Joseph Joffre - Knowledge

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longer report to Joffre. Coming on the back of the disappointing results of the Somme campaign and the fall of Romania, Roques's report further discredited Briand and Joffre and added to the parliamentary deputies' demands for a closed session. On 27 November the council of ministers met to debate rescinding the decree of 2 December 1915, which had placed Sarrail under Joffre; Briand proposed that Joffre be effectively demoted to commander-in-chief in North-East France, reporting to the war minister along with the commander-in-chief at Salonika, although he withdrew this proposal after Joffre threatened resignation. During the closed session (28 November – 7 December) Briand had little choice but to make concessions to preserve his government, and in a speech of 29 November he promised to repeal the decree of 2 December 1915 and in vague terms to appoint a general as technical adviser to the government. He met Joffre on 3 December 1916—according to Joffre, promising to appoint him

888:, neither of whom appeared to understand a word of French, a message arrived from Franchet d'Espèrey saying that he would be ready to attack on 6 September. At this point Gallieni, who returned to Paris to find Joffre's message from earlier in the day and a message from Wilson, insisted on speaking to Joffre personally on the telephone, informing him that it was too late to cancel the movement of Maunoury's army. Joffre agreed to bring forward the Allied offensive to 6 September and to have the Sixth Army attack north of the Marne instead, later writing that he had done so reluctantly as Maunoury would probably make contact with the Germans on 5 September, but that an extra day would have left the Germans in a more "disadvantageous" position. Tuchman argues that he may simply have been swayed by the dominant personality of Gallieni, his former superior. At 10 pm Joffre issued 305: 294: 741:, the French war minister, that his Fourth Army was pressing into the Ardennes with (he believed, wrongly) local numerical superiority, despite the fact that he had already received reports of French defeats in this sector on previous days. The German Fourth and Fifth Armies were in fact advancing against the French forces in front of them rather than moving westwards as Joffre believed. In his memoirs Joffre later admitted that he had been mistaken (he was also unaware of the fall of Namur and of the extent of the fighting at Mons and Charleroi on his left), but at the time he demanded that the French Fourth Army resume the offensive and provide lists of unsatisfactory officers for dismissal. Messimy fully supported Joffre in his purge of unsuccessful generals, even suggesting that, as in 1793, some of them simply ought to be executed. 1995: 2061: 2117: 2015: 1131: 2153: 3841: 69: 1705: 1663: 1687: 854:(2 September), envisaging a giant pocket from Paris to Verdun, of which he enclosed copies to Gallieni. At 9.45 am on 4 September Gallieni, who had learned from Paris aviators the previous day that Kluck's German First Army was marching south-east across Paris, had the first of a series of telephone calls, conducted through aides, as Joffre would not come to the phone, and Gallieni refused to speak to anyone else. Gallieni proposed, depending on how much further the Germans were to be allowed to advance, to attack north of the Marne on 6 September or south of the Marne on 7 September. 2031: 2129: 967:

Poincaré and Briand both before and after the meeting to discuss the issue. Gallieni, who favoured a strong war ministry with his own operational staff, complained bitterly in his diary about the politicians' unwillingness to stand up to Joffre. On 1 December Poincaré and Briand met with Gallieni, who agreed that Joffre be commander-in-chief, with Castelnau—who was soon sidelined—as his chief of staff, although under the war minister's orders. A presidential decree of 2 December made Joffre "Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies" (

2081: 2141: 1642: 1568: 1549: 1588: 2093: 3612: 276: 994:, complained to Gallieni of how Joffre had been removing guns and garrisons from Verdun and even preparing some forts for demolition. Joffre was furious and disputed Gallieni's right to comment. The council of ministers discussed his reports, and Poincaré asked Gallieni to investigate. Gallieni wrote to Joffre (16 or 18 December 1915), expressing concern at the state of trenches at Verdun and elsewhere on the front; in fact, matters were already being taken in hand at Verdun. 842:, the government left Paris for Bordeaux. That day Joffre placed Maunoury under Gallieni's direct command as the "Armies of Paris" and had Millerand place Gallieni under his own command. Joffre planned to retreat behind the Seine before counterattacking. He envisaged "a battle", probably to take place around 8 September, "between the horns of Paris and Verdun.". He sacked Lanrezac on the afternoon of 3 September, replacing him with the more aggressive 4115: 1528: 2105: 4098: 4132: 3631: 1624: 1606: 1426:, his ruthless dismissal of unsuccessful generals (three army commanders, ten corps commanders and thirty-eight divisional commanders, replacing them with combative men like Foch, Franchet d'Espèrey and—more junior at that stage—Petain and Nivelle), and his outstanding logistical handling of French infantry divisional movements and artillery ammunition supplies during and after the French retreat of August 1914. 955:, Viviani asked Joffre, who had told him that nine out of ten generals would make poor ministers of war, whether Gallieni would be a good replacement for Millerand. Joffre replied, "Perhaps," then, after a pause for thought, "Maybe." In the event, Briand formed a new government on 29 October 1915, with Viviani as vice-president of the council of ministers (deputy prime minister) and Gallieni as war minister. 4081: 1227: 1721: 704:), and hoped that Lanrezac would be able to reach Namur, which was expected to hold out for even longer. The Germans entered Brussels that day, but Joffre was convinced, after the defeat in Alsace-Lorraine and air and cavalry reports of strong German forces in Belgium, that the German centre in the Ardennes must be weak. On 21 August the French Second Army was pressed by a German counterattack. 620:, the Vice President of the Conseil supérieur de la guerre and Commander-in-Chief designate, was sacked after proposing a defensive strategy in the event of war with Germany. Messimy took the opportunity to merge the office of vice president with the Chief of the General Staff and create a single professional head of the Army. The newly enhanced post was first offered to Gallieni and 963:) be given strategic direction of the war—Joffre did not favour this option, believing that governments rose and fell too frequently for this to be sensible—or else that Joffre himself be appointed commander-in-chief over all fronts. Poincaré was persuaded of the latter option, and persuaded Briand, who arranged for Joffre and Gallieni to meet and shake hands. 899:, was ordered not to communicate directly with the government. This left Joffre "all-powerful" (in Gallieni's description), as he had sacked so many generals, leaving Gallieni his only serious rival. By early December 1914 Gallieni was being mooted as a potential commander-in-chief in Joffre's place, or minister of war, or both. 766:

could use their artillery, which Lanrezac had told him was the key factor. After Lanrezac spent the day arguing against the order, Joffre visited him at 8.30 am on 28 August and ordered him to attack to the west. After a "heated" discussion, Joffre had Gamelin draw up a written order and signed it in Lanrezac's presence.

