513:" after 1501) to police the soldiers under the marshal's command and administer justice. The provosts would quickly take the name "provost of the marshals" to distinguish them from the royal provosts. Rulings were dispensed in separate courts. Judgements on the acts of soldiers such as desertion, treason and disputes with the general population were rendered along with punishments in the Court of the Marshals which existed by 1317. These special forces would eventually be known as the maréchaussée since they worked for the various army marshals.
4331:
185:
869:
669: was limited to the military and the écorcheur bands, leaving out oppressive gangs of civilians who wandered the roads or encamped in the land. Francis I addressed the problem in a royal decision on 25 January 1536 (Edict of Paris) that extended the judicial authority of the maréchaussée to policing the countryside and main roads of the kingdom, taking on all highway crime regardless of whether the perpetrators were French soldiers or foreigners, military or civilian,
1143:
967:
740:
83:
1131:
42:
1155:
920: ) of four to five men distributed along the main roads. Each squad had to watch over about ten kilometers of road on either side of its headquarters. The "arrondissement" or "district" of a squad also included several dozen rural parishes in the area. In 1730, there were 30 companies in as many departments, with 3,288 men in 567 squads. The annual budget was 1,846,300
941:". The Royal Order of 25 February 1768 created 200 additional squads and reorganized their location, in order to achieve a more fine-grained and logical coverage of the territory. Nevertheless, in 1779 the Maréchaussée had no more than 3,300 men divided into 34 companies, one for each region (including Corsica), plus one for Paris and the
637:) and seneschals was ineffective. With a limited number of marshals' provosts, lieutenants had to be sent to temporarily represent the provost in the provinces to not only enforce military discipline but apprehend the itinerant looters and robbers and hand them over for judgement by the bailiffs and seneschals.
576:
The provosts' ambit expanded to include policing vagabonds and rendering justice in the provinces. Their decisions could be appealed to the marshals and the
Constable. In the 14th century, only one marshal and marshal's provost existed until around 1357, when war and unrest began to increase their
2894:
The military police roamed the countryside—they were not allowed to stay in one place for more than two days in a row—to catch military and, eventually, civilian offenders and to use their sentencing power to inflict punishment, for which there was no appeal. These special forces were not at first
876:
Le Blanc appointed two paymasters in the Maréchaussée in
February 1719 to buy back command positions that had been sold or inherited and abolished the old companies and titles in favor of a more structured and hierarchical system. The Maréchaussée was symbolically placed under the administrative
721:
The act broadened the jurisdiction of the Maréchaussée to include burglary and popular disorder and confirmed their power to arrest any offender. It also sought to combat abuse of their authority by putting enforcement under the supervision of local royal courts. The powers of the Maréchaussée
673:
or residents. The variety of crimes falling under their jurisdiction increased over the succeeding fifty years. The expanded commissions were temporary at first until the 3 October 1544 edict put them into permanent competition with the local courts of the bailiffs and seneschals. However, the
659:
These special military forces roamed the countryside for up to two days at a time, catching and sentencing evildoers from among the military, and later, among the civilian population as well. They also had the power to sentence perpetrators they had caught, with no possibility of appeal.
644:
to create the first provincial constabularies on 20 January 1514, at the urging of the provinces. The temporary deputy positions changed to official titles, which depending on the size of the province they were attached to were called "Provosts
General" and "Provincial Provosts" or
842:
suffered from numerous problems—an uneven presence, lack of oversight, low number of personnel—aggravated by corruption of the officers and poor salaries. When Louis XIV died in 1714, it was estimated they had only 1,000 men to police all of rural France with companies of
725:
Louis XIV's administration profited from selling lieutenant-general posts to head up policing for Paris (created in 1667) and following a 1699 ordinance, for principal towns to oligarchies or feudal lords who sought the titles from vanity or an interest in the job.
860:
that followed the death of Louis XIV further focused the Maréchaussée on the suppression of mendicity and vagabondage. Although the level of these problems had reduced at least in part due to the economic recovery after the end of the wars and the
2146:
Dictionnaire
Universel Historique, Chronologique, Geographique et de jurisprudence civile, criminelle et de police, des marêchaussées de France, contenant l'Histoire des Connêtables et Marêchaux de France, &c. 2 tom. [in 5
2152:
Universal
Historical, Chronological and Geographical Dictionary and of civil, criminal and police jurisprudence, of the marshals of France, containing the History of the Constables and Marshalcies of France, &c. 2 vols.
229:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
390:
One account in the history of a small town in western France reports how the terminology was undergoing a change there at the beginning of the 17th century. At that time, one could refer indistinguishably either to the
1237:
5069:
4698:
899:
being independent until 1767 after the region's incorporation into France. Le Blanc placed a
Provost at the head of each one, residing in the chief town of the province, who could be placed at the disposal of the
5057:
4818:
4744:
886:
The edict of March 1720 profoundly reorganized the Maréchaussée and accentuated its territorial nature. It created a provost court and a company of marshalcy in each of the thirty-six governments or provinces
629:) to prosecute war. However, after 1464 and into the early 1500s, the army as well as the marshals' provosts would be called on to also put down the remaining écorcheurs as the ordinary means of policing by
215:
5042:
952:
After the reform of 1778, all thirty-three companies formed a single corps of six divisions with a total of 4,114 men on the eve of the
Revolution, thus forming the first national police force in France.
674:
maréchaussées' ambit remained limited to the country outside the cities. The transformation of the role of the marshals' provosts to a provincial authority necessitated the appointment of new officers (
568:
removed the oft-vacant post of
Constable from the head of the constabulary and moved the resolution of points of honor to the Court of Marshals. Sometime thereafter, the courts merged under the name of
4964:
5052:
4838:
4560:
2650:
4582:
605:) from unemployed soldiers and mercenaries formerly hired by the king for the war which pillaged the countryside. France was finally liberated of these companies when future Constable of France
4786:
4668:
1029:
commanders generally placed themselves under the local constitutional authorities. Despite their connection with the king, they were therefore perceived as a force favoring the reforms of the
4575:
4504:
1665:
5088:
4760:
4399:
570:
1083:. In turn, two companies of gendarmes under the command of captains were based in each department. This territorial basis of organization continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
4843:
4230:
5079:
4989:
4934:
4915:
865:
as well as existing Maréchaussée efforts, the
Ordinance expressed concern about the great number remaining who "beg with insolence, more often through idleness than genuine necessity.
4974:
4781:
4620:
1216:
The notions of "police" and "justice" did not have the same meaning at that time as they do today. Policing functions were part of the justice system and were its executive body. See
5047:
4999:
4683:
4468:
4509:
5183:
4828:
4791:
4537:
4979:
4808:
5074:
5020:
4833:
4730:
4635:
4603:
4514:
2498:[The provosts of the marshals of the Gendarmerie nationale] (in French). Maisons-Alfort, France: La Société Nationale de l’Histoire et du Patrimoine de la Gendarmerie
4693:
4630:
4570:
4542:
5168:
5062:
4884:
4864:
4449:
4422:
2854:
4879:
4444:
239:
4905:
4565:
4524:
4910:
4874:
3710:
883:, a heavy cavalry corps integrated into the household of the king and later dissolved on 1 April 1788. However, it was in practice answerable to Le Blanc's office.
