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the history of humanity, power is nothing more than frequent alternative. Life is stronger than despotism and errors, and sometimes, gently or painfully, order and progress are restored, without which the existence of peoples would be impossible. Because good is imperative for superior souls, dignifying the human species. The malignant ends by being irretrievably defeated and devastated, although the brutality is supported by force, which is also transitory and variable. And there will be jubilant mornings like that of
January 15, 1871, as there will be Melgarejos and crime and barbarism blocks, although only for a short time, the sun of Liberty.
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926:- and with the severe impartiality of history, do not see in Melgarejo a scheming and gloomy tyrant like Tiberius, nor the forlorn, suspecting and neurotic Dr. Francia, nor the madly bloodthirsty Rosas. All we see in him is... an ingenuously good man in whom passion, sensual instincts and organic compulsion had driven out the seeds of virtue that a careful education might have salvaged. As a man, as a president, he exercised absolutely no influence on the political life of Bolivia because he represented no idea or party... He was a true soldier, ignorant of civil law and appreciative only of physical force.
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742:, Melgarejo proceeded to govern without rivals but with great incompetence. One of his first measures was to violently suppress the opposition and annul the traditional rights of the indigenous population, declaring that the communal lands of the native communities would be property of the State. He then ordered the violent eviction of the communities to grant the lands to allied landowners, an aggression that had not even been carried out during Spanish rule. He also abolished municipalities and local governments, refusing to appoint mayors.
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345:, along with the support of the people of La Paz, tired of the president's despotic actions for almost seven years, rose up against Melgarejo and deposed him. With the people having risen against Melgarejo, a bloody battle ensued in the city of La Paz which has been considered one of the fiercest and most terrible battles in Bolivian history. At the end of that day, the uprising triumphed over government troops, thus managing ending the Melgarejo regime.
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767:. This in exchange for the payment of two million pounds sterling and the Brazilian commitment to build the Madeira railway in the Mamoré region. In 1868, Melgarejo promulgated a new constitution, granting himself omnimodal powers over public administration and attributing to his position the power to "persecute and kill opponents". The promulgation ceremony ended with a banquet and consequent orgy where he made Juana Sánchez participate totally naked.
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Chayanta also rose up against
Melgarejo. On June 8, the Constitutionalists sent an army toward Oruro in the south, being defeated on July 1 by Melgarejo's troops. With Oruro now occupied by the government forces, Melgarejo still was unable to end the anarchy, facing rebellion in many more areas of the country. La Paz, Oruro, and Chayanta joined to create a board to lead the revolution and foment the spread of it to other cities and towns. Very quickly,
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Yáñez, he rose up in favor of
Linares during the coup d'état that ousted Córdova. Organizing and commanding the barricades in the city of Cochabamba, Melgarejo played a crucial role in the defeat of President Jorge Córdova who was overthrown after the Battle of Cochabamba. Linares rose to the presidency of Bolivia and, thankful for Melgarejo's support, promoted Melgarejo to the rank of colonel in 1859.
372:. He was the son of mestiza Ignacia Melgarejo and the Spaniard José Linares. When he was born, his father did not recognize him as his legitimate son and abandoned him. For this reason, Melgarejo had to take the surname of his mother, who raised him during his childhood. Melgarejo grew up with his mother and spent his childhood in a humble home in the small town of Tarata; his house still remains today.
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marked it with the horse's hoof, and gave that land, hotly contested by indigenous
Bolivians, as a gift to the Brazilian government. This and other incidents, such as the possession and sale of land in the altiplano (high plateau) to the highest bidder which deprived virtually all indigenous people of their land within a few decades, are among the most famous.
528:(at the age of 42), in gratitude for having helped him overthrow former president José María Linares. This is the maximum degree that can be reached within the Bolivian army. In just 26 years, Mariano Melgarejo went from being a simple soldier (in 1836) to being the general of the entire Bolivian Army (in 1862).
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named Juana Sánchez. She had come to
Melgarejo to ask for clemency for the life of her brother Aurelio Sánchez, who had been sentenced to death. Melgarejo not only spare his life, but also took Juana Sánchez as his concubine after holding her hostage in the Palacio Quemado for three consecutive days.
