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July, the actual damage to the economy was marginal and followed trends across the United States at the time. When observing data from 1979 to 1985 on the Miami labor market and comparing it with similar data from several other major cities across the United States, focusing on wages, the effects of the boatlift were marginal. There have been several explanations offered for the findings by Card. According to economist Ethan Lewis, the Miami labor market had already seen an increase in "unskilled intensive manufactured goods," allowing it to offset the impact of the Cuban migrants. Miami also increased its diversity in manufacturing industries at a negligible rate compared to other US cities following the boat lift. According to data from the Annual
Surveys of Manufacturers, Miami's Manufacturing industries regressed only .01 percentage points post-1980, which indicates a minimal impact from the boat lift on the labor market. Miami also experienced a limited increased in skilled laborers after the boat lift. According to data from Lewis, Miami experienced limited change in workers who were literate in computer use, factoring out to a .010 percentage change in skilled laborers than in Card's research.
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591:
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ricocheting bullet. The
Peruvians announced that they would not hand those who were seeking asylum over to Cuban police. The embassy grounds contained two 2-story buildings and gardens covering an area the size of a US football field, or 6,400 square yards The Cuban government announced on 4 April that it was withdrawing its security forces, who were normally officers from the Interior Ministry armed with automatic weapons, from that embassy: "We cannot protect embassies that do not cooperate in their own protection." Following that announcement, about 50 Cubans entered the embassy grounds. By nightfall on April 5, that number had grown to 2,000, including many children and a few former political prisoners.
607:
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Junquera, unsuccessfully sought asylum in the
Argentine embassy in Havana and were sentenced to two years in prison. On May 13, 1979, 12 Cubans sought to take asylum in the Venezuelan embassy in Havana by crashing their bus through a fence to gain entry to the grounds and the building. In January 1980, groups of asylum seekers took refuge in the Peruvian and Venezuelan embassies, and Venezuela called its ambassador home for consultations to protest that they had been fired on by the Cuban police. In March, Peru recalled
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386:
699:. Once they were initially processed and documented, the refugees were quickly transferred to larger compounds in the metropolitan area to allow them to be reunited with relatives who already lived in the United States and to allow interaction with various social-action agencies such as Catholic Charities and the American Red Cross. Regional resettlement facilities became crucial sites in the social and cultural negotiation of the status and desirability of Mariel Cubans.
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subgroups of populations in the control cities identified by either Card or Borjas. Since there was a large and significant difference between wages of black and nonblack high-school dropouts, the changing composition of the CSP subgroups created a spurious decline in the wages of the native population. According to
Clemens and Hunt, the compositional effect accounts for the entire impact of the Mariel boatlift on the wages of native workers estimated by Borjas.
1412:
1398:
64:
1005:
790:; and Fort Chaffee. Federal civilian police agencies such as the General Services Administration's Federal Protective Service provided officers to maintain order inside the gates of the relocation centers. Riots occurred at the Fort Chaffee center and some detainees escaped, an event that became a campaign issue in the re-election defeat of Governor
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accepted safe-conduct passes to return to their homes, and the government began to provide shipments of food and water. Peru tried to organize an international relief program, and it won commitments first from
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela to help with resettlement, and then from Spain, which agreed to accept 500. By April 11, the
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which all refugees fleeing Cuba would receive temporary status. On June 20 the Cuban-Haitian
Entrant Program was established, and Haitians would be given the same legal status as Cuban refugees in the United States during the Mariel boatlift. Around 25,000 Haitians would enter the United States during the boatlift.
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docked in Key West and held 48 refugees. By April 25 as many as 300 boats were picking up refugees in Mariel Harbor. Cuban officials also packed refugees into Cuban fishing vessels. Around 1,700 boats brought thousands of Cubans from Mariel to
Florida between the months of April and October in that year.
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The Cuban government facilitated an emigration process that gave special privilege to those who were socially undesirable. People deemed homosexual would be allowed to leave the country. Those with gender non-conforming behavior were especially targeted by authorities for departure. Some of them were
348:
The embassy invasions then became a confrontation between the Cuban government and the Havana embassies. A group of Cubans attempted to enter the
Peruvian embassy in the last week of March, and on April 1, a group of six driving a city bus was successful in doing so, and a Cuban guard was killed by a
272:
agent, and sentenced to 50 years in prison. A group of 55 people whose parents brought them from Cuba returned for three weeks in
December 1978 in a rare instance of Cuba allowing the return of Cuban-born émigrés. In December 1978, both countries agreed upon their maritime border, and the next month,
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Borjas next compared the inflation-adjusted wages of Miami residents who had those characteristics with wages of the same segment of the
American population in all other American metropolitan areas except Miami. His analysis shows that the Miami wages for native-born men without high-school diplomas
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At first, emigrants were permitted to leave Cuba via flights to Costa Rica, followed by eventual relocation to countries that would accept them. After news coverage of celebratory masses of Cubans emigrating by flight to Costa Rica, the Cuban government declared that emigrants had to leave by flying
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stated that those leaving in the Mariel boatlift were undesirable members of Cuban society. With Castro's condemnation and reports that prisoners and mental health patients were leaving in the exodus it was believed by some that Marielitos were undesirable deviants. Opponents of then U.S. President
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The last characteristic was especially important since 60 percent of Marielitos did not complete high school. And even many of the remaining 40 percent who had completed high school were looking for unskilled jobs because of their lack of linguistic and other skills. Marielitos, therefore, competed
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identified 1,306 migrants as having "questionable" backgrounds. Scholars have found that many Mariel immigrants with criminal records were incarcerated for minor crimes that would not be considered crimes in the US, such as selling goods in the black market. Estimates assert that the Cuban refugees