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than "commander-in-chief." He departed at once for Paris, but was persuaded to accept by Briand. On 17 December, he told the British liaison officer, Sidney Clive, "I am the commander-in-chief and I intend to command effectively." However, he soon found that he had no real power—the acting war minister (

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until 15 August to allow for more training and more artillery. When told of this Joffre shouted at Haig that "the French Army would cease to exist" and had to be calmed down with "liberal doses of 1840 brandy." The British refused to agree to French demands for a joint Anglo-French offensive from the

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The British government accepted the need to maintain the Salonika bridgehead to keep the French happy, despite being sceptical about the idea that it would bring Greece into the war on the Allied side, but British military opinion did not favour any more commitment than necessary. Argument continued

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Concerned at reports (which later turned out to be exaggerated) that the British had been defeated at Le Cateau and would need French protection to recover cohesion, early on 27 August Joffre gave Lanrezac a direct written order to counterattack as soon as his forces were on open ground, where they

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Although Joffre was aware (8am on 18 August) that as many as fifteen German corps were moving through Belgium (in fact it was sixteen, and twenty-eight if the German Fourth and Fifth Armies are also included), he believed that only a few of these would come west of the Meuse, where he believed they

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Doughty writes of the Marne: "Gallieni's role was important, but the key concept and decisions lay with Joffre." Joffre recovered from the initial disastrous attacks into Lorraine and the Ardennes and redeployed forces to the west. He kept his cool when the initial attempt to have Maunoury envelop

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Joffre was generally taciturn and a man of impenetrable calm, sometimes interspersed with furious anger. He would sometimes turn up at a unit's headquarters, listen to reports, and then depart having said hardly a word, to the consternation of the officers he had just inspected. At the time of the

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as commander-in-chief of the Armies of the North and Northeast. It is unclear exactly what Briand had told Joffre about his role; he commented, "This is not what they promised me," when reading the newspaper on the morning of 13 December and was put out to be described as "general-in-chief" rather

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At the meeting of the Superior Council of Defence (24 November 1915) Joffre had Briand address the demarcation of his own and Gallieni's authority, and objected to the council discussing operational matters, threatening to resign if they attempted to interfere with his "liberty.". Joffre met with

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to cease his offensive and establish a strong defensive position, from which further offensives might be launched in the future. To Briand's and Joffre's surprise, Roques, the minister of war, returned from a fact-finding mission to Salonika recommending that Sarrail be reinforced and that he no

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The political atmosphere had become poisonous. Gallieni presented a highly critical report to the council of ministers on 7 March—read in his usual precise way—criticising Joffre's conduct of operations over the last eighteen months and demanding ministerial control, then resigned. It is unclear

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The French General Staff had decided in August 1915 to partially disarm all the Verdun forts, under the erroneous assumption that they could not resist the effects of modern heavy artillery, and the Germans initially made good progress against fortifications that had had their guns removed. Fort

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Joffre's political position had already weakened after the enormous losses of 1915, and now rumours circulated in Paris that Joffre had ordered the abandonment of Verdun when the Germans first attacked. Gallieni demanded to see all paperwork from the period, but Joffre had made no such order in

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After returning to France in 1903 to command the 19th Cavalry Brigade, he then moved to the War Ministry in Paris as Director of Engineers in 1904. The next year he was promoted to Général de division, the highest rank in the French Army at the time. Subsequently, he commanded the 6th Infantry

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could be held by the British and Belgians. The French Third and Fourth Armies were preparing to attack into the Ardennes, and he wanted Lanrezac's Fifth Army to attack the bulk of the German right wing on its west flank as – it was assumed – it attacked the left flank of French Fourth Army.

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Douaumont, the keystone of the system of Verdun forts, had been given up without a fight, becoming a shelter and operational base for German forces just behind their front line. In the words of one French divisional commander, its loss would cost the French army a hundred thousand lives.

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the German west flank at Amiens failed, requiring a retreat on Paris. While the Battle of the Marne was going on, he handled the problems faced by Foch's Ninth Army at the St Gond Marshes, by de Langle's Fourth and Sarrail's Third near Verdun and by Castelnau's Second in the Nancy area.

983:. There was also friction over Gallieni's assertion of his right to appoint generals, Joffre's practice of communicating directly with the British generals rather than going through the war ministry, and Gallieni's maintaining contacts with generals whom Joffre had replaced. 958:

As far back at 29 July 1915 Joffre had demanded that he be appointed commander-in-chief over all French forces, including those at the Dardanelles. By November he was again lobbying Poincaré that either a strong minister of war, backed by a strong chief of staff (e.g.

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On 13 December Briand formed a new government, which that day survived a vote of confidence by only thirty votes. Joffre was appointed "general-in-chief of the French armies, technical adviser to the government, consultative member of the War Committee", with

1292:(war minister), Viviani and Foch (chief of staff) in Paris. Joffre recommended that an American unit be rushed to France to show the flag. 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment was sent, and was reviewed by Joffre and President Poincaré as it marched up the 753:

draw up plans for a French concentration at Amiens, with many of the troops drawn from the French right wing in Alsace, and with regret also ordered the successful counterattacks of the Third Army and the Army of Lorraine be called off.

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on 4 July. Pershing rejected Painlevé's suggestion that Joffre head the liaison group of French officers who were helping to set up his supply lines; Pershing insisted on using the Atlantic ports of Brest, St Nazaire and Rochefort.

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would be training men and, especially, officers. Joffre initially considered recommending the incorporation of US companies and battalions into the French and British armies, but realised that the Americans would never accept this.