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Only two months after Belzu had been defeated and killed, on May 25 another
Constitutionalist revolt broke out in La Paz. A week later, on June 1, a committee was established in Oruro and proclaimed a revolution. The rebels managed to capture the government palace and, two days later, the garrison of
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During the government of
President Córdova (1855-1857), Melgarejo already held the rank of lieutenant colonel. During that time he openly supported the conspiracies of politician José María Linares had and aided the civilian cause to overthrow Córdova. In September 1857, together with Colonel Plácido
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Alarmed, Melgarejo attacked Potosí and crushed the revolt through a series of massacres and cruelties, but soon he learned that, taking advantage of his absence, La Paz, Cochabamba, and other major cities had also joined in a general uprising. Melgarejo gathered his troops and marched on La Paz, but
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Melgarejo's government turned out to be increasingly erratic and unstable. While the dictator spent much of his time in orgies with Juana Sánchez, who was as lustful as the general himself and also addicted to alcohol, her family dominated politics and the governing of the nation. In 1866, Melgarejo
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After Ingavi, Ballivián kept the young soldier
Melgarejo by his side, with the aim of protecting his government against future military uprisings by the opposition. It is worth mentioning that President Ballivián saw defects in the young soldier, which is why he kept him assigned to the borders, due
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But this noble man for some, and despotic tyrant for others, had great signs of compassion and coldness: in the morning he could execute a simple soldier and in the afternoon he could spare the life of a traitor. He was a man with a single indisputable virtue, his courage; Passionate about the arts
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Melgarejo's star had definitively died out. Bolivia jubilantly celebrated its liberation, taking in happily the awakening from a terrible nightmare, determined to return to normality, and to reverse the values invested in the dark and mournful times because the world has to regain its balance. In
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had been competing for leadership, resulting in the forestalling of rebel operations and allowing
Melgarejo to exploit this weakness. On Septiember 5, Flores decided to lead an attack against the government forces, however, was defeated and was forced to flee to Argentina. On October 25 Santa Cruz
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President Manuel
Isidoro Belzu, agreeing to the request, spared the life of Melgarejo, but later, in a prophetic way, told the women of Cochabamba that "one day they would regret" asking for mercy for the life of a womanizing and drunk military officer. After the presidential pardon, Melgarejo was
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Melgarejo was said to have given an immense amount of land to Brazil in exchange for what he described as a "magnificent white horse". The stories say that a Brazilian minister appeared before Melgarejo with a white horse and other gifts. To show his appreciation, Melgarejo took a map of Bolivia,
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To Melgarejo's dismay, former President Manuel Isidoro Belzu, who was exiled in Europe, returned to Bolivia to dispute the rise of General Melgarejo, finally sparking a full civil war. On March 22, 1865, Belzu's army defeated the government forces in La Paz with the help of the popular masses. On
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He crushed countless uprisings and rebellions on behalf of President Achá, who in return gave him his friendship and total trust, promoting Melgarejo to the rank of army general in 1862. At the beginning of the year 1864, a rumor spread in Bolivian society about the infidelity of President Achá's
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population of their land. Melgarejo worked on behalf of a new mining elite in Bolivia, during a period of resurgent silver production and investment from Chile, Peru, North America, England and European capitalists. Despite the rising prices of guano and nitrates on the international market, the
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Even after Belzu had been eliminated, Melgarejo still faced widespread discontent from several sector of society and would face nearly a year of rebellions by a collective group called "Constitutionalists". Having seized power only in December 1864, less than a month later Melgarejo clashed with
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During his military career, Melgarejo managed to rise in the military hierarchy through the adulation of his superiors, his willingness to participate in rebellions and in some isolated acts of courage. Unlike other soldiers of his time, Melgarejo was characterized for being poorly educated, but
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The loyalty that his subordinates had for him was mixed with fear: on one occasion, while at a social gathering on the second floor of the Palacio Quemado, he called his presidential guard and ordered them to march straight ahead. When the soldiers reached the balcony of the palace, they had to
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for the meeting, Melgarejo and his men murdered him. New investigations have come up with the theory that since Melgarejo's revolver failed (the seller found out that only 1 bullet came out of 5 shots), then the bullet that killed Belzu came from the revolver of some soldier who was behind him.
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In December 1864, taking advantage of the delicate health of President Achá, Melgarejo revolted against him, and, together with his troops, carried out a coup against the government. By this point, the unpopular government was ruling over a chaotic and anarchic land, making Melgarejo's task far
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with part of their wealth. The ousted dictator managed to borrow money and went to Lima in search of his former partner. However, Juana Sánchez refused to receive the bankrupt Melgarejo at her residence, who spent days in front of the building crying out to be admitted by his former concubine.
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After his military revolt in 1854, Melgarejo acquired a certain notoriety and a moderate leadership among the army troops. The governments of presidents Jorge Córdova (1855-1857) and José María Linares (1857-1861), considered him dangerous and kept him stationed at distant locations in the
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Paradoxically, among the various ladies who asked for Melgarejo's life was the mother of the prestigious Bolivian poet and politician Néstor Galindo, who eleven years later in 1865, would be cruelly shot fighting in the Battle of the Cantería de Potosí against the Melgarejo government.
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was expelling Bolivian residents from British soil and refusing to recognize the existence of Bolivia in retaliation for the British ambassador to Bolivia having been expelled by Melgarejo from the country, giving him a beating shortly before doing so. While this occurred, the city of
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Upon discovering they were indeed lovers, the morale and health of President Achá seriously declined, as well losing respect from the army, being discredited by the opposition as a cuckold. His wife would die suddenly weeks later, also afflicted by a serious illness in August 1864.
563:, but his revolt was quickly crushed by government troops, being captured and immediately taken to the city of Cochabamba to stand trial. During his trial, Melgarejo was tried and charged with high treason and armed uprising against the Bolivian state and was sentenced to death.
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His literacy and intelligence is also constantly questioned and analyzed. It is said that Melgarejo, who did not know how to read, took a newspaper, but in reverse. When the guard informed him about his mistake, Melgarejo replied: "Damn! He who knows how to read, just reads."
