:
904:
897:
891:
875:
868:
862:
848:
844:
838:
824:
820:
814:
799:
797:9780409900774
793:
789:
785:
778:
763:
759:
753:
737:
733:
729:
723:
721:
711:
703:
697:
693:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
655:
652:
649:
648:
647:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:United States
601:
596:
591:
589:
574:
571:
570:
568:
565:
562:
561:
560:
552:
549:
541:
538:
537:
535:
530:
527:
526:
524:
523:
522:
518:
509:
507:
503:
490:
487:
484:
483:
482:
480:
475:
472:
461:
456:
453:
452:
451:
444:
440:
436:
433:
431:
428:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
405:
404:Sabin vaccine
401:
397:
395:
392:
389:
388:
387:
379:
377:
373:
368:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
332:
324:
323:
321:
316:
313:
312:malabsorption
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
291:lab personnel
290:
287:
284:
281:
279:
275:
274:
272:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
255:
254:
253:
244:
242:
241:scarification
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
141:
136:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
55:
51:
47:
45:
41:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2729:Tuberculosis
2673:Sunshine Way
2663:Preventorium
2648:Iowa Cow War
2496:Madonna Swan
2491:Lucius Rüedi
2329:Pyrazinamide
2319:Streptomycin
2275:ATC code J04
2253:Mantoux test
2252:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2071:Pott disease
2029:Tuberculosis
1824:Mantoux test
1823:
1485:Food allergy
1377:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1294:. Retrieved
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1253:
1242:. Retrieved
1240:. 2018-12-11
1237:
1228:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1171:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1013:(1): 15–21.
1010:
1006:
1000:
986:Mantoux Test
981:
961:
947:
936:. Retrieved
926:
914:. Retrieved
907:the original
902:
890:
878:. Retrieved
873:
861:
850:. Retrieved
846:
837:
826:. Retrieved
823:Edubilla.com
822:
813:
801:. Retrieved
787:
777:
765:. Retrieved
761:
752:
740:. Retrieved
736:the original
731:
710:
696:
645:
624:
610:approval in
592:
585:
558:
550:
547:
519:
515:
500:In cases of
499:
476:
471:interferon-γ
467:
459:
448:
441:and low CD4
430:Malnutrition
385:
369:
365:
346:
338:
330:
298:, prolonged
250:
229:inflammation
202:
188:
179:
153:
138:The size of
83:
80:Pirquet test
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:Mantoux test
63:
61:
22:Mantoux test
2602:TB Alliance
2466:Robert Koch
2352:BCG vaccine
2324:Bedaquiline
2304:Cycloserine
2299:Capreomycin
2226:QuantiFERON
2200:Culture on
1475:Anaphylaxis
1471:(Hay fever)
1238:www.cdc.gov
995:in eac.int.
672:QuantiFERON
410:Sarcoidosis
400:MMR vaccine
378:available.
167:Robert Koch
2718:Categories
2668:Sanatorium
2486:Carl Rüedi
2446:Max Gerson
2381:Resistance
2309:Rifampicin
2294:Ethambutol
2270:Management
2243:Tuberculin
2113:Paronychia
2050:Ghon focus
1944:Autoimmune
1833:Autoimmune
1763:Autoimmune
1606:Autoimmune
1537:Autoimmune
1296:2008-07-02
1275:2017-03-13
1244:2019-05-29
1051:Pediatrics
938:2023-01-20
852:2019-04-25
828:2019-04-25
803:26 October
767:26 October
688:References
376:epinephrin
342:radiograph
310:, chronic
233:induration
155:Tuberculin
140:induration
100:tuberculin
2360:M72/AS01E
2284:Isoniazid
2258:Tine test
2248:Heaf test
2231:T-SPOT.TB
1614:Cytotoxic
1071:0031-4005
742:April 27,
642:Heaf test
636:Heaf test
626:T-SPOT.TB
302:therapy,
199:Procedure
108:Heaf test
104:tine test
88:screening
2658:Plombage
2344:Vaccines
1903:multiple
1901:Unknown/
1703:Type III
1667:receptor
1516:Tree nut
1371:Archived
1332:26642354
1220:37590470
1163:11731966
1087:19907614
989:Archived
970:Archived
661:See also
632:method.
422:therapy/
304:leukemia
296:diabetes
237:Erythema
163:bacillus
159:glycerol
94:and for
84:PPD test
44:Synonyms
2607:Unitaid
2334:Rifater
2204:and/or
1910:Foreign
1812:Foreign
1803:T cells
1794:Type IV
1717:Foreign
1592:Foreign
1563:Type II
1506:Seafood
1452:Foreign
1434:allergy
1340:1059756
1212:8100692
1122:1421331
1079:8668383
1027:9872812
874:CDC.gov
630:ELISPOT
608:CE Mark
424:steroid
225:T cells
217:type IV
193:Russian
130:History
53:Purpose
2643:ESAT-6
2638:CFP-10
2370:RBCG30
2365:MVA85A
1931:(I+IV)
1663:Type V
1501:Peanut
1430:Type I
1338:
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1120:
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1025:
916:5 June
903:NHS.uk
880:5 June
847:Scribd
794:
682:Shambo
612:Europe
606:, has
502:anergy
443:T cell
106:. The
2616:Other
1770:Lupus
1521:Wheat
1438:atopy
1336:S2CID
1269:(PDF)
1262:(PDF)
1216:S2CID
1083:S2CID
910:(PDF)
899:(PDF)
870:(PDF)
620:Japan
215:), a
157:is a
82:, or
2206:MGIT
1971:APS2
1966:APS1
1880:GVHD
1567:ADCC
1496:Milk
1420:and
1328:PMID
1208:PMID
1159:PMID
1118:PMID
1075:PMID
1067:ISSN
1023:PMID
918:2017
882:2017
805:2015
792:ISBN
769:2015
744:2011
616:MHLW
593:The
506:AIDS
355:and
183:and
120:USSR
114:and
90:for
62:The
1580:IgM
1575:IgG
1511:Soy
1491:Egg
1443:IgE
1320:doi
1316:164
1200:doi
1196:119
1149:doi
1110:doi
1059:doi
1015:doi
1011:159
618:in
600:FDA
439:HIV
426:use
402:or
219:of
213:DTH
205:CDC
66:or
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