772:'s Fourth Army, originally intended to be the spearhead of the attack into the Ardennes, was a strong force and had made several counterattacks, but Joffre now ordered it to cease counterattacking and to send a detachment under 1087:

The fall of Bucharest (6 December 1916) not only ruled out a Russo-Romanian attack on Bulgaria, but also made possible a Central Powers attack on Salonika. One of Joffre's last official duties (11 December) was to order

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On the night of 3–4 September Joffre sent a handwritten note to Gallieni, wanting Maunoury to push east along the north bank of the Marne, although not specifying a date. This was in line with his modification of

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Salonika bridgehead. Eventually, perhaps influenced by reports of French troop disturbances at Verdun, Haig agreed to attack at the start of July. This was just in time, as it later turned out that

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to cross to south of the Marne, but would keep the Sixth Army and BEF from being separated by the river) arrived too late to reach Gallieni, who had left for a meeting with the BEF chief of staff,

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on 19 and 20 August and were beaten back with severe loss by German forces, which were preparing for a counteroffensive. Joffre believed (20 August) that Liège was still holding out (in fact

1182:, making an effort to cultivate reporters on board, who noticed how busy Joffre kept his small staff. While at sea he learned of the failure of Nivelle's offensive. He landed on 24 April at 971:). After considerable discussion this was approved by the Chamber of Deputies by 406–67 on 9 December. In practice, Joffre now took command over both Salonika and the Western Front, but not 2060: 931:(23 March) that "by the end of Apr he would be in a condition to attack & break (underline) the line." On 4 May "he talked of getting to Namur & the war being over in 3 (months)." 4262: 4227: 1994: 749:

On 25 August, rejecting the advice of his staff officer General Berthelot that Lanrezac be ordered to attack westwards against the inside of the German right wing, he instead had Major

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In the absence of news from Franchet d'Espèrey, Joffre ordered Gamelin to draft orders for Maunoury to attack south of the Marne on 7 September. This intention was also passed on to

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thought Joffre a better logistician than strategist. His major positive contributions in 1914 were his sustained calm under pressure and the calculated reasoning of an alumnus from

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Joffre left a paper arguing for a separate American force, then on 4 May began a week's tour of the eastern US. In full view of the press, he waited his turn in a barber's shop in

4252: 802:, the war minister, ordered Joffre to provide three active corps to defend Paris on 25 August, but Joffre, regarding this as interference with strategy, ignored him. On 26 August 787:(29 August), willing if necessary to sack him there and then. In the event he was impressed by Lanrezac's cool demeanour and handling of the battle. As a result of the battle, 4232: 4177: 4247: 4267: 1118:—and on 26 December, the day he was promoted Marshal of France, he asked to be relieved. Joffre was still popular and was the first man to be promoted Marshal under the 510:

from the start of World War I until the end of 1916. He is best known for regrouping the retreating allied armies to defeat the Germans at the strategically decisive

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On 7 January 1915, over Joffre's opposition, President Poincaré came out in favour of the proposal of Franchet d'Espèrey, Gallieni and justice minister

2179: 2174: 869:, the BEF sub-chief of staff, was negotiating separate plans with Franchet d'Espèrey, on the British right, which envisaged the Sixth Army attacking 677:, much to the detriment of the French. On 15 August, after German cavalry had been spotted at Dinant on the Meuse, and after repeated warnings from 2152: 4237: 4192: 4167: 1191: 1023:, although the British were not pleased at Joffre's suggestion that the British engage in "wearing out" attacks prior to the main offensive. The 3934: 4282: 3915: 4212: 4187: 1491: 1342: 1056: 585:

in Mali, where he recovered the remains of Lt. Col. Bonnier, who had been killed on a recent expedition. His mission killed over a hundred

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writes that Joffre's "personality had a profound effect on the course of history" and he became a household name in the United States.

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bearing Joffre's name was under construction at the start of World War II but was never completed due to France's rapid fall in 1940.

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and Arthur Balfour. Joffre stayed in Washington for ten days, and addressed both Houses of Congress individually. On 27 April he met

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was appointed minister of war after it had been ensured that Joffre had no objections. Joffre himself had been mooted for the job.

1013: 569:(engineers). Joffre subsequently spent much of his career in the colonies as a military engineer, serving with distinction in the 3978: 2184: 1155: 1079:(15–16 November 1916) they agreed to concentrate on the Western Front in 1917 rather than sending greater resources to Salonika. 4197: 3565: 3546: 3504: 3466: 3447: 3428: 3409: 3248: 2299: 2189: 1496: 1313: 1266: 1223:

lobbied for US troops to be used to reinforce the British Army, arguing this would lessen the language and food differences.

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whether he was specifically trying to have Joffre ousted as Poincaré believed. With the survival of the government at stake,

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had not yet returned from North Africa to take up the position) forbade him even to approve units' being granted the

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Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse, 2011)

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1912 and 1913, was Joffre's personal driver in 1914, and Joffre's car tearing along roads became a familiar sight.

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On 30 August Joffre recommended that the French government evacuate Paris and learned of the Russian disaster at

545:, Pyrénées-Orientales, into a family of vineyard owners. At a young age, he was a studious student, excelling at 17: 4010: 275: 2067: 1753: 1400: 1305: 1274: 1262: 877: 3820: 3315:"ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas" 2080: 895:

On 7 September Gallieni, who had been going over Joffre's head and speaking to the war minister and President

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With the revival of the army and a purge of "defensive-minded" officers, he adopted the strategy devised by

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Marshal Joffre: The Triumphs, Failures and Controversies of France's Commander-in-Chief in the Great War

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Joffre's reply saying he preferred the southern option (which would take a day longer as it forced the

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Lanrezac and forced bridgeheads across the Meuse. The Fifth Army was also now attacked on its right by

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in Western Canada was named after him. Summits with the names of other French generals are nearby:

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asked for permission to abandon Nancy and its fortified heights, but Joffre forbade him to do so.

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and became a career officer. He first saw active service as a junior artillery officer during the

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Joffre died at the age of 78 in Paris on 3 January 1931. His body was buried on his estate at

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with Joffre throughout the year. Late in March 1916 Joffre and Briand blocked a proposal by

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Dictionnaire de la Franc-Maçonnerie (Daniel Ligou, Presses Universitaires de France, 2006)

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After months of discussion, Haig and Joffre agreed on 14 February 1916 to an Anglo-French

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to gradually withdraw five British divisions from Salonika as the Serb troops arrived.