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declared a state of emergency in Monroe and Dade Counties on April 28. According to a US Coast Guard report, 15,761 refugees had arrived in Florida by early May. On May 6, Carter declared a state of emergency in the areas of Florida most "severely affected" by the exodus, and an open arms policy in
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Castro stated ultimately on 20 April that the port of Mariel would be opened to anyone wishing to leave Cuba if they had someone to pick them up. Soon after Castro's decree, many Cuban Americans began making arrangements to pick up refugees in the harbor. On April 21, the first boat from the harbor
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were stable, while in comparable cities it fell approximately 6 percent. There is no evidence of a negative effect on wage rates for other groups of Hispanics in Miami. Wages for Cubans demonstrated a steady decline especially compared with other groups in Miami at the time. This can be attributed
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About half of the Mariel immigrants decided to live in Miami permanently, which resulted in a 7 percent increase in workers in the Miami labor market and a 20 percent increase in the Cuban working population. Aside from the unemployment rate rising from 5.0 percent in April 1980 to 7.1 percent in
420:
was negotiating the legal status of Haitian refugees as the Mariel boatlift began. As Cuban refugees began to arrive in the United States, a focus was put on the treatment of Haitian refugees, and Carter declared Haitian refugees and Cuban refugees would be accepted in the same manner. The United
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had announced a willingness to accept asylum seekers. Diplomats from several countries met with the Peruvians to discuss the situation, including the crowd's requirements of food and shelter. An official of the US State Department stated on April 5 that the country would both grant asylum to bona
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Several attempts by Cubans to seek asylum at the embassies of South American countries set the stage for the events of the spring of 1980. On 21 March 1978, two young Cuban writers who had been punished for dissent and denied permission to emigrate, Reynaldo Colas Pineda and Esteban Luis Cárdenas
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In 1984, the Mariel refugees from Cuba received permanent legal status under a revision to the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966. Haitians were instead considered to be economic refugees, which made them unable to get the same residency status as Cubans and therefore subject to deportation. Two years
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began to furnish asylum seekers with documents that guaranteed their right to emigrate, including permanent safe-conduct passes and passports. In the first two days, about 3,000 received those papers and left the grounds. On 14 April, US President Jimmy Carter announced the US would accept 3,500
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One of his conclusions was that during the 1980s, wages in Miami were a full 20 percent lower than they were elsewhere. In 2017, an analysis of Borjas' study on the effects of the boatlift concluded that Borjas' findings "may simply be spurious" and that his theory of the economic impact of the
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By April 6, the crowd had reached 10,000, and as sanitary conditions on the embassy grounds deteriorated, Cuban authorities prevented further access. The Cuban government called those seeking asylum "bums, antisocial elements, delinquents, and trash." By April 8, 3,700 of the asylum-seekers had
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During the Mariel boatlift the McDuffie riots were raging in the Liberty City and Overtown neighborhoods of Miami. It has been argued the riots were exacerbated by the diversion of social and policing resources from African-American communities to care for Mariel refugees, and the anger at the
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In response, Carter then called for a blockade on the flotilla by the US Coast Guard. At least 1,400 boats would be seized, but many slipped by, and over 100,000 more Cuban and Haitian refugees continued to pour into Florida over the next five months. The Mariel Boatlift would end by agreement
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By 1987, several hundred Marielitos were still detained because they were inadmissible under immigration law. Local police departments had also arrested around seven thousand Marielitos for felonies committed in the United States. Those arrested there served their prison sentences, only to be
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have claimed that conflicting results could be explained by the changes in the subsample composition of the CPS data. In 1980, the share of non-Hispanic blacks doubled in the subgroup of Miami male prime working-age high-school dropouts studied by Borjas. No similar increases occurred in the
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The United States-Cuba Migration Agreement of 1987 allowed for 3,000 former political prisoners to emigrate to the United States and allowed for the deportation of undesired Marielitos. After news of the agreement broke, many detained Marielitos in Oakdale and Atlanta prisons rioted and took
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would instead praise Marielitos in his ideological campaign against Cuba. The boatlift would also help spark policy demands for English-only government paperwork after Miami Dade County residents voted to remove Spanish as a second official language in November 1980. Former U.S. President
710:(FEMA). As the end of the initial crisis period wound down and after the vetting of the refugees who could be sponsored had run its course, the decision was made to transfer the "hard to sponsor" refugees, which included those with criminal records, to longer-term processing sites at
808:
Most refugees were ordinary Cubans. Many had been allowed to leave Cuba for reasons that in the United States were loyalty-neutral or protected, such as tens of thousands were Seventh-Day Adventists or Jehovah's Witnesses. Some had been declared "antisocialist" in Cuba by their
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given the option between emigration and jail time, in order to encourage their departure from the island. Many Cubans would enter police stations and state that they engaged in homosexual behavior whether true or not, simply to be granted permission to leave the country.
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Before 1980, many Haitian immigrants arrived on American shores by boat. They were not granted legal protection because they were considered economic migrants, rather than political refugees, despite claims made by many Haitians that they were being persecuted by the
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fide political prisoners and handle other requests to immigrate by following standard procedures, which provided for the issuance of 400 immigrant visas per month to Cubans, with preference given to those with family members who were already in the United States.
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magazine article claimed that out of the around 125,000 refugees that entered the United States, around 16,000 to 20,000 were estimated to be criminals. In a 1985 report around 350 to 400 Mariel Cubans were reported to inhabit Dade County jails on a typical day.
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hostages. The riots ended after an agreement was reached to stop deportations until all detainees were given a fair review of their deportation case. After 1987, the United States would continue to deport Marielitos who were deemed undesirable.
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exclusively to the "dilution" of the group with the new, less-experienced, and lower-earning Mariel immigrants, meaning that there is also no evidence of a negative effect on wage rates for Cubans living in Miami prior to 1980.
