386:
548:
687:, and retiring from public life to his estates. According to the same sources, in the late 850s, he saved the Emperor's life in another battle at Anzen and died shortly after. Traditional scholarship has largely accepted this account, but some modern historians have expressed doubts as to its veracity. The Belgian Byzantinist
543:
commander-in-chief of the entire army. Manuel would remain
Theophilos's leading general for the remainder of his reign. Furthermore, as the uncle of Theophilos's wife, the Empress Theodora, his position at court was now unassailable, as shown by the fact that the Emperor later served as godfather for
486:
on a diplomatic mission in the winter of 829/830, ostensibly in order to announce his accession. John was indeed able to see Manuel in private and offered him the
Emperor's pardon, which Manuel seemed to accept, although for the time being, Manuel remained publicly loyal to his Abbasid allegiance.
727:
of the
Emperor", which seems to confirm both his survival into at least the early years of Michael III's reign, and his reported role as a member of the regency. Even so, the stories about his activities, and in particular his role in the restoration of the icons and the alleged second battle at
206:
in 838. According to one report, he died on 27 July 838 of wounds received during the battle, but other sources record his survival past this date, ascribing him a major role in the regency that governed the empire after
Theophilos's death, and report that he died some time around 860.
506:
sources record that he commanded an "army of Arabs and
Persians". After winning a few modest successes, the army turned back south. Manuel, who by then had apparently won the confidence of his Arab minders, suggested that he and 'Abbas take a part of the army and raid over the Pass of
594:. During that battle, the imperial army broke and fled, and Theophilos with his retinue were surrounded by the Arabs on a hill with some 2,000 Khurramites. When some of the latter reportedly began planning to surrender the Emperor to the Arabs, Manuel seized the Emperor's
567:, and inflicted a heavy defeat upon them, killing 1,600 and taking some seven thousand prisoner. Manuel is also recorded as accompanying Theophilos on his great expedition in 837 against the Arab cities of northern Mesopotamia, which led to the sack of
728:
Anzen (which is clearly inspired by the events of 838), are regarded as almost certainly fictitious. However, it may be that the story of his death after
Theoktistos's downfall is reliable, which would probably place it sometime between 855 and 863.
602:
and forcibly led him away. With a few other officers, he managed to break through the Arab lines, and brought
Theophilos to safety in the nearby village of Chiliokomon. During the battle, he received heavy wounds, and according to the chronicle of
515:. Once across the mountains, he and the other Byzantine captives neutralized Abbas and his escort, took their arms and escaped. Abbas and his companions were left behind unmolested, and allowed to return to Abbasid territory.
691:
was the first to highlight its incompatibility with the narrative of Symeon
Logothetes, speculating that it was a later invention, possibly carried out by the monks of the Monastery of Manuel, who venerated him as a
647:
at the behest of some monks. The same sources report that after
Theophilos's death, he assumed the overall command of the Byzantine army and was appointed a member of the regency council for the infant new emperor
349:
of the
Armeniacs was Olbianos, while the Anatolics joined the rebellion. Manuel himself, however, evidently remained loyal to Michael, and it was probably the latter who raised him to the high court rank of
429:(foreign minister) Myron had accused him to the new emperor of plotting to seize the throne. Using the carriages of the imperial post, he crossed Asia Minor in haste and offered his services to Caliph
586:). Manuel again accompanied the Emperor as his senior general, along with Nasr/Theophobos as commander of a large corps composed of former Khurramite refugees. Manuel participated in the disastrous
699:
Other modern scholars continue to support the possibility of his continued life after 838, especially given the existence of a seal, dated to the mid-9th century, which names "Manuel
575:. This campaign, however, and the atrocities committed by the Byzantines' former Khurramite troops after the fall of Zapetra, provoked a large-scale retaliatory campaign by Caliph
696:
and tried to mitigate his iconoclast past. Warren Treadgold, who considers Symeon Logothetes more reliable, also dismissed the reports of Manuel's post-838 survival as invented.
1369:
1344:
307:
rather than for military purposes. This appointment is, however, most likely a misreading of the primary source, according to the editors of the
1364:
231:(head of the imperial stables). At the time, he must still have been young, probably in his twenties. Although he urged Michael to confront
309:
339:), is unclear, as he is not mentioned in the sources during this period. Certainly at the time of the outbreak of the great rebellion of
1379:
1349:
1389:
1384:
1161:]. Berliner byzantinische Arbeiten 35 (in French). Vol. I. Berlin and Amsterdam: Akademie-Verlag & Adolf M. Hakkert.
362:
suggest that Manuel may have been recalled by Michael to Constantinople, especially if the marriage of Michael's son and heir
1270:
1210:
544:
Manuel's children. The Syriac sources even report that Theophilos made Manuel governor of the "inner regions" of the Empire.
