471:
964:", adopted the concept of "focus", with an implication that a business cannot perform at the highest level along all five dimensions and must therefore select one or two competitive priorities. This view led to the theory of "trade offs" in manufacturing strategy. Similarly, Elizabeth Haas wrote in 1987 about the delivery of value in manufacturing for customers in terms of "lower prices, greater service responsiveness or higher quality". The theory of "trade offs" has subsequently being debated and questioned, but Skinner wrote in 1992 that at that time "enthusiasm for the concepts of 'manufacturing strategy' been higher", noting that in
1260:
1860:
1644:
929:, also known as just-in-time manufacturing, was developed in Japan in the 1930s. It is a production method aimed primarily at reducing times within the production system as well as response times from suppliers and to customers. It was introduced in Australia in the 1950s by the British Motor Corporation (Australia) at its Victoria Park plant in Sydney, from where the idea later migrated to Toyota. News spread to western countries from Japan in 1977 in two English-language articles: one referred to the methodology as the "Ohno system", after
2220:
490:
850:
1692:
2004:
2052:
1500:
2028:
1740:
725:
1284:
2244:
1668:
2172:
1380:
8960:
8129:
2412:
1836:
2100:
1908:
1788:
1524:
1884:
2388:
2340:
2292:
1764:
1109:
2316:
2364:
2148:
1596:
8153:
2268:
2124:
1956:
1812:
2196:
1572:
1404:
895:, U.S. around 1900. The new automated process used glass blowing machines to replace 210 craftsman glass blowers and helpers. A small electric truck was now used to handle 150 dozen bottles at a time whereas previously used hand trucks could only carry 6 dozen bottles at a time. Electric mixers replaced men with shovels handling sand and other ingredients that were fed into the glass furnace. An electric overhead crane replaced 36
2436:
2076:
40:
1308:
2464:
1932:
1980:
1716:
1476:
667:
1548:
1452:
1428:
626:, bronze was a major improvement over stone as a material for making tools, both because of its mechanical properties like strength and ductility and because it could be cast in molds to make intricately shaped objects. Bronze significantly advanced shipbuilding technology with better tools and bronze nails, which replaced the old method of attaching boards of the hull with cord woven through drilled holes. The
1620:
1356:
1332:
8949:
8141:
75:
933:, who was instrumental in its development within Toyota. The other article, by Toyota authors in an international journal, provided additional details. Finally, those and other publicity were translated into implementations, beginning in 1980 and then quickly multiplying throughout the industry in the United States and other countries.
630:
is conventionally defined by the widespread manufacturing of weapons and tools using iron and steel rather than bronze. Iron smelting is more difficult than tin and copper smelting because smelted iron requires hot-working and can be melted only in specially designed furnaces. The place and time for
1059:
impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world"
879:
allowed more flexibility in manufacturing and required less maintenance than line shafts and belts. Many factories witnessed a 30% increase in output owing to the increasing shift to electric motors. Electrification enabled modern mass production, and the biggest impact of early mass production was
1192:
UNIDO also publishes a
Competitive Industrial Performance (CIP) Index, which measures the competitive manufacturing ability of different nations. The CIP Index combines a nation's gross manufacturing output with other factors like high-tech capability and the nation's impact on the world economy.
1130:
In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting particular key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment in a range of
Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in
1146:
to drive demand. Further, while U.S. manufacturing performs well compared to the rest of the U.S. economy, research shows that it performs poorly compared to manufacturing in other high-wage countries. A total of 3.2 million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared
795:
An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the
Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed down and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of
918:
that could simultaneously machine 15 engine blocks held on a single fixture. All of these machine tools were arranged systematically in the production flow and some had special carriages for rolling heavy items into machining positions. Production of the
840:
such as reapers occurred in the mid to late 19th century. The mass production of bicycles started in the 1880s. Steam-powered factories became widespread, although the conversion from water power to steam occurred in
England earlier than in the U.S.
831:
became practical for general use in the late 1870s. This invention had a profound effect on the workplace because factories could now have second and third shift workers. Shoe production was mechanized during the mid 19th century. Mass production of
783:
was also the first to use modern production methods. Rapid industrialization first began in
Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s, with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800.
804:, were widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the
4229:
1142:, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and
910:, which introduced electric motors to the then-well-known technique of chain or sequential production. Ford also bought or designed and built special purpose machine tools and fixtures such as multiple spindle
1016:, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving
658:, were mass-produced and exported throughout the Mediterranean basin. Early construction techniques used by the Ancient Egyptians made use of bricks composed mainly of clay, sand, silt, and other minerals.
775:. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and
3665:
7807:
4207:
7822:
2868:
Tóth, Zsuzsanna (2012). "The First
Neolithic Sites in Central/South-East European Transect, Volume III: The Körös Culture in Eastern Hungary". In Anders, Alexandra; Siklósi, Zsuzsanna (eds.).
4368:
4338:
8483:
8192:
2613:
Srivatsan, T. S.; Manigandan, K.; Sudarshan, T. S. (2018). "Use of
Conventional Manufacturing Techniques for Materials". In Srivatsan, T. S.; Sudarshan, T. S.; Manigandan, K. (eds.).
1047:
have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the
4233:
2725:
Heinzelin, Jean de; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (April 1999). "Environment and
Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids".
875:, was fastest between 1900 and 1930. This was aided by the establishment of electric utilities with central stations and the lowering of electricity prices from 1914 to 1917.
698:
credited the spinning wheel with increasing the supply of rags, which led to cheap paper, which was a factor in the development of printing. Due to the casting of cannon, the
686:, a 2nd-century Chinese technology, was carried to the Middle East when a group of Chinese papermakers were captured in the 8th century. Papermaking technology was spread to
7793:
631:
the discovery of iron smelting is not known, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing metal extracted from nickel-containing ores from hot-worked meteoritic iron.
614:
allowed sufficiently high temperatures. The concentration of various elements such as arsenic increase with depth in copper ore deposits and smelting of these ores yields
6780:
4282:
3658:
8185:
941:
According to a "traditional" view of manufacturing strategy, there are five key dimensions along which the performance of manufacturing can be assessed: cost,
3761:
8381:
4398:
2599:
1093:
3122:
975:
Manufacturing writer Terry Hill has commented that manufacturing is often seen as a less "strategic" business activity than functions such as marketing and
788:
spread from Great
Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging
622:
is an alloy of copper with tin; the latter of which being found in relatively few deposits globally delayed true tin bronze becoming widespread. During the
8359:
3056:"Preliminary Report on Engineering Properties and Environmental Resistance of Ancient Mud Bricks from Tell El-Retaba Archaeological Site in the Nile Delta"
4199:
3247:
8322:
4484:
694:. A paper mill was established in Sicily in the 12th century. In Europe the fiber to make pulp for making paper was obtained from linen and cotton rags.
979:, and that manufacturing managers have "come late" to business strategy-making discussions, where, as a result, they make only a reactive contribution.
1166:
376:
Contemporary manufacturing encompasses all intermediary stages involved in producing and integrating components of a product. Some industries, such as
4256:
8178:
7800:
4308:
4360:
1120:
The nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-nationally in levels of manufacturing and wider industrial-economic growth;
8396:
8391:
8364:
634:
During the growth of the ancient civilizations, many ancient technologies resulted from advances in manufacturing. Several of the six classic
7812:
4330:
8349:
8297:
3189:
3179:"A Postmortem Technology Assessment of the Spinning Wheel: The Last 1000 Years, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 13; pp. 91–93"
5802:
8371:
8344:
8317:
8292:
4103:
1151:
has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda.
251:
8703:
8443:
2544:
331:
on a large scale. Such goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other more complex products (such as aircraft,
2521:
8973:
8968:
8688:
8312:
2967:
Photos, E. (1989). "The
Question of Meteoritic versus Smelted Nickel-Rich Iron: Archaeological Evidence and Experimental Results".
702:
came into widespread use in France in the mid 15th century. The blast furnace had been used in China since the 4th century BC. The
58:
4644:
4077:
8963:
8307:
7832:
5742:
824:
systems, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.
3311:
2774:
2663:
8693:
5797:
3975:
498:
470:
4304:
1012:
On the other hand, most manufacturing processes may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of
443:. Its earliest usage in the English language was recorded in the mid-16th century to refer to the making of products by hand.
9004:
8952:
8708:
8386:
7842:
5737:
4499:
4437:
4170:
3595:
3493:
3456:
3402:
3345:
3283:
3223:
2901:
2852:
1097:
1040:
17:
4176:
3376:
2703:
1173:
is the top manufacturer worldwide by 2019 output, producing 28.7% of the total global manufacturing output, followed by the
1027:
The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with
8803:
8651:
4527:
8656:
8302:
8287:
5034:
3747:"The Founding of the Association for Manufacturing Excellence: Summarized at a Meeting of its Founders, February 2, 2001"
4278:
3482:
From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
351:
and consumers (usually through wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, who then sell them to individual customers).