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The Refugee Education Assistance Act of 1980 provided $ 100 million in cash and medical and social services and authorized approximately $ 5 million per year to facilitate the refugees' transition to American life. The
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with their own. The two countries struggled to reach agreement on a relaxation of the US embargo on trade to permit the export of a select list of medicines to Cuba without provoking Carter's political opponents in the
837:, some are elderly or sick, and the Department had no desire to send these back to Cuba. Under a 2016 agreement with the Cuban government, the U.S. will deport the final remaining migrants deemed as serious criminals.
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Caribbean Holidays began offering one-week trips to Cuba in January 1978 in co-operation with Cubatur, the official Cuban travel agency. By May 1979, tours were being organized for Americans to participate in the
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Ten members of Congress visited Cuba in December 1978, and the Cuban government later released Frank C. Emmick, the US manager of a business in Cuba who had been prevented from leaving in 1963, accused of being a
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with a group of Cubans living in exile, agreed to grant an amnesty to 3,600 political prisoners, and announced that they would be freed in the course of the next year and allowed to leave Cuba.
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were much lower than the wages for similar workers in other US metropolitan areas during the 1980s and then again in the late 1990s, following the two spikes of Cubans migrating to Miami.
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Cuban officials announced through loudspeakers that anyone who had not entered the embassy grounds by force was free to emigrate if another country granted them entry. Peruvian President
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Crowded conditions in South Florida immigration processing centers forced U.S. federal agencies to move many of the Marielitos to other centers in Fort Indiantown Gap; Fort McCoy;
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and at various churches throughout the area. Some sites were established to segregate the refugees until they could be provided with initial processing at places such as the
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against those who wished to leave the island. Mobs would sometimes beat their targets, force them to walk around with accusatory signs on their necks, or trash their homes.
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277:. The US responded to Cuban relaxation of restrictions on emigration by allowing Cuban-Americans to send up to $ 500 to an emigrating relative (equal to $ 2,400 in 2023).
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States would label all refugees that would come in during the Mariel boatlift as "Cuban-Haitian entrants," to be approved at the discretion of the Attorney General.
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Hampton, Melissa (December 14, 2021), ""A Tent City is Not a Place for a Family": Mariel Cuban Women and Gendered Disorder at Regional Resettlement Facilities",
854:'s formation of the East Little Havana Task Force. Task Force members were appointed by the Miami City Commission, with urban planner and Cuban community leader
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later, under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, all Cuban-Haitian entrants who had immigrated in 1980 were able to apply for permanent residency.
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813:. In the end, only 2.2 percent (or 2,746) of the refugees were classified as serious or violent criminals under US law and denied citizenship on that basis.
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Refugees were processed at camps set up in the greater Miami area, generally at decommissioned missile defense sites. Other sites were established at the
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The Mariel boatlift was ended by mutual agreement between the two governments in late October 1980. By then, an estimated over 125,000 Cubans had reached
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862:, which was an epicenter of the migration. The Task Force adjourned a year later and submitted its findings and official recommendations, called
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Haitian refugees had been continuously coming to the United States before the Mariel boatlift and continued to do so with the flotilla.
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Portes, Alejandro; Jensen, Leif (1989). "The Enclave and Entrants: Patterns of Ethnic Enterprise in Miami Before and After Mariel".
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were relatively steady from 1979 to 1985 when in comparable cities it dropped. Apart from a dip in 1983, wage rates for non-Cuban
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3483:"Voices from Mariel: Oral Histories of the 1980 Cuban Boatlift," February 2018, JosĂ© Manuel GarcĂa University Press of Florida.
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3459:"PBS Series 'Latino Americans' Will Chronicle the Latino Experience in the U. S. Over the Last 200 Years; Premieres Fall 2013"
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was also adjusted to include Mariel children to ensure that additional assistance would be available to them through the
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boatlift "doesn't fit the evidence." A number of other studies concluded the opposite of what Borjas' study had found.
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3119:"The White House Used This Moment as Proof the U.S. Should Cut Immigration. Its Real History Is More Complicated"
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named as its chair. It was tasked with studying the social and economic effects of the boatlift, particularly in
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revisited David Card's analysis in light of new insights into immigration effects since 1990. He used the same
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1052:, 71% of Americans disapproved of the boatlift and allowing Cuban nationals to settle in the United States.
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The boatlift has been the subject of a number of works of art, media, and entertainment. Examples include:
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2691:"Race, Gender, and Class in the Persistence of the Mariel Stigma Twenty Years after the Exodus from Cuba"
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refugees and that Costa Rica had agreed to provide a staging area for screening potential immigrants.
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243:. He lifted all restrictions on travel to Cuba, and in September 1977, both countries established an
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announced that anyone who wanted to leave could do so. The ensuing mass migration was organized by
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Initially, many Americans disapproved of the boatlift. According to a June 1980 poll conducted by
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201:. The arrival of the refugees in the United States created political problems for U.S. President
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Klansmen and protester displaying antipathy towards recent Cuban arrivals. Photo taken in 1980.
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perceived privileges Cuban refugees held compared to African Americans and Haitian refugees.
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directly to their accepting country; 7,500 Cubans left the country by those initial flights.
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denied claims of asylum in the United States for Haitian migrants by boat. A backlash by the
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2472:
The Racial Politics of Division: Interethnic Struggles for Legitimacy in Multicultural Miami
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As the Haitian refugees started arriving, interpreters were found to be in short supply for
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in each other's capital. However, relations were still strained because Cuba supported the
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An early response to address the aftermath of the Mariel Boatlift was the 1983 City of
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Presidential Decision Making Adrift: The Carter Administration and the Mariel Boatlift
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Presidential Decision Making Adrift: The Carter Administration and the Mariel Boatlift
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1193:(2010), a memoir by Reinaldo GarcĂa Ramos about his experiences during the Boatlift
1140:(2001), an American documentary film and memoir, written and directed by Marielito
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292:(Carifesta) in July, with flights departing from Tampa, Mexico City, and Montreal.
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Cuban refugees arriving in crowded boats during the Mariel boatlift crisis in 1980
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345:, who had denied entry to a dozen Cubans who were seeking asylum in his embassy.