1339:
479:
390:
299:, but this unusual concentration of command authority was apparently directed towards the more effective suppression of
1374:
1188:
607:, he died of them five days later, on 27 July 838. He was buried in his palace in Constantinople, which lay near the
502:, but it is likely, according to Treadgold, that the more experienced Manuel was the actual commander, as Arabic and
1203:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit: 1. Abteilung (641–867), Band 3: Leon (# 4271) – Placentius (# 6265)
385:
1292:
1179:
1300:
688:
202:. Manuel remained in the post throughout Theophilos's reign, and reportedly saved the emperor's life in the
1354:
668:
551:
The Byzantine army and Theophilos retreat towards a mountain after the Battle of Anzen, miniature from the
482:
of his general's innocence. He therefore resolved to get Manuel to return, and sent John the Grammarian to
325:
in Byzantine service; however, Michael's chronology of this episode is confused and of doubtful accuracy.
1359:
1334:
1329:
1414:
1223:(1979). "The Chronological Accuracy of the "Chronicle" of Symeon the Logothete for the Years 813–845".
260:
215:
Manuel was of Armenian origin, and the brother of Marinos, the father of the future Byzantine empress
671:, but he refused to accept the post. The same writers report that he played an important role in the
499:
643:), however, report that he survived his wounds, allegedly being miraculously cured after renouncing
498:, alongside a contingent of Byzantine captives. The campaign was nominally led by Ma'mun's own son,
490:
In the summer of 830, Manuel participated in an Abbasid expedition against the Khurramite rebels of
1409:
377:
took place around 821, as suggested by E.W. Brooks, and not around 830, as suggested by Treadgold.
271:, in early 819 and for about a year, Leo seems to have appointed Manuel to the exceptional post of
459:
Theophilos, in turn, was hesitant to believe the accusations, and was eventually convinced by the
1404:
1280:
524:
448:, so great was Ma'mun's joy at this defection that he gave Manuel a daily salary of 1,306 silver
191:
118:
632:
404:
374:
329:
263:
governors, and Leo himself had held the office prior to his accession. According to historians
216:
199:
183:
138:
667:. His standing was so high that the populace is said to have acclaimed him as emperor at the
425:
1198:
672:
644:
363:
304:
195:
8:
943:
419:
and others) the death of Michael and the accession of Theophilos, Manuel defected to the
235:, following Michael's deposition by Leo (r. 813–820), Manuel was promoted to the rank of
59:
190:
court in 829. He returned to Byzantine service the next year, receiving the position of
1394:
1244:
314:
232:
967:
547:
393:
in 829 to Ma'mun (depicted left) from Theophilos (depicted right), as depicted in the
1399:
1308:
1266:
1206:
1184:
1174:
1162:
1148:
854:
785:
684:
604:
536:
412:
220:
160:
88:
1256:
1236:
1220:
608:
530:
491:
445:
395:
268:
168:
84:
1260:
1152:
708:
587:
503:
468:
462:
340:
203:
128:
1126:
1232:
678:
576:
256:
252:
150:
63:
317:, at about the same time Manuel was responsible for the negotiations with the
1323:
1312:
1304:
1201:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2000). "Manuel (# 4707)".
1166:
616:
559:
In 831, Manuel accompanied Theophilos in an expedition against a raid by the
274:
1027:
1307:. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales.
1087:
761:
430:
264:
226:
100:
821:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
660:
649:
495:
1248:
572:
564:
512:
322:
318:
300:
296:
833:
809:
749:
636:
612:
591:
474:
353:
246:
238:
182:
until his death. After reaching the highest military ranks, a palace
172:
114:
108:
1240:
1299:. Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.:
722:
628:
420:
68:
640:
568:
560:
483:
187:
1075:
1039:
590:
on 22 July 838, where Theophilos confronted the army of general
563:
Arabs. The Byzantines caught up with the Arabs near the fort of
259:. The latter post was the most senior of the Byzantine Empire's
1104:
1102:
664:
599:
508:
451:
72:
1297:
Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La dynastie d'Amorium (820–867)
1205:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 136–141.
1114:
693:
595:
441:
154:
1099:
1003:
931:
919:
991:
873:
871:
869:
909:
907:
440:), on condition that he would not be forced to convert to
523:
Theophilos welcomed Manuel with open arms, and named him
1197:
1132:
1093:
1051:
1033:
1015:
979:
973:
955:
949:
866:
860:
848:
827:
815:
767:
755:
321:
refugees and their leader, Nasr, who became baptized as
1063:
904:
797:
773:
737:
615:
named after him, now traditionally identified with the
683:
before falling out with Theoktistos, being accused of
449:
1265:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
720:
714:
706:
700:
676:
528:
472:
460:
351:
344:
272:
244:
236:
224:
106:
98:
1321:
1183:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
456:s, and continually presented him with gifts.