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Place Joffre, Avenue de la Motte-Piquet, Paris, with bronze statue of mounted subject.

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Battle of the Marne, he was heavily dependent on his deputy chief of staff, General

716: 3616: 1964: 1868: 1819: 1450: 1327: 1278: 1250: 1024: 917: 862: 678: 570: 518: 455: 4104: 3825: 1289: 1285:(AEF). Joffre told him that "he can always count on me for anything in my power." 1204:. He arrived in Washington the following morning, where he met Secretary of State 589:

and captured fifteen hundred cattle. He was promoted as a result. He served under

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Joffre turned up at Lanrezac's headquarters to supervise his conduct of the

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began on 21 February, reducing the planned French commitment to the Somme.

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Division and served as Inspector of Military Schools. Joffre commanded the

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On 13 June Pershing, who had landed at Boulogne that morning, met Joffre,

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in Madagascar and was promoted to Général de brigade while serving there.

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His political position waned after unsuccessful offensives in 1915, the

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World War I: The Definitive Visual History from Sarajevo to Versailles

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to cover the gap between Fourth and Fifth Armies; this became the new

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Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)

1334:(he was born in French Catalonia and his mother tongue was Catalan). 1323: 1238: 632: 3621: 1365:. His memoirs, in two volumes, were published posthumously in 1932. 3625: 3558:

They Shall Not Pass: The French Army on the Western Front 1914–1918

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in 1875, at the lodge Alsace-Lorraine. According to British author

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Life of General Joffre: Cooper's Son who Became Commander-in-chief

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Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

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At the outbreak of war, the French plan clashed with the German

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The following landmarks were named in Marshal Joffre's honour:

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and to give him a staff of his own and "direction of the war".

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writing, merely despatching Castelnau to assess the situation.

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in the autumn, but war broke out before this could take place.

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Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima

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La franc-maçonnerie, p. 50 (Jean Massicot, ed. Desnoël, 2010)

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and therefore, unlike Joffre, suspected of hostility to the

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Early in 1916 Joffre asked the British commander-in-chief,

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Knights Grand Commander (Senangapati) of the Order of Rama

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Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree

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Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

2980:(Larkfield, Maidstone: Unwin Hyman, 1988) pp. 231, 243–34 715:, and the infantry outpacing their horsedrawn artillery, 3013: 4253:

Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)

2841: 2575: 1308:. When he retired in 1919, he was made a member of the 3364:

Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion

1767:, purveyor to the Royal Court of Romania, created the 943:'s government in trouble following the resignation of 624:, who both declined, leading to Joffre's appointment. 4233:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

2263:"Death certificate of Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire" 2236:"Birth certificate of Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire" 1146:'s mission to the United States. There was already a 4218:

Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)

4178:

French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War

1170:

declared war on Germany. The main problem for their

4248:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

3459:

Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier

2993:(Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998, 2929:(Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998, 2899:(Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998, 1741:The Joffre class of steam locomotives was a French 702:

the last of the Liège forts had fallen on 16 August

4268:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia 3515: 3272: 601:from 1908 until 1910 when he was appointed to the 3578:French Generals of the Great War: Leading the Way 2385:– Willmott, H.P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003, p. 52 2180:2nd Marching Regiment of the 2nd Foreign Regiment 2175:2nd Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment 1515:Jade Scepter of Emperor Khải Định of Annam – 1922 4183:French military personnel of the Sino-French War 4149: 2122:Joffre at the grave of Benjamin Franklin in 1917 1728:, a high school and former military barracks in 1564: 1649:: Knights Grand Commander (First Class) of the 1584: 1304:in 1918. That same year, he was elected to the 1190:, commander-in-chief of the US Atlantic Fleet, 923:Joffre fought a further major offensive in the 831:to fill the gap between the Fifth Army and the 4223:Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword 3930: 3574: 2213:Marshal of France is a dignity and not a rank. 2158:Statue of Joffre at Chantilly, erected in 1930 1368: 4288:Members of the American Philosophical Society 3916: 3757: 3716:as Vice President of the Superior War Council 30:"Joffre" redirects here. For other uses, see 4293:Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite 3575:Krause, Jonathan; Philpott, William (2023). 1312:and an International Honorary Member of the 711:With the French Third and Fourth Armies now 1555:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 523:Anglo-French offensive on the Somme in 1916 4208:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) 3923: 3909: 3764: 3750: 3700:Vice President of the Superior War Council 3399: 3303:. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 143. 3241:The Death of Glory: the Western Front 1915 2972: 2970: 812:), and on 27 August the new war minister, 662: 67: 2319:. Frederick A. Stokes Company. p. 5. 2287: 3682:as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army 3513: 3418: 3278: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2357:. Harvard University Press. p. 14. 2195:Non-US recipients of US gallantry awards 1874:Pont Joffre (Joffre Bridge), located in 1719: 1492:Commemorative medal of the 1870–1871 War 1241:for a haircut, visited the hometowns of 1225: 1129: 525:. At the end of 1916 he was promoted to 97:29 July 1911 – 14 December 1916 3971:François-Augustin de Paradis de Moncrif 3637:Newspaper clippings about Joseph Joffre 3536: 3522:. Wordsworth Military Library, London. 3456: 3380: 3361: 3143:American Academy of Arts & Sciences 2967: 2347: 2185:Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion 1846:Rue Joffre (Joffre Street), located in 892:, ordering a General Allied Offensive. 838:On 2 September, the anniversary of the 758:was put in command of the newly formed 553:, and drawing. In 1870, he entered the 521:, and the disappointing results of the 202: 73:Marshal Joffre, unknown date after 1916 14: 4238:Honorary members of the Order of Merit 4168:Chiefs of the Staff of the French Army 4150: 3668:Chief of the General Staff of the Army 3555: 3475: 3437: 3298: 1125: 3979:Jean-Armand de Bessuéjouls Roquelaure 3904: 3745: 3724:Commander-in-Chief of the French Army 3494: 2399:Military History of the Western World 2371: 2190:Russian Expeditionary Force in France 1784:Avenue du Maréchal Joffre located in 1749:under contract during 1915 and 1916. 1557:: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the 1497:Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal 1314:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 529:, the first such elevation under the 497: 230: 4070: 3421:Catastrophe 1914: Europe Goes To War 2314: 934: 612:reorganized the high command of the 206: 4213:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 4188:French Army generals of World War I 3499:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2991:Field Marshal Sir William Robertson 2927:Field Marshal Sir William Robertson 2897:Field Marshal Sir William Robertson 2261:Government of the French Republic. 2234:Government of the French Republic. 2110:Joffre in the United States in 1917 1186:, where he was welcomed by Admiral 1071:Joffre was successfully lobbied by 1061:Anglo-French offensive at the Somme 907: 696:The French First and Second Armies 248:Gilles Joseph Félix Joffre (father) 24: 3355: 1790:Rue du Maréchal Joffre located in 1178:The party sailed to the US on the 1082: 25: 4304: 4193:Members of the Académie Française 3728:2 August 1914 – 15 December 1916 3600: 2288:Bourachot, André (30 June 2014). 1860:Parc Maréchal-Joffre, located in 1674:(Harvard University), and of the 1253:, laid wreaths at the statues of 1134:Joffre inspecting Romanian troops 4130: 4113: 4096: 4079: 3865:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque 3839: 3629: 2151: 2139: 2134:Marshal of France, Joseph Joffre 2127: 2115: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2059: 2029: 2013: 1993: 1943:Marshal Joffre Street (formerly 1836:of southwestern British Columbia 1703: 1685: 1661: 1640: 1622: 1604: 1586: 1566: 1547: 1526: 737:On 23 August Joffre reported to 303: 292: 274: 4283:People from Pyrénées-Orientales 4003:Alfred-Auguste Cuvillier-Fleury 3613:Works by or about Joseph Joffre 3321: 3307: 3292: 3288:. 19 January 1915. p. 601. 3263: 3254: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3157: 3139:"Joseph Jacques Cesaire Joffre" 3131: 3122: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3004: 2983: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2919: 2910: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2388: 1316:. In 1920 he presided over the 1281:, just selected to command the 1199:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1138:On 1 April 1917 Prime Minister 639:, he was due to be replaced by 631:, the deployment plan known as 536: 519:German attack on Verdun in 1916 226: 198: 3995:André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin 3963:François Lefebvre de Caumartin 3400:Eisenhower, John S.D. (2001). 