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2440:"The impact of the Mariel Boatlift still resonates in Florida after 38 years"
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3078:"The Labor Market Effects of Refugee Waves: Reconciling Conflicting Results"
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1105:; a group of Marielitos who share the same last name pretend to be a family
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they were working on an agreement to improve their communications in the
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April 15 – October 31, 1980 (6 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
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remained steady in both Miami and comparable cities. The wage rates for
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1934:"Havana Says It Seeks to Ease Plight of 10,000 at the Peruvian Embassy"
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used the boatlift as evidence of the dangers of unchecked immigration.
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Around 125,000 Cubans and 25,000 Haitians arrive in the United States.
1475:"Carter Sharply Attacks Cuba, Saying Use of Troops Hurts Peace Moves"
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1980 diplomatic protection incident at the Peruvian Embassy, Havana
1255:, businessman, CEO of Fuego Enterprises, publisher of the magazine
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would hail the Mariel boatlift as a failure of his administration.
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1980 diplomatic protection incident at the Peruvian Embassy, Havana
63:
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1121:(1992; English translation 1993), the autobiography of Marielito
213:
2084:"Cuba Reported Issuing Documents So Thousands Can Leave Embassy"
3780:
3209:"Picks and Pans Review: Against Wind and Tide: a Cuban Odyssey"
3017:"There's no evidence that immigrants hurt any American workers"
1995:"Crowd at Havana Embassy Grows; 10,000 Reported Seeking Asylum"
1453:
1277:, convicted murderer and founder of the New York branch of the
1158:(2011), a documentary film that tells the story of ten families
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252:
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Diplomatic protection incident at the Peruvian Embassy, Havana
2926:"How Did the Miami Labor Market Absorb the Mariel Immigrants?"
209:
struggled to develop a consistent response to the immigrants.
3774:
Voices from Mariel: Oral Histories of the 1980 Cuban Boatlift
2830:"The Impact of the Mariel boatlift on the Miami Labor Market"
2578:"'Marielitos' Face Long-Delayed Reckoning: Expulsion to Cuba"
1870:"2,000 Who Want to Leave Cuba Crowd Peru's Embassy in Havana"
1162:
Voices from Mariel: Oral Histories of the 1980 Cuban Boatlift
851:
118:
1966:"Cuba Trucking Food and Water to Throng at Peruvian Embassy"
833:
By June 2016, 478 remained to be deported; according to the
174:, it followed on the heels of generations of Cubans who had
170:. While the exodus was triggered by a sharp downturn in the
3273:"Last Boat From Mariel: The Perez Family by Christine Bell"
2609:"Miami City Commission Picks East Little Havana Task Force"
2143:"U.S. Agrees to Admit up to 3,500 Cubans from Peru Embassy"
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non-Hispanic (as the best approximation to the native-born)
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A Transamerica jet being loaded with Cuban refugees in 1980
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Cuerpos al borde de una isla; mi salida de Cuba por Mariel
1648:"Man, Jailed in Plot on Castro, Is Among 400 to Be Freed"
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954:(CPS) data. However, he focused only on workers who were
269:
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Brantley, Chip; Grace, Andrew Beck (January 24, 2023).
3152:"U.S. public seldom has welcomed refugees into country"
2543:. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. pp. 185–186.
1743:. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. pp. 144–146.
2755:
2053:"Peru Appeals for Aid in Resettling Cubans at Embassy"
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expressing disdain for marielitos and support for the
2797:"Five Years Later, Overriding Crime Is Mariel Legacy"
2202:
Oye Loca: From the Mariel Boatlift to Gay Cuban Miami
2114:"Peruvian Warns of Health Peril to Cubans at Embassy"
1591:"U.S. and Cuba Prepare to Draft a Maritime Agreement"
3744:. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press.
2977:
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Working Paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia)
2635:"E. Little Havana Task Force Meets, Elects Officers"
1379:
1173:
The events at the Peruvian embassy are depicted in:
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Boat filled with Cuban refugees arriving at Key West
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between the United States and Cuba in October 1980.
146:) was a mass emigration of Cubans who traveled from
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3986:Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations
3426:
3304:"'The Perez Family': Saga in Need of a Thermostat"
3047:"Immigrants Don't Steal From Americans' Paychecks"
2576:
1835:"Venezuela Recalls Envoy to Protest Cuba Incident"
1271:, a leader of rebel forces in the Cuban Revolution
374:
3712:"Channels to the Sacred, From Africa to the West"
3333:Echevarria, Roberto Gonzalez (October 24, 1993).
2664:"Study Examines East Little Havana Redevelopment"
2383:"Castro launches Mariel boatlift, April 20, 1980"
1337:Ras Juan Perez, founder of the Cuban reggae band
158:between April 15 and October 31, 1980. The term "
4034:
2961:The Wage Impact of the Marielitos: A Reappraisal
2653:
1184:; 2006 in Spanish; 2013 in English), a novel by
999:
540:
3651:
3242:"Al Pacino and the cast and crew talk Scarface"
2954:
900:
821:detained by INS as candidates for deportation.
411:
321:was discriminating against Haitian immigrants.
224:
2759:Organized Crime: From Trafficking to Terrorism
1261:Felix Delgado, rapper and songwriter known as
3796:
3502:
3076:Clemens, Michael; Hunt, Jennifer (May 2017).
771:
600:vessel in Key West during the Mariel boatlift
280:In November 1978, Castro's government met in
162:" is used to refer to these refugees in both
2886:
2532:
2530:
2276:Source: Council for Inter-American Security.