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rebel forces in Tacaquira, located in the southern area of the Chuquisaca Department, on January 24, 1865. The rebels would win this encounter, facing government troops again in a bigger battle on the banks of the Oscara River on February 3 and ultimately retreating.
815:. This was city that Melgarejo was fascinated by with its stories of sophistication and elegance but which he did not even know how to locate on a map. The Bolivian general replied that the plan was impossible, since it would take a long time to cross the
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borderlands, far from the main cities. Doing so, Córdova and Linares reigmes hoped to isolate Melgarejo and prevent him from influencing soldiers and officers with his alcoholism and immorality and, at the same time, also avoid future military uprisings.
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Madly in love with the young woman (who succumbed to the personality of the general), Melgarejo gave her and her family great influence in the government, which the Sánchez family took advantage of, enriching themselves at the expense of the treasury.
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During the first months of the Linares regime, Melgarejo supported him openly. However, years later he rose up against himin rebellion and was crucial yet again in the overthrow of a president. Once Linares was overthrown in 1861, the former
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Melgarejo entrusted the public administration to his chancellor, a young lawyer named Mariano Donato Muñoz, especially in foreign policy. Shortly after assuming power, he was visited by a young woman who belonged to a wealthy family from
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Melgarejo's almost reckless courage and brutal stubbornness are the materials on which legends feed. In the popular anecdotes still in circulation today, 150 years after his death, his deeds, or rather misdeeds, are widely discussed.
791:. Melgarejo expressed solidarity with Paraguay, giving his full support to this nation. But his supposed support remained only in words, since Melgarejo in fact maintained a neutral stance and never mobilized troops to help Paraguay.
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jungles of Brazil to reach the Atlantic Ocean and reach Europe. Resuming his march, Melgarejo received news that France had already capitulated to Prussia but he refused to believe such events. In mid-November, he was informed that
684:, located in front of the Bolivian Government Palace, cheering Belzu's name. However, Melgarejo appeared on a balcony instead and announced, "Belzu is dead. Who lives now?" and the crowd gave a bestial cry: "Long live Melgarejo!"
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When Melgarejo was awaiting his execution by firing squad (as befitted the military officers of that time), some ladies from the high society of Cochabamba (very close friends of his) met in person with President Belzu at the
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continue marching until they fell to the ground in the Plaza Murillo. It is said that there were some fractures, but no deaths. If they had disobeyed Melgarejo's direct order, another fate would have awaited them.
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and the beautiful facts of life, a devout Catholic, he could both laugh out loud when he saw the fire of a town, and cry when a child cries. The closest people knew how unstable Melgarejo's personality was.
384:(1842-1905). His younger son was married to Rosaura Sánchez, the sister of Juana and Aurelio Sánchez. Melgarejo was constantly disloyal to his wife, who is often excluded from history and rarely mentioned.
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Currently, in the Church of Tarata, there is a skull embedded in one of its walls that is attributed to be that of Melgarejo. A popular belief is that this skull can grant wishes to whoever asks for them.
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In 1854, Melgarejo appears for the first time on the public and political scene of Bolivia. At the beginning of that year, he mutinied with his troops after carrying out a military uprising in the city of
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Once ousted from power, Melgarejo fled Bolivia for Chile, where he stayed for a few months. While in Santiago de Chile, he learned that Juana Sánchez, his lover, was living in the city of
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Melgarejo was abandoned to his fate and, lacking troops and allies, had to flee to Chile. Almost in misery, Melgarejo learned in Chile that Juana Sánchez and her family had fled to
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declared itself in support of the revolution. However, on November 22 the government had retaken the city after a brief skirmish. The northern rebels, under the command of General
423:. During the battle, Melgarejo managed to demonstrate his heroism and bravery on the battlefield, for which the Bolivian government promoted him to the rank of second lieutenant.
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356:. Consequently, Melgarejo decided to leave for that country, but, once he arrived in Lima, he was shot to death on November 23, 1871, by Juana's brother, José Aurelio Sánchez.
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signed a border treaty with Chile, establishing the common border but recognizing all Chilean commercial interests in the exploitation of saltpeter on the Bolivian coast of
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As president, Melgarejo quickly notorious for his erratic behavior. He ruthlessly suppressed the opposition, violently crushing protests and dispossessing the country's
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Finally, Melgarejo was shot dead on November 23 of the same year in front of Juana's house, at the hands of the man he had pardoned, Juana's brother, Aurelio Sánchez.
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718:, decided to launch an offensive which was ultimately defeated and hastily retreated to Viacha. On January 24, 1866, Melgarejo and his trusted second in command,
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at a very young age. He entered the army at the age of 16, joining in 1836 with the rank of private. Melgarejo was present in many different battles during the
722:, met the remainder of the rebels in the hill of Letanias, scoring a major victory and achieving the unconditional surrender of the Constitutionalist rebels.