2536:Terraine 1960, pp. 146–49, 152 2341: 2332: 2323: 2308: 2281: 2254: 2227: 2207: 1306:American Philosophical Society 1233:portrait by Auguste Léon, 1922 953:entry of Bulgaria into the war 687:Instruction Particuliere No 10 646: 603:Conseil supérieur de la guerre 13: 1: 3947:Henri Louis Habert de Montmor 3480:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3423:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2649:Tuchman 1962, pp. 392–94, 399 2622:Tuchman 1962, pp. 392–94, 397 2220: 2066:Joffre with British generals 1882:(c) United States of America 1804:Avenue du Maréchal Joffre in 1797:Boulevard Maréchal Joffre in 1657:, 22 December 1921, Thailand) 1469:Grand Officer – 11 July 1909; 1283:American Expeditionary Forces 1166:was underway. On 6 April the 1055:, to put in a good word with 949:unsuccessful autumn offensive 806:formed a new government (the 698:attacked into Alsace-Lorraine 480:Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre 4011:Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie 3518:Mons, The Retreat to Victory 3243:(John Murray, London, 2006) 2074:on the Western Front in 1915 1711:Order of the Tower and Sword 1504:Order of the Dragon of Annam 1403:, commander-in-chief of the 1300:Joffre became leader of the 1277:, introduced him to General 1046: 794: 7: 3641:20th Century Press Archives 3628:(public domain audiobooks) 3461:. Oxford University Press. 2163: 2006:(left) and Joffre (centre), 1599:Distinguished Service Medal 1472:Grand Cross – 11 July 1914. 1463:Officer – 26 December 1895; 1405:British Expeditionary Force 1369:Personality and assessments 1337:In 1922 he was welcomed in 833:British Expeditionary Force 713:attacking into the Ardennes 10: 4309: 4198:École Polytechnique alumni 3860:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 3704:July 1911 – 1 August 1914 3672:July 1911 – 1 August 1914 3497:Strategy And Command, 1914 3085:Eisenhower 2001, pp. 42–44 3058:Eisenhower 2001, pp. 15–17 3049:Eisenhower 2001, pp. 13–17 3040:Eisenhower 2001, pp. 13–16 3031:Eisenhower 2001, pp. 11–13 2098:J.Joffre and his signature 1986: 1911:Joffre Street, located in 1899:Joffre Avenue, located in 1867:Joffre Avenue, located in 1853:Avenue Joffre, located in 1839:Joffre Street, located in 1736: 1519: 1460:Knight – 7 September 1885; 1439: 1373:Joffre was initiated into 744: 666: 650: 451:Second Battle of Champagne 29: 27:French general (1852–1931) 3941: 3878: 3848: 3837: 3784: 3730: 3721: 3708: 3697: 3689: 3674: 3665: 3657: 3652: 3537:Tuchman, Barbara (1962). 3381:Clayton, Anthony (2003). 3335:City Hall. Archived from 3299:Acović, Dragomir (2012). 2658:Terraine 1960, pp. 181–83 2554:Terraine 1960, pp. 159–60 2518:Terraine 1960, pp. 116–18 2086:Portrait of Joseph Joffre 1927:), located in the former 1693:Order of Karađorđe's Star 1538:Order of Ouissam Alaouite 1486:Croix de guerre 1914–1918 1466:Commander – 11 July 1903; 1444: 1407:, thought highly of him. 1002: 947:as foreign minister, the 825:Instruction Generale No 4 770:Fernand de Langle de Cary 512:First Battle of the Marne 473: 436:First Battle of Champagne 421:First Battle of the Marne 379: 348: 340: 332: 315: 287: 282: 270: 258: 241: 177: 157: 134: 129: 125: 113: 101: 90: 82: 78: 66: 41: 3821:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 3404:. Simon & Schuster. 3362:Aldrich, Robert (1996). 3212:Terraine 1960, pp. 44–45 3022:Doughty 2005, pp. 320–21 3010:Doughty 2005, pp. 318–20 2955:Doughty 2005, pp. 284–85 2829:Doughty 2005, pp. 231–32 2820:Doughty 2005, pp. 229–31 2811:Doughty 2005, pp. 226–29 2802:Jeffery 2006, pp. 147–48 2739:Tuchman 1962, pp. 416–17 2721:Tuchman 1962, pp. 411–12 2676:Tuchman 1962, pp. 408–09 2613:Terraine 1960, pp. 76–77 2500:Terraine 1960, pp. 88–99 2473:Terraine 1960, pp. 64–65 2428:Terraine 1960, pp. 54–55 2315:Kahn, Alexander (1915). 2200: 1356: 1351:Supreme Allied Commander 1267:1st US Infantry Division 927:in spring 1915. He told 852:Instruction General No 4 844:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 506:of French forces on the 4278:Soldiers from Catalonia 3514:Terraine, John (1960). 3457:Jeffery, Keith (2006). 3438:Herwig, Holger (2009). 2868:Clayton 2003, pp. 97–99 2850:Clayton 2003, pp. 97–98 2838:Clayton 2003, pp. 82–83 2766:Senior 2012, pp. 190–91 2757:Doughty 2005, pp. 87–90 2712:Doughty 2005, pp. 87–89 2685:Doughty 2005, pp. 86–89 2640:Herwig 2009, pp. 226–27 2586:Clayton 2003, pp. 53–57 2572:Doughty 2005, pp. 82–84 2338:Herwig 2009, pp. 136–37 2329:Aldrich 1996, pp. 45–46 2146:Joffre in Japan in 1922 1512:– Senegal, Sudan (1894) 1411:, winner of the French 1397:Henri Mathias Berthelot 1150:being prepared, led by 1148:similar British mission 1025:German attack on Verdun 997: 986:In autumn 1915 Colonel 902: 865:. That same afternoon, 669:Battle of the Frontiers 663:Battle of the Frontiers 657: 446:Second Battle of Artois 416:Battle of the Frontiers 251:Catherine Plas (mother) 85:Chief of the Army Staff 32:Joffre (disambiguation) 4035:Louis Leprince-Ringuet 3831:Michel-Joseph Maunoury 3693:Victor-Constant Michel 3622:Works by Joseph Joffre 3541:. Constable & Co. 3419:Hastings, Max (2013). 3329:"Construction permits" 3269:Eisenhower 2001, p. 11 3094:Eisenhower 2001, p. 48 3076:Eisenhower 2001, p. 40 3067:Eisenhower 2001, p. 26 2978:Douglas Haig 1861–1928 1841:Dartmouth, Nova Scotia 1733: 1234: 1168:United States Congress 1142:asked Joffre to go on 1135: 1021:offensive on the Somme 756:Michel-Joseph Maunoury 618:Victor-Constant Michel 616:in July 1911. General 441:Second Battle of Ypres 431:First Battle of Artois 362:19th Artillery Brigade 3476:Palmer, Alan (1998). 3366:. London: Macmillan. 3221:Hastings 2013, p. 291 2604:Terraine 1960, p. 166 2563:Terraine 1960, p. 163 2545:Terraine 1960, p. 153 2527:Terraine 1960, p. 141 2509:Terraine 1960, p. 113 1919:(e) China (Mainland) 1913:Pascoe Vale, Victoria 1888:Lowell, Massachusetts 1732:, bears Joffre's name 1723: 1680:University of Coimbra 1536:: Grand Cross of the 1345:, a few months after 1247:Springfield, Illinois 1229: 1133: 1014:Sir William Robertson 916:for an expedition to 365:6th Infantry Division 333:Years of service 3556:Sumner, Ian (2012). 3339:on 17 September 2017 3109:search.amphilsoc.org 3105:"APS Member History" 2964:Doughty 2005, p. 285 2946:Doughty 2005, p. 272 2886:Doughty 2005, p. 266 2877:Doughty 2005, p. 264 2784:Doughty 2005, p. 151 2775:Doughty 2005, p. 111 2595:Tuchman 1962, p. 399 2491:Terraine 1960, p. 97 2482:Terraine 1960, p. 75 2464:Terraine 1960, p. 63 2455:Terraine 1960, p. 61 2446:Terraine 1960, p. 47 2437:Terraine 1960, p. 60 2419:Terraine 1960, p. 43 1947:Street), located in 1901:Milltown, New Jersey 1894:Joffre, Pennsylvania 1832:, a mountain in the 1709::Grand Cross of the 1672:Doctor honoris causa 1353:during World War I. 1195:Jean Jules Jusserand 1077:Chantilly Conference 1075:, and at the second 706:Édouard de Castelnau 685:, Joffre issued his 608:The Minister of War 551:descriptive geometry 205:; died 3778:of the 20th century 3583:Pen and Sword Books 3560:. Pen & Sword. 