4813:
4994:
4954:
3490:
1280:
here to describe these small military teams, but since they consisted of only four to five men, using the
English cognate would be very misleading here, since a
1233:
553:
1261:
Provosts and officers purchased their position. It was a mark of dignity, but also an investment which could be profitable. Moreover, the posts were hereditary.
4900:
4389:
4859:
804:
463:" during the Crusades are tenuous at best. Its development began in earnest in the 16th century, reaching its final form under key ordinances in the 1700s.
856:
to make it more effective, reinforce its military character, and improve coverage in the countryside. A decree issued the day after his first edict by the
776:
4210:
852:
These and other problems led to a series of reforms (1720, 1731, 1768, 1769, 1778) beginning on 9 March 1720 propelled by the Secretary of State for War
4984:
4969:
783:
491:
in 1191 in the exercise of military powers and military justice on behalf of the king. The Constable gathered under him lieutenants bearing the title
338:
force with jurisdiction over the whole population on almost the entire territory of France. They retained powers of extraordinary justice (known as
249:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
5138:
4823:
197:
1048:. Its personnel remained unchanged, and the functions of the force remained much as before. However, from this point, the gendarmerie, unlike the
516:
These courts were itinerant, as they followed the army, lacked territorial jurisdiction and were composed of the marshal's particular provost and
4187:
2863:
718:
2895:
united in a single organization, but they came to be known collectively as the maréchaussée, as they were assigned to the various army marshals.
790:
4949:
4030:
3816:
3382:
573:, which name was retained even after the post of Constable was abolished in 1627. In this new court, the marshals rendered sentences alone.
330:
for 'Marshalcy') were corps of soldiers in the armies of France initially put in charge of military policing and justice during the
4715:
4703:
4532:
772:
609:
led them into Spain in 1366. With continued war between France and her neighbors, organized gang violence involving disbanded soldiers (
4437:
4170:
3155:
1284:
in English usage is a large military assemblage typically containing multiple battalions and thousands of troops. English terms like
147:
475:, the functions of the police and the justice system were closely intertwined. Kings, lords, and high dignitaries rendered justice.
5132:
2857:[History of the judicial police | Central Directorate of the Judicial Police | Organization - National Police] (in French).
2760:
119:
2495:
2364:
2135:
2981:
849:
based in larger towns with at times overlapping jurisdictions under the charge of commanders holding a variety of venal titles.
523:
3530:
3515:
3432:
126:
4673:
3283:
2919:
2768:
2706:
2401:
2291:
2262:
2210:
2181:
2616:
797:
3914:
2835:
711:
but judged by a chamber of the Parliament dealing with criminal matters, while the others, identified as "provost cases" (
561:
4165:
3637:
3400:
3056:
3046:
234:
133:
5209:
4801:
4101:
4086:
4056:
3485:
2629:
984:
757:
522:. A second court that existed by 1321 was in the personal jurisdiction of the Constable and oversaw cases involving a
257:
100:
55:
2878:
1683:
4688:
4488:
4240:
4023:
3457:
3442:
2743:
2597:
2562:
2330:
1099:
1054:, became a fully militarized force. During the revolutionary period, the main force responsible for policing was the
1006:
823:
305:
166:
69:
19:
This article is about the pre-revolutionary French police force. For the current militarized Dutch police force, see
349:
Reforms carried out in the 18th century created the first national police force. In 1791, the force was renamed the
270:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
4384:
3725:
3566:
3520:
2309:
Brouillet, Pascal (2016). "1. La maréchaussée et la gendarmerie à l'épreuve des siècles". In Luc, Jean-Noël (ed.).
423:
115:
2138:[1720 : creation of the sedentary brigades of maréchaussées, places and staff] (in French). Anorgend.
5163:
2862:
Secousse, Denis-François (1736). "Reglement pour la Mareschaussee." [Regulations for the Mareschaussee].
2855:"Histoire de la police judiciaire | Direction Centrale de la Police Judiciaire | Organisation - Police nationale"
2341:
2107:
4920:
4379:
4220:
4136:
3745:
3320:
2280:
Brouillet, Pascal (2013). "Au commencement était la Maréchaussée". In Luc, Jean-Noël; Médard, Frédéric (eds.).
988:
761:
104:
1252:
and the Grand Master of Waterways and Forests exercised their office. The table was destroyed by fire in 1618.
5204:
4281:
4160:
3668:
3288:
3229:
3224:
2938:
3310:
1408:
5030:
4869:
4427:
4016:
3996:
3735:
3214:
3051:
4416:
857:
4765:
4369:
3853:
3573:
3447:
3437:
3185:
3026:
2974:
2943:
2369:
2346:
2551:
Dieu, François (2002). "Gendarmerie d'hier et d'aujourd'hui" [The police, yesterday and today].
4205:
3764:
3685:
3452:
3362:
3341:
3041:
3031:
3021:
2531:
1121:
698:
624:
5126:
2231:
The Old French Vocabulary of Champagne: A Descriptive Study Based on Localized and Dated Documents ...
4796:
4649:
4245:
4235:
3944:
3700:
3615:
3588:
3505:
3300:
3145:
2624:(in French) (first electronic ed.). Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France: Archives nationales (France).
1114:
449:
The origins of the Maréchaussée are difficult to determine exactly, but occurred sometime during the
28:
140:
4432:
4394:
4364:
4316:
4061:
3525:
3495:
3100:
1241:
1086:
After the defeat of Napoleon, Dutch king William I, renamed the Dutch branch of the gendarmerie to
1030:
358:
265:
2589:
2420:
4111:
4074:
3781:
3663:
3610:
3556:
3510:
3199:
1055:
977:
750:
93:
387: attested in 1287 meaning "royal household", and in 1465 as "the office of the marshal".
5173:
4155:
4106:
3886:
3848:
3806:
3791:
3583:
3405:
3305:
2967:
2787:
1104:
544:. The jurisdictions of the Constable and the marshals were itemized in the Ordinance of 1356.
279:
61:
2821:
2671:
2512:
4354:
4310:
4145:
4121:
4116:
3811:
3801:
3593:
3417:
3325:
3260:
2754:
2573:
1080:
614:
450:
446:
were all-powerful, including holding the power of justice over the peasants they controlled.
286:
945:, and another to ensure the king's security when he traveled, and 800 squads for the entire
4737:
4625:
4081:
3836:
3377:
3315:
3204:
3095:
1207:(later with a firearm), responsible for maintaining order in towns and exercising justice.
606:
354:
8:
4454:
4374:
4346:
4126:
4039:
3919:
3876:
3796:
3750:
3627:
3620:
3600:
3561:
3473:
3265:
3234:
3209:
3175:
3077:
3072:
2724:
1245:
1109:
862:
653:
584:
557:
484:
454:
427:
4271:
2865:
Ordonnances des roys de France de la troisième race, receuillies par order chronologique
2694:
Histoire de la maréchaussée et de la gendarmerie: des origines à la quatrième république
678:) to take over their former role of traveling with troops to repress military offenses.