8753:
8567:
8557:
8478:
8401:
7817:
6592:
4048:
3116:
3023:
2647:
2622:
2583:
1174:
1148:
1205:
These are the top 50 countries by total value of manufacturing output in U.S. dollars for its noted year according to
8978:
8587:
8572:
8406:
8354:
7837:
5838:
4135:
3809:
3622:
2943:
2809:
5171:
2804:
Plummer, Thomas (2004). "Flaked Stones and Old Bones: Biological and Cultural Evolution at the Dawn of Technology".
1116:
Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus on such things as:
682:
witnessed new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth.
8634:
8448:
8339:
8329:
7555:
5525:
3746:
3636:
3155:
130:
4390:
4162:
Manufacturing and Investment Around the World: An International Survey of Factors Affecting Growth and Performance
4127:
Manufacturing and Investment Around the World: An International Survey of Factors Affecting Growth and Performance
4026:
8768:
8517:
8495:
8453:
8423:
8376:
8259:
8242:
8225:
8201:
5283:
1005:
in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and also for
300:
4489:
3106:
8473:
8468:
6820:
4469:
4461:
3485:
3239:
976:
244:
1160:
523:", date back to at least 2.3 million years ago, with the earliest direct evidence of tool usage found in
8639:
8577:
8132:
5685:
4550:
603:, knives, and scrapers, as well as tools manufactured from organic materials such as wood, bone, and antler.
324:
215:
4248:
8235:
6934:
5755:
5748:
5720:
3301:"Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600–1850"
3054:
Trzciński, Jerzy; Zaremba, Małgorzata; Rzepka, Sławomir; Welc, Fabian; Szczepański, Tomasz (June 1, 2016).
1194:
805:
719:
691:
191:
145:
135:
31:
8788:
3707:"Toyota Production System and Kanban System: Materialization of Just-in-time and Respect-for-human System"
8606:
8490:
8247:
8144:
6785:
6643:
6163:
6145:
4474:
3150:
377:
1100:(NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.
435:("making"). Alternatively, the English word may have been independently formed from the earlier English
6850:
5765:
5530:
4854:
1001:
have offered new growth methods in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities, for example in the
220:
8876:
8828:
8723:
8616:
8500:
7652:
7103:
6653:
6638:
6611:
6261:
6091:
354:
237:
8783:
5772:
3923:
Di Stefano, Cristina; Fratocchi, Luciano; Martínez-Mora, Carmen; Merino, Fernando (August 2, 2023).
2935:
From Bronze to Iron: The Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean
638:
were invented in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamians have been credited with the invention of the wheel. The
8881:
8836:
8738:
8463:
8279:
7999:
7740:
6902:
6795:
6663:
5777:
4520:
4479:
3925:"Manufacturing reshoring and sustainable development goals: A home versus host country perspective"
2482:
1182:
1072:
per unit produced, which in turn leads to cost reductions in product prices for the market towards
528:
160:
140:
4455:
8928:
8866:
8269:
7780:
7472:
6698:
6582:
6202:
6086:
5612:
4824:
3835:
3812:, in IEEE Engineering Management Review, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 92–96, 1 Second Quarter, June 2019,
3659:"Site of BMC/Leyland Australia Manufacturing Plant: Nomination as an Historic Engineering Marker"
2844:
2667:
828:
706:, which was invented in 1598, increased a knitter's number of knots per minute from 100 to 1000.
695:
560:
312:
3852:
3790:
3178:
914:
that could drill every hole on one side of an engine block in one operation and a multiple head
416:
8999:
8871:
8698:
8103:
8083:
7994:
7989:
7407:
7023:
6949:
6455:
6450:
6195:
5725:
5131:
5009:
5004:
2778:
2477:
1186:
1178:
1170:
837:
749:
520:
461:
457:
268:
6008:
5782:
5141:
4099:
3897:
505:
Human ancestors manufactured objects using stone and other tools long before the emergence of
8254:
7939:
7854:
7588:
7465:
7179:
7157:
7108:
6658:
6416:
6280:
5054:
4877:
4691:
2487:
1069:
998:
867:
of factories, which had begun gradually in the 1890s after the introduction of the practical
753:
737:
715:
548:
544:
276:
150:
6745:
6365:
5248:
8856:
8624:
8264:
8230:
8220:
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7446:
7297:
7010:
6505:
6399:
6015:
5715:
5710:
5091:
4537:
2782:
2736:
2575:
2225:
1032:
1021:
857:
801:
5809:
4859:
4009:(1). Econometrica – Journal of the Economic Society, Vol. 52, No. 1 (Jan. 1984): 101–121.
1068:
From a financial perspective, the goal of the manufacturing industry is mainly to achieve
543:. This flaking produced sharp edges that could be used as tools, primarily in the form of
8:
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8911:
8851:
8748:
8743:
8418:
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8098:
8073:
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7730:
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7613:
7342:
7309:
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6981:
6961:
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6521:
6500:
6302:
6256:
5988:
5411:
4942:
4513:
2513:
1601:
1240:
776:
568:
381:
373:. These materials are then modified through manufacturing to become the desired product.
109:
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2740:
8933:
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8886:
8846:
8798:
8562:
8458:
8334:
8051:
8046:
7859:
7692:
7214:
7192:
7187:
7145:
7118:
7078:
6532:
6426:
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6251:
6234:
6117:
6112:
5833:
5814:
5627:
5551:
5315:
5116:
5111:
4805:
4495:
4073:
4018:
3883:
Skinner, W., "Missing the Links in Manufacturing Strategy" in Voss, C. A. (ed) (1992),
3810:"Fifty Years of the Strategic Trade-Offs Model: In Memory and Honor of Wickham Skinner"
3477:
3085:
2992:
2984:
2890:
2593:
1006:
942:
926:
907:
556:
465:
292:
104:
7352:
6587:
4834:
3830:
2545:"Mapping the Semiconductor Supply Chain: The Critical Role of the Indo-Pacific Region"
8808:
8683:
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7919:
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7682:
7593:
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7162:
7093:
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6710:
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6431:
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3398:
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3368:
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3300:
3279:
3219:
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2939:
2897:
2848:
2821:
2752:
2727:
2671:
2643:
2618:
2579:
1143:
1092:
Manufacturing has unique health and safety challenges and has been recognized by the
1056:
988:
643:
572:
392:
370:
344:
316:
125:
4849:
4718:
4669:
4470:
EEF, the manufacturers' organisation – industry group representing uk manufacturers
3967:
849:
8763:
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8733:
8532:
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8021:
7949:
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7512:
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4912:
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4629:
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3813:
3718:
3067:
2996:
2976:
2813:
2744:
2571:
1139:
884:
809:
785:
780:
745:
615:
600:
564:
494:
336:
89:
66:
8170:
5993:
5191:
5059:
4839:
3527:
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power
3417:
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power
2980:
618:, which can be sufficiently work-hardened to be suitable for manufacturing tools.
8896:
8813:
8793:
8773:
8673:
8522:
8078:
8026:
7657:
7520:
7370:
7280:
7270:
7258:
7237:
7113:
7098:
6880:
6875:
6715:
6626:
6510:
6495:
6490:
6271:
6185:
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5789:
5760:
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5039:
4972:
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3362:
2748:
2693:
2469:
1013:
957:
915:
892:
864:
821:
813:
635:
555:
lifestyle to form other tools out of softer materials such as bone and wood. The
552:
489:
421:
332:
99:
6348:
4982:
4844:
8923:
8818:
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8433:
8056:
7979:
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7635:
7630:
7608:
7390:
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7320:
7253:
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6035:
6030:
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5828:
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5302:
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5029:
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4977:
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7043:
6860:
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6720:
6557:
6541:
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6395:
6276:
6239:
6170:
6102:
6096:
6081:
5976:
5961:
5869:
5520:
5373:
5336:
5310:
5151:
5096:
4947:
4932:
4758:
4602:
4429:
3817:
3789:, New York: The Free Press, quoted in Wassenhove, L. van and Corbett, C. J.,
3732:
3434:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States and London, England: The MIT Press.
3216:
The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention
3081:
1289:
946:
881:
853:
817:
769:
741:
699:
531:, dating back to 2.5 million years ago. To manufacture a stone tool, a "
412:
362:
328:
6730:
5166:
4962:
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3632:
724:
8599:
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8036:
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7140:
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6546:
6514:
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6326:
6297:
6222:
6217:
6207:
6107:
6025:
5956:
5911:
5642:
5622:
5607:
5571:
5566:
5542:
5458:
5351:
5228:
5049:
5019:
4937:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4889:
4800:
4701:
4361:"Competitive Industrial Performance Index 2020: Country Profiles ( Report)"
3072:
3055:
2825:
2756:
2249:
1673:
1044:
969:
930:
920:
765:
729:
507:
320:
165:
6735:
5258:
5253:
5243:
5206:
5196:
5136:
5069:
4582:
3012:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
2892:
The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World
563:, where multiple blades could be rapidly formed from a single core stone.