2078:
2076:
1901:"Havana Removes Guard from Peruvian Embassy"
640:Cuban refugees at Pier B of the Truman Annex
557:After the arrival of thousands of refugees,
329:
4088:History of immigration to the United States
3110:
3075:
2241:U.S. Immigration Policy on Haitian Migrants
1959:
1957:
3859:Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents
3803:
3789:
3332:
1895:
1893:
1562:"Cuban Exiles Visiting Home Find Identity"
1223:Notable Mariel boatlift refugees include:
1147:Finding Mañana: A Memoir of a Cuban Exodus
759:Immigration detention in the United States
27:Mass migration of Cubans to the US in 1980
3739:
2937:
2688:
2527:
2415:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2073:
1927:
1925:
1732:
1730:
1472:
864:The East Little Havana Redevelopment Plan
3589:
3485:http://upf.com/book.asp?id=9780813056661
3177:"Against Wind and Tide: A Cuban Odyssey"
3116:
2794:
2536:
2437:
1954:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1736:
1559:
1003:
877:
797:
762:
661:
384:
296:Haitian immigration to the United States
197:, with the agreement of Cuban President
3654:"CONVICTED KILLER GETS FOUR LIFE TERMS"
3561:"Carlos Alfonzo, 40, Painter From Cuba"
3531:"Wendy Guerra : une Cubaine libre"
3363:
3239:
2820:
2818:
2749:
2405:
2194:
2192:
2163:
2050:
2021:
1890:
1267:Olga MarĂa RodrĂguez Farinas, widow of
1215:life in Miami where she employed them.
352:
185:by taking refuge on the grounds of the
14:
4035:
4012:Cuban immigration to the United States
3915:Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage
3709:
3633:from the original on December 20, 2013
3528:
3301:
3270:
3027:from the original on February 29, 2020
2795:Springer, Katie (September 26, 1985).
2776:from the original on November 14, 2020
2762:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 461.
2589:from the original on December 19, 2017
2310:
2285:
2279:
2231:
2111:
1992:
1963:
1931:
1922:
1867:
1775:
1727:
1704:
1676:Dunphy, Robert J. (January 22, 1978).
1675:
1560:Smothers, Ronald (February 14, 1978).
1365:, who appeared on the television show
1346:, folkloric percussionist and vocalist
1201:and the boatlift also featured in the
1066:Against Wind and Tide: A Cuban Odyssey
936:Elementary and Secondary Education Act
884:Immigration and Naturalization Service
3784:
3768:Fleeing Cuba for a Better Life in USA
3681:"Orlando "Puntilla" Rios (1947-2008)"
3660:from the original on January 31, 2020
3424:
3221:from the original on December 2, 2013
3098:from the original on October 11, 2017
3057:from the original on October 10, 2018
2923:
2868:from the original on February 2, 2021
2834:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
2737:from the original on October 28, 2020
2557:from the original on February 2, 2021
2489:from the original on February 2, 2021
2468:
2450:from the original on December 7, 2019
2380:
2286:Tamayo, Juan O. (November 20, 2008).
2258:from the original on February 2, 2021
2237:
2219:from the original on February 2, 2021
2140:
1856:
1757:from the original on February 2, 2021
1678:"Hotels Fight 'Relative' Competition"
1588:
1530:
1218:
1055:
828:
553:United States and Cuba policy changes
3645:
3620:
3461:(Press release). WETA. May 2, 2012.
3271:Brunet, Elena (September 23, 1990).
3252:from the original on January 5, 2014
3149:
2824:
2815:
2515:from the original on October 6, 2011
2288:"Chronology of the Cuban Revolution"
2198:
2189:
1589:Prial, Frank J. (January 15, 1978).
972:directly with high-school dropouts.
835:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
581:An overloaded boat of Marielitos in
526:
4022:Cuban baseball players who defected
3710:Cotter, Holland (October 1, 1993).
3623:"Cuban ballplayers remember Garbey"
3590:Anderson, Jon Lee (July 20, 2015).
3541:from the original on August 8, 2016
3465:from the original on April 28, 2015
3428:"'Finding Mañana': Marielitos' Way"
3406:from the original on March 14, 2016
2438:McKnight, Robert (April 18, 2018).
1531:Prial, Frank J. (January 5, 1978).
1473:Gwertzman, Bernard (May 14, 1978).
1073:documentary film nominated for the
941:
887:included 2,700 hardened criminals.
708:Federal Emergency Management Agency
628:Ships at Pier B at the Truman Annex
24:
3722:from the original on April 4, 2016
3691:from the original on April 4, 2016
3602:from the original on April 5, 2016
3571:from the original on June 26, 2018
3376:from the original on April 4, 2016
3366:"It's love - but don't tell Fidel"
3345:from the original on March 7, 2016
3314:from the original on April 3, 2016
3283:from the original on April 7, 2016
3131:from the original on June 10, 2019
3117:CapĂł Jr., Julio (August 4, 2017).
3039:
2997:from the original on July 24, 2016
2695:The International Migration Review
2337:from the original on July 10, 2019
2244:. Congressional Research Service.
666:Mariel Boatlift refugee center at
235:In the late 1970s, U.S. President
181:After 10,000 Cubans tried to gain
25:
4104:
4068:Cuban-American culture in Florida
3755:
3678:
3439:from the original on May 29, 2015
3425:Starr, Alexandra (May 15, 2005).
3240:Chapman, Matt (August 24, 2011).
2756:Shanty, F.; Mishra, P.P. (2008).
2205:. University of Minnesota Press.
2177:from the original on May 17, 2020
2024:"Peru Asks Latins' Aid on Cubans"
1113:(1995), a film based on the novel
239:sought to improve relations with
3896:Sinking of tugboat "13 de Marzo"
3810:
3652:Jennifer Valdes (June 5, 2003).
3364:Preston, Peter (June 17, 2001).
2707:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00087.x
2381:Glass, Andrew (April 20, 2018),
2298:from the original on May 8, 2016
2171:"Castro's blunder led to crisis"
2141:Hovey, Graham (April 15, 1980).
2051:de Onis, Juan (April 11, 1980).
2022:de Onis, Juan (April 10, 1980).