495:
who led royal troops into battle and judged their actions. Each marshal had a provost (
4725:
4215:
4096:
3831:
3776:
3730:
3578:
3544:
3128:
2440:
1087:
492:
488:
430:, policing powers formerly held by Roman officials were dispersed among a multitude of
20:
2735:
Maréchaussée, histoire d'une révolution judiciaire et administrative: Les juges bottés
2699:
History of the Marshalsea and the Gendarmerie: from the origins to the fourth republic
1451:
890:
583: for the marshals and Constable would be recorded by the start of the reign of
4483:
4359:
4069:
3977:
3959:
3954:
3939:
3924:
3863:
3826:
3740:
3673:
3651:
3632:
3500:
3427:
3250:
3150:
3036:
3016:
2993:
2925:
2915:
2841:
2831:
2774:
2764:
2739:
2712:
2702:
2603:
2593:
2558:
2518:
2483:
2444:
2407:
2397:
2326:
2297:
2287:
2268:
2258:
2235:
2216:
2206:
2187:
2177:
2156:
1323:
1249:
1070:, the gendarmerie was initially a full-time auxiliary to the National Guard militia.
1020:
946:
691:
343:
261:
2790:[The Marechausse in the 18th century. Men and the institution in Auvergne].
2632:[Maréchaussées collections (1671-1790): Brief history of the maréchaussée].
2136:"1720 : création des brigades sédentaires de maréchaussées, lieux et effectifs"
640:
Whereas the maréchaussée had been historically mobile, the ongoing problems spurred
4959:
4710:
4614:
3891:
3843:
3715:
3690:
3180:
2799:
2585:
2432:
2318:
630:
334:, and later extended to civilian responsibilities. They gradually coalesced into a
3353:
3192:
2870:
Ordinances of the kings of France of the third race, listed in chronological order
1892:
1890:
942:
532:) or quarrels between soldiers regarding reputation, personal cases of the king's
472:
4598:
4304:
4266:
4261:
4091:
3986:
3949:
3934:
3929:
3871:
3786:
3346:
3087:
2909:
2753:
Luc, Jean-Noël (2002). Centre de recherches sur l'histoire du XIXe siècle (ed.).
2733:
2692:
2552:
2473:
2387:
2281:
2248:
2229:
2200:
2144:
1079:
was grouped into 28 divisions, each commanded by a colonel responsible for three
922:
911:
853:
327:
3332:
2472:
Coulin, René (Colonel); École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale (1954).
4175:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3720:
3678:
3255:
2436:
1887:
1421:
1308:
1159:
910:) were divided into lieutenancies, with a lieutenant in each city heading up a
596:
2929:
2845:
2607:
2487:
2411:
2322:
2239:
2160:
868:
690:, the Constabulary and Marshalcy Tribunal was placed under the command of the
5198:
5178:
4608:
3991:
3821:
3605:
3293:
2716:
2630:"Fonds des maréchaussées (1671-1790): Historique succinct de la maréchaussée"
2522:
2301:
2272:
2220:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1327:
1135:
618:
357:). It is now one of the two national police forces of France, along with the
2778:
2536:
Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
2191:
2170:
Dictionnaire de l'Ancien Régime : royaume de France, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle
1240:. They take their name from the large marble table in the great hall of the
610:
3705:
3410:
3367:
3167:
3138:
2803:
2788:"La maréchaussée au XVIIIe siècle. Les hommes et l'institution en Auvergne"
2283:
Histoire et dictionnaire de la gendarmerie: de la Maréchaussée à nos jours
1478:
577:
numbers through the 15th century. Six provosts of marshals and up to 300
4678:
4276:
3372:
3275:
3120:
2176:]. Quadrige (2nd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
2117:
722:
evolved to include policing of cabarets and road and waterway transport.
331:
2674:[26 May 1445: Charles VII creates the compagnies d'ordonnance].
5145:
5035:
4225:
3881:
3110:
2691:
Larrieu, Louis; Service historique de la gendarmerie nationale (2002).
2174:
Dictionary of the Ancien Régime: kingdom of France, 16th-18th centuries
1147:
991: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
764: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
687:
617:
recruited suitable members of these groups to help form the first paid
268:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
4008:
705:, certain crimes identified as "royal cases" were investigated by the
538:
and the conduct and service of the provosts of the marshals and their
409:" for example, but by 1720 invariably the latter expression was used.
5015:
3219:
901:
702:
670:
641:
556:
in the Palais de Justice in Paris during the late 14th century under
432:
2389:
Histoire de la police française: tableaux, chronologie, iconographie
1142:
966:
739:
656:, went further, establishing such constabularies throughout France.
82:
5025:
2257:] (in French). Service historique de la gendarmerie nationale.
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
896:
565:
471:
During the Middle Ages and to a lesser extent until the end of the
2315:
History of the gendarmes: From the constabulary to the present day
3133:
3001:
2618:
Guide des recherches dans les fondsjudiciaires de l'Ancien Régime
1281:
1204:
2959:
2615:
Ferry, Ferréol de (2016) . "Z/1c. Connétablie et Maréchaussée".
2255:
From the maréchaussée à to the gendarmerie: history and heritage
1355:
226:
5120:
3422:
2990:
2574:"2 'The Most Useful Corps for the Nation...': The Maréchaussée"
2367:[From Marshals' Provosts to the National Gendarmerie].
335:
276:{{Translated|fr|Histoire de la Gendarmerie nationale (France)}}
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
595:
A consequence of the Hundred Years' War was the formation of "
426:, officials in charge of police disappeared. With the rise of
2394:
History of the French police: tables, chronology, iconography
437:
2649:
Sirpa Gendarmerie; Gendarmerie nationale (16 October 2016).
2455:[National Center of Textual and Lexical Resources].
935: —junior officers under the provosts—became known as "
3695:
3105:
2872:] (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: L'Imprimerie Royale.
2672:"26 mai 1445: Charles VII crée les Compagnies d'ordonnance"
2653:[The Gendarmerie, successor of the maréchaussées].
2250:
De la maréchaussée à la gendarmerie: histoire et patrimoine
2083:
1587:
560:
in part through his June 1373 edict. After the betrayal of
453:(1337–1453). Claims that the origins go back to 1190 under
2727:[Law of 16 February 1791] (Loi) (in French). 1791.
2636:(in French). Montpellier, France: Département de l'Hérault
2168:
Bély, Lucien (2003). "Table de marbre, Tables de marbre".
1630:
1628:
1626:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1468:
1466:
238:
to this template: there are already 1,506 articles in the
2798:(239). Paris: Society for Robespierrist Studies: 91–117.
2581:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1725:
1292:
represent small teams, and the latter is closest in size.
2342:"Chronologie : La maréchaussée des origines à 1720"
1841:
1839:
1837:
1795:
1793:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1713:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1343:
649:." Their judicial powers remained limited to soldiery.