3495:Prete, Roy (2009). 3385:. Cassell, London. 3260:Doughty 2005, p. 97 3230:Doughty 2005, p. 15 2748:Herwig 2009, p. 229 2730:Senior 2012, p. 188 2703:Herwig 2009, p. 228 2694:Herwig 2009, p. 227 2667:Doughty 2005, p. 87 2631:Doughty 2005, p. 85 1923:Avenue Joffre (now 1676:University of Porto 1634:Order of St. George 1616:Order of St. George 1482:– 26 November 1914. 1424:École Polytechnique 1302:Supreme War Council 1210:Army Chief of Staff 1126:Post-command career 992:Chamber of Deputies 884:, and two visiting 814:Alexandre Millerand 789:Alexander von Kluck 563:Franco-Prussian War 555:École Polytechnique 541:Joffre was born in 514:in September 1914. 499:[ʒozɛfʒɔfʁ] 461:Battle of the Somme 394:Franco-Prussian War 265:École Polytechnique 188:Amélie Pourcheyroux 4173:Marshals of France 3932:Académie française 3890:Marie-Pierre Kœnig 3774:Marshals of France 3285:The London Gazette 3203:Palmer 1998, p. 38 2989:Woodward, David R 2925:Woodward, David R 2916:Palmer 1998, p. 55 2895:Woodward, David R 2859:Sumner 2014, p. 97 2793:Palmer 1998, p. 29 2349:Doughty, Robert A. 1961:Continental Divide 1734: 1480:Médaille militaire 1343:ticker-tape parade 1341:, New York with a 1310:Académie française 1235: 1202:Franklin Roosevelt 1136: 945:Theophile Delcasse 890:General Order No 6 721:German Second Army 504:Commander-in-Chief 4273:French Freemasons 4061: 4060: 4051:Antoine Compagnon 3898: 3897: 3740: 3739: 3731:Succeeded by 3719: 3685: 3675:Succeeded by 3653:Military offices 3609:of Marshal Joffre 3567:978-1-849-08843-5 3548:978-0-333-30516-4 3506:978-0-7735-3522-0 3468:978-0-19-820358-2 3449:978-0-8129-7829-2 3430:978-0-307-59705-2 3411:978-0-743-22385-0 3249:978-0-7195-6245-7 3239:Neillands, Robin 3145:. 9 February 2023 2976:De Groot, Gerard 2410:Prete 2009, p. 31 2301:978-1-4738-3826-0 2294:. Pen and Sword. 2170:Moroccan Division 1929:French Concession 1886:Joffre Street in 1864:, Québec, Canada. 1850:, Quebec, Canada. 1806:Chantilly, France 1697:Kingdom of Serbia 1559:Order of the Bath 1164:Nivelle Offensive 1156:Foreign Secretary 1095:Marshal of France 935:Further promotion 886:Japanese officers 527:Marshal of France 477: 476: 16:(Redirected from 4300: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4072: 4054: 4046: 4038: 4030: 4022: 4014: 4006: 3998: 3990: 3982: 3974: 3966: 3958: 3950: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3882: 3852: 3843: 3788: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3713: 3709:Preceded by 3690:Preceded by 3679: 3658:Preceded by 3650: 3649: 3633: 3632: 3617:Internet Archive 3596: 3571: 3552: 3533: 3521: 3510: 3491: 3472: 3453: 3442:. Random House. 3434: 3415: 3396: 3377: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2369: 2368: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2231: 2214: 2211: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2063: 2052:musée Carnavalet 2033: 2017: 2008:July–August 1914 1997: 1878:, Québec, Canada 1869:Renfrew, Ontario 1820:British Columbia 1759:When he visited 1754:aircraft carrier 1745:design built by 1708: 1707: 1690: 1689: 1666: 1665: 1645: 1644: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1451:Legion of Honour 1279:John J. Pershing 1275:secretary of war 1215:and his deputy, 1053:Sir Douglas Haig 908:Spring offensive 897:Raymond Poincaré 863:Archibald Murray 679:Charles Lanrezac 571:Keelung Campaign 501: 496: 492: 486: 456:Battle of Verdun 344:Division general 308: 307: 297: 296: 283:Military service 278: 234: 232: 228: 210: 208: 204: 200: 164: 144: 142: 130:Personal details 116: 104: 95: 71: 61: 55: 39: 38: 21: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4125:from Wikisource 4119: 4114: 4112: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4071:sister projects 4068:at Knowledge's 4062: 4057: 4049: 4041: 4033: 4025: 4017: 4009: 4001: 3993: 3985: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3953: 3945: 3937: 3929: 3899: 3894: 3880: 3874: 3850: 3844: 3835: 3811:Joseph Gallieni 3806:Philippe Pétain 3786: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3736: 3727: 3712: 3703: 3695: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3630: 3607:Service records 3603: 3593: 3568: 3549: 3530: 3507: 3488: 3469: 3450: 3431: 3412: 3393: 3374: 3358: 3356:Further reading 3353: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3331:(in Romanian). 3327: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3297: 3293: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3005: 2988: 2984: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401:, 1957, p. 190. 2393: 2389: 2383:First World War 2381: 2372: 2365: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2267:culture.gouv.fr 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2240:culture.gouv.fr 2232: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2166: 2159: 2156: 2147: 2144: 2135: 2132: 2123: 2120: 2111: 2108: 2099: 2096: 2087: 2084: 2075: 2064: 2055: 2047: 2034: 2025: 2018: 2009: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1933:Shanghai, China 1834:Lillooet Ranges 1771:in his honour. 