1705:Donner, Suzanne (May 20, 1979).
1410:
1396:
1382:
1132:(2000), a film based on the book
985:IZA Institute of Labor Economics
932:Miami-Dade County Public Schools
737:
645:
633:
621:
605:
589:
574:
62:
3703:
3672:
3614:
3583:
3553:
3522:
3496:
3477:
3451:
3418:
3388:
3357:
3326:
3295:
3264:
3233:
3201:
3169:
3143:
3069:
3009:
2917:
2880:
2788:
2682:
2627:
2601:
2569:
2501:
2462:
2431:
2399:
2374:
2349:
2270:
2134:
2105:
2044:
2015:
1986:
1827:
1806:"Cubans Seek Asylum in Caracas"
1798:
1776:Ripoll, Carlos (May 14, 1979).
1769:
400:The Cuban government organized
375:Emigration process and violence
317:ensued, which claimed that the
176:immigrated to the United States
3529:Caussé, Bruno (July 3, 2008).
3302:Rainer, Peter (May 12, 1995).
1698:
1669:
1640:
1611:
1582:
1553:
1524:
1495:
1466:
1431:Camarioca boatlift and airlift
1088:(1983), a dramatic film about
961:aged 25–59 (prime working age)
13:
1:
2924:Lewis, Ethan (January 2004).
2689:Fernández, Gastón A. (2007).
2327:"The Mariel Boatlift of 1980"
2112:Thomas, Jo (April 13, 1980).
1459:
1450:(1986 Circuit Court decision)
1000:Effect on political attitudes
845:
752:
541:Departure from Cuba and Haiti
251:'s military interventions in
219:
4093:History of Key West, Florida
4058:Cuba–United States relations
2890:American Sociological Review
2615:. March 20, 1983. p. 7B
2475:. Cornell University Press.
2410:, vol. 17, no. 2,
1993:Thomas, Jo (April 7, 1980).
1964:Thomas, Jo (April 9, 1980).
1932:Thomas, Jo (April 8, 1980).
1868:Thomas, Jo (April 6, 1980).
1737:Engstrom, David W. (1997) .
1441:Cuba–United States relations
1293:, arsonist and mass-murderer
901:Effect on Miami labor market
840:
412:Concerns of Haitian refugees
225:Cuba–United States relations
7:
3085:IZA Discussion Paper Series
1375:
1353:priest, drummer, and artist
1321:Jesus Mezquia, murderer of
1305:, actor and soap opera star
1287:, baseball player and coach
535:
109:Government of United States
10:
4109:
3621:Weir, Tom (July 6, 2005).
3335:"An Outcast of the Island"
2846:10.1177/001979399004300205
1312:, a social networking site
1011:
946:In 2016 Harvard economist
801:
775:
772:Dispersal to refugee camps
756:
741:
657:
378:
333:
324:
315:Congressional Black Caucus
228:
178:in the preceding decades.
4053:1980 in the United States
4004:
3963:
3955:Wet feet, dry feet policy
3925:
3818:
2641:. May 19, 1983. p. 3
2357:"Mariel Boatlift of 1980"
1707:"Cubans Holding Festival"
1619:"Castro Would Free 3,000"
1308:Mailet Lopez, founder of
1035:'s senior policy adviser
952:current population survey
430:Cuban arrivals during the
424:
330:Rush to embassies in Cuba
124:
92:
81:
73:
61:
53:
4083:Haitian-American history
4017:Cuban migration to Miami
3740:Larzelere, Alex (1988).
3490:25 November 2018 at the
3179:. Movies & TV Dept.
2939:10.21799/frbp.wp.2004.03
2537:Engstrom, David (1997).
1503:"Good Medicine for Cuba"
1349:Felipe GarcĂa Villamil,
1269:William Alexander Morgan
1231:, a painter and sculptor
1079:Best Documentary Feature
678:
432:Mariel episode by month
305:regime. U.S. Presidents
97:Government of Costa Rica
88:(English: Mariel exodus)
3964:Political organizations
3742:The 1980 Cuban Boatlift
1344:Orlando "Puntilla" RĂos
31:
4073:Cuban-American history
3981:Brothers to the Rescue
3751:on globalsecurity.org.
3592:"Opening for Business"
3505:"White Lies, Season 2"
3185:. 2011. Archived from
2966:21 August 2016 at the
2511:. GlobalSecurity.org.
2469:Gosin, Monika (2019).
1357:Manuel Machado Alvarez
1009:
768:
675:
448:April (from 21 April)
397:
290:Cuban Festival of Arts
143:
43:considered for merging
3976:Antonio Maceo Brigade
3567:. February 21, 1991.
2331:www.floridamemory.com
2199:Peña, Susana (2013).
1318:, executed for murder
1022:Jimmy Carter and the
1014:English-only movement
1007:
987:, the two economists
878:Effect on Miami crime
868:Miami City Commission
802:Further information:
798:Evolving legal status
776:Further information:
766:
665:
418:Carter administration
388:
229:Further information:
207:Carter administration
3889:Atlanta prison riots
3836:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3777:, UPF, February 2018
2970:, George J. Borjas,
2670:. September 27, 1984
2585:. January 14, 2017.
2238:Wasem, Ruth (2010).
1436:Atlanta Prison Riots
1390:United States portal
1149:(2005), a memoir by
1142:Juan Carlos ZaldĂvar
967:high-school dropouts
804:Atlanta Prison Riots
353:Approval to emigrate
3884:Fort Chaffee crisis
3844:Operation Peter Pan
3156:Pew Research Center
2361:Immigration History
1815:. November 11, 1979
1628:. November 23, 1978
1447:Garcia-Mir v. Meese
1297:Francisco del Junco
1247:Elizabeth Caballero
1237:, poet and novelist
934:via Title I of the
874:'s Office in 1984.