2530:
Diderot, Denis; Le Rond d’Alembert, Jean, eds. (1765).
2453:"Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales"
2452:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1951:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1623:
1606:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1463:
1398:
1396:
2820:
Paresys, Isabelle; Conchon, Anne; Maës, Bruno (2004).
2496:"Des Prévôts des maréchaux à la Gendarmerie nationale"
2365:"Des Prévôts des maréchaux à la Gendarmerie nationale"
2311:
Histoire des gendarmes: De la maréchaussée à nos jours
1968:
1966:
1822:
1769:
1577:
1575:
1439:
2648:
2396:]. Approches #18 (in French). Paris: Tallandier.
2344:[The maréchaussée from its origins to 1720].
1941:
1939:
1851:
1834:
1790:
1759:
1757:
1737:
1555:
1531:
1490:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1119:
686:
After the suppression of the Constabulary in 1626 by
2578:
Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth-Century Europe
2071:
2059:
2042:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1917:
1701:
1689:
1640:
1543:
1514:
1393:
1090:
making the term continue in the Dutch armed forces.
895:). Maréchaussée companies were separate with one in
613:) lingered and grew into the 16th century. In 1445,
222:
4211:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2247:Brouillet, Pascal (2003). Brouillet, Pascal (ed.).
1963:
1572:
1427:
1413:
1411:
218:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
107:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2480:History and traditions of the National Gendarmerie
2475:Histoire et traditions de la gendarmerie nationale
1936:
1875:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1754:
1376:
1210:
2205:(in French). Vol. I. Paris: SPE-Barthélémy.
1990:
1863:
717:), were judged in first and last instance by the
16:French army police force during the Ancien Regime
5196:
2941:[The maréchaussée in the 18th century].
2852:
1457:
2494:
2095:
1805:
1600:
1232: – under the Ancien Régime, the
2911:Policing the Poor in Eighteenth-Century France
2792:Annales historiques de la Révolution française
2701:] (in French). Ivry-sur-Seine: Phénix éd.
1203:was a junior officer armed with a sword and a
264:accompanying your translation by providing an
209:Click for important translation instructions.
196:expand this article with text translated from
4024:
2975:
2651:"La gendarmerie, héritière des maréchaussées"
2286:(in French). Paris: Éditions Jacob-Duvernet.
2198:
1349:
1295:
914:, which in turn were subdivided into squads (
381:, meaning "the marshalcy." This derives from
3351:
3330:
3190:
2853:Ministère de l'Intérieur (10 October 2011).
2738:(in French). Vol. I. Paris: Harmattan.
2678:(in French). Paris, France: Herodote.net SAS
2529:
1896:
1316:
1275:
1223:
1197:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1042:was not disbanded but simply renamed as the
1037:
1024:
936:
930:
915:
905:
888:
878:
844:
837:
712:
706:
664:
622:
600:
578:
539:
533:
527:
517:
508:
502:
496:
458:
441:
404:
398:
392:
382:
376:
370:
319:
2756:Gendarmerie, état et société au XIXe siècle
70:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4031:
4017:
2982:
2968:
2876:
2557:(in French). Brussels: Editions Complexe.
2373:(in French). Maisons Alfort, France: SNHPG
2362:
2350:(in French). Maisons Alfort, France: SNHPG
2339:
1828:
1784:
1676:
1484:
1255:
5113:
4171:Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
2590:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207986.003.0002
2517:(in French). L. Desaivre. pp. 220–.
2421:"The Police of Eighteenth-Century France"
2317:] (in French). Paris: Nouveau Monde.
2308:
2279:
2246:
1911:
1617:
1508:
1472:
1402:
1217:
1007:Learn how and when to remove this message
824:Learn how and when to remove this message
466:
306:Learn how and when to remove this message
167:Learn how and when to remove this message
2907:
2861:
2830:] (in French). Paris: Armand Colin.
2731:
2510:
2431:(1). London: Macmillan Journals: 47–75.
2202:La Gendarmerie nationale: An 1000 à 1899
2133:
2077:
1857:
1845:
1799:
1748:
1731:
1634:
1566:
1537:
1445:
1322:) – The equivalent of 20
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
877:authority of the marshals and the elite
867:
5133:National School for the Judiciary (ENM)
4038:
2908:Schwartz, Robert M. (10 October 2017).
2819:
2690:
2418:
2142:
1972:
1719:
1581:
1496:
1387:
1326:, from 1640 to 1795, or one tenth of a
1238:Administration of Waterways and Forests
956:
773:"Maréchaussée" AND (18th OR 18eme)
5197:
2785:
2669:
2571:
2538:(in French). Vol. 13. Neufchastel
2471:
2385:
2227:
2199:Besson, Jean; Rosière, Pierre (2004).
2065:
2053:
2036:
2024:
1984:
1957:
1945:
1930:
1763:
1549:
1525:
1433:
1064:had been the main police force of the
547:
369:The term marshalcy is from the French
4012:
2963:
2936:
2634:Archives départementales de l'Hérault
2614:
2451:
2113:
1695:
1659:
1417:
1264:
1178:
2879:"The decline of constabulary police"
2550:
2167:
1881:
1707:
989:adding citations to reliable sources
960:
762:adding citations to reliable sources
733:
663:The power of the provosts and their
178:
105:adding citations to reliable sources
76:
35:
2752:
2723:
2628:
2363:Brouillet, Pascal (23 March 2020).
2340:Brouillet, Pascal (23 March 2020).
2101:
2089:
2003:
1869:
1816:
1236:were superior jurisdictions in the
571:Constabulary and Marshalcy Tribunal
562:Constable Louis, Count of Saint-Pol
501:) who headed a small contingent of
375:, which is derived from Old French
13:
4231:Code of criminal procedure of 1808
2939:"La maréchaussée au XVIII° siècle"
2901:
2554:La gendarmerie, secrets d'un corps
2143:de Bauclas, Gabriel Henri (1747).
14:
5221:
2989:
2944:Musée de la Gendarmerie Nationale
2572:Emsley, Clive (14 October 1999).
2370:Musée de la Gendarmerie Nationale
2347:Musée de la Gendarmerie Nationale
1100:Criminal justice system of France
552:The tribunals were seated at the
457:in the creation of companies of "
51:This article has multiple issues.
4329:
1684:French police under the monarchy
1153:
1141:
1129:
965:
738:
424:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
183:
81:
40:
2947:. Maisons Alfort, France: SNHPG
2877:Walsh, William Francis (2021).
2828:Dictionary of the Ancien Régime
2823:Dictionnaire de l'Ancien Régime
2482:] (in French). Paris: s.n.
976:needs additional citations for
880:Gendarmerie de la Maison du Roi
872:A chevalier of the Maréchaussée
749:needs additional citations for
729:
681:
590:
478:
92:needs additional citations for
59:or discuss these issues on the
4921:European Court of Human Rights
4380:European Court of Human Rights
4221:Code of Offences and Penalties
3321:Government of National Defense
2670:Larané, André (10 June 2020).
2228:Bevans, Caleb Arundel (1941).