431:
425:
8713:
8668:
8537:
8510:
8088:
8068:
8041:
7867:
7625:
7525:
7218:
7207:
7202:
7150:
7028:
7018:
6887:
6343:
6312:
6307:
6266:
6175:
5951:
5926:
5921:
5890:
5647:
5602:
5510:
5490:
5223:
5146:
5106:
5014:
4994:
4738:
4723:
4713:
4649:
4569:
4454:
4331:"UNIDO's Competitive Industrial Performance Index 2020: Country Profiles"
4125:
4049:"PPC-R01.2N-N-V2-FW | PPC Controllers | Indramat Controls | Indramat USA"
3015:
2492:
2177:
2033:
1745:
1649:
1385:
1135:
1048:
911:
761:
757:
683:
679:
647:
596:
540:
532:
340:
296:
186:
48:
3951:
3145:
1035:
laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and
8778:
8031:
7961:
7931:
7914:
7892:
7702:
7572:
7567:
7275:
7223:
7048:
6971:
6870:
6765:
6443:
6353:
6338:
6321:
6317:
6074:
5843:
5577:
5473:
5453:
5384:
5218:
4999:
4868:
4864:
4753:
4597:
4394:
4022:
3998:
2817:
2417:
1841:
1206:
1028:
1017:
950:
903:
671:
623:
580:
512:
391:
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with the engineering and
308:
74:
5238:
5201:
4743:
3922:
3853:"Trade-Offs? What Trade Offs? (A Short Essay on Manufacturing Strategy
3791:"Trade-Offs? What Trade Offs? (A Short Essay on Manufacturing Strategy
2988:
2933:
8901:
8547:
8063:
8009:
7909:
7887:
7872:
7674:
7400:
7292:
7228:
7125:
7038:
6993:
6929:
6914:
6760:
6631:
6421:
6212:
6050:
6045:
6040:
5848:
5637:
5617:
5500:
5463:
5156:
5121:
4952:
4872:
4733:
3560:
2105:
1913:
1865:
1793:
1529:
1108:
1002:
896:
888:
797:
650:(modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. Egyptian paper made from
576:
196:
155:
27:
Industrial activity producing goods for sale using labor and machines
4664:
4587:
4014:
3941:
3924:
3612:
3394:
740:
was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the
599:. The polished axes were used alongside other stone tools including
571:
could be used to shape a stone very finely was developed during the
8004:
7714:
7642:
7325:
7053:
7033:
6954:
6790:
6688:
6621:
6390:
6149:
6020:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5690:
5561:
5485:
5233:
5186:
4817:
4792:
4780:
4505:
2698:
2393:
2345:
2297:
1889:
1769:
1073:
1052:
872:
868:
627:
607:
524:
348:
288:
2615:
Manufacturing Techniques for Materials: Engineering and Engineered
361:, or the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a
39:
8728:
8678:
7899:
7882:
7662:
7530:
7460:
7436:
7330:
6966:
6892:
6527:
6467:
6460:
6375:
6333:
6180:
6159:
6140:
6122:
6064:
6003:
5971:
5916:
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Building on improvements in vacuum pumps and materials research,
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Mass production was popularized in the late 1910s and 1920s by
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619:
559:, approximately 300,000 years ago, saw the introduction of the
181:
3898:
Manufacturing Strategy: Developments in Approach and Analytics
1112:
Capacity use in manufacturing in Germany and the United States
610:
is believed to have originated when the technology of pottery
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7877:
7431:
7197:
7060:
6924:
6832:
6438:
6055:
4684:
4674:
4639:
4230:"Why Does Manufacturing Matter? Which Manufacturing Matters?"
2441:
2081:
1625:
1433:
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1131:
important individual industries and market-economic sectors.
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A stocking frame at Ruddington Framework Knitters' Museum in
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225:
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3419:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 18.
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1200:
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towards the market, is how manufacturing firms secure their
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from 1760 to the 1830s. This transition included going from
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7395:
7083:
6986:
6939:
6358:
6069:
5436:
5426:
5101:
4624:
3704:
3448:
The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States
1937:
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588:
357:
is the field of engineering that designs and optimizes the
284:
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Hayes, R. H., Wheelwright, S. C. and Clark, K. B. (1988),
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4829:
4100:"National Occupational Research Agenda for Manufacturing"
3900:, University of Warwick, 1990, accessed 28 September 2023
3557:
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3432:
Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology
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4200:"GE's Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal"
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3999:"Cost Reduction, Competition, and Industry Performance"
3588:
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3269:
3267:
3265:
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2724:
880:
in the manufacturing of everyday items, such as at the
583:
were manufactured from a variety of hard rocks such as
575:, beginning approximately 40,000 years ago. During the
420:("process of making") which itself originates from the
3861:, published April 6, 1991, accessed September 27, 2023
3799:, published April 6, 1991, accessed September 27, 2023
1193:
Germany topped the 2020 CIP Index, followed by China,
551:. These tools greatly aided the early humans in their
3389:
Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
1094:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4485:
Grant Thornton IBR 2008 Manufacturing industry focus
3262:
2459:
792:
and the United States and later textiles in France.
8200:
4475:
Enabling the Digital Thread for Smart Manufacturing
972:, levels of interest were "bursting out all over".
3310:. Department of Economics, University of Warwick.
3278:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
2889:
2640:Machining Technology: Machine Tools and Operations
2543:Thadani, Akhil; Allen, Gregory C. (May 30, 2023).
1167:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
30:For the functional constituency in Hong Kong, see
4297:
4246:
3567:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3367:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
2896:. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. p. 69.
2598:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2570:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
511:about 200,000 years ago. The earliest methods of
451:
8991:
3559:. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England:
3529:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
2883:
2881:
2879:
2768:
2766:
1103:
1041:environmental costs of manufacturing activities
3614:A Revolution in Manufacturing: The SMED System
3465:
2637:
1154:
8186:
4521:
2876:
2763:
1096:(NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the
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245:
3885:Manufacturing Strategy – Process and Content
3870:Haas, E. A., "Breakthrough Manaufacturing",
3711:International Journal of Production Research
3218:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 237.
2562:Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010). "manufacture,
2542:
661:
365:. The manufacturing process begins with the
4426:Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology
4391:"Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$ )"
4198:David Bailey; Soyoung Kim (June 26, 2009).
3533:
3186:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
2638:Youssef, Helmi A.; El-Hofy, Hassan (2008).
2617:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 436–437.
1126:Attractiveness to foreign direct investors.
961:
899:for moving heavy loads across the factory.
8193:
8179:
4528:
4514:
4424:Kalpakjian, Serope; Steven Schmid (2005).
3240:"Industrial History of European Countries"
2841:Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge
1161:Outline of manufacturing § By country
446:
252:
238:
8704:Environmental issues in the United States
4249:"Factory Jobs: 3 Million Lost Since 2000"
3950:
3940:
3722:
3573:
3476:
3308:International Institute of Social History
3176:
3143:
3089:
3071:
2806:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2561:
1214:List of countries by manufacturing output
1201:List of countries by manufacturing output
936:
8689:Effects of climate change on agriculture
4480:Evidences of Metal Manufacturing History
4158:
3338:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860
2925:
2872:. Oxford: BAR International Series 2334.
2838:
1107:
956:In regard to manufacturing performance,
848:
796:locomotives, steamboats and steamships,
723:
665:
488:
469:
38:
3851:Wassenhove, L. van and Corbett, C. J.,
3847:
3845:
3689:
3444:
3317:from the original on September 10, 2016
2931:
2803:
844:
710:First and Second Industrial Revolutions
14:
8992:
8694:Effects of climate change on livestock
7554:
4210:from the original on December 12, 2020
4191:
3996:
3913:, second edition, Macmillan, chapter 2
3671:from the original on September 4, 2021
3610:
3604:
3539:
3524:
3451:. University of North Carolina Press.
3414:
3335:
3273:
3009:
2966:
2887:
2524:from the original on November 17, 2020
497:or dagger blade now on display at the
474:Flint stone core for making blades in
8174:
7768:
7553:
6818:
5282:
5281:
4548:
4509:
4500:National Occupational Research Agenda
4371:from the original on January 10, 2022
4259:from the original on December 4, 2022
4159:Research, Industrial Systems (2002).
3639:from the original on January 14, 2022
3244:European Route of Industrial Heritage
3213:
3038:
2916:
1098:National Occupational Research Agenda
1024:, and eliminating harmful chemicals.
960:, who has been called "the father of
315:, but it is most commonly applied to
8948:
8804:Tropical cyclones and climate change
8140:
4535:
4401:from the original on January 7, 2020
4285:from the original on October 5, 2021
3842:
3585:
3292:
3158:from the original on August 22, 2018
3125:from the original on August 25, 2021
2867:
2664:"Human Ancestors Hall: Homo sapiens"
2642:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 1.
2576:10.1093/acres/9780199571123.001.0001
982:
8837:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
3554:
3429:
3379:from the original on April 14, 2021
3360:
3010:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).
2706:from the original on March 18, 2007
567:, in which a wood, bone, or antler
303:. The term may refer to a range of
24:
6819:
4549:
4417:
4341:from the original on April 6, 2022
4311:from the original on March 4, 2022
4179:from the original on April 1, 2021
4106:from the original on June 18, 2019
4080:from the original on April 3, 2019
4029:from the original on March 5, 2022
3767:from the original on March 9, 2021
3364:English and American Tool Builders
3250:from the original on June 23, 2021
2694:"Ancient 'Tool Factory' Uncovered"
2511:
1149:EEF the manufacturers organisation
1147:between 2000 and 2007. In the UK,
800:and new technologies, such as the
642:mechanism first appeared with the
25:
9016:
8484:pharmaceuticals and personal care
4447:
3978:from the original on May 20, 2022
3965:
3298:
3144:de Safita, Neathery (July 2002).