759:. This practically left Bolivia without any compensation other than the right to collect taxes in their own territory. Later, in 1867, he negotiated with the
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mainly for its poor government administration and its abuses against the indigenous population, in addition to having signed unfavorable border treaties with
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705:, and Cochabamba would join. Although all seemed lost for Melgarejo, by August 8, he was able to recapture Sucre, Cochabamba, and Potosí. Generals
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Many have compared him with the tyrants of Paraguay and the Argentine Republic, even with those of ancient Rome. We who judge him calmly -
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However, there is more to Melgarejo than simply a mad despot who ruled with terror. Tomas O'Connor D'Arlach describes Melgarejo as follows:
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Documentos oficiales relativos á los límites entre Chile, Bolivia i la República Arjentina en la rejión de Atacama [1866-1895]
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Regardless of what happened that fateful day, Belzu was killed and Melgarejo had eliminated a huge threat to his government.
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Melgarejo was married to Rosa Rojas, the member of a middle-class family. Together, they two sons: Federico (1840-1872) and
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The American Finances of the Spanish Empire: Royal Income and Expenditures in Colonial Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia, 1680-1809
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March 27, Melgarejo attacked La Paz with his army but was defeated, with several of his men choosing to side with Belzu.
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to plead for the life of the prisoner. They justified his actions of revolt and military uprising to his alcoholism.
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1136:"LA ALIANZA ENTRE AGUSTÍN MORALES Y LAS MASAS INDÍGENAS PARA DERROCAR A MARIANO MELGAREJO | Historias de Bolivia"
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LA ALIANZA ENTRE AGUSTÍN MORALES Y LAS MASAS INDÍGENAS PARA DERROCAR A MARIANO MELGAREJO | Historias de Bolivia
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soon his men began to desert en masse. Finally, on January 15, 1871, his battered army, under the command of
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Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations : Completely Revised and Updated
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Author Moisés Alcázar describes the jubilant sentiment of the Bolivian people after Melgarejo's overthrow:
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1452:"EL PRESIDENTE MANUEL ISIDORO BELZU PERDONA LA VIDA AL SARGENTO MARIANO MELGAREJO | Historias de Bolivia"
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EL PRESIDENTE MANUEL ISIDORO BELZU PERDONA LA VIDA AL SARGENTO MARIANO MELGAREJO | Historias de Bolivia
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A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014
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A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014
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1623:"La historia del Palacio de Gobierno se caracterizó por varios hechos trágicos | RTP Bolivia"
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The Route to Bolivia Via the River Amazon: A Report to the Governments of Bolivia and Brazil
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Los generales de Bolivia (rasgos biográficos) 1825-1925: prólogo de Juan Francisco Bedregal
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to Melgarejo's conduct and dangerous behavior caused by his fondness and abuse of alcohol.
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government of Bolivia faced recurring financial problems throughout Melgarejo's tenure.
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the sale of 102,400 km of Bolivian territory (from the Acre region) through the
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in 1865. He was of controversial personality and his dictatorship is remembered in
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Blinded by anger, Melgarejo arranged to gather a troop of 3,000 men to embark for
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According to legend, when Melgarejo's presence was known, a crowd gathered in the
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Capitán del Siglo (Captain of the Century), Héroe de Diciembre (December Hero)
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himself after his heroic displays during the Battle of Ingavi (21 years old).
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On January 15, 1871, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army at the time, General
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had been invaded by Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay in what is known as the
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Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, and Tyrants
819:. Enraged, Melgarejo replied, "Don't be silly! We'll take a shortcut!"
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He assumed power in 1864 after staging a coup d'état against president
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322:. He would cement his power after personally killing former president
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1084:"El Tratado de 1866: primer tratado de límites entre Bolivia y Chile"
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The assassination of Manuel Isidoro Belzu at the hands of Melgarejo.
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in 1866 and 1867, which proved to be devastating in coming years.
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South American Dictators During the First Century of Independence
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released and continued his military career in the Bolivian Army.
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Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (18 September 2015).
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Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (18 September 2015).
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Bolivia, orijen de su nacionalidad y sus derechos territoráles
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He was born on April 13, 1820, in the town of Tarata, current
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Either you follow me, cuirassiers, or I blow my brains out!"
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from December 28, 1864, until his fall on January 15, 1871.
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Mariano Melgarejo: dictator-president of Bolivia, 1864-1871
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1343:. Biografías y Vidas: La enciclopedia biográfica en línea
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In 1841, at the age of 21, Melgarejo participated in the
1252:"Mariano Melgarejo nació en Toco, sabía leer y escribir"
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In 1836, he entered the Bolivian army with the rank of
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Mariano Melgarejo as President of Bolivia (1864-1871).
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Candidates in the 1870 Bolivian presidential election
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Candidates in the 1868 Bolivian presidential election
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National presidents assassinated in the 19th century
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Vida, pasión y muerte del General Mariano Melgarejo
1168:(in Spanish). Infinito Proyectos Editoriales. 2016.
400:Melgarejo began his military career in the city of
368:, Bolivia; then belonging to the territory of the
299:(13 April 1820 – 23 November 1871) was a Bolivian
1826:(in Spanish). Imp. Intendencia General de Guerra.