2127:
1274:: French sources use the word
364:
274:You may also add the template
1:
4282:Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau
3230:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
3225:War of the Spanish Succession
1166:
2155:]. Paris: G.F. Quillau.
2134:Anorgend (20 January 2021).
397: of the provost" or "
7:
2761:Publications de la Sorbonne
2655:French Ministry of Interior
1093:
587:in the early 16th century.
246:will aid in categorization.
10:
5226:
4885:Sentence enforcement judge
4450:Sentence enforcement judge
4400:Sentence Enforcement Court
4241:Code of criminal procedure
4206:Criminal Ordinance of 1670
4052:code, law, or procedure in
3711:French subdivisions by GDP
3458:2022 presidential election
3443:2017 presidential election
2732:Lorgnier, Jacques (1994).
2437:10.1177/026569147700700103
1460:, § Il y a longtemps.
1371:Gendarmerie nationale 2016
699:Criminal Ordinance of 1670
417:
412:
221:Machine translation, like
18:
5210:Law enforcement in France
5159:
5105:
5070:Civil rights restrictions
5008:
4942:
4933:
4893:
4880:Liberty and custody judge
4852:
4774:
4753:
4659:
4648:
4591:
4561:Aggravating circumstances
4551:
4523:
4497:
4476:
4467:
4445:Liberty and custody judge
4408:
4345:
4338:
4327:
4290:
4254:
4196:
4144:
4135:
4046:
3972:
3862:
3772:
3763:
3659:
3650:
3552:
3543:
3481:
3472:
3393:
3274:
3243:
3215:Second Hundred Years' War
3166:
3119:
3086:
3065:
3057:Liberalism and radicalism
3009:
3000:
2937:SNHPG (21 January 2022).
2323:10.14375/NP.9782369422372
1350:Besson & Rosière 2004
1115:Law enforcement in France
198:the corresponding article
4916:Review and reexamination
4802:Prosecutorial discretion
4699:Presumption of innocence
4669:Accused person (prévenu)
4583:Mitigating circumstances
3486:Administrative divisions
2514:Histoire de Champdeniers
2419:Cameron, Ian A. (1977).
2386:Carrot, Georges (1992).
1242:Palais de Justice, Paris
1073:In 1791 the newly named
1031:French National Assembly
5127:Documentation française
5089:Criminal imprisonment (
4674:Criminal responsibility
3706:Franc (former currency)
3311:Coup of 2 December 1851
3284:Long nineteenth century
2883:Encyclopedia Britannica
2786:Martin, Daniel (1980).
2582:Oxford University Press
2425:European Studies Review
2234:University of Chicago.
625:compagnies d'ordonnance
285:For more guidance, see
5058:Punishment and redress
4819:Judicial investigation
4745:Statute of limitations
4576:Personal vulnerability
4385:Jurisdictional dualism
4156:Constitution of France
3726:Science and technology
3383:Provisional Government
3352:
3331:
3191:
2804:10.3406/ahrf.1980.4195
2725:Loi du 16 Février 1791
2511:Desaivre, Léo (1893).
1317:
1276:
1198:
1105:Criminal law in France
1075:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1025:
937:
931:
916:
906:
889:
879:
873:
845:
838:
713:
707:
665:
623:
601:
579:
540:
534:
528:
518:
509:
503:
497:
467:End of the Middle Ages
459:
442:
405:
399:
393:
383:
377:
371:
320:
5075:Electronic monitoring
5000:Prison administration
4533:Principle of legality
4355:Correctional tribunal
4311:Gendarmerie nationale
1458:Police Nationale 2011
1076:gendarmerie nationale
1045:gendarmerie nationale
871:
351:Gendarmerie nationale
287:Knowledge:Translation
258:copyright attribution
23:. For the episode of
5205:Defunct gendarmeries
5043:Citizenship training
4955:Peine complémentaire
4844:Preventive detention
4792:Police investigation
4738:Inquisitorial system
4181:French customary law
4161:Constitutional block
3531:World Heritage Sites
3448:Coronavirus pandemic
2759:(in French). Paris:
1270:Translation note on
1021:revolutionary period
985:improve this article
957:Revolutionary period
904:. The provostships (
758:improve this article
647:Prévôts Particuliers
607:Bertrand du Guesclin
355:National Gendarmerie
101:improve this article
29:Maréchaussée (Grimm)
4870:Investigating judge
4455:Judiciary of France
4428:Investigating judge
4375:EU Court of Justice
4040:French criminal law
3669:Automotive industry
3453:2021 labor protests
3210:Peace of Westphalia
3078:History of Normandy
3073:History of Brittany
2914:. UNC Press Books.
1601:provostsGendarmerie
1487:, § 1337–1453.
1246:Constable of France
1110:Judiciary of France
1039:Maréchaussée Royale
564:in 1475, then-king
548:Provostal tribunals
485:Constable of France
428:feudalism in France
5031:Capital punishment
4965:Suspended sentence
4726:Adversarial system
4554:mitigating factors
4489:Criminal procedure
4370:Court of Cassation
4246:Penal code of 1994
4236:Penal Code of 1810
4216:Penal Code of 1791
3736:Telecommunications
3438:2015 Paris attacks
3301:Revolution of 1848
3129:Visigothic Kingdom
874:
676:prévôts des armées
602:Grandes compagnies
451:Hundred Years' War
266:interlanguage link
21:Royal Marechaussee
5192:
5191:
5155:
5154:
5101:
5100:
5053:Community service
4929:
4928:
4865:Public prosecutor
4839:Court supervision
4644:
4643:
4463:
4462:
4423:Public prosecutor
4325:
4324:
4053:
4006:
4005:
3968:
3967:
3759:
3758:
3646:
3645:
3638:Political parties
3574:Foreign relations
3539:
3538:
3468:
3467:
3251:French Revolution
3205:Thirty Years' War
3186:Absolute monarchy
3151:Kingdom of France
3047:Foreign relations
3027:Political history
2921:978-1-4696-3988-8
2770:978-2-85944-449-5
2708:978-2-7458-0796-0
2459:(in French). 2012
2403:978-2-235-01948-4
2293:978-2-84724-496-0
2264:978-2-11-093655-4
2212:978-2-912838-28-5
2183:978-2-13-054033-5
2118:archer § B.2
2039:, pp. 16–17.
1960:, pp. 14–15.
1734:, pp. 616–8.
1250:Admiral of France
1036:As a result, the
1017:
1016:
1009:
834:
833:
826:
808:
697:According to the
692:Marshal of France
507:(referred to as "
493:Marshal of France
436:. Lords of their
344:French Revolution
316:
315:
308:
298:
297:
210:
206:
177:
176:
169:
151:
74:
5217:
5139:Journal officiel
5111:
5110:
4960:Minimum sentence
4940:
4939:
4711:Reasonable doubt
4657:
4656:
4615:Biens mal acquis
4538:Material element
4474:
4473:
4417:Ministère public
4343:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4272:Élisabeth Guigou
4182:
4142:
4141:
4051:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4010:
4009:
3770:
3769:
3686:Economic history
3657:
3656:
3550:
3549:
3479:
3478:
3357:
3336:
3235:Seven Years' War
3200:Wars of Religion
3196:
3181:House of Bourbon
3176:Early modern era
3156:Fundamental laws
3032:Military history
3007:
3006:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2933:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2873:
2858:
2849:
2837:978-2200-28026-0
2814:
2812:
2810:
2782:
2749:
2728:
2720:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2625:
2623:
2611:
2568:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2526:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2491:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2448:
2415:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2336:
2305:
2276:
2243:
2224:
2195:
2164:
2139:
2121:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2007:
2001:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1767:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1722:, p. PT303.