2810:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
2772:
808:. These innovations included new
756:processes, the increasing use of
8959:
8958:
8947:
8635:decline in amphibian populations
8340:Deforestation and climate change
8151:
8139:
8128:
8127:
3195:from the original on May 2, 2016
2462:
2434:
2410:
2386:
2362:
2338:
2314:
2290:
2266:
2242:
2218:
2194:
2170:
2146:
2122:
2098:
2074:
2050:
2026:
2002:
1978:
1954:
1930:
1906:
1882:
1858:
1834:
1810:
1786:
1762:
1738:
1714:
1690:
1666:
1642:
1618:
1594:
1570:
1546:
1522:
1498:
1474:
1450:
1426:
1402:
1378:
1354:
1330:
1306:
1282:
1258:
1197:, the United States, and Japan.
73:
8769:Land surface effects on climate
8226:Environmental impact assessment
8202:Human impact on the environment
8152:
5682:Outdoors & sports equipment
4383:
4353:
4323:
4305:"Leading Manufacturing Nations"
4271:
4240:
4232:. February 2012. Archived from
4222:
4165:. Industrial Systems Research.
4152:
4118:
4092:
4066:
4041:
3990:
3959:
3916:
3903:
3890:
3877:
3864:
3823:
3802:
3779:
3739:
3698:
3683:
3651:
3579:
3548:
3518:
3438:
3423:
3408:
3354:
3329:
3232:
3207:
3170:
3137:
3098:
3047:
3032:
3003:
2960:
2938:. Paul Aström. pp. 56–58.
2910:
2861:
2832:
2797:
2578:(inactive September 28, 2024).
301:secondary sector of the economy
4462:New International Encyclopedia
4279:"UNIDO Statistics Data Portal"
3486:Johns Hopkins University Press
3336:Taylor, George Rogers (1951).
2921:. New York: Random House, LLC.
2718:
2686:
2656:
2631:
2606:
2555:
2536:
2505:
499:National Archaeological Museum
452:Prehistory and ancient history
13:
1:
8640:decline in insect populations
5686:Personal protective equipment
3887:, Chapman and Hall, pp. 12–25
3874:, March/April 1987, pp. 75–81
2981:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980081
2839:Haviland, William A. (2004).
2498:
786:Mechanized textile production
479:
174:Information and communication
9005:Production and manufacturing
4490:How Everyday Things Are Made
3361:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916).
2749:10.1126/science.284.5414.625
1104:Manufacturing and investment
806:Second Industrial Revolution
789:
720:Second Industrial Revolution
692:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
439:("made by human hands") and
398:
384:manufacturers, use the term
275:with the help of equipment,
32:Manufacturing (constituency)
7:
7769:
4432:. pp. 22–36, 951–988.
3151:St. Louis Community College
2455:
1155:Major manufacturing nations
923:used 32,000 machine tools.
885:Glass Manufacturing Company
429:("hand") and Middle French
411:is likely derived from the
299:. It is the essence of the
10:
9021:
4247:Martin Crutsinger (2007).
3820:, accessed August 22, 2023
3177:Marchetti, Cesare (1978).
3146:"A Brief History Of Paper"
2932:Jane C., Waldbaum (1978).
1158:
1063:
994:Economics of manufacturing
986:
728:An 1835 illustration of a
713:
455:
343:), or distributed via the
29:
8942:
8877:Environmental engineering
8827:
8724:Environmental degradation
8615:
8501:fishing down the food web
8278:
8208:
8122:
7970:
7853:
7779:
7775:
7764:
7723:
7673:
7566:
7562:
7549:
7416:
7351:
7308:
7178:
7069:
7009:
6913:
6831:
6827:
6814:
6679:
6570:
6476:
6133:
5901:
5701:
5301:
5294:
5290:
5277:
5084:
4905:
4791:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4544:
3724:10.1080/00207547708943149
3525:Hunter, Louis C. (1985).
3415:Hunter, Louis C. (1985).
3274:Landes, David S. (1969).
3105:"Timeline: 8th century".
2568:Oxford English Dictionary
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1087:
662:Medieval and early modern
355:Manufacturing engineering
8882:Environmental mitigation
8739:Greenhouse gas emissions
8699:Environmental insecurity
8000:Mergers and acquisitions
7741:Research and development
6101:Chemical & hormonal
5756:Communications equipment
3997:Spence, Michael (1984).
3839:, published May 1, 1974.
3818:10.1109/EMR.2019.2915978
2483:Outline of manufacturing
1175:United States of America
1020:, reducing waste, using
968:, executive courses and
887:, which electrified its
829:incandescent light bulbs
8929:Sustainable consumption
8270:Social ecology (ethics)
6786:Painting and decorating
5810:Medical imaging systems
5743:Parts & peripherals
4074:"Manufacturing Program"
3929:Sustainable Development
3872:Harvard Business Review
3836:Harvard Business Review
3611:Shingō, Shigeo (1985).
3484:. Baltimore, Maryland:
3214:Rosen, William (2012).
2917:Paine, Lincoln (2013).
2845:The Thomson Corporation
2668:Smithsonian Institution
798:hot blast iron smelting
746:hand production methods
696:Lynn Townsend White Jr.
561:prepared-core technique
447:History and development
371:materials specification
118:Industrial technologies
8872:Ecological engineering
8652:runaway climate change
8104:State-owned enterprise
8084:Nonprofit organization
7995:Horizontal integration
5803:Scientific instruments
5766:Network infrastructure
3968:"Unit Cost Definition"
3911:Manufacturing Strategy
3586:Ohno, Taiichi (1988).
3555:Nye, David E. (1990).
3540:Jerome, Harry (1934).
3445:Thomson, Ross (1989).
3430:Nye, David E. (1990).
3276:The Unbound Prometheus
3073:10.1515/squa-2016-0005
2779:Encyclopedia Americana
2478:Discrete manufacturing
1113:
962:manufacturing strategy
937:Manufacturing strategy
861:
838:agricultural machinery
810:steel making processes
750:chemical manufacturing
733:
675:
502:
486:
462:Prehistoric technology
458:Industry (archaeology)
51:
8255:List of global issues
7447:Private investigation
4492:: video presentations
3787:Dynamic Manufacturing
3246:. Council of Europe.
3039:Potts, D. T. (2012).
2888:Merson, John (1990).
2488:Process manufacturing
1111:
999:Emerging technologies
856:'s assembly plant in
852:
764:, the development of
738:Industrial Revolution
727:
716:Industrial Revolution
669:
515:making, known as the
492:
473:
359:manufacturing process
327:are transformed into
293:biological processing
82:Manufacturing methods
42:
18:Manufacturing process
8857:Community resilience
8657:in the United States
8625:Biodiversity threats
8298:cannabis cultivation
8265:Planetary boundaries
8231:Environmental issues
8221:Ecological footprint
8015:Vertical integration
6016:Speciality chemicals
5856:Electrical equipment
5773:Consumer electronics
4496:Manufacturing Sector
4456:"Manufactures"
4255:. Associated Press.
3299:Gupta, Bishnupriya.
2226:United Arab Emirates
1123:Competitiveness; and
1022:industrial symbiosis
858:Wheatfield, New York
845:Modern manufacturing
802:electrical telegraph
768:and the rise of the
539:) was struck with a
333:household appliances
43:Manufacturing of an
8919:Restoration ecology
8852:Climate engineering
8789:Ocean acidification
8779:Loss of green belts
8749:Holocene extinction
8744:Habitat destruction
8419:Environmental crime
8099:Sole proprietorship
8074:Joint-stock company
7343:Veterinary medicine
7168:Property management
6962:Passenger transport
5989:Commodity chemicals
5815:Optical instruments
5783:Video game consoles
5676:Musical instruments
5517:Media reproduction
4236:on October 8, 2012.
3478:Hounshell, David A.
2741:1999Sci...284..625D
1216:
1043:. Labor unions and
267:is the creation or
110:Agile manufacturing
8934:Waste minimization
8892:Mitigation banking
8887:Industrial ecology
8847:Cleaner production
8799:Resource depletion
8335:Corporate behavior
8293:animal agriculture
8047:Putting-out system
7556:Information sector
7477:Personal services
7079:Financial services
6551:offshore platforms
6400:advanced materials
6381:Ready-mix concrete
5834:Laser construction
5794:Clocks and watches
5628:Injection moulding
5599:Other fabrication
5552:household hardware
3692:American Machinist
3563:. pp. 14, 15.