1365:Americana: The Americas in the World, Around 1850
1281:"Mariano Melgarejo, General de División de Chile"
1211:Americana: The Americas in the World, Around 1850
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1490:El jeneral Mariano Melgarejo: rasgos biográficos
890:Equestrian statue in honor of Mariano Melgarejo.
646:on December 28, 1864, at the age of forty-four.
1885:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 136.
1674:Chasteen, John Charles; Wood, James A. (2004).
1338:
524:, personally promoted Melgarejo to the rank of
509:, personally promoted Melgarejo to the rank of
33: and the second or maternal family name is
80:Provisional: 28 December 1864 – 15 August 1870
1954:
1620:
1124:(in Spanish). Librería Editorial "Juventud,".
794:
1861:
1700:
1673:
1590:
1334:
1332:
1180:"Muertes trágicas de presidentes de Bolivia"
1058:"Invocando el espíritu de Mariano Melgarejo"
826:and help France. Attending a horse race in
779:Scenes from the War of the Triple Alliance.
650:The Constitutionalist Uprising of 1865-1865
77:28 December 1864 – 15 January 1871
3021:
1961:
1947:
1001:"RED ESCUELA.: Mariano Melgarejo Valencia"
50:
1968:
1787:
1785:
1510:The Epic of Latin America, Fourth Edition
1361:
1329:
1304:
1302:
1207:
664:The assassination of Manuel Isidoro Belzu
628:
582:
3152:Assassinated presidents in South America
1819:
1778:(in Spanish). Imprenta de Pablo E. Coni.
1771:
1339:Fernández, Tomás; Tamaro, Elena (2004).
1309:Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (3 May 1998).
961:. Bolivia: Gonzales y Medina. p. 8.
885:
774:
729:
632:
586:
541:
498:In 1857, he was promoted to the rank of
491:In 1855, he was promoted to the rank of
477:In 1846, he was promoted to the rank of
466:In 1841, he was promoted to the rank of
459:In 1839, he was promoted to the rank of
429:
391:
1727:
1537:The Bolivarian Nations of Latin America
1533:
1440:(in Spanish). Ediciones Puerta del Sol.
1400:(in Spanish). University of California.
1393:
1249:
1165:Mariano Melgarejo: el capitán del siglo
1117:
1029:
140:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
3039:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1791:
1782:
1642:
1640:
1616:
1614:
1586:
1584:
1502:
1500:
1486:
1413:
1308:
1299:
1234:
1203:
1201:
1030:Scheina, Robert L. (31 January 2003).
771:War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870)
672:However, as soon as Belzu entered the
654:
538:Death sentence and presidential pardon
3157:Politicians assassinated in the 1870s
1942:
1878:
1872:
1754:
1647:Klein, Herbert S. (9 December 2021).
1646:
1560:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1409:
1407:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1362:Dunkerley, James (17 November 2000).
1275:
1273:
1239:. Russell & Russell. p. 334.
1208:Dunkerley, James (17 November 2000).
1728:Morales, Waltraud Q. (14 May 2014).
1506:
1158:
1156:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1025:
1023:
1021:
970:
968:
952:
950:
948:
396:Melgarejo's childhood home in Tarta.
1846:
1808:
1637:
1611:
1581:
1497:
1311:"JARANAS DE MELGAREJO Y SU CABALLO"
1198:
687:
532:
520:In 1862, the president of Bolivia,
505:In 1859, the president of Bolivia,
13:
3147:Assassinated presidents of Bolivia
3087:Bolivian people of Quechua descent
1513:. University of California Press.
1469:
1424:
1404:
1382:
1270:
734:Melgarejo and his cabinet c. 1868.
387:
14:
3173:
3127:People of the Chincha Islands War
3117:People from Esteban Arce Province
3062:Assassinated Bolivian politicians
3057:19th-century Bolivian politicians
1862:d'Arlach, Tomas O'Connor (1914).
1507:Crow, John A. (17 January 1992).
1153:
1102:
1018:
965:
957:O'Connor d'Arlach, Tomas (1913).
945:
844:revolted against the government.
725:
408:, during which the government of
297:Manuel Mariano Melgarejo Valencia
142:, Spanish Empire (now in Bolivia)
123:Manuel Mariano Melgarejo Valencia
3020:
3011:
3010:
2993:
1868:(in Spanish). Gonzalez y Medina.
1341:"Biografia de Mariano Melgarejo"
976:"Biografia de Mariano Melgarejo"
615:
484:In 1850, he rose to the rank of
375:
227:
3092:Bolivian people murdered abroad
1830:
1765:
1748:
1721:
1694:
1667:
1554:
1527:
1444:
1355:
1243:
1228:
1172:
1064:(in Spanish). 14 September 2018
642:simpler. Melgarejo rose to the
3132:Politicians of Quechua descent
3112:Leaders who took power by coup
1792:Jacobs, Frank (3 April 2012).
1707:. CQ Press. pp. 155–156.
1653:. Cambridge University Press.
1128:
1121:Drama y comedia en el Congreso
1076:
1050:
993:
1:
3142:1871 murders in South America
3072:Bolivian expatriates in Chile
2007:José María Pérez de Urdininea
1820:Arguedas, Julio Díaz (1929).