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1638:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1604:
1598:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1374:
1368:
1353:
1347:
1320:
1302:
1293:
1279:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1227:
1221:
1218:Brouillet (2013)
1214:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1145:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1028:
1012:
1005:
1001:
998:
992:
969:
961:
940:
934:
919:
909:
894:
882:
848:
841:
829:
822:
818:
815:
809:
807:
766:
742:
734:
716:
710:
668:
628:
604:
582:
543:
537:
535:sergents d'armes
531:
521:
512:
506:
500:
462:
460:sergents d'armes
445:
408:
402:
396:
386:
380:
374:
325:
311:
304:
277:
271:
245:
244:|topic=
242:, and specifying
227:Google Translate
208:
204:
187:
186:
179:
172:
165:
161:
158:
152:
150:
109:
85:
77:
66:
44:
43:
36:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5151:
5107:
5097:
5004:
4925:
4889:
4848:
4809:Criminalization
4770:
4749:
4661:
4651:
4640:
4599:Crime in France
4587:
4553:
4552:Aggravating and
4547:
4519:
4493:
4459:
4433:Judicial police
4404:
4365:Court of appeal
4360:Court of Assize
4334:
4330:
4321:
4317:National Police
4305:Presidial court
4286:
4267:Cesare Beccaria
4262:Robert Badinter
4250:
4198:
4192:
4180:
4147:
4131:
4042:
4037:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3982:
3964:
3945:Public holidays
3858:
3817:Life expectancy
3755:
3642:
3535:
3464:
3433:Great Recession
3406:Fourth Republic
3401:1900 to present
3389:
3306:Second Republic
3270:
3239:
3162:
3115:
3082:
3061:
2996:
2988:
2950:
2948:
2922:
2904:
2902:Further reading
2887:
2885:
2838:
2808:
2806:
2771:
2746:
2709:
2681:
2679:
2660:
2658:
2639:
2637:
2621:
2600:
2565:
2541:
2539:
2501:
2499:
2462:
2460:
2404:
2376:
2374:
2353:
2351:
2333:
2294:
2265:
2213:
2184:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2092:, Note 3, p.33.
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2010:
2002:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1835:
1829:Brouillet 2020a
1827:
1823:
1815:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1785:Brouillet 2020b
1783:
1770:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:, p. 1198.
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1675:
1666:
1658:
1641:
1637:, pp. 3–4.
1633:
1624:
1616:
1607:
1599:
1588:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1485:Brouillet 2020a
1483:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1369:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1310:Livres tournois
1296:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1194:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1096:
1058:. Although the
1013:
1002:
996:
993:
982:
970:
959:
929:From 1760, the
923:livres tournois
912:presidial court
854:Claude Le Blanc
830:
819:
813:
810:
767:
765:
755:
743:
732:
719:provost courts.
684:
652:His successor,
621:in Europe (the
593:
550:
529:point d'honneur
489:Grand Seneschal
481:
469:
420:
415:
367:
359:National Police
312:
301:
300:
299:
294:
293:
292:
275:
269:
243:
211:
205:(December 2021)
188:
184:
173:
162:
156:
153:
110:
108:
98:
86:
45:
41:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5223:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5130:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5086:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4990:Rehabilitation
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4834:Search warrant
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4789:
4787:Police custody
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4611:
4606:
4604:List of crimes
4601:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4176:Old French law
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4064:
4059:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3901:Cultural icons
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Stock exchange
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3521:National parks
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:Climate change
3493:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3418:Fifth Republic
3415:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3326:Third Republic
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3261:First Republic
3258:
3256:Napoleonic era
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Greek colonies
3098:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2934:
2920:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2874:
2859:
2850:
2836:
2816:
2815:
2783:
2769:
2750:
2744:
2729:
2721:
2707:
2688:
2667:
2646:
2626:
2612:
2598:
2569:
2563:
2548:
2527:
2508:
2492:
2469:
2449:
2416:
2402:
2383:
2360:
2337:
2331:
2306:
2292:
2277:
2263:
2244:
2225:
2211:
2196:
2182:
2165:
2140:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2041:
2029:
2008:
1989:
1977:
1962:
1950:
1935:
1916:
1912:Brouillet 2016
1904:
1902:, p. 349.
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1833:
1821:
1804:
1789:
1768:
1753:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1698:, p. 251.
1688:
1664:
1662:, p. 250.
1639:
1622:
1618:Brouillet 2016
1605:
1586:
1571:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1513:
1509:Brouillet 2003
1501:
1489:
1477:
1473:Brouillet 2013
1462:
1450:
1448:, p. 220.
1438:
1426:
1407:
1403:Brouillet 2013
1392:
1375:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1294:
1263:
1254:
1222:
1209:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1056:National Guard
1015:
1014:
973:
971:
964:
958:
955:
863:1709-10 famine
832:
831:
746:
744:
737:
731:
728:
683:
680:
597:free companies
592:
589:
585:King Francis I
549:
546:
524:point of honor
487:succeeded the
480:
477:
468:
465:
419:
416:
414:
411:
366:
363:
314:
313:
296:
295:
291:
290:
283:
272:
250:
247:
235:adding a topic
230:
219:
212:
193:
192:
191:
189:
182:
175:
174:
116:"Maréchaussée"
89:
87:
80:
75:
49:
48:
46:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5222:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:Law of France
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5106:Education and
5104:
5094:
5092:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:Penalty order
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:Early release
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:Qualification
4812:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4766:Public action
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Jurisprudence
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4609:Assassination
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:Premeditation
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4543:Moral element
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:Contravention
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4011:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Birth control
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Constitutions
3555:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:Années folles
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Second Empire
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:July Monarchy
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:Ancien Régime
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2896:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2794:(in French).
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2745:2-7384-3061-9
2741:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2599:9780191677878
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2564:2-87027-916-7
2560:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2332:9782369422372
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2078:Anorgend 2021
2074:
2068:, p. 55.
2067:
2062:
2056:, p. 18.
2055:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2027:, p. 17.
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2006:, p. 32.
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1987:, p. 15.
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1933:, p. 14.
1932:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1914:, p. 33.
1913:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1884:, p. 53.
1883:
1878:
1872:, p. 31.
1871:
1866:
1860:, pp. 8.
1859:
1858:Lorgnier 1994
1854:
1848:, pp. 7.
1847:
1846:Lorgnier 1994
1842:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1802:, pp. 6.