403:In 829, either some time before (according to
1279:
1081:
1045:
409:Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit
360:Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit
310:Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit
1370:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
411:and others) or shortly after (according to
280:
1154:Recherches sur les institutions byzantines
901:, "Manuel" (P. A. Hollingsworth), p. 1289.
622:
518:
444:. According to the 13th-century historian
423:as a result of machinations at court: the
380:
303:resistance against Leo's reinstatement of
223:(ruled 811–813), when he held the post of
1255:
1219:
1120:
1108:
1057:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
961:
937:
925:
877:
803:
779:
743:
1345:9th-century Byzantine military personnel
1291:
1147:
1069:
913:
546:
384:
328:Manuel's career under Leo's successor,
219:. Manuel first appears in the reign of
1322:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
1159:Studies on the Byzantine Institutions
1365:Byzantine people of Armenian descent
1285:Byzantine Churches of Constantinople
794:, "Anatolikon" (C. Foss), pp. 89–90.
883:
13:
1287:. London: MacMillan & Company.
1180:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
407:, followed by E.W. Brooks and the
14:
1426:
1380:Founders of Christian monasteries
1350:Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate
952:, pp. 137, 138–139 (note 8).
186:forced him to seek refuge in the
1390:Governors of the Armeniac Theme
1385:Governors of the Anatolic Theme
1173:
898:
791:
654:
581:
435:
368:
334:
243:and entrusted with the post of
1262:The Byzantine Revival, 780–842
976:, pp. 137, 139 (note 10).
417:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
313:. According to the history of
1:
863:, pp. 137, 138 (note 6).
731:
415:, accepted by Treadgold, the
295:) of the five land themes of
176:
45:
16:9th-century Byzantine general
210:
198:, who had married his niece
7:
1340:9th-century Armenian people
721:
715:
707:
701:
677:
529:
473:
461:
450:
352:
345:
273:
251:(military governor) of the
245:
237:
225:
107:
99:
10:
1431:
1141:
155:
527:, commander of the elite
164:
134:
124:
94:
80:
54:
40:
32:
23:
1375:Domestics of the Schools
1281:van Millingen, Alexander
1135:, pp. 138, 140–141.
673:restoration of the icons
675:, and that he became a
623:Possible life after 838
525:Domestic of the Schools
519:Domestic of the Schools
381:Escape to the Caliphate
192:Domestic of the Schools
119:Domestic of the Schools
1293:Vasiliev, Alexander A.
633:Theophanes Continuatus
556:
405:Theophanes Continuatus
400:
330:Michael II the Amorian
1225:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1199:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
550:
426:logothetes tou dromou
388:
373:) and Manuel's niece
358:. The editors of the
1221:Treadgold, Warren T.
1123:, pp. 389, 452.
1036:, pp. 137, 140.
770:, pp. 136, 140.
635:(and following them
175:origin, active from
1355:Byzantine defectors
1111:, pp. 180–183.
1096:, pp. 137–138.
1084:, pp. 255–256.
1048:, pp. 252–257.
1012:, pp. 297–300.
940:, pp. 272–273.
928:, pp. 267–268.
830:, pp. 136–137.
611:and which became a
480:John the Grammarian
391:John the Grammarian
167:), was a prominent
147:Manuel the Armenian
60:Monastery of Manuel
1360:Byzantine generals
1335:9th-century deaths
1330:8th-century births
1231:. Washington, DC:
1175:Kazhdan, Alexander
1149:Guilland, Rodolphe
1082:van Millingen 1912
1046:van Millingen 1912
1000:, pp. 293ff..
627:The chronicles of
557:
535:(regiment) of the
401:
315:Michael the Syrian
156:Μανουήλ ὁ Ἀρμένιος
1415:Byzantine regents
1272:978-0-8047-1462-4
1257:Treadgold, Warren
1212:978-3-11-016673-6
1133:Lilie et al. 2000
1094:Lilie et al. 2000
1034:Lilie et al. 2000
974:Lilie et al. 2000
950:Lilie et al. 2000
861:Lilie et al. 2000
849:Lilie et al. 2000
828:Lilie et al. 2000
816:Lilie et al. 2000
768:Lilie et al. 2000
756:Lilie et al. 2000
605:Symeon Logothetes
413:Symeon Logothetes
221:Michael I Rangabe
144:
143:
89:Abbasid Caliphate
1422:
1316:
1288:
1276:
1252:
1216:
1194:
1170:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
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1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
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959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
902:
896:
881:
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864:
858:
852:
846:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
726:
718:
712:
704:
682:
658:
656:
609:Cistern of Aspar
585:
583:
553:Madrid Skylitzes
534:
492:Babak Khorramdin
478:
466:
455:
446:Vardan Areveltsi
439:
437:
396:Madrid Skylitzes
372:
370:
357:
348:
338:
336:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
278:
269:Warren Treadgold
250:
242:
233:Leo the Armenian
230:
181:
178:
166:
158:
157:
139:Empress Theodora
112:
104:
85:Byzantine Empire
50:
47:
36:Late 8th century
21:
20:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1410:Protospatharioi
1320:
1319:
1273:
1241:10.2307/1291437
1213:
1191:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
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1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
932:
924:
920:
912:
905:
897:
884:
876:
867:
859:
855:
847:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
738:
734:
709:protospatharios
653:
625:
588:Battle of Anzen
580:
521:
511:into Byzantine
469:Leo Chamodrakon
463:protovestiarios
434:
389:The embassy of
383:
367:
341:Thomas the Slav
333:
292:
289:
286:
283:
213:
204:Battle of Anzen
179:
129:Battle of Anzen
76:
66:
48:
28:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Protostratores
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1318:
1317:
1301:Henri Grégoire
1289:
1277:
1271:
1253:
1233:Dumbarton Oaks
1217:
1211:
1195:
1189:
1177:, ed. (1991).