778:Fort Chaffee crisis
720:Fort Indiantown Gap
616:during the boatlift
433:
402:acts of repudiation
381:Acts of repudiation
50:
3764:of Mariel refugees
3433:The New York Times
3182:The New York Times
2972:Harvard University
2583:The New York Times
2173:. April 23, 2000.
1844:. January 21, 1980
1778:"Dissent in Cuban"
1714:The New York Times
1685:The New York Times
1655:The New York Times
1626:The New York Times
1598:The New York Times
1569:The New York Times
1540:The New York Times
1510:The New York Times
1482:The New York Times
1219:Notable Marielitos
1182:Everyone's Leaving
1156:Voices from Mariel
1129:Before Night Falls
1118:Before Night Falls
1056:In popular culture
1010:
829:Later developments
769:
676:
429:
398:
389:Demonstrations in
275:Straits of Florida
105:Government of Peru
101:Government of Cuba
48:
4030:
4029:
3933:Cuban boat people
3903:Cuban raft exodus
3308:Los Angeles Times
3277:Los Angeles Times
3053:. June 16, 2017.
3023:. June 23, 2017.
2993:. July 21, 2016.
2985:"Wages of Mariel"
2803:on March 15, 2016
2509:"Mariel Boatlift"
2417:10.33596/anth.447
2212:978-0-8166-6554-9
1750:978-0-8476-8414-4
1657:. August 28, 1979
1533:"Notes on People"
1213:Griselda Blanco's
915:African Americans
882:At the time, the
685:Miami Orange Bowl
527:Airlift from Cuba
524:
523:
359:Francisco Morales
245:Interests Section
132:
131:
16:(Redirected from
4100:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3745:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3679:Corsa, Lisette.
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3656:. Sun-Sentinel.
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3500:
3494:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3217:. June 1, 1981.
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3150:DeSilver, Drew.
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2981:
2975:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2799:. Archived from
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2668:The Miami Herald
2660:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2639:The Miami Herald
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2613:The Miami Herald
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2323:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2093:. April 12, 1980
2088:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
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1865:
1854:
1853:
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1849:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1824:
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1820:
1810:
1802:
1796:
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1791:
1782:
1773:
1767:
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1764:
1762:
1734:
1725:
1724:
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1720:
1711:
1702:
1696:
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1693:
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1682:
1673:
1667:
1666:
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1662:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1623:
1615:
1609:
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1606:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
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1566:
1557:
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1550:
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1546:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1169:Season 2 (2023)
1110:The Perez Family
1099:The Perez Family
1024:Democratic Party
983:Writing for the
948:George J. Borjas
942:2016 reappraisal
744:1980 Miami riots
649:
637:
625:
609:
598:U.S. Coast Guard
593:
578:
559:Florida Governor
434:
428:
368:Cuban government
191:Cuban government
144:Ă©xodo del Mariel
86:Exodo del Mariel
66:
51:
47:
21:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4063:Cuban emigrants
4048:1980 in Florida
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4000:
3959:
3921:
3872:Mariel boatlift
3852:Freedom Flights
3814:
3809:
3758:
3749:Mariel Boatlift
3736:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3501:
3497:
3492:Wayback Machine
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3189:on May 21, 2011
3175:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:Wayback Machine
2959:
2955:
2922:
2918:
2903:10.2307/2095716
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2823:
2816:
2806:
2804:
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2779:
2777:
2770:
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2687:
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2502:
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2483:
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2463:
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2451:
2436:
2432:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1910:. April 5, 1980
1903:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1751:
1735:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1512:. March 8, 1978
1505:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1299:, serial killer
1235:Reinaldo Arenas
1221:
1123:Reinaldo Arenas
1058:
1016:
1002:
989:Michael Clemens
944:
911:White Americans
903:
880:
848:
843:
831:
806:
800:
780:
774:
761:
755:
746:
740:
681:
660:
653:
650:
641:
638:
629:
626:
617:
610:
601:
594:
585:
579:
555:
543:
538:
529:
431:
427:
414:
383:
377:
355:
338:
332:
327:
319:U.S. government
298:
233:
227:
222:
195:Cuban Americans
136:Mariel boatlift
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
69:
49:Mariel boatlift
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4106:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4078:Cuban refugees
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3765:
3762:Six-year study
3757:
3756:External links
3754:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3716:New York Times
3702:
3671:
3644:
3613:
3596:The New Yorker
3582:
3565:New York Times
3552:
3521:
3495:
3476:
3450:
3417:
3387:
3356:
3339:New York Times
3325:
3294:
3263:
3232:
3200:
3168:
3142:
3109:
3068:
3038:
3008:
2976:
2953:
2916:
2897:(6): 929–949.
2879:
2840:(2): 245–257.
2814:
2787:
2768:
2748:
2701:(3): 602–622.
2681:
2652:
2626:
2600:
2568:
2549:
2526:
2500:
2481:
2461:
2430:
2398:
2373:
2348:
2309:
2278:
2269:
2250:
2230:
2211:
2188:
2162:
2150:New York Times
2133:
2121:New York Times
2104:
2091:New York Times
2072:
2060:New York Times
2043:
2031:New York Times
2014:
2002:New York Times
1985:
1973:New York Times
1953:
1941:New York Times
1921:
1908:New York Times
1889:
1877:New York Times
1855:
1842:New York Times
1826:
1813:New York Times
1797:
1785:New York Times
1768:
1749:
1726:
1697:
1668:
1639:
1610:
1581:
1552:
1523:
1494:
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1433:
1428:
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1407:
1393:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1368:The Real World
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1332:Pulitzer Prize
1325:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1291:Julio González
1288:
1285:Bárbaro Garbey
1282:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1249:, opera singer
1244:
1243:, jazz drummer
1241:Ignacio Berroa
1238:
1232:
1229:Carlos Alfonzo
1225:
1220:
1217:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1133:
1125:
1114:
1106:
1103:Christine Bell
1096:
1092:who becomes a
1081:
1057:
1054:
1049:New York Times
1037:Stephen Miller
1001:
998:
969:
968:
965:
962:
959:
943:
940:
909:The wages for
902:
899:
879:
876:
847:
844:
842:
839:
830:
827:
799:
796:
773:
770:
754:
751:
742:Main article:
739:
736:
704:Haitian Creole
680:
677:
659:
656:
655:
654:
651:
644:
642:
639:
632:
630:
627:
620:
618:
612:Pier B of the
611:
604:
602:
595:
588:
586:
580:
573:
554:
551:
542:
539:
537:
534:
528:
525:
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511:
510:
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449:
445:
444:
441:
438:
426:
423:
413:
410:
376:
373:
354:
351:
343:its ambassador
334:Main article:
331:
328:
326:
323:
297:
294:
226:
223:
221:
218:
154:Harbor to the
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
94:
90:
89:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4105:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
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3900:
3897:
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3874:
3873:
3869:
3866:
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3860:
3857:
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3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3690:
3686:
3685:Global Rhythm
3682:
3675:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3540:
3537:(in French).