1796:. New York Times: Opinionator
1761:(in Spanish). Imprenta Mejía.
1534:Clayton, Lawrence A. (1984).
1487:Cortés, José Domingo (1866).
1394:Canales, José Carlos (1947).
938:
621:wife with General Melgarejo.
446:
359:
3077:Bolivian expatriates in Peru
1772:Elizalde, Rufino de (1882).
1680:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1650:A Concise History of Bolivia
1567:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1414:Church, George Earl (1877).
1235:Wilgus, Alva Curtis (1963).
307:who served as the fifteenth
25:, the first or paternal
7:
1250:Jeanete (25 October 2021).
847:
218:Order of the Southern Cross
10:
3178:
1879:Klein, Herbert S. (1998).
1865:Rozas, Francia y Melgarejo
1794:"How Bolivia Lost Its Hat"
1731:A Brief History of Bolivia
1434:Gómez, Juan Pablo (1980).
795:Franco-Prussian War (1870)
789:War of the Triple Alliance
738:After proclaiming himself
20:
3006:
2991:
2914:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
2875:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
2680:Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas
1980:
1976:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1597:. CQ Press. p. 155.
881:
290:
276:
266:
256:
248:
243:
235:
223:
213:
203:
189:
181:
173:
164:Manner of death
163:
146:
118:
113:
109:
97:
85:
70:
62:
58:
49:
42:
16:15th President of Bolivia
3107:Leaders ousted by a coup
2940:Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé
2459:José Luis Tejada Sorzano
1118:Alcázar, Moisés (1980).
980:www.biografiasyvidas.com
438:at the Battle of Ingavi.
406:War of the Confederation
366:department of Cochabamba
281:War of the Confederation
193:Federico Melgarejo Rojas
3122:People murdered in Peru
1734:. Infobase Publishing.
1561:Lewis, Paul H. (2006).
1088:plumainquieta.lamula.pe
557:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
421:José Ballivián Segurola
2121:José Miguel de Velasco
2064:José Miguel de Velasco
2038:José Miguel de Velasco
2016:José Miguel de Velasco
1214:. Verso. p. 470.
1036:. Potomac Books, Inc.
928:
891:
871:
780:
735:
638:
629:Presidency (1864-1871)
592:
583:Political conspiracies
551:
439:
397:
196:Severo Melgarejo Rojas
3137:Presidents of Bolivia
2849:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
2693:Alfredo Ovando Candía
2654:Alfredo Ovando Candía
2628:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
2602:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
2576:Mamerto Urriolagoitía
2433:Carlos Blanco Galindo
2407:Felipe Segundo Guzmán
2381:José Gutiérrez Guerra
2086:Mariano Enrique Calvo
1998:Antonio José de Sucre
1970:Presidents of Bolivia
920:
889:
866:
778:
733:
644:Presidency of Bolivia
636:
590:
545:
434:The death of Marshal
433:
395:
285:Peruvian-Bolivian War
2784:Lidia Gueiler Tejada
2524:Gualberto Villarroel
2420:Hernando Siles Reyes
2134:Manuel Isidoro Belzu
2051:Andrés de Santa Cruz
1921:President of Bolivia
1540:. Lawrence Clayton.
1033:Latin America's Wars
959:El general Melgarejo
740:president of Bolivia
561:Manuel Isidoro Belzu
410:Andrés de Santa Cruz
324:Manuel Isidoro Belzu
309:president of Bolivia
65:President of Bolivia
1842:(in Spanish). 1920.
1621:juancarloslazcano.
1256:El Diario - Bolivia
924:sine amore nec odio
855:José María Calderón
809:Franco-Prussian War
799:In July 1870, when
655:The early rebellion
517:(at the age of 39).
502:(at the age of 37).
495:(at the age of 35).
488:(at the age of 30).
456:(at the age of 16).
370:Viceroyalty of Peru
199:Valentina Melgarejo
2836:Hernán Siles Zuazo
2615:Hernán Siles Zuazo
2498:Carlos Quintanilla
2173:José María de Achá
2160:José María Linares
1914:José María de Achá
1906:Political offices
1005:www.redescuela.org
892:
781:
765:Treaty of Ayacucho
736:
707:Ildefonso Sanjinés
639:
610:José María de Achá
593:
552:
522:José María de Achá
507:José María Linares
500:lieutenant colonel
440:
398:
316:José María de Achá
92:José María de Achá
3082:Bolivian generals
3034:
3033:
3002:
3001:
2511:Enrique Peñaranda
2394:Bautista Saavedra
2355:Eliodoro Villazón
2329:José Manuel Pando
2186:Mariano Melgarejo
2029:Pedro Blanco Soto
1937:
1936:
1928:Succeeded by
1892:978-0-8263-1832-9
1741:978-1-4381-0820-9
1714:978-1-5063-1798-4
1687:978-0-8420-5061-6
1660:978-1-108-84482-6
1604:978-1-5063-1798-4
1574:978-0-7425-3739-2
1547:978-0-88273-603-7
1520:978-0-520-07723-2
1375:978-1-85984-753-4
1221:978-1-85984-753-4
1043:978-1-59797-477-6
468:second lieutenant
294:
293:
209:Lorenza Melgarejo
44:Mariano Melgarejo
3169:
3024:
3023:
3014:
3013:
2997:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2862:Jaime Paz Zamora
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2797:Luis García Meza
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2730:
2717:
2706:Juan José Torres
2704:
2691:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2626:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2457:
2446:Daniel Salamanca
2444:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2392:
2379:
2366:
2353:
2340:
2327:
2316:Severo Fernández
2314:
2303:Mariano Baptista
2301:
2288:
2277:Gregorio Pacheco
2275:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2225:Adolfo Ballivián
2223:
2210:
2197:
2184:
2171:
2158:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2108:Eusebio Guilarte
2106:
2093:
2084:
2077:Sebastián Ágreda
2075:
2062:
2049:
2036:
2027:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1911:Preceded by
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1285:www.eldiario.net
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
972:
963:
962:
954:
761:Empire of Brazil
688:The May uprising
533:Political career
479:first lieutenant
443:always willful.