1171:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1125:
1121:Treadgold 1988
1113:
1109:Treadgold 1979
1098:
1086:
1074:
1072:, p. 437.
1062:
1060:, p. 301.
1058:Treadgold 1988
1050:
1038:
1026:
1024:, p. 300.
1022:Treadgold 1988
1014:
1010:Treadgold 1988
1002:
998:Treadgold 1988
990:
988:, p. 275.
986:Treadgold 1988
978:
966:
964:, p. 273.
962:Treadgold 1988
954:
942:
938:Treadgold 1988
930:
926:Treadgold 1988
918:
916:, p. 103.
903:
882:
880:, p. 267.
878:Treadgold 1988
865:
853:
851:, p. 137.
832:
820:
818:, p. 140.
808:
806:, p. 222.
804:Treadgold 1988
796:
784:
782:, p. 198.
780:Treadgold 1988
772:
760:
758:, p. 136.
748:
746:, p. 269.
744:Treadgold 1988
735:
733:
730:
689:Henri Grégoire
679:protomagistros
657: 842–867
624:
621:
584: 833–842
520:
517:
467:(chamberlain)
438: 813–833
382:
379:
371: 829–842
337: 820–829
290:single-general
257:Anatolic Theme
212:
209:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
96:
92:
91:
82:
78:
77:
64:Constantinople
58:
56:
52:
51:
44:27 July 838 /
42:
38:
37:
34:
30:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1427:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
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1378:
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1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
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1358:
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1353:
1351:
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1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:Marius Canard
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:0-19-504652-8
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1070:Guilland 1967
1066:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
987:
982:
975:
970:
963:
958:
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
922:
915:
914:Vasiliev 1935
910:
908:
900:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
879:
874:
872:
870:
862:
857:
850:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
829:
824:
817:
812:
805:
800:
793:
788:
781:
776:
769:
764:
757:
752:
745:
740:
736:
729:
725:
724:
717:
711:
710:
703:
697:
695:
690:
686:
681:
680:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:) along with
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
620:
618:
617:Kefeli Mosque
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
549:
545:
542:
538:
533:
532:
526:
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510:
505:
501:
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485:
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387:
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365:
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67:(modern-day
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705:, imperial
661:Theoktistos
650:Michael III
577:al-Mu'tasim
496:Adharbayjan
171:general of
1324:Categories
732:References
669:Hippodrome
645:iconoclasm
573:Arsamosata
565:Charsianon
513:Cappadocia
364:Theophilos
323:Theophobos
319:Khurramite
305:Iconoclasm
301:iconophile
297:Asia Minor
196:Theophilos
184:conspiracy
180: 810
165:Մանվել Հայ
81:Allegiance
49: 860
1395:Magistroi
1313:181731396
1167:878894516
716:magistros
702:patrikios
637:Skylitzes
613:monastery
592:al-Afshin
475:synkellos
431:al-Ma'mun
354:magistros
346:strategos
247:strategos
239:patrikios
211:Biography
169:Byzantine
135:Relations
115:Anatolics
109:strategos
1400:Patricii
1295:(1935).
1283:(1912).
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1151:(1967).
723:bagoulos
629:Genesios
561:Cilician
541:de facto
471:and the
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375:Theodora
261:thematic
253:Armeniac
217:Theodora
200:Theodora
173:Armenian
161:Armenian
69:Istanbul
1249:1291437
1142:Sources
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598:by the
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452:dirham
343:, the
73:Turkey
55:Buried
27:Մանվել
25:Manuel
1245:JSTOR
1157:[
694:saint
596:horse
531:tagma
500:Abbas
442:Islam
151:Greek
1309:OCLC
1267:ISBN
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1185:ISBN
1163:OCLC
663:and
639:and
631:and
571:and
539:and
281:lit.
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