3060:Studia Quaternaria
2818:10.1002/ajpa.20157
1223:Country or region
1212:
1134:On June 26, 2009,
1114:
1003:Manufacturing Belt
949:, flexibility and
927:Lean manufacturing
908:Ford Motor Company
862:
734:
676:
557:Middle Paleolithic
503:
487:
466:Ancient technology
105:Lean manufacturing
52:
8987:
8986:
8809:Water degradation
8684:Ecological crisis
8630:biodiversity loss
8429:Industrialisation
8414:Genetic pollution
8260:Impact assessment
8168:
8167:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8113:
7945:Natural resources
7790:Production-based
7760:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7698:Vocational school
7545:
7544:
7541:
7540:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6771:Electrical wiring
6757:Specialty trades
6711:Civil engineering
6566:
6565:
6240:Vulcanized rubber
6036:Cleaning products
5876:Electric lighting
5593:Surface finishing
5583:Powder metallurgy
5538:Metal fabrication
5284:Industrial sector
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5172:Rare-earth metals
5080:
5079:
4439:978-0-13-148965-3
4307:. July 15, 2021.
4172:978-0-906321-25-6
3909:Hill, T. (1993),
3597:978-0-915299-14-0
3544:. p. xxviii.
3495:978-0-8018-2975-8
3458:978-0-8078-1867-1
3403:978-0-917914-73-7
3347:978-0-87332-101-3
3285:978-0-521-09418-4
3225:978-0-226-72634-2
2969:World Archaeology
2903:978-0-87951-397-9
2854:978-0-534-62487-3
2808:. Suppl 39 (47).
2735:(5414): 625–629.
2453:
2452:
1226:Millions of $ US
1165:According to the
1144:consumer spending
1057:product liability
989:Industrial policy
983:Industrial policy
748:to machines, new
579:period, polished
573:Upper Paleolithic
529:Great Rift Valley
393:industrial design
345:tertiary industry
317:industrial design
262:
261:
16:(Redirected from
9012:
8962:
8961:
8951:
8950:
8784:Phosphorus cycle
8764:Land consumption
8759:Land degradation
8734:Freshwater cycle
8533:Overexploitation
8506:marine pollution
8313:cocoa production
8195:
8188:
8181:
8172:
8171:
8155:
8154:
8143:
8142:
8131:
8130:
8027:Enforced breakup
8022:Decentralization
7950:Physical capital
7777:
7776:
7766:
7765:
7564:
7563:
7551:
7550:
7427:Customer service
7338:Residential care
7286:Public relations
7094:Financial advice
7071:Asset management
6866:Department store
6829:
6828:
6816:
6815:
6796:Site preparation
6644:Telecom networks
6612:Waste management
6588:Gas distribution
6272:Synthetic fibers
5999:Industrial gases
5738:Computer systems
5672:Medical supplies
5299:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5279:
5278:
4709:Animal husbandry
4680:Medicinal plants
4566:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4546:
4545:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4507:
4506:
4466:
4458:
4443:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4053:indramat-usa.com
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3974:. Investopedia.
3972:investopedia.com
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3944:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3894:
3888:
3881:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3849:
3840:
3827:
3821:
3806:
3800:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3751:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3474:
3463:
3462:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3406:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3305:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3075:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2895:
2885:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2781:. Archived from
2770:
2761:
2760:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2670:. Archived from
2660:
2654:
2653:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2589:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2509:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1238:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1140:General Electric
1076:. This relative
1007:national defense
781:textile industry
616:arsenical bronze
565:Pressure flaking
495:Bronze Age sword
481:
337:sports equipment
254:
247:
240:
90:Batch production
77:
67:Machine industry
54:
53:
21:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9010:
9009:
8990:
8989:
8988:
8983:
8938:
8897:Organic farming
8823:
8814:Water pollution
8794:Ozone depletion
8774:Loss and damage
8674:Desertification
8611:
8523:Overconsumption
8444:cleaning agents
8345:Energy industry
8308:meat production
8274:
8204:
8199:
8169:
8164:
8163:
8110:
8079:Nationalization
7966:
7936:Primary inputs
7857:
7849:
7782:
7781:Classification
7771:
7752:
7719:
7669:
7653:Social networks
7570:
7558:
7537:
7521:Business travel
7423:Administrative
7412:
7391:Amusement parks
7355:
7347:
7321:Dentist offices
7304:
7174:
7141:Pension funding
7114:Risk management
7099:Holding company
7065:
7005:
6917:
6909:
6881:Specialty store
6876:Online shopping
6823:
6802:
6675:
6562:
6472:
6129:
6087:Pharmaceuticals
6031:Aroma compounds
5967:Petroleum jelly
5897:
5886:Home appliances
5881:Electric motors
5829:spotting scopes
5790:Instrumentation
5703:
5697:
5679:Office supplies
5286:
5265:
5249:Dimension stone
5183:Other minerals
5128:Mining of ores
5076:
4901:
4787:
4734:Other livestock
4620:Permanent crops
4553:
4540:
4534:
4453:
4450:
4440:
4420:
4418:Further reading
4415:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4245:
4241:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4173:
4157:
4153:
4138:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4015:10.2307/1911463
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3964:
3960:
3942:10.1002/sd.2710
3921:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3865:
3850:
3843:
3831:Focused Factory
3828:
3824:
3807:
3803:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3703:
3699:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3625:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3553:
3549:
3538:
3534:
3523:
3519:
3496:
3475:
3466:
3459:
3443:
3439:
3428:
3424:
3413:
3409:
3382:
3380:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3272:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3119:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3052:
3048:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3008:
3004:
2965:
2961:
2946:
2930:
2926:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2886:
2877:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2837:
2833:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2785:on May 21, 2008
2773:Burke, Ariane.
2771:
2764:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2702:. May 6, 1999.
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2611:
2607:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2560:
2556:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2514:"Manufacturing"
2510:
2506:
2501:
2470:Business portal
2468:
2461:
2458:
2435:
2433:
2411:
2409:
2387:
2385:
2363:
2361:
2339:
2337:
2315:
2313:
2291:
2289:
2267:
2265:
2243:
2241:
2219:
2217:
2195:
2193:
2171:
2169:
2147:
2145:
2123:
2121:
2099:
2097:
2075:
2073:
2051:
2049:
2027:
2025:
2003:
2001:
1979:
1977:
1955:
1953:
1931:
1929:
1907:
1905:
1883:
1881:
1859:
1857:
1835:
1833:
1811:
1809:
1787:
1785:
1763:
1761:
1739:
1737:
1715:
1713:
1691:
1689:
1667:
1665:
1643:
1641:
1619:
1617:
1595:
1593:
1571:
1569:
1547:
1545:
1523:
1521:
1499:
1497:
1475:
1473:
1451:
1449:
1427:
1425:
1403:
1401:
1379:
1377:
1355:
1353:
1331:
1329:
1307:
1305:
1283:
1281:
1259:
1257:
1236:
1213:
1203:
1163:
1157:
1106:
1090:
1066:
1037:pollution taxes
1014:hazardous waste
996:
991:
985:
966:academic papers
958:Wickham Skinner
939:
916:milling machine
893:Muncie, Indiana
877:Electric motors
865:Electrification
847:
834:sewing machines
822:electrical grid
814:mass-production
754:iron production
722:
714:Main articles:
712:
664:
636:simple machines
553:hunter-gatherer
468:
454:
449:
422:Classical Latin
401:
258:
208:Process control
100:Flow production
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9018:
9008:
9007:
9002:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8955:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8937:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8924:Sustainability
8921:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8833:
8831:
8825:
8824:
8822:
8821:
8819:Water scarcity
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8754:Nitrogen cycle
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8719:Forest dieback
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8647:Climate change
8644:
8643:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8621:
8619:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8464:nanotechnology
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8369:
8368:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8284:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8248:on marine life
8240:
8239:
8238:
8236:list of issues
8228:
8223:
8218:
8212:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8198:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8175:
8166:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8149:
8137:
8124:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8057:Temporary work
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7980:Centralization
7976:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7934:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7902:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7864:
7862:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7796:
7787:
7785:
7773:
7772:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7746:Basic research
7738:
7733:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7690:
7685:
7679:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7598:
7597:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7577:
7575:
7560:
7559:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7515:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7475:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7408:Tabletop games
7405:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7380:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7362:
7360:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7314:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7283:
7273:
7271:Legal services
7268:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7242:system testing
7231:
7226:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7184:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7104:Money transfer
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7075:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6977:Passenger rail
6974:
6969:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6945:Moving company
6942:
6937:
6932:
6921:
6919:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6851:Consumer goods
6848:
6846:Car dealership
6837:
6835:
6825:
6824:
6821:Service sector
6812:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6685:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6641:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6576:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6544:
6539:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6482:
6480:
6478:Heavy industry
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6417:Metal refining
6414:
6413:
6412:
6410:Synthetic gems
6407:
6402:
6393:
6387:Other mineral
6385:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6277:Thermoplastics
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6157:
6152:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6103:contraceptives
6099:
6097:Blood products
6094:
6084:
6082:Fine chemicals
6079:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5962:Petrochemicals
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5822:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5745:
5740:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5726:Semiconductors
5723:
5721:Circuit boards
5718:
5707:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5669:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5588:Prefabrication
5585:
5580:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5545:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5521:Cassette tapes
5515:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5371:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5357:Vegetable oils
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5331:
5330:Dairy products
5328:
5323:
5318:
5307:
5305:
5303:Light industry
5296:
5288:
5287:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4885:Wild mushrooms
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4862:
4860:Natural rubber
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4645:Tropical fruit
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4578:Arable farming
4574:
4572:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4551:Natural sector
4542:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4449:
4448:External links
4446:
4445:
4444:
4438:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4382:
4365:stat.unido.org
4352:
4322:
4296:
4270:
4239:
4221:
4190:
4171:
4151:
4136:
4117:
4091:
4065:
4040:
3989:
3966:Young, Julie.