417:battle of Ingavi
301:military officer
244:Military service
231:
207:Ignacio Valencia
182:Domestic partner
153:
150:23 November 1871
132:
130:
114:Personal details
100:
88:
81:
75:
54:
40:
39:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3067:Bolivian exiles
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2975:
2962:
2949:
2936:
2923:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2871:
2858:
2845:
2832:
2819:
2806:
2793:
2780:
2771:Alberto Natusch
2767:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2689:
2676:
2667:René Barrientos
2663:
2650:
2641:René Barrientos
2637:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2572:
2563:Enrique Hertzog
2559:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2507:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2403:
2390:
2377:
2364:
2351:
2338:
2325:
2312:
2299:
2286:
2273:
2264:Narciso Campero
2260:
2247:
2234:
2221:
2208:
2199:Agustín Morales
2195:
2182:
2169:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2117:
2104:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2060:
2047:
2034:
2025:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1972:
1967:
1933:
1931:Agustín Morales
1924:
1916:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1818:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1645:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1505:
1498:
1485:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1425:
1412:
1405:
1392:
1383:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1307:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1206:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1028:
1019:
1009:
1007:
999:
998:
994:
984:
982:
974:
973:
966:
955:
946:
941:
884:
859:Agustín Morales
850:
807:, starting the
797:
773:
728:
720:Quintín Quevedo
690:
674:Palacio Quemado
666:
657:
652:
631:
618:
606:Minister of War
585:
569:Palacio Quemado
540:
535:
481:(26 years old).
449:
436:Agustín Gamarra
390:
388:Military career
378:
362:
343:Agustín Morales
283:
208:
198:
194:
155:
151:
134:
128:
126:
125:
124:
104:Agustín Morales
98:
86:
79:
78:
76:
71:
45:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2973:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2817:
2810:Celso Torrelio
2804:
2791:
2778:
2765:
2758:Wálter Guevara
2752:
2739:
2726:
2713:
2700:
2687:
2674:
2661:
2648:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2596:
2589:Hugo Ballivián
2583:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2537:Néstor Guillén
2531:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2297:
2284:
2271:
2258:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2193:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2141:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2095:José Ballivián
2089:
2080:
2071:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2023:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1871:
1845:
1829:
1807:
1781:
1764:
1755:Chile (1898).
1747:
1740:
1720:
1713:
1693:
1686:
1666:
1659:
1636:
1610:
1603:
1580:
1573:
1553:
1546:
1526:
1519:
1496:
1468:
1443:
1423:
1403:
1381:
1374:
1354:
1328:
1298:
1269:
1242:
1227:
1220:
1197:
1171:
1152:
1127:
1101:
1075:
1049:
1042:
1017:
992:
964:
943:
942:
940:
937:
883:
880:
849:
846:
817:Atlantic Ocean
796:
793:
772:
769:
727:
726:Administration
724:
716:Casto Arguedas
711:Nicanor Flores
689:
686:
665:
662:
656:
653:
651:
648:
630:
627:
617:
614:
584:
581:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
518:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
472:José Ballivián
464:
457:
448:
445:
389:
386:
377:
374:
361:
358:
292:
291:
288:
287:
278:
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:
258:
257:Branch/service
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
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2147:Jorge Córdova
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1989:Simón Bolívar
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616:Rise to power
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515:Jorge Córdova
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261:Bolivian Army
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216:
212:
206:
202:
197:
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185:Juana Sánchez
184:
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176:
172:
169:
168:Assassination
166:
162:
158:
149:
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133:13 April 1820
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24:
19:
2983:2020–present
2966:Jeanine Áñez
2485:Germán Busch
2290:Aniceto Arce
2185:
1919:
1881:
1874:
1864:
1838:
1832:
1822:
1798:. Retrieved
1774:
1767:
1757:
1750:
1730:
1723:
1703:
1696:
1676:
1669:
1649:
1629:28 September
1627:. Retrieved
1625:(in Spanish)
1593:
1563:
1556:
1536:
1529:
1509:
1489:
1461:28 September
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1436:
1416:
1396:
1364:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1321:28 September
1319:. Retrieved
1317:(in Spanish)
1314:
1291:28 September
1289:. Retrieved
1287:(in Spanish)
1284:
1260:. Retrieved
1258:(in Spanish)
1255:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1210:
1190:28 September
1188:. Retrieved
1186:(in Spanish)
1183:
1174:
1164:
1145:28 September
1143:. Retrieved
1139:
1130:
1120:
1094:28 September
1092:. Retrieved
1090:(in Spanish)
1087:
1078:
1068:28 September
1066:. Retrieved
1061:
1052:
1032:
1010:28 September
1008:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
985:28 September
983:. Retrieved
979:
958:
933:
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893:
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867:
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821:
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623:
619:
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594:
577:
573:
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526:army general
441:
425:
414:
399:
379:
363:
347:
340:
319:
313:
296:
295:
277:Battles/wars
152:(1871-11-23)
99:Succeeded by
72:
34:
30:
23:Spanish name
18:
3052:1871 deaths
3047:1820 births
2953:Evo Morales
2927:Carlos Mesa
2888:Hugo Banzer
2732:Juan Pereda
2719:Hugo Banzer
2550:Tomás Monje
2238:Tomás Frías
2212:Tomás Frías
2031:(1828–1829)
2000:(1825–1828)
1420:. Waterlow.