1801:
1800:Lorgnier 1994
1796:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1749:Lorgnier 1994
1745:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1732:Secousse 1736
1728:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1635:Lorgnier 1994
1631:
1629:
1627:
1620:, p. 32.
1619:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1567:Lorgnier 1994
1563:
1561:
1559:
1552:, p. 91.
1551:
1546:
1540:, pp. 2.
1539:
1538:Lorgnier 1994
1534:
1528:, p. 13.
1527:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1511:, p. 14.
1510:
1505:
1499:, p. 47.
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1475:, p. 14.
1474:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1446:Desaivre 1893
1442:
1436:, p. 47.
1435:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:marble tables
1231:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1067:ancien regime
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1011:
1008:
1000:
997:December 2021
990:
986:
980:
979:
974:This section
972:
968:
963:
962:
954:
950:
948:
944:
943:Île-de-France
939:
933:
927:
925:
924:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
892:
884:
881:
870:
866:
864:
859:
855:
850:
847:
840:
828:
825:
817:
814:December 2021
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775: –
774:
770:
769:Find sources:
763:
759:
753:
752:
747:This section
745:
741:
736:
735:
727:
723:
720:
715:
714:cas prévôtaux
709:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
679:
677:
672:
667:
661:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
638:
636:
632:
627:
626:
620:
619:standing army
616:
612:
608:
603:
598:
588:
586:
581:
574:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
545:
542:
536:
530:
525:
520:
514:
511:
505:
499:
494:
490:
486:
476:
474:
473:ancien régime
464:
461:
456:
452:
447:
444:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
410:
407:
401:
395:
388:
385:
384:mairichauciée
379:
373:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
323:
310:
307:
288:
284:
281:
273:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
241:
240:main category
237:
236:
231:
228:
224:
220:
217:
214:
213:
207:
201:
199:
194:You can help
190:
181:
180:
171:
168:
160:
157:December 2021
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118: –
117:
113:
112:Find sources:
106:
102:
96:
95:
90:This article
88:
84:
79:
78:
73:
71:
64:
63:
58:
57:
52:
47:
38:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5174:Constitution
5169:Codification
5144:
5137:
5125:
5090:
5081:
5063:Imprisonment
4950:Main penalty
4761:Civil action
4613:
4415:
4395:Police court
4339:Participants
4309:
4299:Maréchaussée
4298:
4297:
4291:Institutions
4050:
3887:Coat of arms
3877:Architecture
3849:Social class
3807:Homelessness
3792:Demographics
3746:Trade unions
3679:Central bank
3621:criminal law
3584:Human rights
3567:presidential
3411:Algerian War
3394:Contemporary
3368:Vichy France
3363:World War II
3333:Belle Époque
3266:First Empire
3168:Early Modern
3139:West Francia
2949:. Retrieved
2942:
2910:
2893:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:
2869:
2864:
2827:
2822:
2807:. Retrieved
2795:
2791:
2755:
2734:
2698:
2693:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:Herodote.net
2675:
2659:. Retrieved
2654:
2638:. Retrieved
2633:
2617:
2577:
2553:
2540:. Retrieved
2535:
2513:
2500:. Retrieved
2479:
2474:
2461:. Retrieved
2456:
2428:
2424:
2393:
2388:
2375:. Retrieved
2368:
2352:. Retrieved
2345:
2314:
2310:
2282:
2254:
2249:
2230:
2201:
2173:
2169:
2151:
2145:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2032:
1980:
1973:Cameron 1977
1953:
1907:
1898:Encyclopédie
1897:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1824:
1751:, p. 4.
1727:
1720:Paresys 2004
1715:
1703:
1691:
1677:
1582:Bauclas 1747
1569:, p. 3.
1545:
1533:
1504:
1497:Cameron 1977
1492:
1480:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1422:maréchaussée
1388:Larrieu 2002
1345:
1336:
1335:
1315:
1314:(sometimes,
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1230:marble table
1229:
1225:
1212:
1196:
1171:
1170:
1088:Marechaussee
1085:
1081:départements
1072:
1061:Maréchaussée
1051:Maréchaussée
1035:
1026:Maréchaussée
1018:
1003:
994:
983:Please help
978:verification
975:
951:
928:
921:
885:
875:
851:
846:Maréchaussée
839:Maréchaussée
835:
820:
811:
801:
794:
787:
780:
768:
756:Please help
751:verification
748:
730:18th century
724:
708:Maréchaussée
696:
685:
682:17th century
675:
662:
658:
651:
646:
639:
634:
594:
591:16th century
575:
554:marble table
551:
515:
482:
479:Constabulary
470:
448:
431:
421:
406:maréchaussée
389:
378:mareschaucie
372:maréchaussée
368:
350:
348:
342:) until the
339:
322:Maréchaussée
321:
317:
302:
262:edit summary
253:
233:
203:
195:
163:
154:
144:
137:
130:
123:
111:
99:Please help
94:verification
91:
67:
60:
54:
53:Please help
50:
33:
24:
4797:Prosecution
4679:Culpability
4438:Directorate
4390:Local court
4277:Montesquieu
4127:Switzerland
3997:WikiProject
3812:Immigration
3802:Health care
3664:Agriculture
3616:enforcement
3373:Free France
3342:World War I
3289:Restoration
3276:Late Modern
3146:Middle Ages
3121:Middle Ages
3106:Celtic Gaul
2888:15 December
2661:14 December
2657:(in French)
2640:11 February
2502:10 December
2463:14 December
2128:Works cited
2066:Carrot 1992
2054:Emsley 1999
2037:Emsley 1999
2025:Emsley 1999
1985:Emsley 1999
1958:Emsley 1999
1946:Coulin 1954
1931:Emsley 1999
1764:Larané 2020
1550:Martin 1980
1526:Emsley 1999
1434:Bevans 1941
1019:During the
891:généralités
615:Charles VII
365:Terminology
332:Middle Ages
5199:Categories
5146:Legifrance
5114:publishing
5036:Guillotine
4935:Punishment
4906:Opposition
4860:Magistrate
4824:Indictment
4704:Guigou law
4662:principles
4566:Recidivism
4525:Components
4484:Penal code
4226:Five Codes
4148:of the law
3940:Philosophy
3925:Literature
3837:secularism
3633:Parliament
3428:2005 riots
3378:Liberation
3244:Revolution
3111:Roman Gaul
3096:Prehistory
3052:Journalism
2951:6 December
2930:1062360574
2846:1236250318
2809:7 February
2682:9 February
2608:5105521539
2580:. Oxford:
2488:1136097468
2412:1035815593
2377:7 February
2354:5 December
2240:1048951173
2161:1143038715
2114:CNRTL 2012
1696:Ferry 2016
1678:Britannica
1660:Ferry 2016
1418:CNRTL 2012
1328:Louis d'Or
1244:where the
1167:References
784:newspapers
688:Louis XIII
611:écorcheurs
127:newspapers
56:improve it
5091:réclusion
5016:Reprimand
5009:Penalties
4975:Acquittal
4911:Cassation
4782:Complaint
4731:in France
4722:Systems:
4716:in France
4652:procedure
4621:Accessory
4347:Judiciary
4199:documents
4197:Codes and
4066:Denmark:
3797:Education
3751:Transport
3601:Judiciary
3562:Elections
3516:Mountains
3474:Geography
3220:Louis XIV
3010:Overviews
2717:469644979
2523:237860020
2445:145770365
2302:869914346
2273:469653906
2221:420203290
1882:Dieu 2002
1708:Bély 2003
1337:Citations
938:cavaliers
902:Intendant
703:Louis XIV
671:vagabonds
654:Francis I
642:Louis XII
558:Charles V
455:Philip II
443:seigneurs
433:seigneurs
422:With the
340:prévôtale
280:talk page
232:Consider
200:in French
62:talk page
5164:Glossary
5048:Coercion
5026:Day-fine
4684:Evidence
4650:Criminal
4592:Examples
4469:Offenses
4117:Scotland
4107:Portugal
3987:Category
3920:Language
3832:Religion
3777:Abortion
3731:Taxation
3628:Military
3589:Intersex
3579:Politics
3545:Politics
3347:Interwar
3042:Economic
3037:Language
3022:Timeline
2779:50339063
2532:"Prevôt"
2457:CNRTL.fr
2192:53440583
2147:pt.]