3958:
3915:
3902:
3889:
3876:
3863:
3841:
3829:Skinner, W., "
3822:
3801:
3778:
3738:
3717:(6): 553–564.
3697:
3682:
3650:
3623:
3603:
3596:
3578:
3574:Hounshell 1984
3566:
3547:
3532:
3517:
3494:
3464:
3457:
3437:
3422:
3407:
3353:
3346:
3328:
3291:
3284:
3261:
3231:
3224:
3206:
3169:
3136:
3118:978-0191735516
3117:
3097:
3046:
3043:. p. 285.
3031:
3025:978-1575060422
3024:
3002:
2975:(3): 403–421.
2959:
2944:
2924:
2909:
2902:
2875:
2860:
2853:
2847:. p. 77.
2831:
2796:
2762:
2717:
2685:
2674:on May 1, 2009
2655:
2649:978-1420043396
2648:
2630:
2624:978-1138099265
2623:
2605:
2585:978-0199571123
2584:
2554:
2535:
2512:Kenton, Will.
2503:
2502:
2500:
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2474:
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2457:
2454:
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2191:
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2180:
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2159:
2156:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2058:Czech Republic
2047:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1927:
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1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
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1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:United Kingdom
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1423:
1419:
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1415:
1412:
1399:
1395:
1394:
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1388:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1202:
1199:
1156:
1153:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1105:
1102:
1089:
1086:
1082:profit margins
1078:cost reduction
1065:
1062:
1039:to offset the
995:
992:
987:Main article:
984:
981:
938:
935:
846:
843:
818:assembly lines
779:invested. The
773:factory system
711:
708:
704:stocking frame
663:
660:
646:, invented in
644:potter's wheel
640:wheel and axle
453:
450:
448:
445:
405:Modern English
400:
397:
367:product design
329:finished goods
325:primary sector
305:human activity
260:
259:
257:
256:
249:
242:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
223:
218:
210:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
199:
194:
189:
184:
176:
175:
171:
170:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
120:
119:
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
95:Job production
92:
84:
83:
79:
78:
70:
69:
63:
62:
61:of articles on
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9017:
9006:
9003:
9001:
9000:Manufacturing
8998:
8997:
8995:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8956:
8954:
8945:
8944:
8941:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8907:Reforestation
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8862:Cultured meat
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8842:Birth control
8840:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8830:
8826:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8664:Deforestation
8662:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8614:
8608:
8605:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8596:
8593:
8589:
8586:
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8576:
8574:
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8569:
8566:
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8559:
8556:
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8549:
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8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8439:Manufacturing
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8387:nuclear power
8385:
8383:
8382:fracking (US)
8380:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8370:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8191:
8189:
8184:
8182:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8160:
8159:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8094:Privatization
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8062:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7969:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7868:Externalities
7866:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7829:Market-based
7828:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7778:
7774:
7767:
7763:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7722:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7600:Audio-visual
7599:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7552:
7548:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7406:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7354:
7353:Entertainment
7350:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7307:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7109:Payment cards
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7044:Food delivery
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7024:Drink service
7022:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6918:& Storage
6916:
6912:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6861:Grocery store
6859:
6857:
6856:General store
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6817:
6813:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6542:Rail vehicles
6540:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6515:wind turbines
6512:
6509:
6507:
6506:Machine tools
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6396:Carbon fibers
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6113:Illegal drugs
6111:
6109:
6108:Generic drugs
6106:
6104:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6026:Agrochemicals
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6009:Pure elements
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5977:Synthetic oil
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5839:Lens grinding
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:Mobile phones
5759:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5749:storage media
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:& optical
5700:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5531:Optical discs
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5374:Bottled water
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:Manufacturing
5293:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5055:Sea cucumbers
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:Dairy farming
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:Apples et al.
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
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4589:
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4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
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4539:
4531:
4526:
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4512:
4511:
4508:
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4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4430:Prentice Hall
4427:
4422:
4421:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4137:0-906321-25-5
4133:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3977:
3973:
3969:
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3926:
3919:
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3906:
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3805:
3798:
3797:
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3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3693:
3686:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3624:0-915299-03-8
3620:
3616:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3593:
3590:. CRC Press.
3589:
3582:
3576:, p. 288
3575:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3509:
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3501:
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3460:
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3411:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
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3249:
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3241:
3235:
3227:
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3210:
3191:
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3079:
3074:
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3042:
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3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
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2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2945:91-85058-79-3
2941:
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2905:
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2842:
2835:
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2823:
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2807:
2800:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:"Archaeology"
2769:
2767:
2758:
2754:
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2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2721:
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2634:
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2489:
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2408:
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2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
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2381:
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2376:
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2360:
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2356:
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2347:
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2325:
2323:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2240:
2237:
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2229:
2227:
2216:
2213:
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2208:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2189:
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2184:
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2179:
2168:
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2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2096:
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2088:
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2072:
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2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1749:
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1736:
1733:
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1728:
1725:
1723:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
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1603:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:United States
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1138:, the CEO of
1137:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:end customers
1071:
1070:cost benefits
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:environmental
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
990:
980:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
947:dependability
944:
934:
932:
928:
924:
922:
917:
913:
912:drill presses
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
883:
882:Ball Brothers
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
855:
854:Bell Aircraft
851:
842:
839:
835:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
766:machine tools
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:United States
739:
731:
726:
721:
717:
707:
705:
701:
700:blast furnace
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
668:
659:
657:
654:, as well as
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
500:
496:
491:
485:
477:
472:
467:
463:
459:
444:
442:
438:
434:
433:
428:
427:
423:
419:
418:
414:
413:Middle French
410:
406:
396:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
378:semiconductor
374:
372:
368:
364:
363:final product
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:, furniture,
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:raw materials
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Manufacturing
255:
250:
248:
243:
241:
236:
235:
233:
232:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
211:
207:
206:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
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178:
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:
117:
116:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8600:urban sprawl
8595:Urbanization
8543:Particulates
8528:Overdrafting
8438:
8243:Human impact
8216:Anthropocene
8157:
8145:
8133:
8052:Spinning-off
8037:Homesteading
7990:Conglomerate
7972:Organization
7925:Raw material
7920:Intermediate
7799:
7798:
7621:Broadcasting
7526:Cruise lines
7496:Maid service
7486:Dry cleaning
7457:Maintenance
7215:Architecture
7180:Professional
6999:Self storage
6903:Distribution
6681:Construction
6526:Other heavy
6451:Formed metal
6405:Mineral wool
6327:Safety glass
6298:Fused quartz
6293:Borosilicate
5957:Paraffin wax
5912:oil refining
5891:Transformers
5657:Other goods
5643:Stonemasonry
5623:Glassblowing
5608:Blow molding
5567:Locksmithing
5543:Boilermaking
5092:Fossil fuels
4890:Fungiculture
4845:Gutta-percha
4835:Frankincense
4830:Tree tapping
4801:Silviculture
4781:Fur trapping
4692:Horticulture
4640:Stone fruits
4460:
4425:
4403:. Retrieved
4385:
4373:. Retrieved
4364:
4355:
4343:. Retrieved
4334:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4252:
4242:
4234:the original
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4203:
4193:
4183:November 19,
4181:. Retrieved
4161:
4154:
4126:
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4052:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4006:
4003:Econometrica
4002:
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3971:
3961:
3952:10045/136803
3932:
3928:
3918:
3910:
3905:
3892:
3884:
3879:
3871:
3866:
3856:
3834:
3825:
3804:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3769:. Retrieved
3757:
3753:
3741:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3691:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3653:
3641:. Retrieved
3613:
3606:
3587:
3581:
3569:
3556:
3550:
3541:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3481:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3425:
3416:
3410:
3381:. Retrieved
3363:
3356:
3337:
3331:
3319:. Retrieved
3307:
3294:
3275:
3252:. Retrieved
3243:
3234:
3215:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3185:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3149:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3107:
3100:
3066:(1): 47–56.
3063:
3059:
3049:
3040:
3034:
3011:
3005:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2934:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2891:
2869:
2863:
2840:
2834:
2805:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:the original
2732:
2726:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2697:
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2672:the original
2658:
2639:
2633:
2614:
2608:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2548:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2518:Investopedia
2517:
2507:
2250:South Africa
1674:Saudi Arabia
1647:
1239:
1204:
1191:
1164:
1133:
1129:
1115:
1091:
1067:
1045:craft guilds
1026:
1011:
997:
974:
970:case studies
955:
940:
931:Taiichi Ohno
925:
921:Ford Model T
901:
897:day laborers
863:
826:
794:
735:
732:weaving shed
730:Roberts Loom
677:
633:
605:
508:Homo sapiens
506:
504:
440:
436:
430:
424:
415:
408:
402:
395:industries.
