263:
52:
296:, drawing an annual salary of 40 gold pounds. In the 9th century, it fielded some 9,000 men and encompassed 17 fortresses. Its size and strategic importance on the Byzantine Empire's north-eastern frontier with the Muslims made its governor a powerful figure, and the theme's forces participated in several revolts in the 8th century. Consequently, in the 9th century it was broken up: the smaller provinces of
400:, p. 217: "The inscriptions on the seals of the warehouses in the beginning of the 8th c. took the following forms: "the warehouse of Koloneia and Kamacha" (702-704), "of Koloneia, Kamacha and Armenia IV" (713-715), which finally became "of Koloneia and all the provinces of the Christ-loving Armeniakoi" (717/8)."
996:
225:(r. 610–641), may suggest the existence of the theme at such an early date, the first unambiguous reference to it in literary sources occurs during the revolt of its general,
1001:
738:
229:, in 667/668. It is next mentioned on a seal of 717/718. Together with the other themes, it was created from the remnants of one of the field armies of the old
731:
436:, "Armeniakoi" (C. Foss), p. 177; "Koloneia 1. Koloneia on the Lykos in interior Pontos" (C. Foss), p. 1138, "Paphlagonia" (C. Foss), p. 1579;
655:
724:
595:
The
Political Collapse of Byzantium in the East: The Eastern Frontier and Central Asia Minor During the Second Half of the 11th Century
266:
The
Byzantine themes of Asia Minor in circa 842, showing the fragmentation of the large original themes into smaller circumscriptions.
656:"The Geography of the Provincial Administration of the Byzantine Empire (ca 600-1200): I.1. The Apothekai of Asia Minor (7th-8th c.)"
1011:
531:
591:Η πολιτική κατάρρευση του Βυζαντίου στην Ανατολή: το ανατολικό σύνορο και η κεντρική Μικρά Ασία κατά το β' ήμισυ του 11ου αι
310:
and later as full themes, along the border in the south and east, while in circa 819, the coastal themes of
Paphlagonia and
207:
The
Armeniac Theme was one of the four original themes, established sometime in the mid-7th century out of the territory of
487:
716:
706:
635:
579:
555:
570:
306:
329:
The theme remained in
Byzantine hands until the late 11th century. In 1073, however, following the disastrous
1006:
353:
emperors managed to recover the coastal regions for the Empire, but the
Armeniac theme was not restored.
188:
34:
747:
341:
seized control and governed the region, until
Byzantine authority was restored by future emperor
627:
Catalogue of
Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East
234:
218:
677:
913:
8:
943:
931:
925:
830:
818:
621:
338:
330:
878:
783:
342:
301:
746:
937:
901:
860:
842:
812:
702:
631:
575:
565:
551:
527:
483:
979:
Thrace and
Macedonia were counted among the Eastern themes for hierarchical purposes
967:
854:
836:
794:
751:
667:
606:
598:
315:
289:
239:
185:
38:
961:
907:
696:
625:
545:
521:
248:
230:
949:
919:
895:
866:
773:
285:
208:
155:
611:
990:
872:
756:
243:
346:
115:
602:
955:
541:
252:
213:
88:
672:
787:
297:
262:
256:
233:
following the disastrous defeats suffered during the first wave of the
192:
57:
51:
237:, a process probably complete by the late 640s. Thus, the army of the
806:
597:] (PhD thesis) (in Greek). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
480:
Byzantium and the
Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040-1130
276:
222:
211:(also known as "Armenia Minor"). Although the mention of a "George,
848:
800:
498:
350:
226:
62:
630:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
326:), leaving a rump Armeniac theme encompassing the western Pontus.
824:
523:
Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture
311:
74:
334:
271:
196:
142:
111:
175:
160:
24:
247:(the "Armeniacs") was withdrawn and settled in the areas of
547:
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
526:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
619:
455:
191:(a military-civilian province) located in northeastern
345:
in 1075. Shortly after, the region was overrun by the
997:
States and territories established in the 7th century
701:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
649:(in Italian). Rome: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
1002:States and territories disestablished in the 1070s
349:, with only a few coastal forts holding out. The
988:
574:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
505:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor
314:were split off, followed later by the area of
732:
507:(in Greek). Foundation of the Hellenic World
26:Άρμενιακόν, θέμα Άρμενιάκων, Άρμενιακόν θέμα
496:
739:
725:
588:
50:
694:
671:
610:
477:
461:
437:
16:Medieval province of the Byzantine Empire
647:Constantino Porfirogenito: De Thematibus
589:Leveniotis, Georgios Athanasios (2007).