2102:Loi 1791
2090:Luc 2002
2004:Luc 2002
1870:Luc 2002
1094:See also
907:prévôtés
897:Lorraine
631:bailiffs
566:Louis XI
519:sergents
504:sergents
256:provide
5184:Sources
4894:Redress
4829:Warrant
4775:Actions
4660:Guiding
4498:Classes
4146:Sources
4137:History
4097:Ireland
4092:Germany
4082:England
4062:Finland
4057:Belgium
3978:Outline
3960:Theatre
3955:Symbols
3915:Gardens
3905:Fashion
3897:Cuisine
3864:Culture
3854:Welfare
3827:Poverty
3765:Society
3741:Tourism
3701:Exports
3674:Banking
3652:Economy
3611:history
3506:Islands
3501:Borders
3134:Francia
3088:Ancient
3066:Regions
3017:History
3002:History
2542:9 March
1817:Hérault
1282:brigade
1277:brigade
1205:halberd
1160:History
1122:Portals
947:Kingdom
932:archers
917:brigade
858:Regency
798:scholar
666:archers
580:archers
541:archers
510:archers
418:Origins
413:History
403:of the
278:to the
260:in the
202:.
141:scholar
5121:Dalloz
5082:sursis
5080:Stay (
4985:Prison
4980:Parole
4943:Basics
4901:Appeal
4626:Murder
4255:People
4112:Russia
3992:Portal
3892:Cinema
3872:Anthem
3844:Racism
3822:People
3716:Mining
3691:Energy
3526:Rivers
3491:Cities
3423:May 68
2994:topics
2991:France
2928:
2918:
2844:
2834:
2777:
2767:
2742:
2715:
2705:
2606:
2596:
2561:
2521:
2486:
2443:
2410:
2400:
2329:
2300:
2290:
2271:
2261:
2238:
2219:
2209:
2190:
2180:
2159:
1286:patrol
1248:, the
1199:archer
1136:France
1023:, the
800:
793:
786:
779:
771:
701:under
635:bailli
498:prévôt
440:, the
400:archer
394:archer
336:police
328:French
143:
136:
129:
122:
114:
27:, see
5021:Fines
4853:Roles
4754:Modes
4636:Theft
4515:Crime
4510:Délit
4477:Codes
4409:Other
4122:Spain
4102:Italy
3950:Sport
3935:Music
3930:Media
3787:Crime
3511:Lakes
2868:[
2826:[
2697:[
2622:(PDF)
2478:[
2441:S2CID
2392:[
2313:[
2253:[
2172:[
2150:[
1290:squad
1272:squad
1172:Notes
805:JSTOR
791:books
438:fiefs
223:DeepL
148:JSTOR
134:books
25:Grimm
4875:Jury
4689:Code
4631:Rape
4188:TFEU
4166:ECHR
4070:code
3910:Flag
3696:Euro
3594:LGBT
2953:2022
2926:OCLC
2916:ISBN
2890:2021
2842:OCLC
2832:ISBN
2811:2023
2775:OCLC
2765:ISBN
2740:ISBN
2713:OCLC
2703:ISBN
2684:2023
2663:2021
2642:2023
2604:OCLC
2594:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2544:2023
2519:OCLC
2504:2022
2484:OCLC
2465:2021
2408:OCLC
2398:ISBN
2379:2023
2356:2022
2327:ISBN
2298:OCLC
2288:ISBN
2269:OCLC
2259:ISBN
2236:OCLC
2217:OCLC
2207:ISBN
2188:OCLC
2178:ISBN
2157:OCLC
1900:1765
1680:2021
1324:sous
836:The
777:news
483:The
318:The
254:must
252:You
216:View
120:news
4075:law
3882:Art
3606:Law
2800:doi
2796:239
2586:doi
2433:doi
2319:doi
1288:or
1195:An
1148:Law
987:by
760:by
599:" (
225:or
103:by
5201::
4087:EU
4055::
2924:.
2892:.
2881:.
2840:.
2773:.
2763:.
2711:.
2602:.
2592:.
2584:.
2576:.
2534:.
2439:.
2427:.
2423:.
2406:.
2325:.
2296:.
2267:.
2215:.
2186:.
2116:,
2044:^
2011:^
1992:^
1965:^
1938:^
1919:^
1889:^
1836:^
1807:^
1792:^
1771:^
1756:^
1739:^
1682:,
1667:^
1642:^
1625:^
1608:^
1589:^
1574:^
1557:^
1516:^
1465:^
1420:,
1410:^
1395:^
1378:^
1357:^
1330:.
1318:LT
1180:^
1033:.
949:.
926:.
694:.
361:.
346:.
65:.
5093:)
5084:)
4032:e
4025:t
4018:v
2983:e
2976:t
2969:v
2955:.
2932:.
2848:.
2813:.
2802::
2781:.
2748:.
2719:.
2686:.
2665:.
2644:.
2610:.
2588::
2567:.
2546:.
2525:.
2506:.
2490:.
2467:.
2447:.
2435::
2429:7
2414:.
2381:.
2358:.
2335:.
2321::
2304:.
2275:.
2242:.
2223:.
2194:.
2163:.
2153:.
2120:.
2104:.
2080:.
1975:.
1948:.
1831:.
1819:.
1787:.
1766:.
1686:.
1603:.
1584:.
1424:.
1405:.
1390:.
1373:.
1352:.
1297:'
1220:.
1124::
1010:)
1004:(
999:)
995:(
981:.
887:(
827:)
821:(
816:)
812:(
802:·
795:·
788:·
781:·
754:.
645:"
633:(
526:(
391:"
353:(
326:(
309:)
303:(
289:.
282:.
170:)
164:(
159:)
155:(
145:·
138:·
131:·
124:·
97:.
72:)
68:(
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