390:
385:
375:
358:
353:
264:
263:
36:
8714:Externality
8709:Coral reefs
8669:Defaunation
8538:Overgrazing
8511:overfishing
8491:Marine life
8365:electricity
8288:Agriculture
8089:Partnership
8069:Cooperative
8042:Outsourcing
8032:Freelancing
7910:Commodities
7614:Video games
7589:Periodicals
7466:Landscaping
7396:Fairgrounds
7298:Advertising
7219:engineering
7203:Bookkeeping
7158:Real estate
7151:Reinsurance
7049:Restaurants
7019:Foodservice
7011:Hospitality
6994:Warehousing
6982:Ridesharing
6972:Car rentals
6704:Residential
6639:Remediation
6522:Automobiles
6344:Earthenware
6313:Glass fiber
6308:Float glass
6118:Supplements
6092:Antibiotics
5994:Fertilizers
5952:Mineral oil
5927:Diesel fuel
5910:Coal &
5870:fiber optic
5844:Microscopes
5798:GPS devices
5778:Televisions
5711:Electronics
5702:Electrical
5648:Woodworking
5603:3D printing
5562:Gunsmithing
5526:Phonographs
5511:Typesetting
5491:Bookbinding
5454:Dressmaking
5449:Accessories
5381:Soft drinks
5316:Animal feed
5107:Natural gas
4995:Aquaculture
4978:Sea urchins
4850:Maple syrup
4724:Fur farming
4714:Beef cattle
4650:Viticulture
4598:Fiber crops
4570:Agriculture
4502:, US, 2018.
3935:: 863–875.
3108:8th century
3016:Eisenbrauns
2528:January 16,
2493:3D printing
2178:Puerto Rico
2034:Philippines
1746:Netherlands
1650:Switzerland
1386:South Korea
1195:South Korea
1136:Jeff Immelt
1060:economies.
1049:third world
762:water power
758:steam power
684:Papermaking
680:Middle Ages
648:Mesopotamia
601:projectiles
581:stone tools
541:hammerstone
527:within the
437:manufacture
417:manufacture
409:manufacture
386:fabrication
341:automobiles
319:, in which
297:formulation
8994:Categories
8979:mitigation
8974:assessment
8969:by country
8867:Decoupling
8829:Mitigation
8558:Reservoirs
8479:pesticides
8424:Explosives
8402:reservoirs
8303:irrigation
7962:Technology
7932:Innovation
7893:Well-being
7703:University
7636:Television
7573:Mass media
7568:Publishing
7401:Nightclubs
7310:Healthcare
7281:Consulting
7276:Management
7224:Inspection
7208:Tax advice
7188:Accounting
7119:Securities
6935:Intermodal
6871:Mail order
6766:Demolition
6699:Industrial
6694:Commercial
6617:Collection
6468:Cast metal
6354:Refractory
6322:fiberglass
6318:Glass wool
6281:thermosets
6257:Engineered
6186:Engineered
6181:Sawmilling
6075:Toiletries
6046:Explosives
5866:Electrical
5849:Telescopes
5716:Components
5474:Shoemaking
5192:Phosphorus
5085:Geological
5035:Microalgae
4878:Pine resin
4865:Palm sugar
4840:Gum arabic
4754:Beekeeping
4593:Vegetables
4538:industries
4395:World Bank
4289:October 5,
3896:Hill, T.,
3694:: 120–123.
3512:1104810110
2954:1146527679
2812:: 118–64.
2499:References
2418:Kazakhstan
1842:Bangladesh
1246:16,182,038
1207:World Bank
1159:See also:
1029:labor laws
1018:efficiency
951:innovation
904:Henry Ford
790:in Belgium
770:mechanized
672:Ruddington
624:Bronze Age
597:greenstone
513:stone tool
478:, Israel,
456:See also:
309:handicraft
269:production
45:automobile
8902:Recycling
8568:Transport
8553:Quarrying
8548:Pollution
8407:transport
8397:petroleum
8392:oil shale
8355:biodiesel
8064:Ownership
8010:Monopsony
7888:Pollution
7873:Community
7783:standards
7688:Secondary
7675:Education
7658:Streaming
7326:Hospitals
7317:Medicine
7293:Marketing
7229:Surveying
7193:Assurance
7163:Brokerage
7126:Insurance
7054:Teahouses
7039:Fast food
6930:Air cargo
6915:Transport
6898:Brokerage
6888:Wholesale
6776:Elevators
6761:Cabinetry
6689:Buildings
6669:Telephone
6664:Satellite
6632:Recycling
6627:Hazardous
6593:Renewable
6572:Utilities
6533:Aerospace
6501:Hydraulic
6491:Conveyors
6486:Machinery
6391:Abrasives
6349:Porcelain
6303:Soda-lime
6262:Specialty
6252:Commodity
6213:Cardboard
6196:Composite
6134:Materials
6051:Fireworks
6041:Cosmetics
6021:Adhesives
5903:Chemicals
5861:Batteries
5733:Computers
5668:Jewellery
5654:Furniture
5638:Sintering
5618:Extrusion
5572:Machining
5548:Builders'
5501:Engraving
5496:Embossing
5479:Tailoring
5464:Hatmaking
5364:Beverages
5347:Preserved
5244:Limestone
5214:Quarrying
5187:Gemstones
5157:Palladium
5122:Tar sands
5117:Petroleum
5112:Oil shale
4958:Swordfish
4918:Anchovies
4759:Cochineal
4335:unido.org
4315:March 14,
4253:USA Today
4110:March 14,
4084:March 14,
3855:", p. 2,
3793:", p. 1,
3733:0020-7543
3561:MIT Press
3091:132452242
3082:2300-0384
2594:cite book
2106:Venezuela
1914:Singapore
1866:Australia
1794:Argentina
1530:Indonesia
1294:2,497,132
1270:4,658,782
1169:(UNIDO),
891:plant in
889:mason jar
674:, England
577:Neolithic
501:in France
399:Etymology
388:instead.
349:end users
323:from the
313:high-tech
197:IEC 62264
156:Six Sigma
8964:Category
8588:shipping
8573:aviation
8459:plastics
8449:concrete
8434:Land use
8350:biofuels
8318:palm oil
8134:Category
8005:Monopoly
7957:Services
7736:Language
7731:Creative
7715:Tutoring
7693:Tertiary
7663:Websites
7643:Internet
7594:Software
7580:Written
7501:Pet care
7461:Janitors
7451:security
7442:Staffing
7366:Gambling
7259:Interior
7240:, &
7234:Physical
7146:Property
7034:Catering
6967:Airlines
6955:Trucking
6791:Plumbing
6746:Dredging
6721:Railways
6654:Internet
6649:Cable TV
6583:Electric
6528:vehicles
6427:Aluminum
6334:Ceramics
6247:Plastics
6160:Currying
6150:deliming
6123:Vaccines
6065:Perfumes
6004:Pigments
5947:Kerosene
5942:Jet fuel
5937:Gasoline
5932:Fuel oil
5664:Bicycles
5578:smithing
5486:Printing
5444:Clothing
5412:Spinning
5392:Textiles
5342:Prepared
5162:Platinum
5132:Aluminum
5060:Scallops
4973:Lobsters
4948:Mackerel
4928:Sardines
4895:Truffles
4871:, &
4818:Firewood
4793:Forestry
4603:Oilseeds
4405:July 14,
4399:Archived
4375:June 21,
4369:Archived
4345:June 21,
4339:Archived
4309:Archived
4283:Archived
4263:March 6,
4257:Archived
4214:March 6,
4208:Archived
4177:Archived
4146:49552466
4104:Archived
4078:Archived
4027:Archived
3976:Archived
3771:July 15,
3762:Archived
3675:July 30,
3666:Archived
3643:March 6,
3637:Archived
3633:12255263
3504:83016269
3480:(1984).
3395:27-24075
3383:July 15,
3377:Archived
3373:16011753
3321:July 15,
3312:Archived
3254:July 15,
3248:Archived
3199:July 15,
3190:Archived
3162:July 15,
3156:Archived
3129:July 15,
3123:Archived
2826:15605391
2789:July 15,
2757:10213682
2710:July 15,
2704:Archived
2699:BBC News
2678:July 15,
2522:Archived
2456:See also
2394:Portugal
2346:Colombia
2298:Pakistan
1890:Malaysia
1822:102,628
1770:Thailand
1053:Tort law
873:AC motor
871:and the
869:DC motor
628:Iron Age
608:smelting
549:scrapers
545:choppers
525:Ethiopia
521:industry
441:fracture
289:chemical
281:machines
59:a series
57:Part of
8953:Commons
8729:Erosion
8679:Ecocide
8617:Effects
8563:Tourism
8496:fishing
8454:fashion
8377:fashion
8330:Bitcoin
8209:General
8158:Outline
8146:Commons
7900:Funding
7883:Culture
7860:outputs
7770:Related
7710:Testing
7683:Primary
7648:Hosting
7531:Tourism
7517:Travel
7513:Poverty
7491:Funeral
7473:Repairs
7437:Renting
7432:Leasing
7386:Arcades
7382:Venues
7358:leisure
7331:Nursing
7264:Product
7254:Fashion
7238:product
7084:Banking
6893:Auction
6751:Harbors
6731:Tunnels
6716:Bridges
6622:Dumping
6558:Weapons
6376:Plaster
6267:Pellets
6155:Tanning
6141:Leather
5972:Propane
5917:Bitumen
5820:Cameras
5660:Baggage
5633:Pottery
5613:Drawing
5557:Cutlery
5422:Carpets
5417:Weaving
5397:Carding
5326:Canning
5254:Granite
5177:Uranium
5167:Lithium
5040:Seaweed
5025:Oysters
5020:Mussels
5015:Abalone
5010:Tilapia
5005:Catfish
4988:Whaling
4943:Pollock
4938:Haddock
4923:Herring
4913:Fishing
4906:Aquatic
4813:Logging
4776:Hunting
4764:Shellac
4749:Poultry
4697:Flowers
4630:Berries
4613:Tobacco
4588:Legumes
4583:Cereals
4498:of the
4465:. 1905.