261:
644:
989:
540:
519:
449:
421:
409:
368:
720:
653:
397:
381:
379:
377:
217:of the Armeniacs" in 629, during the
60:in circa 780, after the split of the
478:Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017).
497:Gyftopoulou, Sofia (May 20, 2003).
13:
571:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
374:
259:, giving its name to the region.
14:
1023:
388:, "Armeniakoi" (C. Foss), p. 177.
698:Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081
280:, who ranked, together with the
564:
433:
385:
1012:Themes of the Byzantine Empire
443:
427:
415:
403:
391:
362:
1:
695:Treadgold, Warren T. (1995).
620:McGeer, Eric; Nesbitt, John;
356:
292:themes, in the first tier of
7:
274:, and it was governed by a
270:The theme's capital was at
10:
1028:
888:Western or European themes
470:
202:
176:
161:
25:
977:
887:
765:
159:
138:
134:
130:
126:
108:
98:
94:
84:
80:
70:
49:
44:
33:
21:
520:Haldon, John F. (1997).
499:
482:. Taylor & Francis.
56:The Byzantine themes of
766:Eastern or Asian themes
322:, by 863 under a full
304:were formed, first as
267:
172:Theme of the Armeniacs
22:Theme of the Armeniacs
550:. London: UCL Press.
452:, pp. 91–92, 269
265:
170:), more properly the
114:mercenaries and then
645:Pertusi, A. (1952).
622:Oikonomides, Nicolas
673:10.12681/byzsym.931
660:Byzantine Symmeikta
654:Ragia, Efi (2009).
603:10.12681/eadd/19246
424:, pp. 73, 112.
412:, pp. 214–216.
339:Roussel de Bailleul
331:Battle of Manzikert
100:• Established
1007:Byzantine Anatolia
566:Kazhdan, Alexander
337:mercenaries under
268:
984:
983:
861:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
813:Bucellarian Theme
533:978-0-521-31917-1
219:Persian campaigns
148:
147:
122:30 September 1073
45:640s/660s–c. 1073
1019:
795:Thracesian Theme
752:Byzantine Empire
741:
734:
727:
718:
717:
712:
691:
689:
688:
682:
676:. Archived from
675:
650:
641:
616:
614:
612:10442/hedi/19246
585:
561:
537:
516:
514:
512:
493:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
431:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
372:
366:
343:Alexios Komnenos
240:magister militum
235:Muslim conquests
182:thema Armeniakōn
179:
178:
165:
164:
163:
54:
39:Byzantine Empire
28:
27:
19:
18:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1016:
987:
986:
985:
980:
973:
962:Cherson/Klimata
883:
761:
745:
715:
709:
686:
684:
680:
638:
624:, eds. (2001).
582:
558:
534:
510:
508:
501:
500:Αρμενιάκων Θέμα
490:
473:
468:
464:, pp. 212.
460:
456:
448:
444:
432:
428:
420:
416:
408:
404:
396:
392:
384:
375:
367:
363:
359:
318:(first under a
231:East Roman army
205:
177:θέμα Ἀρμενιακῶν
119:
110:• Fall to
101:
55:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
982:
981:
978:
975:
974:
972:
971:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
891:
889:
885:
884:
882:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
801:Opsician Theme
797:
791:
780:Armeniac Theme
776:
774:Anatolic Theme
769:
767:
763:
762:
744:
743:
736:
729:
721:
714:
713:
707:
692:
651:
642:
636:
617:
586:
580:
568:, ed. (1991).
562:
556:
538:
532:
517:
494:
489:978-1351983860
488:
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:
462:Beihammer 2017
454:
442:
438:Treadgold 1995
426:
414:
402:
390:
373:
371:, p. 315.