1062:Los Tiempos
757:Antofagasta
236:Nickname(s)
87:Preceded by
3041:Categories
2472:David Toro
1925:1864–1871
1800:2 November
1347:8 November
939:References
896:indigenous
463:(aged 19).
447:Promotions
402:Cochabamba
360:Early life
305:politician
249:Allegiance
177:Rosa Rojas
129:1820-04-13
2979:Luis Arce
2970:2019–2020
2957:2006–2019
2944:2005–2006
2931:2003–2005
2918:2002–2003
2905:2001–2002
2892:1997–2001
2879:1993–1997
2866:1989–1993
2853:1985–1989
2840:1982–1985
2814:1981–1982
2801:1980–1981
2788:1979–1980
2749:1978–1979
2723:1971–1978
2710:1970–1971
2697:1969–1970
2671:1966–1969
2645:1964–1966
2632:1960–1964
2619:1956–1960
2606:1952–1956
2593:1951–1952
2580:1949–1951
2567:1947–1949
2554:1946–1947
2528:1943–1946
2515:1940–1943
2502:1939–1940
2489:1937–1939
2476:1936–1937
2463:1934–1936
2450:1931–1934
2437:1930–1931
2424:1926–1930
2411:1925–1926
2398:1921–1925
2385:1917–1920
2372:1913–1917
2359:1909–1913
2346:1904–1909
2333:1899–1904
2320:1896–1899
2307:1892–1896
2294:1888–1892
2281:1884–1888
2268:1880–1884
2255:1876–1879
2242:1874–1876
2229:1873–1874
2216:1872–1873
2203:1871–1872
2190:1864–1871
2177:1861–1864
2164:1857–1861
2151:1855–1857
2138:1848–1855
2112:1847–1848
2099:1841–1847
2068:1839–1841
2055:1829–1839
1368:. Verso.
1315:El Tiempo
1184:El Potosí
783:In 1864,
697:, Sucre,
224:Signature
204:Parent(s)
73:In office
63:15th
31:Melgarejo
3016:Category
1262:8 August
848:Downfall
803:invaded
785:Paraguay
461:sergeant
190:Children
35:Valencia
21:In this
801:Prussia
511:colonel
486:captain
454:soldier
328:Bolivia
320:Sexenio
271:General
252:Bolivia
27:surname
2088:(1841)
2079:(1841)
2009:(1828)
1991:(1825)
1889:
1738:
1711:
1684:
1657:
1601:
1571:
1544:
1517:
1372:
1218:
1040:
882:Legacy
842:Potosí
832:Amazon
824:Europe
805:France
748:La Paz
703:Tarija
699:Cobija
695:Potosí
382:Severo
336:Brazil
214:Awards
174:Spouse
159:, Peru
136:Tarata
828:Oruro
813:Paris
493:major
332:Chile
3026:List
2827:1982
2775:1979
2762:1979
2736:1978
2684:1969
2658:1966
2541:1946
2125:1848
2042:1829
2020:1828
1887:ISBN
1802:2021
1736:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1631:2022
1599:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1463:2022
1370:ISBN
1349:2021
1323:2022
1293:2022
1264:2022
1216:ISBN
1192:2022
1147:2022
1096:2022
1070:2022
1038:ISBN
1012:2022
987:2022
875:Lima
709:and
354:Peru
350:Lima
334:and
303:and
267:Rank
157:Lima
147:Died
119:Born
470:by
29:is
3043::
1848:^
1810:^
1784:^
1639:^
1613:^
1583:^
1499:^
1471:^
1454:.
1426:^
1406:^
1384:^
1331:^
1313:.
1301:^
1283:.
1272:^
1254:.
1200:^
1182:.
1155:^
1138:.
1104:^
1086:.
1060:.
1020:^
1003:.
978:.
967:^
947:^
861:.
701:,
608:,
352:,
138:,
2985:)
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