4204:Reuters
4058:May 30,
4033:May 20,
4023:1911463
3982:May 20,
2997:5908149
2737:Bibcode
2728:Science
2370:Hungary
2322:Finland
2274:Romania
2154:Nigeria
2130:Denmark
2086:59,642
2010:Belgium
1962:Austria
1818:Vietnam
1798:104,386
1774:128,271
1750:130,225
1726:131,712
1702:149,268
1678:157,876
1654:160,232
1630:181,592
1606:186,525
1602:Ireland
1582:215,038
1558:251,577
1534:255,962
1510:284,063
1486:289,791
1462:294,465
1438:354,722
1414:360,728
1390:416,389
1366:455,767
1342:818,398
1318:844,926
1314:Germany
1183:Germany
1064:Finance
977:finance
943:quality
860:in 1944
777:capital
690:by the
656:pottery
652:papyrus
606:Copper
593:jadeite
517:Oldowan
493:A late
432:facture
307:, from
8957:
8946:
8518:Mining
8372:energy
8280:Causes
7985:Cartel
7858:&
7855:Inputs
7794:ANZSIC
7571:&
7481:Beauty
7449:&
7371:Online
7356:&
7249:Design
7217:&
7131:Health
7089:Credit
7061:Hotels
6841:Retail
6736:Canals
6659:Mobile
6605:Sewage
6579:Power
6549:&
6535:&
6513:&
6461:Forged
6456:Rolled
6439:Alloys
6432:Copper
6398:&
6371:Mortar
6366:Cement
6320:&
6279:&
6230:Rubber
6223:Tissue
6208:Sizing
6191:Lumber
6176:Drying
6164:oiling
6162:&
6148:&
6146:Liming
6058:&
6056:Paints
5872:cables
5868:&
5827:&
5747:Blank
5576:Other
5550:&
5506:Secure
5469:Sewing
5432:Linens
5407:Prints
5402:Dyeing
5378:Liquor
5352:Sweets
5321:Baking
5259:Marble
5239:Gypsum
5219:Gravel
5207:Sulfur
5197:Potash
5152:Silver
5137:Copper
5070:Shrimp
5065:Salmon
5030:Pearls
4855:Mastic
4825:Rattan
4806:Bamboo
4729:Horses
4685:Spices
4675:Olives
4660:Coffee
4635:Citrus
4562:Biotic
4536:Major
4436:
4169:
4144:
4134:
4021:
3858:INSEAD
3796:INSEAD
3754:Target
3731:
3631:
3621:
3594:
3510:
3502:
3492:
3455:
3401:
3393:
3371:
3344:
3282:
3222:
3115:
3088:
3080:
3022:
2995:
2989:124562
2987:
2952:
2942:
2900:
2851:
2824:
2755:
2646:
2621:
2582:
2446:30,889
2439:
2422:32,148
2415:
2398:34,296
2391:
2374:36,403
2367:
2350:39,595
2343:
2326:44,966
2319:
2302:45,936
2295:
2278:47,923
2271:
2254:48,809
2247:
2230:49,317
2223:
2206:49,658
2202:Israel
2199:
2182:53,769
2175:
2158:55,742
2151:
2134:56,283
2127:
2110:58,237
2103:
2079:
2062:70,732
2055:
2038:70,896
2031:
2014:75,079
2007:
1990:77,456
1986:Sweden
1983:
1966:80,816
1959:
1942:82,641
1935:
1918:88,498
1911:
1894:92,117
1887:
1870:92,893
1863:
1846:97,727
1839:
1815:
1791:
1767:
1743:
1722:Poland
1719:
1698:Canada
1695:
1671:
1623:
1599:
1578:Turkey
1575:
1554:Russia
1551:
1527:
1503:
1482:Brazil
1479:
1458:France
1455:
1431:
1410:Mexico
1407:
1383:
1359:
1335:
1311:
1287:
1263:
1237:
1185:, and
1088:Safety
688:Europe
620:Bronze
595:, and
482:40000
464:, and
369:, and
287:, and
187:ISA-95
182:ISA-88
8912:urban
8583:roads
8474:paper
8469:paint
7940:Labor
7915:Final
7905:Goods
7878:Crime
7823:UKSIC
7813:NAICS
7724:Other
7631:Radio
7609:Music
7584:Books
7417:Other
7378:Sport
7198:Audit
7029:Cafés
6987:Taxis
6925:Cargo
6833:Sales
6726:Roads
6600:Water
6547:Ships
6537:space
6511:Power
6496:Heavy
6444:Steel
6339:Brick
6288:Glass
6235:Tires
6203:Paper
5333:Flour
5229:Chalk
5050:Clams
5046:Both
4983:Squid
4968:Crabs
4953:Shark
4869:syrup
4702:Seeds
4655:Cocoa
4608:Sugar
4019:JSTOR
3765:(PDF)
3750:(PDF)
3669:(PDF)
3662:(PDF)
3315:(PDF)
3304:(PDF)
3193:(PDF)
3182:(PDF)
3086:S2CID
2993:S2CID
2985:JSTOR
2449:2023
2442:Chile
2425:2023
2401:2023
2377:2023
2353:2023
2329:2023
2305:2023
2281:2023
2257:2023
2233:2022
2209:2021
2185:2023
2161:2023
2137:2023
2113:2014
2089:2023
2082:Egypt
2065:2023
2041:2023
2017:2023
1993:2023
1969:2023
1945:2022
1921:2023
1897:2023
1873:2023
1849:2023
1825:2023
1801:2023
1777:2023
1753:2023
1729:2023
1705:2020
1681:2023
1657:2023
1633:2023
1626:Spain
1609:2023
1585:2023
1561:2023
1537:2023
1513:2023
1489:2023
1465:2023
1441:2023
1434:Italy
1417:2023
1393:2023
1369:2023
1362:India
1345:2022
1338:Japan
1321:2023
1297:2021
1273:2023
1266:China
1249:2023
1241:World
1229:Year
1220:Rank
1187:India
1179:Japan
1171:China
585:flint
569:punch
537:flint
476:Negev
407:word
382:steel
285:tools
277:labor
273:goods
226:SCADA
201:B2MML
49:Tesla
8578:rail
8360:coal
8323:(US)
7843:TRBC
7833:GICS
7808:NACE
7801:ISIC
7626:News
7604:Film
7136:Life
6950:Rail
6940:Mail
6781:HVAC
6741:Dams
6422:Iron
6359:Tile
6218:Pulp
6171:Wood
6070:Soap
6060:inks
5922:Coke
5691:Toys
5459:Furs
5437:Rope
5427:Lace
5385:Wine
5369:Beer
5337:Meat
5311:Food
5234:Clay
5224:Sand
5202:Salt
5147:Gold
5142:Iron
5102:Peat
5097:Coal
5000:Carp
4963:Tuna
4873:wine
4769:Silk
4744:Wool
4670:Nuts
4434:ISBN
4407:2021
4377:2022
4347:2022
4317:2022
4291:2021
4265:2023
4216:2023
4185:2015
4167:ISBN
4142:OCLC
4132:ISBN
4112:2019
4086:2019
4060:2024
4035:2022
3984:2022
3773:2021
3729:ISSN
3677:2021
3645:2023
3629:OCLC
3619:ISBN
3592:ISBN
3508:OCLC
3500:LCCN
3490:ISBN
3453:ISBN
3399:ISBN
3391:LCCN
3385:2021
3369:LCCN
3342:ISBN
3323:2021
3280:ISBN
3256:2021
3220:ISBN
3201:2021
3164:2021
3131:2021
3113:ISBN
3078:ISSN
3020:ISBN
2950:OCLC
2940:ISBN
2898:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2822:PMID
2791:2021
2753:PMID
2712:2021
2680:2021
2644:ISBN
2619:ISBN
2600:link
2580:ISBN
2549:CSIS
2530:2021
1938:Iran
1055:and
1031:and
836:and
760:and
752:and
736:The
718:and
678:The
612:kiln
589:jade
533:core
426:manū
403:The
380:and
8607:War
7838:ICB
7818:SIC
7506:Sex
5982:Tar
5825:Gun
4933:Cod
4739:Pig
4665:Tea
4011:doi
3947:hdl
3937:doi
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