1739: 1702: 1684: 1660: 1639: 1623: 1621: 1605: 1603: 1587: 1585: 1567: 1565: 1548: 1546: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1502:Officer of the 1447: 1442: 1434:John Eisenhower 1409:Georges Boillot 1371: 1359: 1271:Newton D. Baker 1243:Abraham Lincoln 1128: 1112:General Lyautey 1090:Maurice Sarrail 1085: 1083:Fall from power 1066:Philippe Pétain 1049: 1005: 1000: 937: 914:Aristide Briand 910: 905: 878:Sir John French 840:Battle of Sedan 797: 785:Battle of Guise 751:Maurice Gamelin 747: 739:Adolphe Messimy 675:Schlieffen Plan 671: 665: 660: 655: 649: 641:Maurice Sarrail 610:Adolphe Messimy 591:Joseph Gallieni 575:Sino-French War 539: 494: 488: 482: 469: 426:Race to the Sea 411:First World War 406:Sino-French War 388: 387: 375: 357: 356: 302: 301: 291: 254: 237: 236: 224: 220: 219:Henriette Penon 212: 196: 192: 189: 166: 162: 146: 145:12 January 1852 140: 138: 114: 108:Augustin Dubail 102: 96: 91: 74: 62: 57: 51: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Marechal Joffre 15: 12: 11: 5: 4306: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4203:Generalissimos 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4145: 4144: 4127: 4110: 4108:from Wikiquote 4093: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4043:Yves Pouliquen 4039: 4031: 4027:Maxime Weygand 4023: 4015: 4007: 3999: 3991: 3987:Georges Cuvier 3983: 3975: 3967: 3959: 3955:Louis de Lavau 3951: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3816:Hubert Lyautey 3813: 3808: 3803: 3801:Ferdinand Foch 3798: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3781: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3738: 3737: 3734:Robert Nivelle 3732: 3729: 3720: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3676: 3673: 3664: 3661:Auguste Dubail 3659: 3655: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3634: 3619: 3610: 3602: 3601:External links 3599: 3598: 3597: 3592:978-1781592526 3591: 3572: 3566: 3553: 3547: 3534: 3528: 3511: 3505: 3492: 3486: 3473: 3467: 3454: 3448: 3435: 3429: 3416: 3410: 3397: 3391: 3383:Paths of Glory 3378: 3372: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3320: 3306: 3291: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 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1780: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1763:in 1920, the 1762: 1757: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1698: 1695:with swords ( 1694: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651:Order of Rama 1648: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1594:United States 1583: 1580: 1575: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1524: 1523: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1290:Paul Painlevé 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:Ulysses Grant 1248: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:Hampton Roads 1181: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158:and a former 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1132: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 995: 993: 989: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 969:generalissimo 964: 962: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 932: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 900: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 847: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 829:Louis Conneau 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 810: 805: 801: 792: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 761: 757: 752: 742: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 694: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 670: 654: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 515: 513: 509: 508:Western Front 505: 500: 491: 485: 481: 472: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 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Retrieved 2239: 2229: 2209: 2044: 2039: 2004:de Castelnau 1957:Mount Joffre 1954: 1939:(f) Romania 1938: 1925:Huaihai Road 1918: 1915:, Australia. 1906: 1881: 1816:Mount Joffre 1810: 1776: 1773: 1758: 1751: 1740: 1726:Lycée Joffre 1671: 1654: 1499:– March 1887 1432: 1428: 1417: 1393: 1382: 1372: 1363:Louveciennes 1360: 1336: 1319:Jocs Florals 1317: 1299: 1287: 1236: 1217:Tasker Bliss 1179: 1177: 1137: 1099: 1086: 1070: 1050: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1018: 1006: 988:Émile Driant 985: 968: 965: 957: 938: 922: 911: 894: 889: 882:Sidney Clive 875: 870: 867:Henry Wilson 856: 851: 848: 837: 824: 818: 809:Union sacrée 807: 804:René Viviani 798: 782: 768: 764: 748: 736: 710: 695: 691: 686: 672: 626: 607: 595: 566: 540: 537:Early career 516: 479: 478: 380:Battles/wars 163:(1931-01-03) 115:Succeeded by 92: 36: 4163:1931 deaths 4158:1852 births 3539:August 1914 3280:"No. 29044" 3001:) pp. 66–67 2937:) pp. 40–42 2269:(in French) 2242:(in French) 1855:Quebec City 1830:Joffre Peak 1811:(b) Canada 1777:(a) France 1769:Joffre cake 1747:Kerr Stuart 1730:Montpellier 1655:Senangapati 1401:John French 1384:Loi Falloux 1379:Alan Palmer 1375:Freemasonry 1255:Joan of Arc 1221:Tom Bridges 1180:Lorraine II 1057:Lord Bertie 653:World War I 647:World War I 614:French Army 573:during the 547:mathematics 320:French Army 103:Preceded by 4152:Categories 4105:Quotations 2221:References 1965:Cordonnier 1951:, Romania. 1876:Sherbrooke 1848:Shawinigan 1765:Casa Capșa 1743:Decauville 1413:Grand Prix 1263:West Point 1231:Autochrome 1213:Hugh Scott 1192:Ambassador 1188:Henry Mayo 1116:fourragère 859:Sixth Army 821:Tannenberg 778:Ninth Army 760:Sixth Army 732:Third Army 730:'s German 683:Fifth Army 543:Rivesaltes 288:Allegiance 260:Alma mater 148:Rivesaltes 141:1852-01-12 3440:The Marne 3333:Timișoara 3149:3 October 3114:3 October 2037:Bouchor's 1955:In 1918, 1949:Timișoara 1871:, Canada. 1857:, Canada. 1843:, Canada. 1752:A French 1636:3rd class 1618:2nd class 1488:with Palm 1330:literary 1324:Barcelona 1259:Lafayette 1239:St. Louis 1073:Robertson 1047:The Somme 961:Castelnau 795:The Marne 717:von Bülow 633:Plan XVII 369:2nd Corps 336:1869–1916 271:Signature 93:In office 3626:LibriVox 2351:(2009). 2164:See also 2001:Générals 1801:, France 1794:, France 1715:Portugal 1668:Portugal 1418:General 1339:Broadway 1332:certamen 1172:new army 951:and the 918:Salonika 724:attacked 622:Paul Pau 583:Timbuktu 349:Commands 3935:seat 35 3711:Himself 3677:Himself 3643:of the 3639:in the 3615:at the 3251:, p. 16 2907:) p. 33 2048:in 1915 2042:Général 2022:cavalry 1987:Gallery 1973:Nivelle 1959:on the 1824:Alberta 1761:Romania 1737:Homages 1542:Morocco 1534:Morocco 1520:Foreign 1440:Honours 1328:Catalan 1144:Viviani 981:Tunisia 977:Algeria 973:Morocco 941:Viviani 800:Messimy 745:Retreat 681:of the 637:in 1914 561:in the 495:French: 325:Cavalry 242:Parents 235: 223: 211: 195: 191: 178:Spouses 44:Marshal 4053:(2022) 4045:(2001) 4037:(1966) 4029:(1931) 4021:(1918) 4013:(1888) 4005:(1866) 3997:(1832) 3989:(1818) 3981:(1771) 3973:(1733) 3965:(1694) 3957:(1679) 3949:(1634) 3589: 3564: 3545: 3526: 3503: 3484: 3465: 3446: 3427: 3408: 3389: 3370: 3247: 2997: 2933: 2903: 2361: 2298: 2068:French 1981:Pétain 1979:, and 1977:Mangin 1627: 1609: 1591: 1571: 1561:(GCB) 1552: 1531: 1506:– 1887 1445:French 1399:. 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