3536:
3532:
3525:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3421:
3405:
3401:
3397:
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3340:
3336:
3329:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3282:
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3274:
3267:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
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3204:
3188:
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3157:
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3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3056:
3052:
3051:Bloomberg.com
3048:
3042:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2990:The Economist
2986:
2980:
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2835:
2831:
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2821:
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2798:
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2775:
2771:
2769:9781576073377
2765:
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2640:
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2630:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2556:
2552:
2550:9780847684144
2546:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2531:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2488:
2484:
2482:9781501738258
2478:
2474:
2473:
2465:
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2445:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
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2388:
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2352:
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2328:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2257:
2253:
2251:9781437932843
2247:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1909:
1902:
1896:
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1878:
1871:
1864:
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1814:
1807:
1801:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1756:
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1741:
1733:
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1701:
1686:
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1614:
1599:
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1570:
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1527:
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1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:, writer and
1329:
1326:
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1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
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1295:
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1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:, a novel by
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:Academy Award
1072:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:Ronald Reagan
1025:
1020:
1015:
1006:
997:
994:
993:Jennifer Hunt
990:
986:
981:
977:
973:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
955:
953:
949:
939:
937:
933:
929:
923:
920:
916:
912:
907:
898:
895:
894:
888:
885:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:Little Havana
857:
853:
838:
836:
826:
822:
818:
814:
812:
805:
795:
793:
789:
785:
784:Camp Santiago
779:
765:
760:
750:
745:
738:McDuffie riot
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
689:Nike–Hercules
686:
673:
669:
664:
648:
643:
636:
631:
624:
619:
615:
608:
603:
599:
592:
587:
584:
577:
572:
571:
570:
566:
563:
560:
550:
547:
533:
519:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
447:
446:
443:Arrivals (%)
442:
440:Arrivals (#)
439:
436:
435:
422:
419:
409:
405:
403:
396:
392:
387:
382:
372:
369:
363:
360:
350:
346:
344:
337:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:Richard Nixon
304:
293:
291:
285:
283:
278:
276:
271:
265:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
232:
217:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:embassy, the
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
172:Cuban economy
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:United States
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
127:
123:
120:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
84:
82:Also known as
80:
76:
72:
65:
60:
57:
52:
44:
40:
39:
38:Infobox event
35:
30:
19:
4043:1980 in Cuba
3901:
3871:
3870:
3850:
3842:
3829:Golden exile
3827:
3820:Cuban exodus
3812:Cuban exiles
3773:
3741:
3724:. Retrieved
3715:
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3684:
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3626:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3595:
3585:
3573:. Retrieved
3564:
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3534:
3524:
3514:February 22,
3512:. Retrieved
3508:
3498:
3479:
3467:. Retrieved
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3432:
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3399:
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3370:The Guardian
3369:
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3338:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3307:
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3276:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3212:
3203:
3193:November 16,
3191:. Retrieved
3187:the original
3180:
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3155:
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3122:
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3088:
3084:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3050:
3041:
3029:. Retrieved
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2988:
2979:
2956:
2929:
2919:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2872:November 30,
2870:. Retrieved
2837:
2833:
2805:. Retrieved
2801:the original
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2758:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2698:
2694:
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2667:
2643:. Retrieved
2638:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2612:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2582:
2571:
2561:November 30,
2559:. Retrieved
2539:
2517:. Retrieved
2503:
2493:November 30,
2491:. Retrieved
2471:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2444:Miami Herald
2443:
2433:
2407:
2401:
2390:, retrieved
2386:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2330:
2300:. Retrieved
2292:Miami Herald
2291:
2281:
2272:
2262:November 30,
2260:. Retrieved
2240:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2201:
2179:. Retrieved
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2090:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
2001:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1912:. Retrieved
1907:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1846:. Retrieved
1841:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1812:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1739:
1717:. Retrieved
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1363:Pedro Zamora
1316:Pedro Medina
1310:I Had Cancer
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2974:, July 2016
2826:Card, David
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2454:December 2,
2366:December 1,
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1328:Mirta Ojito
1279:Latin Kings
1275:Luis Felipe
1253:Hugo Cancio
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1151:Mirta Ojito
1090:a Marielito
928:1980 Census
788:Puerto Rico
311:Gerald Ford
262:US Congress
257:Middle East
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4037:Categories
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3938:Marielitos
3910:Maleconazo
3865:El Diálogo
3832:1959-1962
3396:"90 Miles"
3256:January 4,
3246:Total Film
3061:August 20,
2780:August 13,
2674:October 8,
2645:October 8,
2619:October 8,
1460:References
1359:, murderer
1351:Palo Monte
1339:Arawak Jah
1323:Mia Zapata
1303:Rene Lavan
1263:Cuban Link
1199:Marielitos
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2735:Archived
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2723:27645686
2587:Archived
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2217:Archived
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1376:See also
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