360:
358:
355:
209:Lesser Armenia
204:
201:
152:Armeniac Theme
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
86:
85:Historical era
82:
81:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
47:
46:
42:
41:
31:
30:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1024:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
976:
969:
965:
963:
959:
957:
953:
951:
947:
945:
941:
939:
935:
933:
929:
927:
923:
921:
917:
915:
911:
909:
905:
903:
899:
897:
893:
892:
890:
886:
880:
876:
874:
870:
868:
864:
862:
858:
856:
852:
850:
846:
844:
840:
838:
834:
832:
828:
826:
822:
820:
816:
814:
810:
808:
804:
802:
798:
796:
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
775:
771:
770:
768:
764:
759:
758:
757:De Thematibus
754:according to
753:
749:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
722:
719:
710:
708:0-8047-3163-2
704:
700:
699:
693:
683:on 2016-03-03
679:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
648:
643:
639:
637:0-88402-282-X
633:
629:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
583:
581:0-19-504652-8
577:
573:
572:
567:
563:
559:
557:1-85728-495-X
553:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
529:
525:
524:
518:
506:
502:
495:
491:
485:
481:
476:
475:
463:
458:
451:
446:
440:, p. 31.
439:
435:
430:
423:
418:
411:
406:
399:
394:
387:
382:
380:
378:
370:
365:
361:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:
273:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:
210:
200:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
173:
169:
157:
153:
144:
141:
139:Today part of
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
107:
103:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
64:
59:
53:
48:
43:
40:
36:
32:
20:
914:Thessalonica
779:
755:
697:
685:. Retrieved
678:the original
663:
659:
646:
626:
594:
590:
569:
546:
542:Haldon, John
522:
509:. Retrieved
504:
479:
457:
445:
429:
417:
405:
393:
364:
347:Seljuk Turks
328:
323:
319:
305:
293:
281:
275:
269:
238:
212:
206:
181:
171:
167:
151:
149:
61:
956:Longobardia
944:Dyrrhachium
932:Cephallenia
926:Peloponnese
831:Mesopotamia
819:Paphlagonia
666:: 195–245.
450:Haldon 1999
422:Haldon 1999
410:Haldon 1997
369:Haldon 1999
253:Paphlagonia
221:of Emperor
214:tourmarchēs
168:Armeniakon
162:Ἀρμενιακόν
89:Middle Ages
991:Categories
966:(omitted:
879:Aegean Sea
788:Charsianon
784:Cappadocia
687:2010-06-07
398:Ragia 2009
357:References
307:kleisourai
302:Cappadocia
298:Charsianon
290:Thracesian
257:Cappadocia
193:Asia Minor
58:Asia Minor
938:Nicopolis
902:Macedonia
843:Sebasteia
807:Optimates
511:7 October
351:Komnenian
324:strategos
294:stratēgoi
282:stratēgoi
277:stratēgos
223:Heraclius
186:Byzantine
184:), was a
104:640s/660s
968:Dalmatia
855:Seleucia
849:Lykandos
837:Koloneia
760:(c. 950)
544:(1999).
335:Frankish
316:Koloneia
286:Anatolic
244:Armeniae
227:Saborios
195:(modern
174:(Greek:
112:Frankish
63:Opsikion
908:Strymon
825:Chaldia
782:(incl.
750:of the
471:Sources
312:Chaldia
284:of the
272:Amaseia
203:History
116:Seljuks
75:Amaseia
71:Capital
37:of the
950:Sicily
920:Hellas
896:Thrace
867:Cyprus
748:Themes
705:
634:
578:
554:
530:
486:
249:Pontus
197:Turkey
143:Turkey
873:Samos
681:(PDF)
593:[
189:theme
156:Greek
35:Theme
960:12.
954:11.
948:10.
877:17.
871:16.
865:15.
859:14.
853:13.
847:12.
841:11.
835:10.
786:and
703:ISBN
632:ISBN
576:ISBN
552:ISBN
528:ISBN
513:2009
484:ISBN
320:doux
300:and
288:and
255:and
242:per
150:The
942:9.
936:8.
930:7.
924:6.
918:5.
912:4.
906:3.
900:2.
894:1.
829:9.
823:8.
817:7.
811:6.
805:5.
799:4.
793:3.
778:2.
772:1.
668:doi
607:hdl
599:doi
434:ODB
386:ODB
199:).
993::
664:19
662:.
658:.
605:.
503:.
376:^
333:,
251:,
180:,
166:,
158::
118:.
970:)
790:)
740:e
733:t
726:v
711:.
690:.
670::
640:.
615:.
609::
601::
584:.
560:.
536:.
515:.
492:.
154:(
66:.
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